AVIATION AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Year 1

SECTION

1 INTRODUCTION TO
FLIGHT

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Core Concepts in Aerospace Engineering

Fundamentals of Flight

INTRODUCTION
The flying machines you see now did not just come up. It all started from nature’s
inspiration through to different stages of development to where we are today. In this
section, you will learn about the historical development of flights, the pioneers in
aviation and the various classifications of flying vehicles and their parts, and how these
parts function. This will help you appreciate the various phases aircraft design has
gone through over the centuries. The way birds fly efficiently should be your primary
inspiration as you consider aerospace studies. Note that you will be required to come
up with your own concept of flight vehicles by the end of this section. Please follow
through as your teacher guides you to this end.

At the end of the section, you will be able to:

• Trace the evolution of flight prior to powered, controlled flight.

• Describe the stages that led to the attainment of powered, controlled flight.
• Differentiate between the types of aerospace vehicles.
• Make free hand sketches of current and future aerospace vehicles and label their parts.

Key ideas:
• An ornithopters is an aircraft designed to copy the flight of birds directly.
• The pioneers of flight were people who successfully designed early working aircrafts.
• Fixed wing aircrafts are aircrafts whose main lifting surface is fixed.
• Rotary wing aircrafts are aircrafts whose main lifting surface rotates to produce lift.

WHAT IS AEROSPACE ENGINEERING?

Aerospace engineering is a field of engineering that deals with the design, construction,
testing and operation of aircrafts and spacecrafts. Aerospace engineering can be broken
down into two major parts.

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They are
1. Aeronautical Engineering
2. Astronautical Engineering
Aeronautical engineering deals with the design and construction of aircrafts. These
aircrafts fly within the Earth’s atmosphere.
Astronautical engineering tackles the design and manufacturing of spacecrafts.
The aerospace industry did not begin as we have it today. The industry was developed
by the collective effort and contributions of various pioneers who conducted research
and worked on developing aerospace vehicles independently. We will take a look at
the contributions of some notable aviation pioneers and also investigate what inspired
them to pursue flight development.

KEY STAGES CHARACTERISING THE EVOLUTION

OF FLIGHT
We begin our discussion with the natural ability of birds and other flying animals.

Flying Animals
For millennia, birds have ruled the skies with their remarkable ability to fly. Yet, many
other animals possess adaptations that allow them to also achieve flight, either for
brief moments or sustained periods. A variety of species, including some invertebrates
or insects (such as butterflies, bees, etc), and even a few mammals (such as bats, flying
squirrels) and fish (Exocoetidae or flying fish), have evolved the capability to glide
or fly. Inspired by the graceful flight of these creatures, humans have long sought to
conquer the skies, drawing directly from nature’s aerial masters.
The mastery of birds in flight is a particular marvel. Scientists and engineers have tried
to imitate birds directly to achieve higher flight efficiency. Among other things, birds
have the following features that make flight convenient and efficient:
• Hollow bones that are extraordinarily strong but at the same time light in weight.
• Very light features that produce high aerodynamic lift to sustain flight.
• Very efficient lungs that can sustain respiration for a long time without stressing
its muscles.
• Consumption of high energy foods that can sustain the bird for a long time in the
air.
• A broad breastbone or sternum that supports their skeleton and muscles.
• A streamlined body that reduces their air resistance.

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Fig 1.1 Features of birds that enable flight

(a) (b)
Fig 1.2 (a) bird feathers; (b) birds’ hollow bones

Activity 1.1

1. Take a tour outside your classroom and observe different flying animals.
2. After your tour outside, make a list of animals you observed flying. What are
the features of those animals that enable them to fly?

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Name of animal observed

flying

Features that enable the

animal to fly

Name of animal observed

flying

Features that enable the

animal to fly

How do those features differ from animal to animal? Share your observation with
your peer.

EARLY PIONEERS OF AVIATION

The Chinese in the 5th century invented the kite. It is the oldest heavier-than-air aircraft
designed and was believed to ward off evil, deliver messages, and represent the gods.
Currently, kites are used for pleasure and sports.

Fig 1.3 Ancient Chinese kite

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HUMANS BEGINS TO DESIGN

Attempts made by humans to fly hinged on how birds fly using their wings. Some
tried to imitate birds by putting wings and feathers on their backs. Leonardo da Vinci
produced about 500 ornithopter sketches. Other people like Alphonse Pénaud, Abel
Hureau de Villeneuve, and Victor Tatin also made ornithopters, but it took so much
time before they realised they didn’t possess the muscle power to sustain flight.

Fig 1.4 A sketch of an ornithopter

The Montgolfier brothers began to experiment with hot air balloons. In 1783, their
balloon travelled 5 miles across Paris. Another approach to balloons was the use of
lighter-than-air gases. In 1783, French physicists J. A. C. Charles and Nicolas-Louis
Robert flew a hydrogen-filled balloon for 2 hours and 5 minutes, covering 36 km. Most
of the early flying machines were at the mercy of the wind. They lacked precise control.

Fig 1.5 Hot-air balloon

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In 1799, Sir George Cayley introduced the concept of a flying machine. It was the
first time a fixed wing was used for generating lift. It had a separate mechanism for
propulsion. It had a combined horizontal and vertical tail surface for stability. Cayley
generated information by conducting scientific experiments.
In 1804, he built a whirling-arm apparatus for testing airfoils. He built a model flier with
a fixed wing and a horizontal and vertical tail that could be adjusted. This represented
the first modern-configuration aeroplane in history. Cayley published his findings in
his triple paper between 1809 and 1810.
In 1849, he built and tested a full-sized aeroplane which carried a 10-year-old boy down
a hill.

Fig 1.6 Sir. George Cayley glider

Between 1857 and 1858, French naval officer Du Temple flew a monoplane with swept-
forward wings powered by clockwork. It was the first successfully powered model
aeroplane. In 1874, he achieved the first powered take-off by a piloted, full-sized
aeroplane. Mozhaiski was the second to achieve powered take-off.
Neither Temple’s nor Mozhaiski’s aircraft experienced sustained flight.

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Fig 1.7 Felix du Temple’s monoplane

French-born American civil engineer Octave Chanute published his book ‘Progress in
flying machines’ in 1894. He summarised the progress in aviation to that date and
suggested prospects for future powered flight. In 1896, he successfully designed and
flew a biplane hang glider. In the same year, Samuel Langley’s steam-powered models
achieved flight. Between 1901 and 1903, he successfully tested scaled-down models of
gasoline-powered aeroplanes. He built full-scale versions of his models and attempted
two trials from houseboats; all of which ended unsuccessfully.

Figure 1.8 Samuel Langley’s glider

Orville and Wilbur Wright set up a bicycle repair shop in 1892. They began to study
the works of aviation pioneers like Lilienthal, Chanute, and Langley. In 1899, they
built their first aircraft, a biplane kite with a wingspan of 5 ft. In late 1900, they flew
a full-sized biplane glider at Kitty Hawk. Between 1901 and 1902, the Wright brothers
conducted a series of aeronautical research using their own wind tunnel.
They tested over 200 different airfoil shapes, accurately measuring lift and drag. In
1903, they designed and built their own 12-horsepower gasoline engine, and in the

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summer of the same year, built their Wright Flyer I. On 17th December, 1903, taking
turns at the controls, they achieved the first successful powered, controlled flight. The
longest duration of their flights was 59 seconds.

Figure 1.9 The Wright Flyer

Activity 1.2

1. Watch videos about the history of Aviation.

2. Summarise key milestones along the development of aviation.

Self-Assessment

• Develop a flowchart to illustrate the stages that led to the development of

powered, controlled flight.
• What challenges did the pioneers of aviation face?

Activity 1.3

Brainstorm, with peers, on human attempts to fly like birds using lighter-than-air
balloons and kites.

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Discussion points for brainstorming session

1. Early experiments and inventors

• Explore the contributions of early inventors and visionaries, such as Leonardo
da Vinci and the Montgolfier brothers, to the concept of human flight.
• Discuss early experiments with hot air balloons and other aerial devices.

2. Scientific principles of flight

• Discuss the fundamental principles of flight, including lift, drag, thrust, and
weight.
• Discuss how these principles apply to both lighter-than-air balloons and kite
flying.

3. Historical milestones
• Highlight key historical milestones in the development of human flight using
balloons and kites; such as the first balloon flight and significant kite-flying
achievements.
• Discuss the impact of these milestones on the advancement of aviation
technology.

4. Challenges faced by early aviators

• Identify the challenges faced by early aviators, including control, stability, and
navigation.
• Discuss the risks and dangers associated with early flight attempts.

5. Technological innovations
• Explore technological innovations and advancements that have contributed to
the development of lighter-than-air balloons and kites.
• Discuss improvements in materials, design, and construction techniques.

6. Application and use

• Explore the various applications and uses of balloons and kites in scientific
research, exploration, recreation, and military operations.
• Discuss how balloons and kites have been used throughout history and in
modern times.

7. Modern developments and innovations

• Discuss modern developments and innovations in balloon and kite technology,
including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and high-altitude balloons.
• Explore how these advancements have expanded the possibilities of human
flight and exploration.

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8. Cultural and historical significance

• Explore the cultural and historical significance of human flight using balloons
and kites in different societies and civilisations.
• Discuss how these achievements have inspired art, literature, and popular
culture.

9. Environmental impact and sustainability

• Consider the environmental impact of balloons and kites, including issues
related to waste, pollution, and wildlife disturbance.
• Discuss sustainable practices and alternative technologies for aerial exploration
and recreation.

10. Future possibilities and challenges

• Brainstorm future possibilities and challenges in the field of flight, considering
emerging technologies and innovations.
• Discuss potential applications in areas such as transportation, surveillance, and
environmental monitoring.

TYPES OF AEROSPACE VEHICLES AND THEIR

PARTS

How Do Aeroplanes Fly?

Airplanes fly by generating an upward force as they move through the air. Similar
to birds, they have wings that create an aerodynamic lift to counteract gravity. The
wings are designed with a curved upper surface and a flatter lower surface. When the
plane speeds up, the air pressure above the wing decreases while the air pressure below
increases. This pressure difference lifts the wings and the airplane into the sky. The
diagram below shows how this works:

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Figure 1.10 Image of an airfoil

Forces of Flight
As an aircraft moves through the air, it encounters four main forces that affect its
movement.
• Drag: This is the resistance of the air against the body of the aircraft as it moves
forward. It is preferable to reduce the drag on an aircraft to the minimum. This
is because the higher the drag, the more power required to propel the aircraft
forward. One prominent way to achieve drag reduction is by streamlining the
airframe.
• Thrust: This is the forward push of the aircraft through the air by its engines.
• Lift: This is the upward force produced by the wings. On a fixed-wing aircraft, the
lift is generated by the wings. On a rotary-wing, it is generated by the blades on the
spinning rotors.
• Weight: This is the downward force produced by the total weight of the aircraft.
This is due to gravity pulling on the aircraft’s mass. Every single component on the
aircraft contributes to the total weight.

Fig 1.11 Forces of Flight

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AEROSPACE VEHICLES
Aerospace vehicles can be broadly grouped into these three:
1. Fixed wing aircraft
2. Rotary wing aircraft
3. Spacecraft

Fixed wing aircraft

In this type of airplane, the wings are firmly attached to the body and don’t move in
relation to the rest of the plane. These planes, called fixed-wing aircrafts, are often
used as passenger planes and for carrying cargo because they can hold a lot of weight.
Figures 1.12 and 1.13 show a large commercial plane and a small two-seater plane,
both of which are examples of fixed-wing aircraft. Fixed-wing planes have many parts
that work together to help them fly. Figure 1.14 below shows a fixed-wing plane and
labels some of its key parts.

Fig 1.12 A passenger airliner Figure 1.13 A twin-seater light aircraft

“The main components of a fixed-wing aircraft include the following

Figure 1.14 Parts of a fixed-wing aircraft

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1. Fuselage: This is the main body of the aircraft. It provides a surface on which the
wings, tail, and landing gear are attached. It houses the payload (crew, passengers,
and cargo).
2. Wing: The wing is responsible for generating the lift force to keep the aircraft
airborne. A vertical cross-sectional view of the wing reveals a shape called an
airfoil. The wing can generate lift due to the airfoil’s shape. As the wing moves
through the air, the air pressure on top of the wing decreases while the one on the
bottom increases. This creates a pressure difference which results in a net upward
force called lift. In many fixed wing aircrafts, the wings provide a convenient space
to store fuel.
Wings come in different shapes and forms depending on the performance
requirement of the aircraft. For instance, swept wings are often favoured in high-
speed aircraft design due to their reduced drag. The images below illustrate various
wing configurations based on their planform and position.

Figure 1.15 Various wing platform shapes

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Figure 1.16 Wing positions

3. Ailerons: These are movable control surfaces attached near the trailing edge of
the wings, typically located towards the wingtips. The movable part, called the
elevator, is used to pitch the aircraft up or down as shown in Figure 1.20.
4. Flaps: They are also found at the trailing edge of the wings. They generate more
lift at lower speeds. They also help reduce the speed of the aircraft. They are mostly
used during takeoff and landing. They can also be used mid-flight to enable the
aircraft fly at low speeds.
5. Tail/Empennage: The tail comprises the vertical tail and horizontal tail.
Vertical tail: There is a fixed part and a movable part on the vertical tail. The fixed
part, which does not move relative to the airframe, is called the vertical stabiliser.
The vertical stabiliser provides directional stability to the aircraft. The movable
part is called the rudder. The rudder is used to turn the aircraft’s nose left or right
about the vertical axis, as shown in Figure 1.20.
Horizontal tail: The horizontal tail consists of both a fixed part and a movable
part. The fixed part, known as the horizontal stabilizer, provides stability along
the aircraft’s lateral axis. The movable part, called the elevator, is used to pitch the
aircraft up or down, as shown in Figure 1.20.
There are various tail configurations, and the choice of configuration typically
depends on the aircraft’s intended purpose. The image below illustrates some
common tail configurations.

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Figure 1.17 An image showing some common aircraft tail configurations

6. Landing gear: The landing gear supports the aircraft on the ground during
taxiing, take-off, and landing. Depending on the environment in which the aircraft
is used, it could be made of wheels, skis, or floats.

Figure 1.18: Type and arrangement of landing gears

7. Engine: This provides the power to move the aircraft through the air. It may be an
internal combustion engine that drives a propeller to push backward a jet of air at
high speed.

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Fig 1.19: Aircraft engine and propeller

Rotary Wing Aircraft

In this configuration, the rotors form the main lifting surface. They are ‘wings’ that
rotate at high speed to generate lift for the aircraft. There are different types of rotary
wing aircrafts. Quadcopter, octocopters, and helicopters are common examples of rotary
wing aircrafts. Rotorcrafts share some features with fixed wing aircrafts. Quadcopters
and octocopters fall under a category called multirotor. For example, the fuselage,
power plant, and landing gear.

Fig 1.20 A Quadcopter Fig 1.20b A Octocopter

Fig 1.21 A helicopter

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Main rotor(s): The main rotors consist of two or more blades connected to a rotating
shaft, powered by an engine that causes them to spin. This spinning action tends to
make the airframe spin in the opposite direction. To counteract this, a tail rotor is used
and without it, a single rotor helicopter would spin uncontrollably. Some rotary wing
aircrafts use a coaxial rotor system or multiple rotors to correct the spin tendency of
the airframe.
Tail rotor: The tail rotor, found in helicopters, is attached to a tail boom and functions
to produce a counterforce that prevents the aircraft from spinning out of control.
The rotor blades can also be adjusted to turn the aircraft. The tail boom houses the
components that transmit power from the main engine to the tail rotor.

Figure 1.22 Parts of a helicopter

Figure 1.23 Tandem rotor helicopter

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Differences between fixed wing and rotary wing

aircraft
Fixed wing and rotary wing aircrafts have specific roles they play in air travel. These
roles are determined by the capabilities of the aircraft. Each of these types of aircrafts
has strengths and weaknesses. Let’s explore some of them.

Fixed wing aircraft

Advantages Disadvantages

1. They can fly for a long period of time. 1. Require runways, catapults, or
other facilities to take off and
2. Highly efficient. hence are limited in small spaces.
3. They can cover long distances. 2. Cannot hover.
4. Can fly at high speeds. 3. Bulky
5. Can carry a heavier payload. 4. Long setup time.
6. More stable in strong winds.

Rotary wing aircraft

Advantages Disadvantages

1. They have vertical take-off and landing 1. They have short flight time.
(VTOL) capability.
2. They are not very fuel efficient.
2. They can hover.
3. Shorter range.
3. Do not need a runway to take-off or land.
4. Generally, have lower speeds.

Spacecraft
These are vehicles designed to operate beyond Earth’s atmosphere, such as launch
vehicles, satellites, and deep space probes. Spacecrafts must carry oxidisers along
with fuel since there is no air in space. The payload carried by a spacecraft varies
depending on its mission. Common uses of spacecrafts include communications,
Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space exploration, planetary missions, and
transporting humans and cargo.
A typical spacecraft may have the following elements:
• Instruments for conducting science experiments.
• Structures that hold all the equipment.
• Mechanisms that allow some parts to point independently of the main spacecraft.
• Telecommunications for sending and receiving data.
• Propulsion for correcting the spacecraft’s flight path.

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• Guidance, navigation, and control systems.

• Thermal systems for maintaining proper temperatures.
• Electrical power, usually derived from solar panels.

Fig 1.24 A spacecraft

Figure 1.25 Parts of a rocket

How Does a Rocket Work?

Rockets operate based on Newton’s third law of motion, which states that ‘for every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction’. Rocket engines harness this principle by
expelling high speed gases through their nozzles to generate thrust. This thrust creates
a reaction force that propels the spacecraft upward. This principle can be likened to

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the experience of releasing the neck of an inflated balloon; as the air exits from the
tip, the balloon moves in the opposite direction. Similarly, in rockets, the action is the
expulsion of gases from the nozzles and the reaction is the propulsion of the rocket in
the opposite direction.

Fig 1.26 An image showing the action (exhaust gas motion) and reaction force (thrust) on a rocket

Activity 1.4

Class discussion
Discuss flight vehicle terminologies based on the following topics. Take note of
important features or ideas to share with the class later.
Discussion points
1. Requirement for flight: generation of lift
a. Discuss the principle of lift and how it enables flight.
b. Explain the role of air foils, such as wings and rotor blades, in generating
lift.
c. Highlight the importance of aerodynamics in designing flight vehicles.
2. Broad classes of aircraft: fixed wing and rotary wing
a. Define fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft and their respective
characteristics.
b. Discuss examples of each type of aircraft and their primary applications.
3. Major parts of a helicopter and a fixed wing aircraft
a. Identify and discuss the major parts of a helicopter, including the main

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rotor, tail rotor, fuselage, and landing gear.

b. Similarly, identify and discuss the major parts of a fixed wing aircraft,
including the wings, fuselage, empennage, and landing gear.
4. Major differences between rotary and fixed wing aircraft
a. Compare rotary and fixed wing aircrafts, focusing on their design, flight
characteristics, and operational capabilities.
b. Highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each type of aircraft for
specific missions and tasks.
5. Types and components of space vehicles
a. Identify the different types of space vehicles.
b. Give the major components of space vehicles and their functions.
c. Outline the importance of space vehicles.
6. Summarise your findings below.

Activity 1.5

Design and fly a simple paper aeroplane or kite.

Materials needed:
a. Paper
b. Sticks
c. Paper clips
d. Pieces of cloth or plastic bags
Use lightweight locally available materials like paper or fabric for the kite’s sail.
Pieces of sticks can be used for the frame and a string as the flying line. Glue,

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strings or tape can be used for holding the frame together. The string should be
light and strong enough to be able to withstand the tugging caused by the wind.
Adding a tail is optional but recommended to provide stability to the drone. The
tail can be made from a long piece of fabric of about a metre long. Markers or
paint could be used to decorate the sail. The kite should be tested in an open
field with plenty of space and light wind. Ensure there are no power lines or tall
structures around the field where the kite will be flown.
In the course of performing this activity, ensure the following safety precautions
are adhered to:
1. Wear the necessary personal protective equipment (like safety goggles and
nose mask).
2. Use the right tool for the appropriate task.
3. When using glue, be careful so as to not spill it around. Any spillage should
be quickly wiped with a tissue. In the case where CA glue (Cyanoacrylate
glue or “super glue”) is being used, avoid direct contact with skin and eyes
as this can cause irritation. Do not directly inhale CA glue as this may cause
drowsiness. Also be mindful when using hot glue as it may cause burns when
it comes into direct contact with the skin.
4. Adhere to standard safety practices.
The links below provide a more visual description of how to build a kite
using locally available materials:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5k8M2k6GrM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBukRxTt_uA

Self-Assessment

Why was your model effective or not? How can it be improved?

Self-Assessment

What happens when the volume of water in the water rocket is reduced or
increased? Write your results below:

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SKETCHES OF CURRENT AND FUTURE

AEROSPACE VEHICLES
Your teacher will guide you through the following activity. You will need some
materials. Contact your teacher or friends if you are not able to acquire them. Follow
the instructions your teacher will give in class and seek help if you have any difficulty.
Materials needed:
• Pencil • Pen • Ruler
• Eraser • Plain sheet • Drawing book
In this session, you will make a sketch of aircrafts.

Current aircrafts
• A current fixed wing aircraft
• A current rotorcraft
• A current spacecraft

Possible future aircrafts

• A future fixed-wing aircraft
• A future rotorcraft
• A future spacecraft

Activity 1.6

Watch the following videos:

Parts of Aircrafts and their Functions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kDazWUImGU

Essential Aircraft Anatomy: Main Parts of an Airplane

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaaG94UMZTw

Parts of a Helicopter and their functions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jg9NLUJKmdM

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Parts of a space shuttle with functions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22kd14jrLxg

Types of Aircraft
https://youtu.be/7zOffU-W_4U

Self-Assessment

Make a list of different aerospace vehicles.

Fixed wing Aircraft Rotary wing aircraft Spacecraft

E.g. Monoplane Autogyro Space shuttle

Write down and compare the features of the aerospace vehicles you have noted
and share your findings with a friend.
Develop a PowerPoint presentation with your answers.

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GLOSSARY
WORD MEANING

Airfoil The cross-section of a wing that gives it the most favourable

conditions to generate lift

Wind tunnel A large tube designed to test how an object reacts to moving air

Taxi The movement of an aircraft on the ground with its own power

Co-axial rotor Two main rotors mounted on one mast sharing the same axis of
rotation but turning in opposite directions, one on top of the other

Tandem rotor helicopter A helicopter that has two main rotors, one at the front of
the fuselage and the other at the back, which counteract
each other’s torque

Aerodynamics: the way air moves around objects, particularly when they are in
motion

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Review Questions

1. Note down one flying animal. If you are tasked to develop an aircraft, which part
of the animal would you incorporate in your design to make it work better? Briefly
explain your answer.
2. Using an appropriate table or chart, trace the notable milestones in aircraft design
among the early pioneers of aviation.
3. Among the early pioneers of flight, whose invention seemed most revolutionary
in aircraft development?
4. Identify the different parts of the following flight vehicles:
i. Rotary wing
ii. Fixed wing
iii. Spacecraft
5. State two differences between an aircraft and a spacecraft.
6. You are appointed as the chief of police in a busy urban environment. Which
aircraft type would you choose for aerial patrols, and why?
7. Make sketches of two possible future concepts of an aircraft or spacecraft.

References and extended reading

1. Anderson, J. D., Jr. (2016). Introduction to flight (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
(pp. 1–6).
2. Federal Aviation Administration. (2016). Pilot’s handbook of aeronautical
knowledge. (pp. 3-3 – 3-7).
3. Federal Aviation Administration. (2016). Pilot’s handbook of aeronautical
knowledge. (pp. 3-3 – 3-7).
4. Quan, Q. (2017). Introduction to multicopter design and control. Springer Nature.
(pp. vii).

Videos
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_aviation#:~:text=The%20history%20
of%20aviation%20extends,heavier%2Dthan%2Dair%20jets.&text=Kite%20
flying%20in%20China%20dates,slowly%20spread%20around%20the%20world.
2. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/historyofflight.html
3. https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-flight
4. https://www.twinkl.com.gh/teaching-wiki/the-history-of-aviation
5. https://www.history.com/news/history-flight-aviation-timeline

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

List of Contributors
Name Institution

Bismark Owusu Afua Kobi Ampem Girls SHS

Baiden Alexander Kwesi STEM SHS, Abomosu

Joel Opoku Mintah Altair Unmanned Technologies

Ferdinand Sam Afua Kobi Ampem Girls SHS

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