BRECON

BATTLEBOOK

School of Infantry related doctrine for Infantry Junior Commanders

066 - 0 -0 1
 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Foreword

The Brecon Battle Book is a consolidation of relevant doctrine for

Infantry junior commanders operating at the platoon level in a
company group context.

Whilst specifically designed for staff and students at the Infantry

Battle School (IBS) conducting contingency foundation training, it
has wider application so is promulgated and updated on the IBS
Website. Each section is referenced so the relevant doctrinal
publication can be identified. It is designed to be dynamic and
updated every 6 months to close gaps and capture relevant
developments in doctrine.

Amendments and comments are welcomed from the Infantry and

wider stakeholders and should be passed to the Chief Instructor,
IBS on 94 351 2599 or on DII (INFBS-HQ-CI@mod.uk).

Seize the initiative.

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Values and Standards of the British Army

The Core Values

Selfless Commitment
Respect for Others
Loyalty
Integrity
Discipline
Courage

British Infantry Commander

Leading by Example

“Be” the Values (Lead by example)

Give Encouragement and Praise
Communicate the Reason Why
Encourage Teamwork
Empower Subordinates
Cater for Individual Strengths and Weaknesses
Encourage Thought and Experimentation
Accept and Mitigate Risks
Correct where Necessary
Set and Demand High Standards

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Contents
British Army Doctrinal Overview 4–5
General British Army
Functional Responsibilities G1 – G9 6
Intelligence Cycle 7
Time Analysis 8
Combat Estimate – 7 Questions 9
Human Terrain Analysis and the Hasty Combat Estimate 10
Command States 11
Doctrinal Language 12-14
Battle Procedure
Mission Statement Construct 15
Execution – Concept of Operations 16
Conceptual Mission Rehearsal 17
UK Weapons & Equipment Characteristics 18
COESCEN Weapons & Equipment Characteristics 19
GROUND Analysis & IPB 20-21
Battlefield Discipline 22
Offensive Actions Overview 23
Hasty & Deliberate Attack 24
Defensive Actions 25
Delay Actions 26
Advance to Contact 27
Withdrawal 28
Relief of Troops in Combat 29
Patrols 30
Operational Conduct
Recce / Standing / QRFs 31
Ambushes 32
FIBUA 33
Urban CQB Drills 34
FIWAF 35
Stability Actions 36
Counter-Insurgency (COIN) Patrolling 37
Combat Logistic Patrols 38
Vulnerable Areas & Points (VAs / VPs) 39
FSG Considerations 40
Sniper Considerations 41
Javelin Considerations 42
CBRN Defence 43
Artillery Target Procedure 44
Contact report (SALTA) 45
ECAS 46
MIST Report 47
NATO 9-Liner 48
Casualty Flow-Chart 49
UK Map Marking Convention 50-51
General Information UK Hand Signals 52
Helicopter Drills 53
CPERS Handling 54
Media Handling & Working with Interpreters 55
IBS Dress SOPs 56-57
Protection / Mobility SOPS 58-59
IBS Actions-On 60
Sentry Duty & Reporting 61
Communications 62
Equipment Care 63
Guidance for Student Self-Treatment 64

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Ref: ADP Operations

British Army Doctrine Nov 2010

OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK:
 SHAPING TASKS
 THE DECISIVE ACT
- Engagement
- Exploitation
 SUSTAINING TASKS
 PROTECTING TASKS

GEOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK:
 DEEP: long range & timescale / against an
en not in close battle
 CLOSE: short range and time / direct contact
with en
 REAR: ensure our freedom by protecting &
sustaining combat ops

TACTICAL FRAMEWORK:
(CORE FUNCTIONS)

THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR:  FIND: Locate / Identify / Assess

 FIX: Deny en his goals / distract him /
 SELECTION & MAINTENANCE OF THE AIM (THE MASTER PRINCIPAL) deprive freedom of movement
 MAINTENANCE OF MORALE  STRIKE: Recce pull / manoeuvre into posn
 OFFENSIVE ACTION of advantage / threaten or apply force /
 SURPRISE TACTICAL FUNCTIONS: hit in superior force unexpectedly
 SECURITY  EXPLOIT: Turn en dislocation into decisive
 CONCENTRATION OF FORCE  COMMAND success / seize opportunity / maintain a
 ECONOMY OF EFFORT  INFORMATION & INTELLIGENCE reserve
 FLEXIBILITY  MANOEUVRE
 CO-OPERATION  FIREPOWER THE DECISION ACTION CYCLE
 SUSTAINABILITY  PROTECTION
 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

THE MANOEUVRIST APPROACH

MISSION COMMAND PRINCIPLES:

 UNITY OF EFFORT
 A SPECIFIED MAIN EFFORT
 FREEDOM OF ACTION
 TRUST
 MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING
 TIMELY & EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING
MISSION COMMAND:
Mission Command is a philosophy of command, with centralised intent and decentralised execution that is particularly suitable for complex,
dynamic and adversarial situations. The Manoeuvrist Approach demands a command philosophy of command that promotes freedom of action
and initiative. Like the Manoeuvrist Approach, Mission Command focuses on outcomes, as it stresses the importance of understanding what
effect is to be achieved, rather than specifying the ways by which it could be achieved. It has the following
key elements:
a. A commander gives his orders in a manner that ensures that his subordinates understand his intentions (intent), their own missions, and
the context of those missions.
b. Subordinates are told what effect they are to achieve and the reason why it is required.
c. Subordinates are allocated sufficient resources to carry out their missions.
d. A commander uses the minimum level of control possible so as not to unnecessarily constrain his subordinates’ freedom of action.
e. Subordinates then decide how best to achieve their missions. They have a fundamental responsibility to act in line with their
commander’s intent

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Ref: ADP Operations

Nov 2010
British Army Doctrine

THE CONTRIBUTION OF LAND FORCES TO THE MILITARY ACTIVITIES IN THE LAND

JOINT CAMPAIGN: ENVIRONMENT:
 Land forces can comprehensively defeat other land  COMBAT (The Primary Activity)
forces  DELIBERATE AND FOCUSSED INTERVENTION
 Land forces can secure terrain objectives  MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO SECURITY AND
 Land forces have the greatest direct influence on the DEVELOPMENT
people  COUNTER INSURGENCY
 Land forces enable other agencies to operate  PEACE SUPPORT
 Land forces represent the strongest evidence of  PEACETIME MILITARY ENGAGEMENT AND
political commitment CONFLICT PREVENTION
 Land forces contribute greatly to the deterrent effect  HOME DEFENCE AND MILITARY AID TO THE CIVIL
of the joint force AUTHORITIES

TACTICAL ACTIONS IN THE LAND ENVIRONMENT

Offensive Actions Defensive Actions Stability Actions

Attack Framework Security

Raid
Exploitation Security Sector Reform &
Pursuit Military Capacity Building
Mobile Defence
Feint Area Defence
Demonstration Support to the Delivery of
Delay
Reconnaissance in Force Essential Services
Ambush
Breakout of Encircled Forces Support to Governance, Economic
Infiltration Development & Reconstruction

Enabling Actions

Reconnaissance Link-Up
Retirement
Security Relief of Encircled Force
March
Advance to Contact Relief of Troops
Obstacle Breaching/Crossing
Meeting Engagement Withdrawal

SEIZING OPPORTUNITIES - TAKING RISKS

 About understanding, balancing and taking risks rather than avoiding hazards.
 How likely is it that something will happen and how advantageous/serious would it be for your
mission, your higher commander’s plan or for your troops if it did?
 As much as about positive consequences (opportunities) as it is about negative.
 Understand the environment. A sound combat estimate will identify and assess opportunities
and risks.
 Sometimes, the more you try to reduce risks, the more they may actually increase.
 Just because it worked last time, doesn’t mean that it will work this time.
 The mission is the priority, take risks if they are worth it to achieve the mission and do what you
can to limit the consequences if it all goes wrong.

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Ref: Land Warfare School – Aide-Memoire

Functional Responsibilities G1 – G9

G1 - PERSONNEL & ADMINISTRATION: G5 - PLANS & POLICY:

 Personnel management  Defence Policy

 Manpower administration  Strategic Planning
 Welfare  Campaign Planning & Estimate
 Chaplaincy  Forward Planning & Coordination
 Casualty Procedures  Contingency Planning
 Discipline  Info Ops Planning
 Legal (inc ROE)  Combat Assessment
 Provost  Organisation (role & history)
 CPERS (track/welfare)
G6 - CIS:

G2 - INTELLIGENCE & SECURITY:  Comms & Info Systems Planning & Management
 Info Policy & Services
 Direction, collection, processing &  Frequency Management
dissemination of information & intelligence
 Cryptography
 Targeting support
 Battle Damage Assessment
 Security assessment & advice
G7 - DOCTRINE & TRAINING:

 Force Development
G3 - OPERATIONS:
 Doctrine Management
 Exercise Planning
 Coordination & integration of current Ops
 Operational Analysis
 Information Ops
 Training & Education
 Ops support
 Research, Science & Technology
 Reconnaissance
 Targeting
 Offensive Support
G8 - RESOURCES & FINANCE:
 Battlespace Management
 Deployment & Recovery  Civil Secretariat
 Reports & Returns  Finance
 Operational Recording  Civilian Personnel Management
 Budget Planning
 Contract Authority
G4 - LOGISTICS:  Exports, Disposals & Sales
 Equipment & Materiel
 Health Service Support (Medical)
 Logistic HNS Coordination G9 - CIMIC:
 Movement & Transport Coordination
 Contracting  Coordination & Support Arrangements
 Infrastructure Engineering  Coordination of Civil Military Support
 Defence Estate  Civil Contingencies
 Fire & Environmental Safety
 Support Services
 Procurement

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Ref: AFM Vol 1, Pt

3A, ISTAR – The
ISTAR & The Intelligence Cycle Enduring Doctrine;
AC 71975

What is ISTAR?  INTELLIGENCE – Produced from information gathered by collection

ISTAR provides information and intelligence to assets, interpreted by a human or processed by a computer.
support the commander and his decision  SURVEILLANCE - Systematic observation of the air, ground & enemy
making process. by visual, aural, electronic, photographic & other means.
 TARGET ACQUISITION - Detection, identification & location of a target
ISTAR PRODUCTS: in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of weapons.
 RECONNAISSANCE – A mission undertaken to obtain information about
 IMINT – Image Intelligence the activities or resources of an enemy, terrain or operating conditions or
- Electro Optical (EO) combination thereof.
- Infra-Red Thermal (IR)
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) EFFECTIVE INTELLIGENCE:
 SIGINT – Signals Intelligence The Commander requires information & intelligence which is:
- COMINT – Communications Intelligence  Relevant
- ELINT – Electronic Intelligence
Intelligence, Surveillance, Target
- FISINT – Foreign Instrumentation & Signals Intelligence  Usable ISTAR Acquisition & Reconnaissance
 MASINT – Measurement & Signals Intelligence Surveillance & Target Acquisition
- GMTI – Ground Moving Target Indicator  Timely STAP Plan
 GEOINT – Geospatial Intelligence  Commander’s Critical Information
- (IMINT analysed by GEO Fusion Cell)
Objective CCIR Requirement
 HUMINT – Human Intelligence  Available PIR Priority Intelligence Requirement
- Strategic HUMINT RFI Request for Information
- Field HUMINT (Covert & Overt)  Complete HVT High Value Target
- Routine Patrolling & Walk-ins
 OSINT – Open Source Intelligence HPT High Priority Target
BDA Battle Damage Assessment
SOURCE RELIABILITY & CREDIBILTY ASSESSMENT Intelligence Preparation of the
IPB Battlespace
RELIABILITY CREDIBILITY
DSO Decision Support Overlay
A Completely reliable 1 Confirmed by other sources
DSM Decision Support Matrix
B Usually reliable 2 Probably true
NAI Named Area of Interest
C Fairly reliable 3 Possibly true
TAI Target Area of Interest
D Not usually reliable 4 Doubtful
DP Decision Point
E Unreliable 5 Improbable
DL Decision Line
F Reliability cannot be judged 6 Truth cannot be judged
AA Avenue of Approach
Surveillance & Target Acquisition Plan (STAP) MC Mobility Corridor

 Management of Surveillance PL Planning Line

 Management of Counter-Surveillance (CSCM) RL Report Line

INTELLIGENCE DIRECTION:
 IPB is the planning tool which produces the
DSO/DSM. The DSO/DSM forms the basis of
the STAP which directs the actions of ISTAR
assets.
o The STAP must include asset locations,
engagement areas, limit of visibility and dead
ground.
 CSCMs can affect the Battlegroup STAP.
Restrictions/limitations must be identified at an
early stage.
THE  STAP overlays/traces must be produced for
INTELLIGENCE
CYCLE:
day and night, good & poor visibility and added
to the matrix.
 Pl Comd submits Pl STAP to Coy HQ for
processing by Coy 2IC. Tempo is
dependent on how
OODA LOOP: effectively
Tempo is
observation
dependent onofhow
an
enemy action can
 Observation effectively
be linked to enemy
 Orientation observation of an
intention
 Decision enemy action can
 Action be linked to enemy
intention.

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Time Analysis

Platoon Commander Platoon Sergeant Section Commander

Receives WngO from Coy Comd

Conduct initial time analysis

Consider questions 1 & 2

Issue WngO Receive WngO Receive WngO

Receive orders from Coy Comd

Complete time analysis

Answer questions 1 & 2

Platoon Commander’s ⅓

Issue WngO Receive WngO Receive WngO

Answer Questions 3 – 7

Issue WngO Receive WngO Receive WngO

Prepare orders Prepare orders

Deliver orders Deliver orders Receive orders

Conduct Estimate
Section Commander’s ⅓

Prepare orders

Deliver Orders

Section Battle Prep

Section kit inspections

Platoon Sgts kit inspections Platoon Sgts kit inspections

Critical/Op Specific kit inspections Critical/Op Specific kit inspections Critical/Op Specific kit inspections
Op Time

Op Time

Noisy rehearsals Noisy rehearsals Noisy rehearsals

Silent rehearsals Silent rehearsals Silent rehearsals

Conceptual rehearsals Conceptual Rehearsals Conceptual Rehearsals

Final weapon and equipment

Final weapon and equipment check Final weapon and equipment check
check

Deploy on Op

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Ref: AFM Vol 1 – Part 8
(AC 71674) 2007 and Doctrine Note
The Combat Estimate 09/18

Q1. WHAT IS THE SITUATION AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT ME? OUTPUT/ PRODUCT ORDERS LINK
HOW DOES GROUND WHAT ARE WHAT ARE HOW MIGHT
AFFECT OPS? THE ENEMY’S THE THE OP
Obstacles CAPABILITES ENEMY’S AFFECT THE
Cover, Dead Ground Tactics/Doctrine INTENTIONS LOCAL
Observation, Killing Eqpt & Weapons IN MY AREA? POPULATION
Areas, Visibility Obstacles AND HOW WILL
 Key vulnerabilities
Key Terrain, Vital Ground, Morale Most Likely THEY REACT?  Ground Prelims
 Most likely COA
Dominating Terrain DFs COA (Plan  Area  Situation
 Most dangerous
Approaches, Routes, CBRN Capability for)  Structures  Enemy Forces
Going Air/Avn Threat COA
 Capabilities
Weather Strengths & Most  Organisation
Weaknesses dangerous  People
Key COA  Events
Vulnerabilities (CONPLAN
for)
Q2. WHAT HAVE I BEEN TOLD TO DO AND WHY? OUTPUT/ PRODUCT ORDERS LINK
Mission Analysis
2.1 Higher Comds’ Intent (Why?):
 2Up Intent; 1Up Mission, Intent, SoM, ME; My Role
 OGDs, Other Allied Forces  Likely missions,  Situation
tasks & priorities  Friendly Forces
2.2 Tasks (What?). Specified and Implied.  CONPLAN  Issue Warning
options Order (SPOTOCA)
2.3 Constraints/Freedoms. Time, Space, Resources (4Ds), Legal/Cultural

2.4 Has or How might the situation change & how could this affect me?
Q3. WHAT EFFECTS DO I NEED TO ACHIEVE? OUTPUT/ PRODUCT ORDERS LINK
Intent Schematic
 For each effect
An effect is the consequence or outcome of an action. It should describe the  Intent
identify unifying
changed circumstances to the enemy, target group or the environment. (Endorsed  Main Effort
purpose
effects are listed on pg 1-7)
Q4. WHERE AND HOW CAN I BEST ACCOMPLISH EACH EFFECT? OUTPUT/ PRODUCT ORDERS LINK
Consider Select CoA (Functions in Combat/Principles  Identify action(s)
Vital Ground of Op) reqd to achieve each
Key Terrain/dominating ground effect
FUPs  Location from
 Outline SoM
KAs which to deliver
Infrastructure action(s)
(eg site Beaten Zone
then site Firing Point)
Q5. WHAT RESOURCES DO I NEED TO ACCOMPLISH EACH EFFECT? OUTPUT/ PRODUCT ORDERS LINK
Troops to Task Host Nation Support  Who/What will
 Outline Pl/Sect/Atts
Troops (Mil & Civ) best achieve the
missions, tasks &
Integral Weapons OGDs action?
priorities
Support Weapons NGOs  Do I have enough
(sum of subordinates’
Specialist Equipment resources? (plan
unifying purposes
All Arms Assets sequential or
must add up to my
Coalition Assets simultaneous
SoM)
actions)
Q6. WHEN AND WHERE DO THE ACTIONS TAKE PLACE IN RELATION TO OUTPUT/ PRODUCT ORDERS LINK
EACH OTHER?
Synchronise  Coord Instructions –
 Refine SoM,
Synchronise own assets and understand where all support assets are acting in Timings, prelims,
missions, tasks &
relation to each other. locs & fireplan
priorities
Timeline/Synchronisation Matrix  Synch Matrix
Q7. WHAT CONTROL MEASURES DO I NEED TO IMPOSE? OUTPUT/ PRODUCT ORDERS LINK
Higher Control Measures Own Control Measures
EMCON Bdries
COMSEC Objs
CBRN Routes  How can I control
ROE Report Lines & simplify my plan?
STAP FSCMs  Where is my plan  Coord Instructions –
Media OPSEC going to go wrong Control measures
Host Nation Support, OGDs Anti-fratricide Measures and how can I
NGOs Orders for Switching Fire prevent this?
LEGAD LOE
Population Friendly Force Locations
CPERS Obs (incl IED)

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Ref: Doctrine Note

9/18 (Combat
Human Terrain Analysis (Combat Estimate Q1) Estimate

 Time, the situation and the mission will dictate how much thought needs to be applied to Human
Terrain Analysis.
 When time is very short, every Comd must consider at least the following key questions:
 Where are the locals right now?
 What effect is my activity about to have on the local population and how will they react?
 When time is available, and more detailed planning is required, Commanders should use ASCOPE:
Factor Question Deductions that May be Identified
Area Where do people live, work, play, meet or How localities or aspects of terrain affect or impact
worship? upon the local population.
Structures What are the key structures in the area and How a structure’s location, function or capabilities
why are they important? supports or constrains ops.
Capabilities Who in the local community is capable of Think about capabilities in terms of those required to
providing for the people? save, sustain or enhance life.
Identity of Key Leaders
Organisations What are the different groups of people in How these groups could assist or constrain the plan.
the area? The possible ‘knock-on’ effects of your actions against
or in support of a particular group.
Include foreign and UK civilian organisations.
People How do the people communicate and What the public perception is of a particular issue.
interact? How people might respond to our actions.
Best method of communicating a message.
Meeting places.
Identity of Key Leaders and how they communicate.
Events When are things Occurring? Impact of an event on the plan.
Activity or effects that might result from a particular
event.

Combat Estimate (Hasty)

Create space to think Need to get situation stable enough to

think…drills, get clear of killing area, suppressive
fire, fix with indirect fire etc

What is happening? Talk through what is going on out loud – e.g. en

position with a machine gun on the high ground.
Distinguish between the important and
Q1 unimportant.
What is the enemy up to?
A very simple assessment of the en MLCOA.
May identify what is not immediately evident –
potential depth, a ‘come on’, a ‘show of force’.
What did / would my
comd want me to do?
Q2 Focus on the Mission and identify the options
that support your comd’s intent.

Q3 A quick plan. What do you need to do, where

Effect, ground and what should you do it from and who is best
with?
Q4 placed/equipped to do it? Think to the finish.
Q5
Timings related to fire support.
Ref:
When? JDP 1-
10

Visualise the plan to identify where things are

How can I stop things
going wrong?
Q7 going to go wrong. Use of Reference Pts and
FSCM crucial. Hazard to locals considered
here?

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Ref: AFM

Command States Vol 1 – Part 8

(AC 71674) 2007

COMD STATE FULL (2) OPCOM (2) OPCON (2) TACOM (3) TACON
I can break up the unit & give its components
separate missions or tasks  
I can give the unit any mission but I cannot
break it up 
The unit has been given a mission, which I
cannot change. However, I can allocate tasks
or priorities that define how they conduct their 
mission
The unit has a specific mission & task, which I
cannot change. However I am responsible for
coordinating its movement & location within 
my AO to enable it to conduct its task
CSS responsibility
 See Note (4)

(1) States of Command & Control will always be qualified by the DTG at which they begin. The DTG at which they end should also be
specified.
(2) A Commander assigned forces under FULL COMD or OPCOM may employ those forces for any purpose. Forces assigned under
OPCON may only be employed within certain constraints, such as function, time of loc, imposed by the higher authority which assigns the
forces.
(3) A commander assigned forces under TACOM may allocate tasks to those forces but only in accordance with the mission given to him
by the higher authority which assigns the forces.
(4) These command states do not necessarily carry with them a responsibility for administration and CSS. In addition to the command
state, it may be necessary to specify supporting responsibilities as follows:
(a) Under Command for Admin (UCADMIN). This delegates authority to a command for all administration for those forces
assigned, including G1, Casualty Reporting and MS responsibilities unless otherwise specified (UCADMIN Less….).
(b) Under Command for Daily Maintenance (UCDM). Leaves the original donor unit with full responsibility for all admin less daily
maintenance. This includes replen of CSups, casevac, provision of common user supply items and the repair/recovery of equipment.

11

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Ref: Doctrine Note 11/17

Doctrinal Language
Effects. An effect is the commander’s desired state of affairs relating to the enemy, the population, the terrain or friendly forces.
Effects are the intended consequences of actions (described using mission verbs). The degree to which an effect has been achieved
is often difficult to measure but nevertheless requires assessment.

Task Verbs. A task verb describes an activity carried out in order to achieve the commander’s desired effect(s). Tasks given to
subordinates can be singular or multiple, specified or implied. The degree of success of the task described by a task verb should be
measurable.

Most effects words can also be used to describe actions. However, mission verbs cannot be effects.
EFFECTS
BLOCK. Deny enemy access to an area or to prevent his DISRUPT. Break the cohesion of an enemy and prevent it from
advance in a particular direction. functioning.

CANALISE. Force an enemy to take a desired direction in its EMPOWER. Promote confidence, authority, accountability and
actions to gain an advantage. To orientate the perception of a responsibility in an individual or group(s).
situation or event toward a desired outcome.
ENVELOP. Pass over/around the enemy’s main def positions.
CLEAR. Remove all enemy, and their infrastructure or capability,
from an assigned area and prevent their return. EXPLOIT. Take advantage of success in battle, by seizing
opportunities, and following up initial gain(s), or take advantage
COERCE. Use force or the threat of force to persuade an of an individual or group(s) weaknesses or vulnerabilities or
individual or group(s) to adopt a certain pattern of behaviour (dependent on context), use actionable intelligence from an
against his wishes. individual, group, object or location.

COMPEL. Force, through kinetic or non-kinetic action, a group FIND. Detect, recognise, identify and/or locate a unit, object,
or individual to undertake a desired course of action. activity, situation, event or individual or group(s).

CONTAIN. Stop, hold or surround an enemy or cause him to FIX. Deny the enemy his goals, to distract him and thus deprive
centre his activity on a front and prevent his withdrawing any part him of freedom of action in order to gain own forces freedom of
of his forces for use elsewhere (including preventing him leaving action. Note: An adversary may fix himself.
a given area).
HOLD. Maintain possession by direct or indirect means.
CONVINCE. Bring to belief, consent, or a course of action.
INTERDICT. Divert, disrupt, delay or destroy the enemy’s military
DECEIVE. Cause an individual or group(s) to believe what is not potential before it can be used effectively against friendly forces;
true by manipulation, distortion or falsification of information to or fire placed in an area or point to prevent the enemy using it.
induce him to react in a manner prejudicial to his interests.
ISOLATE. Seal off and deny freedom of movement.
DEFEAT. Diminish the effectiveness of the enemy to the extent
that he is unable or unwilling to participate further in the battle or MAINTAIN. Take supply and repair action to keep a force in
at least cannot fulfil his mission. condition to carry out a mission.

DELAY. Operation in which a force under pressure trades space NEUTRALISE. Deliver fire to hamper and interrupt movement
for time by slowing the enemy’s momentum and inflicting and the firing of weapons.
maximum damage without becoming decisively engaged.
PREVENT. Keep from happening, avert.
DENY. Prevent access or use by blocking, disruption, dislocation
and/or fire. Can be achieved either by holding or covering the PROTECT. Prevent the enemy from having effect on an
area by direct or indirect fire. To deny without holding requires individual or group(s).
surveillance.
REASSURE. Restore confidence or dispel fear.
DESTROY. Kill or so damage an enemy or his capability that it is
rendered useless. SECURE. Gain possession of by direct or indirect means and to
seek to retain. This may be protecting an individual or group(s)
DESTABILISE. Render an individual or group(s) unstable or from danger or threat.
create the conditions for collapse.
SEIZE. Gain possession of an area or person, with or without the
DETER. Discourage an individual or group(s) from carrying out use of force.
a certain action by convincing them that the consequences of
their actions outweigh the potential gains. STABILISE. Impose security and control over an area while
employing military capabilities to restore services and support
DEVELOP. Advance friendly force capability and competence. civilian agencies.

DISCREDIT. Damage or undermine the authority or reputation of SUPPORT. Aid, complement or sustain another force, individual,
an individual or group(s). or group(s).

DISENGAGE. Break engagement in preparation for eventual SUSTAIN. Maintain the necessary levels of combat power for the
withdrawal. duration required to achieve objectives.

DISLOCATE. Deny an individual or group(s) the ability to bring TURN. Force an enemy to adopt an axis of advance/approach
strength(s) to bear, or to persuade that strength is irrelevant. which he otherwise might not select.

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Ref: Doctrine Note 11/17

Doctrinal Language
TASK VERBS
ADVISE. Counsel and inform of the implications of adopting a DESIGNATE. By visual or other means, indicate a target to a
certain pattern of behaviour, beliefs or attitudes. designated unit, object, activity, situation, event or person(s).

ADVANCE. Conduct offensive operation designed to gain or DETAIN. Hold a person temporarily including the right to search.
re-establish contact with the enemy.
DETECT. Discover the presence or absence of a unit, object,
ASSAULT. Climax of an attack; closing with the enemy in activity, situation, event or person(s) of significance.
hand-to-hand fighting. Short, violent attack, against local
objective. DISENGAGE. Break contact with the enemy in a delay or
withdrawal.
ASSESS. Pose a judgement after comparing measured
performances against a standard. EDUCATE. An activity to teach the benefits or consequences of
patterns of behaviour.
BREACH. Deliberate or hasty: cross or create a lane through
a minefield or IED belt or a clear route through a barrier or EMPHASISE. Add further credibility or information which will
fortification. enhance effects of existing ops and further develop key messages
and themes.
BREAK OUT. Continuation of a crossing operation once the
force has consolidated in the bridgehead; or offensive action ENABLE. Provide means, conditions or authority to make possible.
by an encircled force to link-up with a main force.
ENCIRCLE. Surround and isolate lines of communication resulting
BUILD UP. Attain prescribed strength of units and prescribed in loss of freedom of movement.
levels of vehicles, equipment, stores and supplies.
ENCOURAGE. Stimulation to respond in the desired manner.
BYPASS. Move around an obstacle, position or enemy force
to maintain the momentum of advance. ESCORT. Accompany and protect another force or convoy.

COLLECT. Assemble, accumulate or acquire data or EXPOSE. Make visible, reveal something undesirable or injurious.
information.
EXTRACT/EXFILTRATE. Recover reconnaissance, stay-behind or
CONFIRM. Provide current information of previously reporting encircled forces out of contact with the enemy.
within a specified degree of certainty and/or accuracy.
FEINT. Distract the enemy through seeking contact but avoiding
COORDINATE. Bring functions, systems or entities operating decisive engagement by the bulk of own forces.
in the same environment in proper relation in order to avoid
counter-productive results such as duplication of effort or HAND OVER. Pass responsibility for the conduct of operations
mutually negating actions. from/to another force.

COUNTER ATTACK. Attack by a part or all of a defending HARASS. Fire designed to disturb the rest of the enemy, limit
force for such specific purposes as regaining ground lost or movement and, by threat of losses, lower morale.
cutting off or destroying adversaries’ advance units, with the
general objective of denying to the adversary the attainment of IDENTIFY. Determine, the status (including friendly or hostile
his purpose in attacking. nature) of the detected unit, object, activity, situation, event or
person(s).
COVER. Protect by offence, defence, or threat of either or
both. INFORM. Impart information or knowledge.

CROSS. Deliberate or hasty: pass over or through an INSERT/INFILTRATE. Deploy reconnaissance, stay-behind or
obstacle. raiding forces out of contact with the enemy.

DEFEND. Defeat or deter a threat to provide circumstances for INTERDICT. Divert, disrupt, delay or destroy an enemy’s military
maintaining or regaining the initiative. Depending on what size potential before it can be used effectively against friendly forces.
of formation/unit is defending, defence can include delay, hold,
deny and attack. INTERCEPT. Search for and listen to and/or record
communications and/or electronic data.
DEGRADE. Reduce the effectiveness or efficiency. (Should
be quantified.) LIAISE. Maintain contact or intercommunication between elements
of military forces to ensure mutual understanding and unity or
RESCUE. Save or set free a group or individual(s). purpose and action.

DEMONSTRATE. Show of force on a front where a decision is LINK UP. Establishment of contact, in enemy controlled territory,
not sought, made with the aim of deceiving the enemy. To between one or more friendly units or formations which have the
distract the enemy’s attention without seeking contact. same or differing missions.

DEPLOY. Move forces within areas of operation; position LOCATE. Establish a position of the detected unit, object, activity,
forces into a formation for battle, relocate forces to desired situation, event or person(s) to a specified accuracy.
areas of operations.

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Ref: Doctrine Note 11/17

Doctrinal Language
TASK VERBS (Continued)
MANIPULATE. Manage to advantage (person or situation). RE-DEPLOY. Return to original or other position having
deployed.
MANOEUVRE. Employ forces on the battlefield (using
movement) in combination with fire or fire potential to achieve REHABILITATE. Reconditioning of equipment and/or
a position of advantage in respect to the enemy. personnel, including rest, replacement, repair, training, and
general readiness for employment in future operations.
MARK. Call for fire on a specific location to orient the
observer/spotter or to indicate targets. REINFORCE. Strengthen in place forces with additional
personnel or equipment.
MASK. Obscure from an individual or group’s observation.
RELIEVE/RELIEF IN PLACE (RIP). Replace all or part of a
MENTOR. Develop capacity through example and/or advice unit in an area.
through planning and preparation, execution and lessons
captured/After Action Review (AAR) phases. REORGANISE. Internally distribute personnel and equipment
in a formation or unit to render it battleworthy again, albeit
MONITOR. Develop or maintain situational awareness, maybe at a reduced size.
pattern of life or atmospherics of a geographical area, activity
or situation. RETIRE. Move away from the enemy when out of contact.

OCCUPY. Move into and enable proper organisation of an SCOUT. Actively seek info on the enemy, ground and other
area to be used as a battle position. relevant detail in support of the commander’s plan.

ORGANISE. Give orderly structure to. SCREEN. Observe, identify and report; only fight in self-
protection (also an indirect fire effect).
OVERTHROW. Remove forcibly from power.
SEARCH. Locate specific targets using intelligence
PATROL. Move tactically within an area of responsibility to assessments, systematic procedures and appropriate
deliver a clearly defined effect(s). A patrol is conducted in an detection techniques.
area where an enemy threat precludes normal administrative
movement. STRIKE. Inflict damage on, seize or destroy an objective or
threat.
PASSAGE OF LINES. Move forward or rearward through
another force’s combat positions with the intention of moving SUPPRESS. Fire to inhibit the enemy’s ability to acquire and
into or out of contact with the enemy. attack friendly targets.

PENETRATE. Break though the enemy’s defence and disrupt TAKE OVER. Assume responsibility for the conduct of
his defensive systems. operations from another force.

PERMIT. Give permission or consent; allow something to TARGET. Make the object of an operation.
happen.
TRACK. Maintain identification and location of a unit, activity,
PROMOTE. Advocate or advance awareness of an situation or person(s).
individual, organisation and/or courses of action.
WARN. Pre-planned provision of information to provide
PURSUE. Catch or cut off an individual or group attempting warning of a specified situation, event or activity.
to escape, with the aim of destroying it.
WITHDRAW. Move away from the enemy (in or out of
RECOGNISE. Classify the capability of the unit, person(s), contact).
object, event or activity of potential military significance.
OTHER DOCTRINAL TERMS
Branches Options for a particular phase, alternative plans,
available to the commander, to anticipate opportunities or D Day The day on which an operation commences.
reverses.
H – Hour The time at which assault troops cross the Line of
Centre of Gravity (CofG) Those characteristics, capabilities Departure
or localities from which forces derive their freedom of action,
physical strength or will to fight. L Hour First assault wave helo touches down in LZ
(amphibious or airmobile ops)
Culminating Point. The point when an operation can just be
maintained but not developed to any greater advantage.
P Hour Time at which lead para elms arrive over para impact
End-State State of affairs which needs to be achieved at the point
end of the campaign to either terminate or resolve the conflict
on favourable terms. Y Hour Time at which first helicopter of first wave departs
Pick Up Point (PUP).
Sequels Options for the next phase should the current phase
go/not go according to plan. Note that the letters A, B, N, Q, R, U, V, W and X Hour are all
available for use to describe specific timings if this eases
Sequencing and Phases The arrangement of activities command and control
within a campaign in the order most likely to achieve the
elimination of the enemy’s CofG.

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Ref: AFM Vol1, Part 8 (Comd and

Mission Statements Staff Procedures 2007)
(AC 71674)

MISSION STATEMENTS (MISSION AND SUB-UNIT MISSIONS) – Your Mission will be given to you by your Company Commander

‘A clear, concise statement of TASK - (what) Crucial to the success of the Mission. Always use recognised
the task/tasks of the Mission/Effects Verbs. E.g. Use ‘clear’, ‘destroy’ instead of ‘take’ or ‘mount a
command and its/their section attack onto’.
purpose’ PURPOSE - (why) Unifying purpose is the desired end state for the Unit/Sub-Unit
contributing to the Commander’s Plan. The unifying purpose is not necessarily the
same for all of the sub-units within a unit.

SINGLE TASK - A single task ‘1 Section is to SECURE Compound 12 (Task 1) in order to PREVENT disruption of
and its purpose the Police during their search of Compound 12 (UNIFYING PURPOSE)’

MULTIPLE TASK - Multiple ‘2 Section is to: (1) CLEAR a Xing pt over the stream ivo Obj BRONZE (TASK 1),
tasks with their unifying (2) DENY enemy access to Objs GOLD and SILVER (TASK 2) in order to allow 1
purpose Section to SECURE Compound 12 (UNIFYING PURPOSE)
LIST OF TASKS - A list of ‘3 Section. You are the platoon Reserve. You are to be prepared to: (1) CLEAR
tasks (often preparatory) identified en ivo Objs GOLD and SILVER (TASK 1), (2) REINFORCE the Police in
designated to the sub-unit searching Compound 12 (TASK 2), (3) CLEAR alternative routes for wdr of 1 and 2
without a unifying purpose. Section (TASK 3). No UNIFYING PURPOSE as this is implicit in your Concept of
Usually used for Reserves. Operations paragraph.
Given in priority order.

CONSTRUCTION OF MISSION STATEMENTS:

(WHY) (How)
Think
Purpose EFFECT/TASK

(WHAT) (WHY)
Write
EFFECT/TASK Purpose

Construction Check List

 The purpose should be considered first – the  Do they contain a Task and Purpose?
reason for doing the mission.  Do the sum of the purposes add up to the SoM
 The EFFECT or TASK is what you have to do to  Do they have the correct mission language
achieve the purpose.  Are they precisely expressed – unambiguous?
 Your subordinate then works out HOW bounded by  Have all of the essential tasks been covered?
your coordinating instructions.  Do they bear out intended freedom of action?
 All subordinates are to have separate IOT.  Do they fall logically out of the CONOPS?

Mission Statement Example

Bad Good Remarks
DESTROY en Comd IOT DISRUPT en C2 IOT isolate Your subordinate then has FoM to decide how he wants
DISRUPT en C2 en sub units for sequential to DISRUPT the en Comd, he can DESTROY, STRIKE or
DEFEAT CONTAIN

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Execution – Concept of Operations

INTENT  It should be short simple and leave your soldiers under no illusions as to
what you ultimately wish to achieve.
‘The overall effect you wish to  Should list primary EFFECT that you want to achieve first
achieve, which should normally  Must be a stand alone sentence – easily understood.
be focused on the enemy’  Should only state the primary EFFECTS from the intent schematic.
 Concise and Clear to avoid confusion

“To PREVENT disruption of the police during the search of Compound

12 by DENYING en access to Objs GOLD and SILVER and SECURING
Compound 12”
NOT
“CLEAR a Xing Point over the stream ivo Obj BRONZE then CLEAR and
SECURE an overwatch position in Compound 10, then establish a
cordon to PREVENT disruption of the Police in Compound 12”

SCHEME OF MANOEUVRE
 To include/mention all sub-units within your TASKORG
‘What, Where When and How  Mention other units if they are directly relevant to the operation
your command is to achieve its  If the information can be covered in Co-ord Instr then leave it out
PURPOSE in relation to the (Routes, GR, Actions on, Times, detailed Fireplan, etc)
enemy, in order that your  SOM needs to be Clear, concise and unambiguous
subordinates know what role  Keep short but you must cover all crucial and relevant information – tell
they are playing in the operation a brief story/paint a picture
and what effect they are to
achieve “Pl will approach from the E before first light. 2SECT CLEAR a Xing Pt
over stream ivo Obj BRONZE then CLEARING a fire support base ivo
Compound 10 to DENY en access to Objs GOLD and SILVER. 1 SECT
then fol cleared route to SECURE Compound 12 and establish a cordon
to PREVENT disruption of police search. 3 SECT in reserve throughout,
prep to CLEAR any en. Once search is complete, 1 SECT will withdraw
covered by 2 SECT. 2 SECT withdraw once all other callsigns on E
bank.”
MAIN EFFORT

 ‘A Concentration of Forces or Means, in a Main Effort must be reinforced through a combination

particular area, where the commander seeks to of :
bring about a decision’
 Additional combat power
 It is a concept or tool to provide the focus for the  Additional combat support
activity which the commander considers crucial  Additional CSS
to the success of the Mission  Narrower boundaries
 The presence of the commander/improving
 The Main Effort can shift but at platoon level this is his ability to influence events.
unlikely unless the tactical situation has  Intelligence focus.
changed.

 The Main Effort is NOT a Mission Statement and

therefore does not need a purpose. Focus in on
the most crucial part of the operation; that part
that you wish to emphasise.

 The Main Effort is an Activity and NOT a sub-unit.

‘PREVENTING disruption of the Police during the

search of Compound 12.’

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Ref: Doctrine Note 05/4

(Rehearsals)
Conceptual Mission Rehearsal
PURPOSE:

 To act as a revision of the overall plan and allows the Commander to explain how he might deal with
a given a situation ahead of time and without the friction of battle.

 Its purpose is to synchronise, in time and space, the key events and activities within the Concept of
Operations: who, what, when and where of subordinate actions, Combat Support and CSS activity in
support of the mission.

 There will be circumstances where physical rehearsals cannot be conducted and in these instances
the Conceptual Rehearsal will have to compensate for this deficiency in battle procedure.

CONSIDERATIONS: CONDUCT:

 Duration – Conceptual Rehearsal at Pl level should last  Enemy Focus - Whilst the enemy is not role-played, the
10-15mins, at Coy 15-20mins. This could be extended for rehearsal must focus on the action on the enemy. Where any
a complex deliberate operation where there is sufficient intelligence on the enemy has been updated since the O Gp this
time in the battle procedure. should be disseminated at the start of the rehearsal to focus the
commanders.
 Location - The rehearsal should take place around a
model or schematic of sufficient size and scale for the  Friendly Forces (Fr For) - The start of the rehearsal
audience. Overlooking the ground can be considered, provides a good opportunity to update the attendance on
should the ground and tactical situation permit. A sketch or current Fr For dispositions, prelim moves or operations relevant
a map could be also used as a minimum representation of to the mission.
the ground.

 Scheme of Manoeuvre (SoM) - The rehearsal should

 Attendance - Attendance might include as few as the O focus on the essential or complex elements of the SoM and
Gp or as many as the complete Coy/Pl. It will depend on bring together key coordinating instructions and supporting
the level of force protection and time available, the extent activities:
of concurrent activity and the complexity of the operation in
order to ensure that all commanders and attachments
understand the plan. Below are examples of those who - Synchronisation - The rehearsal should concentrate
have a stake in the execution of the mission if detailed on on the synchronisation of either the key effects on the
the Coy TASKORG: enemy or use the core functions (FIND, FIX, STRIKE and
EXPLOIT).
- Coy - OC, CSM (if avail) and Pl Comds. Any
Attachments should be included; MFC or FOO, o Decision Points (DPs) - For complex
Snipers, Javelin Sect Comd, Recce elm, Tk Tp Comd operations key DPs, their triggers and subsequent actions
and the Engr Sect Comd. should be revised in the conceptual mission rehearsal.

- Pl - At Pl level the Pl Comd, Pl Sgt if avail, Sect - OS - Tight co-ordination and confirmation of availability of
Comds and MFC will form the nucleus of the ROC drill. the OS plan throughout the mission can be achieved in the
Additional assets should be included if attached and conceptual mission rehearsal.
any Sect 2ICs or Private Soldiers who have been
given specific tasks.
 CSS Considerations - CASEVAC, re-supply, vehicle
- Attachments - On operations this attendance could recovery and other CSS factors should remain as
expand to include: RE Search Teams (REST) or considerations, but where possible should be dealt with at each
Search Advisor (RESA), Ammunition Technical Officer stage of the operation.
(ATO), Aviation, Armd Inf Pl Comd/OC, Armd Sqn
OC/Tp Comd, Other coalition/NATO forces, Forward
Air Controller (FAC) or his TACP, Host Nation Forces,
Media Ops, Info Ops, PSYOPS, CIMIC/G9 Team,

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UK Weapons/Equipment Ranges
Pistol 9mm: 25m
Combat Shotgun: 40m ‘Buck-shot’ & 130m ‘Solid-Shot’
SA80/LSW: SA80 300m IND/ 600m SECTION & LSW 800m
LMG/GPMG Lt Role: LMG 400m & GPMG 800m
GPMG (SF): 1800m (1100m Trace); 3000m Map Predicted
600m; suppressive fire to 800m
WEAPONS

L129A1 (Sharpshooter):
L115A1 (.338 Sniper): 400m HEAD, 1200 HIT, 1500m HARASS
HMG: 1,500m (1,800m strike)
NLAW: 20-600m (400m Plan)
ASM: 15-400m (600m max)
LASM (M72A9): 150-200m (12-15m min)
JAVELIN: (CLU) 65-2500m (Direct) 150-2500m (Top Attack)
UGL: 350m
GMG: 2200m (5m BURST) (1800m plan)
CLAYMORE: 50m High Effect/100m Moderate (1067mils Fwd – 16m Rear)
HE/PHOS GREN: 25-35m
C2 (120mm): APFSDS 2000m/HESH 1500m/SMOKE 8000m
RARDEN (30mm): APDS 1500m/HE 2500m

LDS (ACOG): x4 mag ARMR 300m, INF 150m (RECOGNISE)

(II) CWS: x4 mag ARMR 600m, INF 300m (RECOGNISE)
(II) MAXI KITE: x6 mag ARMR +600m, INF +300m (RECOGNISE)

SURVEILLANCE
(II) HMNVS: x1 mag 300m (RECOGNISE)
(TI) SSARF (STLS): x2/x5 mag IDENT ARMR 3500m / INF 2600m
(TI) BGTI + LRF: x8/x10 mag DETECT 6000m, IDENT 3500m, RECOGNISE 1500m
(TI) CLU: 4/x12 mag DETECT 7000m, IDENT 4000m, RECOGNISE 2000m
(TI) SOPHIE: INF 1.6/4.5km RECOGNISE/DETECT
ARMR 1.8/3.5/9km IDENT/RECOGNISE/DETECT
(TI) TOGS: DETECT 3500m / IDENT 1500m
(TI) ESPIRE: DETECT 3500m / IDENT ARMR 1200m/500m INF
MSTAR: DETECT vehs 24km, Fall of Shot 6km, man 3km
COBRA: DETECT 40km
MAMBA: DETECT 30km
LCMR: DETECT 5km
CLASSIC (RGS): DETECT 7km (up to 20km with radio relay)

700m 1st Round Rule Ranges (m) HE Splinter Distances (m) 900m Bedding In
Platform Ammunition Min Plan Max Lethal Safe/Cover Safe/Open Rnds/Min
HE 200 3720 12 190 210 Rapid – 12
60mm Normal – 8
Smoke 180 3470
Mortar Illum 350 3270 200m/33secs Slow - 4
HE 180 5675 40 190 300 Rapid – 12
81mm Normal – 8
Smoke WP 180 5675
Mortar Illum 180 4800 400m/33secs Slow - 4
HE 2300 15000 17200 G/burst 40 Danger Close Procedures Reqd(1): 1min – 6
OFFENSIVE SUPPORT

105mm
Light Smoke BE 2300 15000 15700 A/burst 50 PD: >700m 3min – 5
Illum 2300 15000 15700 Airburst: >800m Sustained – 3
Gun
HE – L15 4700 19500 24700 G/burst 55 Danger Close Procedures Reqd(1): Burst – 3/10secs
155mm Smoke BE 4700 19500 24700 A/burst 85 PD: >800m 1min – 6
AS90 Illum 4700 19500 24200 Airburst: >900m 3min – 6
Bomblet M483 4700 15000 17800 Sustained - 2
GMLRS 200lb Blast 15000 19-65km 70000 40 110 200 2m accuracy
CLOSE COMBAT AVIATION (CCA) CHARACTERISTICS
Hellfire (Missiles) 500 8000 100m safety for troops
AH 64D
30mm (Cannon) - 4500 150m safety for troops Coordination of Fire Support:
Apache FFAR (Rockets) 100 6000 500m safety for troops
CLOSE AIR SUPPORT (CAS) CHARACTERISTICS FSCL: Fire Support Coordination Line - No fire from other
Type of Bomb Blast Fragmentation Service short of it
500lbs 300 x 200 550 x 400 NFL/FSSL: No Fire Line - No fire or effects short of it
1000lbs 500 x 250 800 x 600 RFL: Restricted Fire Line - No uncoordinated fire over it
2000lbs 750 x 500 NFA: No Fire Area - No fire or effects in it
FFA: Free Fire Area - Any weapon may fire
RFA: Restricted Fire Area - Control of fires into an area
ACA: Airspace Coordination Area - Restricted area or
Types of Artillery Support: route for aircraft
 Direct Support - guaranteed fire (in support of high-level Op ARA: Artillery Reserved Area - Grid Sq reserved
 Reinforcing – guarantee of fire with limits on time & ammo exclusively for Arty
 General Support (GS) – support to the formation as a whole AMA: Artillery Manoeuvre Area - Movement must be
 GS Reinforcing – fire when not engaged on a GS task coordinated with Arty

(1) ‘Danger Close’ requires special procedures to reduce risk. Splinter distances vary according to angle of attack and range. FST should advise.

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COESCEN Weapons/Equipment
Small Arms Rockets / Grenades AT Recoilless Wpns
1300m
AK-47 3-400m GP25 UGL 150m SPG-9
(1300m S-Destruct)
200m
RPK 800-1000m RPG-7
(920m S-Destruct) 2A45 2100m
PKM 1-1.5km RPG-18 150m
RPO
SVD 1000m 500m
(Thermobaric) 9P148 5000m
DShK 2000m AGS-17 1700m
Mortars Tanks, AFVs & APCs
2B14
3200m 125mm 6000m 90mm 2000m
(82mm)
ERC-90
2S12 1000m
7100m 7.62mm Sagaie 7.62mm 1000m (coax)
(120mm) T90 (coax)

Artillery 7.62mm N/A (AntiAir)

12.7mm 2000m
AMX 30 (155mm) 30km 7.62mm 1000m

A222 Bereg
20km 125mm 5000m 12.7mm 1500m
(130mm) VAB (APC)
1000m
D30 (122mm) 15.4km 7.62mm MILAN
T80 (coax) 3000m
ER
Helicopters 12.7mm 2000m
30mm 2500m AT-11 5000m 14.5mm 2000m
Mi-24 1km (Static)
12.7mm 2000m AMX 20mm 1500m BRDM-2
HIND 7.62mm 5-600m
Up to 8 inf 10-P 7.62mm 1000m
(Moving)
Mi-8 HIP Up to 28 Inf Non – Linear Threats
Engineers Indirect Fire (IDF) – 82 / 120 / 122mm – Sp Off Action or Attrit Static Locations
Improvised Explosive Device (IED) – Time / Command / Victim Operated - VPs
MTU 20 Small Arms Single Round Fire (SRSAF) – Medium Range (400m) – VAs / VPs
(Bridge 18m span in 5mins Complex Ambush – Use of Natural Obstacles / KAs – IEDs, SAF & RPGs
Layer) Suicide Bomber – Reduced stand-off & troop clusters
2
5kph / 250m per hr Snatch / Kidnap – Masked or enabled by minor aggro or public order
BAT-2
clearance speed
COEFOR Groupings
GLF
Christian ideology
Wide support from SP population
NDF Highly effective use of IDF and SAF combined.
Do Mission Command Well. “Guerrilla” style hit and run tactics.
Fight Principles and are extremely flexible. Developing IED capability.
Use civilians, insurgents and irregulars. Have access to British style combats.
Attack from multiple directions wherever possible. MFLJ
Ground has only limited utility. Radical ideology.
Defend in order to attrit the enemy - he cannot accept Aligned closely with NDF - Some formal training for Comds.
casualties, but we can. Excellent use of the media.
March separately, attack combined. Very security conscious - lack of flexibility.
Allow the enemy to underestimate you - confuse him and SAF attacks from very close range - poor marksmanship is
deceive him. compensated.
Do not adhere to ratios - there is no template for victory. Excellent knowledge of the ground.
Maintain Exploitation Force to reinforce success. PHo
Absolutely and passionately believe that what they are doing Muslim rhetoric - influenced by narcotics and money.
is right and necessary for their survival. Huge intimidation/ “security” racket.
Prefer stand-off attacks.
Break-clean supported by RPGs.
ME is the protection of their Narco- Lines of Operation.
Specifically infrastructure, (refining labs, hides, etc.).

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Ground Analysis

Used for general analysis of the terrain in the area of interest to increase understanding. Detailed
analysis of terrain as part of the estimate process should use the pneumonic OCOKA (see p.10).

G – General Relief & Grain

R – Re-entrants & Roads

O – Observation Points

U – Undergrowth & Cover

N – Severely Restricted / Restricted

D – Dead Ground / Darkness / Limited Visibility

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Ref: AFM Vol 1, Pt 3A,

ISTAR – The Enduring
IPE Doctrine: AC 71975

Stage 1: Battlefield Area Evaluation (BAE) Battlefield Area Evaluation:

 Focus on the effect the battlespace will have on operations. Include mobility of O Observation
ground/air assets, cover, concealment & weapon effects (also ethnic / religious /
political make-up of an area) C Cover & Concealment
o Areas of terrain through which manoeuvre will be limited are shaded O Obstacles
o Areas of unrestricted manoeuvre are hence enemy’s likely Mobility Corridors (MCs)
o Mobility Corridors are grouped together to show likely Avenues of Approach (AAs) K Key Terrain
 Severely restricted (No Go) and restricted (Slow Go) apply to manoeuvre not A Avenues of Approach
transit
 OPs may well be located in areas severely restricted to manoeuvre elements

Stage 2: Threat Evaluation (& threat overlay)

 Enemy’s doctrinal overlay showing distributions without geographical constraints is applied. Shows where different parts
of the enemy are likely to be in time and space – this allows Phase Lines to be assigned.
 The IO must be able to link enemy actions to intentions
 High value assets to the enemy commander are termed High Value Targets

Stage 3: Threat Integration

 Threat Integration is the bringing together of the BAE and the Threat Evaluation.
 The Situational Overlay is obtained by placing the doctrinal overlay over the MC & AA overlay (BAE)
 Timelines are added to the situational overlay to provide a snap-shot of the various elements of the enemy at a given
time – this is known as the Event Overlay.
 The Event Overlay provides planners with the best guess of where the enemy will be, when and in what strength. This
allows planners to identify where to look, NAIs.
 The IO completes the Threat Integration to the NAIs – the STAP co-ordinator will then add TAIs and DPs.
 The event overlay is further developed to become the DSO/DSM, which is the key link between IPB and STAP.

Terminology: Decision Support Overlay:

 CCIR – Comd’s Critical Information Requirement  NAI – Named Areas of Interest - Area/Point along a
particular AA through which an enemy activity is expected
 PIR – Priority Information Requirement to occur. Activity/lack of activity will help to confirm/deny a
particular COA.
 FFIR – Friendly Forces Information Requirement
 TAI – Target Area of Interest - Points/Lines were a
 EEFI – Essential Elements of Friendly Intention commander intends to target the threat in order to
achieve a specified effect.
 HVT – High Value Target - Loss of which  DP/DL – Decision Point/Line - Points in time & space at
significantly damages the enemy’s capability which the commander has to make a decision to trigger
to achieve his intentions
an action in a particular TAI. Allowance must be made for
the reaction time of the systems to achieve the required
 HPTL – High Priority Target List - Those HVTs the effect.
loss of which would contribute most to the
enemy’s defeat & which can be attacked
given the ISTAR and attack systems
available.

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Ref: Pam 2 (2011)

Battlefield Discipline

 The commander sets and maintains the standard. If battlefield discipline is poor, it’s his fault.
 Lead by example.
 Don’t assume; check.
 Be inquisitive and sceptical. If it doesn’t look right to you, it almost certainly isn’t. Investigate and rectify!
 Equipment should be kept as close to immediate readiness as security and sustainability allows.
 Think about how you check: inspections, delegation of specific areas to subordinates.
 Hold subordinate commanders accountable for poor discipline, as well as the individual.
 Do not conduct field checks of battlefield discipline as a ‘tick list’; don’t ‘go through the motions’.
 The enforcement of battlefield discipline demands energy, diligence and moral courage from the commander.
Appearance and Eqpt Carriage Equipment Serviceability

 Are troops smart and presentable?  Weapons clean, serviceable and ready for immediate
 Does the image presented by the troops support the use?
higher commander’s intent?  Gas regulator correctly fitted?
 Dress and eqpt conforming to NTM?  Ammunition serviceable?
 Med eqpt (FFD/CAT/Morphine) carried as per SOP.  Boots dried and polish applied?
 Troops briefed on weapon and eqpt carriage (NTM)?  Radios and ancils clean, properly stowed and cared for?
 Where threat dictates, weapon and ammunition within  Radio on correct frequency?
arm’s reach?  NVS equipment clean and cared for?
 NVS fitted at last light, removed at first light?
Hygiene and Personal Maintenance  Spare batteries fully charged and available?
 Spent batteries recharged immediately?
 Washed and shaved?  Is ground sign left unnecessarily?
 Feet washed, dried, powdered, toenails cut?
 Fresh socks on? Situational Awareness
 Hands washed prior to eating?
 Exposed skin covered?  Is the Notice to Move state clear and understood?
 Malaria tablets taken?  Does everyone know the likely direction and nature of the
 Rest routine? Troops resting as soon as essential threat?
admin completed?  Have all been briefed and rehearsed in the ‘Actions On’?
 Are troops drinking enough?  Does everyone know the location of the ERV and hard
 Are troops replenishing water when they can? cover?
 Latrine arrangements effective and understood?  Does everyone know the likely future tasks and the ‘No
 Is everyone observing latrine arrangements? Move Before’ time?
 Is litter collected and disposed of correctly?  Are the locations of other friendly force positions known?
 ID disks worn around the neck?  Does everyone know the locations of claymores and
 Dressing appropriately (warm kit removed prior to tripflares?
exertion)?  Are range cards made out for static positions?
 Are range cards readable and useful?
Protection
Concealment and OPSEC
 Sentries posted, alert and concealed?
 Sentries able to cover all en approaches?  Camouflage effective?
 Sentries properly briefed (password, challenge,  Light discipline observed?
actions on?)  No unnecessary movement or noise?
 PPE (body armour, helmets, eye protection) worn?  Track plan observed?
 Are body armour collar and cuffs worn when static?  Radio discipline observed (i.e. no ‘click and blow’)?
 Can sentries raise the alarm effectively and, if the  Documentation and personal letters disposed of
tactical situation dictates, silently? correctly?
 Drills for ECM on and off being observed?  Mobile phone policy being obeyed?
 ECM serviceable and positioned to maintain max
‘bubble’? Vehicles
 ECM removed when static to allow fire position?
 Clearance patrols conducted?  First parade checks being conducted?
 Guns laid on FPF?  Vehicles refuelled and restored to operating capability
 Are fire hazards minimized? immediately on return from task?
 Are troops carrying out C-IED drills on halting?  Vehicle keys immediately available?
 Troops dispersed when static?  Vehicles parked up to allow immediate re-deployment?
 Troops adopting a concealed fire position when static?  Cargo and equipment correctly stowed, presenting no
 Troops able to engage effectively with their weapons secondary hazard in event of explosion?
when static?  Troops wearing seatbelts/harness?
 Is the LS kept clear of FOD?

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 1

AFM Vol 1 Pt 2
OFFENSIVE ACTIONS Battlegroup Tactics
ADP Operations 2011

Types of Offensive Action: Aim of Battle Procedure:

 QUICK/HASTY ATTACK – Exploit/Destroy/Defeat The aim of battle procedure is to ensure that a

 DELIBERATE ATTACK – Destroy/Defeat soldier is sent into battle without waste of time and
 COUNTER/SPOILING ATTACK - Disrupt with the minimum of fuss, knowing exactly what he
 RAID - Disrupt has to do, how he is going to do it and what fire
 EXPLOITATION – Destroy/Defeat support he is going to be given.
 PURSUIT – Exploit/Clear
 FEINT – Distract (through combat) Principles of Battle Procedure:
 DEMONSTRATION – Distract (without combat)
 Anticipation at all levels
 RECONNAISSANCE IN FORCE - Reveal
 Efficient Drills
 AMBUSH - Disrupt
 Concurrent Activity and Rest
 BREAKOUT OF ENCIRCLED FORCES – Defeat
 Knowledge (thorough) of the Grouping System
 INFILTRATION – Find/Defeat
SECTION BATTLE DRILLS
Principles of Offensive Actions Battle Drill Considerations
 Protection
 Surprise  Ammunition
 Security  Weapons
 Seize key terrain (or targets vital Battle Preparation  Personal Camouflage
to influencing perceptions)  Equipment
 Concentration of fire  Radios
 Manoeuvre  Specialist Equipment
 Plan to exploit success  Orders
 Simplicity  Return Fire
Reaction to
 Take Cover
Attacking Cohesion and Will effective en fire
 Return Appropriate Fire
 Observation
 Surprise Locating the Enemy  Fire
 Do something or get there before  Movement
the enemy (pre-emption)
 WIN THE FIREFIGHT – Concentrate
 Prevent the enemy from working
accurate fire
as a team (Dislocation) Suppressing the
 Fire Control Order
 Disruption Enemy
- Group / Range / Indication / Type of Fire
 Shock action - Full / Brief / Individual / Delayed
 Destruction  QBOs
Enhanced by:  Approach
 Simplicity  Assault
 Flexibility  Fight Through
 Tempo The Attack - Momentum
 Momentum - Maximum use of weapons
 Simultaneity (Actions occurring at - Control
the same time) - One foot on the ground
 Exploitation
 Protection
Forms of Manoeuvre:  Ammunition
  Casualties
 Enveloping  Equipment
 Double Envelopment (FSCM?)  Searchers
Regroup
 Encirclement (FSCM?)  SITREP
 Turning movement  Digging
 Penetration  Orders
 Infiltration

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 1

HASTY & DELIBERATE ATTACK

Hasty Attack

The Hasty Attack is likely to be executed quickly during the advance. Therefore a set of drills have been
devised in order to ensure that the three principals of the Hasty Attack are achieved more effectively. The four
Platoon Battle Drills are:

Platoon Battle Drill

Battle Drill Considerations
 PAWPERSO
Battle Preparation
 Initial Contact Report
Reaction to any section
 Combat Estimate
coming under effective
enemy fire  Warning Order – SPOTOCA

 QBOs
 Approach
The Attack
 Assault
 Exploitation

 PACESSDO
Reorganisation

Deliberate Attack
A Deliberate Attack is mounted against a well organised and strong enemy defences which are normally
known to the attacker. Assaulting forces will often have little room in which to manoeuvre but his handicap
is offset by additional time for reconnaissance and preparation and coordination of the supporting fire of
battalion support weapons, tanks, artillery and aircraft. The Deliberate Attack is conducted in five stages:

Stages of the Deliberate Attack

 PAWPERSO
Preparation
 FUP/LD secured prior to occupation
Movement to FUP / LD
 Noisy / Silent / Infiltration
Assault
 Control Measures – Section Release Points, LOE, Boundaries & Anti-
Fighting Through the
Fratricide (i.e. switch fire, etc)
Objective & Exploitation
 PACESSDO
Reorganisation

 Most Deliberate Attacks are planned at Company Group level or above. Ensure thorough understanding of
higher intent and extract information relevant ot the platoon. Do not just deliver the Company Plan.

 Impose relevant control measures when considering operating in difficult conditions, e.g. Night, 2 platoons
up, etc.

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 2

DEFENSIVE ACTIONS

Principles: Mission Verb:

 Depth To DEFEAT or DETER a threat in order to provide
- Absorbs enemy momentum the right circumstances for offensive action.
 All Round Defence
- Defend against electromagnetic spectrum Depending on what size of formation/unit is
- 3 Dimensional battlespace defending, defend can include DELAY, HOLD,
- STAP CSCM DENY & ATTACK.
 Mutual Support
- Posns must be able to have an effect on each other Stages of Defence: Defence Types:
- Correct sighting of Direct Fire Wpn Systems
- Fill gaps with ISTAR  Preparatory Stage  Mobile
 Reserves/Striking Forces  Covering Force Action  Area
- Reserve & Counter Attack plans  Battle Handover  Key Point
 Offensive Action  Main Defensive Battle
- Defence is undertaken to set conditions for offence  Employment of Reserves
- Seize initiative & force enemy to comply with the Terminology:
defensive plan  Vital Ground. Ground whose loss would
- Aggressive patrolling Factors: make the defence untenable.
 Key Terrain. Terrain or feature that offers
 Deception & Concealment marked advantage to whoever holds it.
- Deception measures
 Administration  Primary Position. Main position from

- Nuisance minefields  Communications which unit intends to fight.

- Booby traps  Intelligence  Secondary Position. Completely new
position, normally prepared and at least recced, to
- Decoys  Concentration of Combat Power which unit moves once primary position is untenable
- Correct de-turfing  Manoeuvre or ineffective.
- Concealed spoil  Alternative Position. Position in
 Rehearsals immediate area to which an element may move once
- Track discipline
- EMCON discipline  Liaison located to continue engagement.
 Countermoves. Actions undertaken in
reaction to or in anticipation of en moves (i.e. a
‘spoiling attack’)
 Counterattack. Action to recapture lost
ground or destroy an enemy (capitalizing on his
ACTIVE SECURITY: Forces & Tasks: disorder during the assault).
 Blocking Position. Def posn so sited as
to deny en access to a given area or prevent his
 Establish OPs  Armour – Gd Force, Anti-Armour, advance in a given direction.
 Deploy Patrols Mobile Reserve, Screen Force  Defensive Fire (DF). Pre-arranged

 Deploy Early Warning Devices  ISTAR – Screen – Flanks, Gaps in Indirect or GPMG(SF) fire to assist and protect a unit
engaged in a def action. DF in Depth; Close DF;
MDP, assist in movement, tag &
 Deploy CBRN Alarm Equipment track enemy penetration
Priority DF.
 Final Protective Fire (FPF). DF target
 Deploy Ground/Air Sentries  Infantry – Hold Ground, Anti-Armour to cover most vulnerable approaches, usually close
Plan (JAV/NLAW) to a position. Should be pre-adjusted.
PASSIVE SECURITY:  OS – Fire Plan, Illum, DF’s, FPF,  Enfilade/Defilade. A defilade position
Deception, Destruction hides from en observation and direct fire and allows
engagement of enemy flank (enfilade fire).
 Disperse Vehicles & Troops  Engineers – Terrain Analysis,  Interlocking Fire. Weapon arcs from
Obstacle Plan, Mobility / Counter neighbouring positions link together.
 Use Cam/Concealment/Cover Mobility  Overlapping Fire. Weapon fields of fire
 Impose Radio Silence  Aviation – Coordination with covering cover complete frontage of neighbouring positions.
 Turn Off Heat Sources troops  Beaten Zone. Ellipse-shaped ‘Cone of fire’
formed when rounds from automatic weapon hit
 Reduce Noise STAP: ground. Size varies with range and shape of ground.
 No Movement on Position MINEFIELDS:
 Use no Lights  PASSIVE:  Tactical
 Keep Antennas low - CWS/TWS/CLU/SSARF/BGTI
 Protective
 Use Defilade Positions  ACTIVE:  Nuisance
 Do not use likely Arty targets - MSTAR//Illum  Phoney

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 3

DELAY
Concept:
An Operation in which a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy’s momentum
and inflicting maximum damage on the enemy without becoming decisively engaged.

Principles: Types:

 Intelligence  Delay from Successive Positions (Caterpillar)

- Determine Enemy Main Effort
 Delay from Alternate Positions (Leapfrog)
 Manoeuvre
- Avoid decisive engagements
- Maximum use of firepower Key Points:
- Disengage using covered withdrawal routes
 Terrain  IPB
- Use of natural obstacles to canalise enemy  Delay position selection
- Maximise fields of fire
 Employment of Snipers
- Use ground which enables easy disengagement
 Obstacle plan
 Time  Siting of Anti-Armour weapons (prevent penetration)
- Consider time to prepare and time required to delay
 Disengagement – once maximum delay has been achieved
 Space  Breaking Contact – if threatened with serious engagement
- Depth of the delay is closely related to time
 Aggressive Action
- Force enemy to deploy and manoeuvre Control Measures:
- Constant harassing leads to a caution/slow enemy
advance
 Phase lines
 Balance  Report lines
- Essential to enable effective defence,  Checkpoints
disengagement & withdrawal
 Battle positions and sectors
 Security & Protection  Engagement areas & target reference points
- Avoid being surprised or decisively engaged  Assembly areas, MSRs and CSS points
 Deception  Coordinating points
- Reduces vulnerability during withdrawal  Routes and lanes

Delay Position Selection: Forces & Tasks:

 Natural obstacles on the front & flanks  Armour – Maximise Firepower & Mobility from pre-recce’d
blocking positions
 Long range observation & fields of fire
 ISTAR – Screen – Flanks, assist in movement, tag & track
 The longest delay with the fewest forces enemy penetration
 Cover & concealment for delaying forces  Infantry – Block using a series of defensive positions
 Covered & concealed routes of withdrawal  OS – Slow down enemy advance, interdict follow on forces,
 Sufficient distance between successive positions to support disengagement of friendly forces
require the enemy to re-organise before attacking  Engineers – Terrain Analysis, Obstacle Plan, Mobility /
Counter Mobility
the next position
 Aviation – Augment anti-armour and OS plan

Characteristics: Conduct:

 Force Enemy to deploy & manoeuvre  Recce

 Make maximum use of obstacles  Delaying Force Action
 Maintain contact with the enemy  Disengagement
 Avoid decisive engagements  Reserve Tasks
 Breaking Contact

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 4, Section 2

ADVANCE TO CONTACT
Purpose:
Conducted to make or regain contact with an enemy under the most favourable conditions. Usually
conducted in preparation for a subsequent operation.

Principles: Considerations:

 Surprise  Mission Command

 Security  Balanced Groupings
 Maintenance of Momentum  Anticipation at all Levels
 Boldness and Swift Reaction
Groupings:  Sound Tactical Deployment
 Effective Employment of Fire Support Assets
 Guard/Cover Force  Boundaries
- Provides early warning, security and
locates the enemy Methods of Movement:
- Suppresses and where possible  Travelling – Low Threat
destroys enemy encountered
 Main Body
 Travelling Overwatch – Medium Threat
- Reacts to the situation based on the
actions of either the enemy or the
guard force
 Bounding Overwatch – High Threat
 Reserve
- Held back under control of the Pl Sgt
in order to react to any situation Planning/Preparation
 Platoon  Screen/Guard Force, Main Body,
- All components of the platoon must be Reserve, Boundaries, Limit of
able to react to any situation and be Warning Order Exploitation, Flanking Forces, Timings,
prepared to change into any role NMB & Routes

 If allowed, from where? Enemy activity

Terminology:
and own routes / possible positions.
Recce
Map recce essential
 Axis of Advance - a general line of
advance astride which a unit moves.  Enemy intent & like COA
 Route - the prescribed course to be  Friendly Forces intent, flank protections &
Orders
travelled from a specific point of origin to a Fire Support plan
specific destination.
 One-up, two-up, column or a mix
 Cleared Route - a route that must be dependent upon the threat, terrain &
cleared of enemy direct fire. Formations
intent
 Bound - a feature of tactical significance on
or astride the axis which could be held  Location of integral fire support assets
defensively if the need arose.  Possible DF locations – position of MFC
Fire Support  Ensure all movement conducted within
 Report Line - an easily recognizable footprint of all Fire Support assets
feature, at right angles to the axis, which is
used to report progress. It need have no  Ground Appreciation is the minimum
tactical significance. IPB / Ground
 IPB is to be conducted where possible
Appreciation
 Phase Line – a line used for the control
and coordination of operations and is  Plan to use attached arms - take advice
usually a terrain feature extending across on their use from subject matter experts
the zone of action. Attachments  Provide security for attachments a
required

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 4, Section 3

WITHDRAWAL
Principles: Objectives: Groups:

 Flexibility  To avoid defeat  Security Force

 Simplicity  To avoid battle in an unfavourable situation  Main Body
 Offensive Action  To draw the enemy onto favourable ground  Reserves
 Information  To conform to flanking formations
 Maintenance of Morale  To reform forces
 Control  For CSS reasons
 Secrecy

General Characteristics: Planning Factors:

 Normally conducted under adverse conditions  Distance to be moved

 Enemy may have the initiative  Weather
 Vulnerable to air & ground attack  Length of darkness
 Use cover of night or poor visibility  Ground
 Use of obstacles
Planning Considerations:  Enemy strengths & mobility
 Situation on flanks
 Enemy interference with operation to be minimised  Air situation
 Emphasis on surprise and speed  CSS elements
 Security provision for withdrawing forces
 Protective elements must be organised and tasked in accordance
with the enemy capabilities

Groupings: Movement: Key Timings:

 Main Body  Prep phase  Denial Time

- Disengage either by stealth or  Disengagement  No rearward movement before
concealment after engagement  Security Phase  Thinning out start
 Protective Force  Final Abandonment
- Prevent enemy engaging the main  Clear of line time
body
- May need to conduct delaying
operations Characteristics:
- May need to be reinforced from the
main body  Rearward Recce
- May need to occupy an intermediate  Liaison
position  Battle Handover
 Intermediate Position  Night Movement
- Must be strong enough to force the  Deception to cover withdrawal
enemy to deploy  Control Measures
- Make maximum use of obstacles and
long range weapons - Timings
- Should be far from both the new and - Routes
original positions - CPs – Sect / Pl / Coy / BG / Bde
- RVs – Sect / Pl / Coy / BG / Bde
 New Main Position
- Early preparation is important
- Embussing Point
- Recce, Engineers deploy early to start - Helicopter LS
battle procedure

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 4, Section 4

RELIEF OF TROOPS IN COMBAT

Purpose: Reason:
To relieve all or part of a  To replace an existing force which is depleted or exhausted
force in a sector by an  To replace troops of one capability with troops of a difference capability
incoming unit/formation.  Routine rotation

Concept:

Strong guard force deployed forward by the relieving force, behind which the operation is completed.

Principles: Types: Methods:

 Surprise  Relief in Place  Sequential Relief

 Security  Forward Passage of Lines  Simultaneous Relief
 Rearward Passage of Lines

Considerations: Factors:

 Clear Command Responsibility at all Stages  Security & Protection

 Uninterrupted Surveillance of BG area  Early Liaison
 Maintain Effective Fire Support Capability  Allocation of Areas
 Maintain Mobile Reserve  Allocation of Routes
 Employment of Support Weapons  Timings
 Battle Handover Line  Fire Support
 Relief Protected by Fighting Patrol Action  Command & Control

Command Considerations: Coordination Considerations:

 Commanders Co-locate throughout the operation  Superior HQ is responsible for:

 Command is transferred when 2 or more units or sub-units
have been relieved - The timeframe for the operation
- Control lines
 Once command passes, the incoming commander
- Routes
assumes OPCOM of all outgoing units / sub-units not
- Liaison arrangements
yet relieved
- Recce’s
- Advance Parties
- Fire Support
- Overall Deception plan
Control Measures: - Tactical Air Support
- Airspace control
 Debussing Point or LS - Air Defence
 Routes - CSS
 Waiting Areas
 CPs & RVs
 Guides

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Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 5

PATROLS

Aims of Patrolling: Principles of Patrolling Types of Patrol:

 Obtain Information  All round protection
 Destroy/Disrupt Enemy  Deception  Reconnaissance Patrol
 Deter en activity in area  Mutual Support (depth)  Standing Patrol
beyond influence of static  Appropriate firepower  Fighting Patrol
positions and in gaps  Communications  Reassurance Patrol
between units  Robust and rehearsed actions on  Clearance Patrol
 Reassure the local  Absorb and exploit information
population
Reasons for Patrol Harbours:

 Base of Operations
 As a Rendez-Vous
 Secure Admin Area

Patrol Sequence: Stages of Establishing a Patrol Harbour:

 Receive Wng O & Comd’s Brief  Selection Siting Considerations:

 Mission Analysis & Time Appreciation - Map
 Ptl Comd’s Wng O - Air Photograph  Mission
 Reconnaissance - Aerial Recce
 Location:
- Ground
 Plt Comd’s Orders - Defendable
 Inspections - Covered/Concealed
 Occupation - Away from civs & animals
 Noisy Rehearsals - Snap Ambush - Near a water source
 Rest, Feeding, Admin, Prep - Comd’s Recce - Good routes in/out
 Silent Rehearsals - Guide Pl into Harbour - Good comms
 Final Checks - Stand-to - Near HLS
 Patrol Action
 Clearance Patrols
 Sharing of essential information in FRV - Out through neighbour’s / In through own Sentry
 Ptl Comd debriefs patrol - Looking for:
 Patrol Master debriefs Ptl Comd o Signs of recent enemy activity
 Write Patrol Report o Possible enemy approach routes
o Unexpected obstacles
Considerations for Patrol Conduct: o Streams & dominating ground
 Operational Security (sanitise maps, o Possible ERV locations
notebooks personal letters etc)
 Sentries
 Fieldcraft. Routine Considerations:
 Formations
 Work Routine 
 Radio (whisper/reporting etc) - Stand-to posns
Future Operations
 Routes and RV drills  Alarm & Stand-to system
- Fields of Fire
 Orders for opening fire
 Navigation (see Brecon Nav Guide) - Shell Scrapes
 Sentry rota
 Actions on - Warning Devices
 Resupply
 Supporting Fire - Comd Detonation Devices
- Track Plan  Sleeping & feeding
 Control (Signals, FSCM, Report Lines, - Comms Cord / Line  Track discipline
Codewords etc) - Shelters  Staggered wpn cleaning
 Recording, Reporting, Debriefing - Orders / Brief  Latrines

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 5, Section 2

RECCE / QRF / STANDING PATROLS

Recce Patrol Tasks: Recce Checklist:

 Obtain Information on: S Strength and size

L Location
- Ground A Aim (defence, hide, etc)
- Enemy M Methods (routine)
- Obstacles M Morale
- CBRN A Aids (surveillance devices, etc)
G Ground (FSp, FUP, LD, Approaches, etc)

Patrol composition is the minimum strength required

for the task (4-6). Types of Reconnaissance:
A 4 man fire team is a good sub-unit to form the  Stand-Off
basis of a reconnaissance patrol.
 Close Target (CTR)
The patrol avoids fighting except in self-defence or
to take advantage of an unusual opportunity. - Natural Traverse
- Right Angle Traverse

CTR - Natural Traverse: CTR - Right Angle Traverse

 Start from a known point. Commence recording  Start from a known point.
your movement by distance and direction.  Advance towards the enemy posn until an observation point is
 Move to a selected observation point, observe, reached & record any information. Determine positions for
record and determine the next observation the next advance.
point.  Withdraw far enough to the rear to allow lateral movement
 Withdraw far enough to the rear to allow lateral without being observed.
movement without being observed.  Travel at right angles to initial advance for a distance previously
 Travel to the next observation point using a determined.
bearing or map to ground so that all  Advance towards the enemy position parallel to the initial
movement is concealed. Observe, record advance, observe, record & determine posn for next
and determine the position for next advance.
observation point.  If, on advancing, no sighting is made this would indicate either
an extremity of the position or a curve in the perimeter.

QRF Tasks:

 Providing assistance to other patrols after Standing Patrol Tasks:

a contact (with casualties, CPERS, etc.).
 Watch and listen on likely enemy approaches
 Taking over the task of a patrol
 Cover dead ground both in front of and between
incapacitated by a contact.
defended localities
 Following up contacts and exploiting in
 Cover minefields and obstacles which cannot be covered
depth.
from the main position. This could include guarding
 Carrying out further tasks as a result of
open minefield lanes
information gained from patrols on the ground.
 In mobile defence, prevent infiltration into unoccupied
Provided for all patrols deployed; a QRF could be prepared hides or battle positions
to support several patrols in its area. Depending on the
situation, the QRF might remain in the firm base, or deploy Standing patrols move into position using stealth and try to
forward to a harbour or ptl base so as to be able to provide
more immediate support. remain concealed until they are required to fight or withdraw.

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Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter 5 , Section 2 & 3

AMBUSHES
Ambush Tasks: Suitable Ambush Sites:

 DENY enemy patrols FREEDOM OF ACTION  Known or suspected enemy routes

 HARASS or DISRUPT enemy working parties  Admin areas, supply and water points
 DISTRACT enemy attention as part of a DECEPTION plan  Areas of marked change in vegetation
 Probable lines of enemy withdrawal
 Harbour/Defensive posn approaches
i  Withdrawal routes from ambush sites

Ambush Principles: Sequence of an Ambush

 Sound Intelligence Reconnaissance
 BG G2, Patrol Reports, OP logs, etc
- Patrol Reports & OP Logs
- Knowledge of the enemy
Orders /  Detailed Actions-On (as per patrols)
- Surveillance Devices  Type of ambush according to mission,
- BG G2 Preparations /
comd’s intent, ground and type of
 Security Rehearsals enemy
- Force Protection Move to Ambush  Beware ground signs IVO ambush area
- Flank Protection and depth Site
- Risk of compromise? Final  Ambush Comd, Group Comds &
 Surprise Reconnaissance Protection
- Use of covered approaches
 Comd’s Confirmatory Orders in FRV
- Minimal Movement Confirmation
- Personal Camouflage
 Final checks in FRV (prior to hard routine)
- Hard Routine
 Sequence – Cut-Offs, Killer Group, Rear
 Concentration of Firepower Protection
- Simple plan for springing Occupation
 Work Routine – Claymores, tripflares,
- Maximise shock effect
cam, comms, individual posns
- Claymores/IEDs/automatic weapons
 Comds Checks & Ambush Set
- Wpn siting to maximise beaten zone
- Most firepower in the killing area  Duration (Long / Short term)
- Clear arcs and orders for opening fire  Administration (Admin Area? Relief?
Lying in Ambush
Rotation? Feeding? 50/50
observation? etc
Ambush Groupings
 Simple method of springing
Ambush Sprung  Full consideration of what will happen as
 Killing Group the enemy enters the KA
 Cut off (Flank) Groups Subsequent  Search policy in accordance with comd’s
 Rear Protection Group Action intent (capture / disrupt / destroy?
 Indirect fires  Is exploitation possible?
Follow Up Action
 QRF/Reserve
 Opposite sequence to occupation
Withdrawal

Ambush Categories: Ambush Structures: Ambush Characteristics:

 Short Term. No need to relieve
 Deliberate  Basic troops in position (>6 hrs).

- Triangular  Long Term. Relief required.

- Planned
- T-Shaped
Killing Area Likely En approach
- Prepared
- Rehearsed - Linear
 Immediate  Area Withdrawal route

- Min planning  Mechanical  Distance between tps and gps

dictated by ground and whether day

- Exploit situation Patrol Base

or night.
 Ambush Gp or Base Gp
reinforced as reqd.
- Initiative & Simplicity

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3 – Chapter

6, Section 3 and Inf
FIGHTING IN BUILT UP AREAS Tactics Vol 1 Pam 5 –
Chapter 5
(FIBUA)
Characteristics: Defensive FIBUA Operations:

 Restriction on Manoeuvre Forces:

 Restricted Fields of Fire & Observation  Perimeter Force
 Cover from View & Fire - Early warning
 Difficulty in Locating Enemy  Civilians - Destroy enemy recce
 Close Quarter Fighting  Devastation - Force enemy deployment
 Snipers - Disrupt enemy break-in
 CBRN
- Deceive
 Vehicle Movement  Combat Supplies - Cover obstacles
 Supporting Arms  Casualties
 Communications  Disruption Force
- Enemy attrition
Offensive FIBUA Operations: Platoon ORBAT: - Disrupt attack
- Delay enemy
Phases:  Assault Section - Remain highly mobile
 The Covering Group - Offensive spirit
 Investment - Ambushes
 Reserve
- Provide Int of enemy dispositions - Confuse/Deceive
 Command Group
- Prevent enemy withdrawal
 Cut-Off Party*  Main Defensive Area
- Prevent enemy reinforcements
- Support break-in with direct/indirect (* Village Clearing Only) - Defend localities
- Destroy enemy
 Break-In - Break up enemy momentum
- Establish foothold on edge of built-up area - Prevent break-out
- Seize key objective that dominates area - Cover Killing Areas
- Establish routes for forward passage of lines
- Determine strength/condition of the enemy  Central Reserve
- Be prepared to provide fire support - Centrally located & mobile
- Destroy enemy penetration
 Securing Objectives - Counter-attack & reinforce
- Seize key terrain
- Destroy enemy defensive positions General Considerations:
- Block enemy withdrawal/logistic routes
- Destroy enemy reserves/CPs/comms  Obstacle Plan (Allow/Dictate Manoeuvre)
 Civilian Population
 Clearance  Logistics (maintain momentum)
- Clear area of enemy CONTROL MEASURES:
 Offensive Action (disrupt/dislocate)
 Re-Organisation  Sectors (colour code)  Use of Patrols/Snipers
- Hasty defence  Bounds & Report Lines  Perimeter Force must not be Fixed
- Re-grouping  Boundaries  Disruption (Tank-hunts/ambushes)
- Re-supply  Collection Points  Counter-Attack with Reserves
- Casualties/CPERS/Civs  Nick numbers  Strong Points
General Considerations: Tactical Considerations:
MATERIAL PROTECTION:
 Simple Planning  Defensive Principles
 Control Earth Parapet 1.5m
Clay Parapet 1.8m
 Beware Re-Infiltration
 Thoroughness  Use Progress Markers
Sand/loose (between boards) 0.75m
 Momentum  Civilian Population
Brick/rubble (between boards) 0.45m
 Covering Fire Brickwork 0.45m  360 Battle
 Resupply Concrete 0.3m  Effectiveness of Snipers
Mild steel plate 4cm
Tactical Considerations: Timber 1.5m
FLAG SYSTEM:
 Beware Re-Infiltration Sandbags – Rubble 0.75m
 Use Progress Markers Sandbags – Earth 0.75m RED Entry Point (not clear/secure)
Sandbags – Shingle 0.75m GREEN Entry Point (clear/secure)
 360 Battle
Sandbags – Sand 0.75m YELLOW Casualty/Med Sp
 Effectiveness of Snipers
BLUE Booby traps/Engr Sp

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3, Chapter 5 (OBUA Update)

Urban CQB Drills

Principles: Terminology: Groupings:

 Alpha: Target Building  Assault Section - Configured for
 Surprise  Green Clearance. Hostiles and Civilians Building Clearance
 Speed likely to be present. No.1 No.2 No.3
C Fireteam configured for
 Shock  Red Clearance. Used were armed hostiles enclosure entry
are present and risk to civilians is low. D Fireteam configured
3 man entry  Coming In: Used when entrering a for support and
Open Door- Entry Drill Link man protection
marshalling area or room in response to a MOE Team (LMG/GPMG)
call fro support. Team roles are interchangeable.
 Clear – This is given once the team comd is Numbers refer to the order in which the team enters
100% sure the room is secure and all the room. Team members must be able to change
roles in response to the situation. Avoid pre-
potential hazards are covered. designating roles.
 Support – when a firer needs assistance
2


3

for whatever reason. Cover Section. Consider grouping

4 3 2 1  Shot –This is called out by a firer when GPMG
shooting from room to room, hallway to  Reserve Section. Also configured for
Closed Door- Entry Drill room, or room to hallway. building clearance.
 Hold – This means stop or no. If “Hold” is
given all movement stops.  Pl Comd Team.
’
ck

 Small Room – Stops others from entering. Commander + Signaller

ra
‘C

2 1 3
e

Possible Atts:
Th

 Coming out. Used when leaving a cleared

Next Asslt Group/Reserve Comd
No3 – mans door handle room, warns others to lower muzzles.
No.1 and 2 – ‘Attack the Crack’  Last Man. Used by last soldier to leave  Pl Sgt Team
All – as per three man entry drill above room having checked room marking. Medic SSE Tactical Questioner(TQ)
Clear the fatal funnel
 Close. Word of comd to close on a threat. RMP Interpreter Female Searcher
Dog and handler
CQB Phase Considerations
Approach Entry Action in the enclosure The Five Steps When Entering an
ID Tgt ALPHA Single or Multi Smoothly, Plasticuff / Eyes / 5 min Enclosure:
Entry Points Logically & Ears extraction call
Thoroughly 1. Clear the doorway. This is done
ID Point of Don’t over- Photograph 2 min by visually checking the door for any
Entry commit (with evidence) extraction call obstacles or IED’s and when entry is
Bounds EMOE or MMOE White Light Set out pens Final Head- started the firer must move through the
3600 Silent v Noisy LLMs & Search for SSE count on exit doorway without stopping.
Awareness HMNVS
Cover Group Positive 5 step PRR v Sketch Alpha
/ fire support Entry Link-men Layout
2. Clear the immediate area. This is
in place Initial entry - 4 Use of Cover done when entering the enclosure, if an
man Clear your occupant or threat or an obstacle is in
corner! your path to your dominant position, it
must be moved or cleared on the way.
Sequence of Building Clearance: Building Aspect Colour Code:
3. Clear your corner. Once you have
entered into the enclosure your priority,


Dominate the Enclosure
Neutralise All Threats
GROUND
 White - Front wall of Alpha
(primary entry point)
as a one or two man will be to clear
your immediate corner of the room.


Control all Occupants
Search the Dead FLOOR


Black - Back wall of Alpha
Red - Right wall of Alpha 4. Sweep your arc of fire and
 Search the Room  Green - Left Wall of Alpha Move to Dominant position. Done on
 Search the Living  Yellow - Any other wall the move to the dominant position,
 Situation Report starting from your corner and
 Consolidation  1st floor - one collapsing your arc of fire 2m beyond
 Evacuate on Command  2nd floor - two the deepest firer in the room.
Dominant position is out of the fatal
Windows work left to right funnel and ½m (min) from the wall.

Example 5. Assess, Communicate, Exploit.

White, one, one = Front wall, first Assess further threats, say what you
floor, first window on the left. see, proceed in line with sequence for
building clearance

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Inf tactics Vol 1 Pam 3 – Chapter 6, Section 4

FIGHTING IN WOODS & FORESTS (FIWAF)

Characteristics: Principles: Factors:

 Reduced tempo  Speed  Density

 Reduced Range  Thoroughness  Mobility
 Reduced effectiveness of aids  Cover from Air
 Surprise
 Infiltration
 Flanking Defensive Operations:
 Disruption
Stages:
Offensive Operations:
 Planning & Preparation
Platoon ORBAT: Company ORBAT:  OPs
 Obstacles
 Sweeps  Recce Teams  Ambushes
 Stops  Main Body  Withdraw to Main Position
 Assault Group  Reserve  Main Position
 Echelon
Stages: Considerations:

 Planning & Preparation  Positions (lines of defence back to MDP)

 Deployment of STOPS  Armour (friendly & enemy – rides for AT attack)
 Gaining a Foothold  Gaps (accept but incorporate into planning)
 SWEEPING the wood  Barriers
 Action on Meeting the Enemy  Obstacles (use to shape the enemy to your plan)
 Reorganisation  Ambushes

STOPS are
deployed EITHER
inside or outside of
the wood/forest –
dependent both upon
the tactical situation
and required level of
C2

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: AFM Vol 1 Part 9

(AC 7165) 2007
STABILITY ACTIONS AFM Vol 1 Part 10 (COIN) 2010

General Planning Considerations

 History, culture, origins of conflict, demographics, politics, influences & actors
Understanding &
 Situational Awareness
Situational Awareness  Comprehensive planning with OGDs & NGOs
 UN Resolutions, Memo of Understanding, UK Law, Geneva Convention, EU
Legal Considerations
Convention of Human Rights
 National Strategic Objective
 Difference ROE
Coalition Dynamics  Chain of Command
 Slow Decision Making
 Language
Info Ops  Consistent with HMG Strategy, fully integrated into J3/J5 planning & targeting
 Early integration of:
- Info Ops
- G9 – CIMIC
- SSR
HQ Structure - LEGAD
- POLAD
- OA
- Ops Sp
- Stability Advisors
Measures of Effectiveness  Measure effectiveness of Military Operations

TYPES OF STABILITY ACTIONS

Framework Security: Support to Delivery of Support to Governance, Security Sector

Essential Services: Economic Development Reform(SSR) and Military
Planning Considerations: and Reconstruction : Capacity Building (MCB):
 Social ethnic factors Planning Considerations:
 Political Settlement  Targeting Planning Considerations: Principles:
 DDR  Int prep of the  Comprehensive approach  Democratic oversight,
 Regional stability environment with OGDs, IOs & NGOs transparency &
 Size & Capability of  Coordinating activities  Rule of Law accountability
Military Force  Funding  Meet essential needs of  Local Ownership
 Extent of Crime  Employment of military civilian population  Holistic Approach
 Threats – engineers  Restore communications  Tailored to Local & Cultural
Civil/Political/Military  Use of locals  Protect infrastructure Needs
 Intelligence  Transition management  Use existing institutions  Coordination
 ROE  Security  Elections
 Establishment of Law Execution:  Coordinate activities Military Tasks:
 Info Ops  Assessment  Maintain consistency  Inward Investment (providing
 Links to Host Nation  Security equipment etc for host nation
Tasks:
essential service Control: armed forces)
 Patrolling providers  Establish civil authority  Training of Armed Forces
 Convoy Protection  Planning  Develop civil expertise (and Police)
 Public Order  Resource activities  Support elections  Mentoring
 Cordon & Search  Restoration to include  Use PRTs  Partnering
 Route Protection local labour  Support to Humanitarian Aid  Transition and over watch
 Separation of Hostiles  Develop Host Nation
 Enforce OOB areas capability and capacity
 Curfews  Handover
 CPERS Handling
 Movement of Refugees
 Protecting Key Sites
 Targeted Action
against Adversaries

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: AFM Vol 1 Part 9

(AC 7165) 2007
COUNTER INSURGENCY AFM Vol1 Part 10 2010 (COIN)
Pam 3A (Inf Pl Tactics (Update))

Counter Insurgency (COIN) Operations – Principles: Aims of VCPs:

 Primacy of Political Purpose
 Cause attrition
 Unity of Effort
 Stop movement of lethal aid
 Understand the Human Terrain
 Gather intelligence
 Secure the Population
 Gain public confidence
 Neutralise the Insurgent
 Gain and Maintain Popular Support
 Operate in Accordance with the Law
 Integrate Intelligence Types of VCP:
 Prepare for the Long Term
 Learn and Adapt • Permanent • Triggered
• Deliberate • Reactive
Principles of Cordon Ops: Immediate Response 4 C’s: • Snap
o Ground
 Mutual Support Eagle
 CONFIRM & CONSIDER o
o Dolphin
 All Round Defence
 Depth What, Where, When, Who & Why.
 Reserves Comds – Pause/Plot/Plan/Issue Principles of Public Order (PO):
 Offensive Spirit  CLEAR
 Deception & Concealment  Preventative Approach
Handheld – 100m & out of LoS
 Communication  Mission Focussed
Possible Cordon Car – 200m & in Hard Cover
Groupings Van – 400m & in Hard Cover  Balance (be able to resolve sit)
 Inner Cordon (Isolates tgt  Flexibility (of force posture)
site & prevents egress/  CORDON  Communication
ingress)  Control
 CONTROL
 Outer Cordon (protects
the inner cordon)
 Task Force (Assault Delayed Response 5 D’s:
Force/RESA/ATO etc) Minor Aggro Considerations:
(Used when disposal is not time critical or
 Reserve/QRF/ARF when threat of secondary is high)
 Vehicle Drop Off Pt  DISCOVER  Anticipation
Protection Force  Face-Up
 DELAY
Types of IED:  Avoid Bunching
 DISCUSS (with other agencies)  Controlled Move Back
 Time Operated (TO)
 Command Operated (CO)  DOMINATE (Cordon/ISTAR etc)  Use of Baton Gun
 Victim Operated (VO)  Mutual Support (Satellites)
 DISPOSE  Use of Vehicles
 Projected Weapons
 Situational Awareness
Command Linked Command Operated IED:
 Command Wire (CW) Counter Suicide Bomber
 Command Pull Principles:
 Explosive Link
 Fibre Optic (FO)  Create Stand Off
 Reduce the Target
Command Separated Command Operated IED:
 Positively ID the Bomber
 Radio Control (RC)  Preserve the ECM Umbrella
 Light Command (LC)  Intelligence
 Active Infra Red (AIR)  Avoid Becoming Fixed
 Passive Infra Red (PIR)
 Projectile Command (PC)

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Ref: AFM Vol 1

Part 9
COMBAT LOGISTIC PATROLS (CLP) (AC 7165) 2007

Composition of CLP: Planning & Preparation:

 Escort:  Route Recce – used to identify the following:

- Advance Patrol (AP) - Route selection of primary & alternative routes
- Close Protection Group (CPG) - VPs/VAs, Key Terrain & Vital Ground
- Reserve Strike Group (RSG) - Route suitability (MLC & width)
- Traffic density & pattern of life
 Main Body - Potential control points & rest areas

 G2 – provide the following:

Tasks: - Intelligence on the route and area (history of use & incidents)
- Events which may impact on the convoy (religious meetings,
 Advance Patrol (AP): etc)
– Prove the Route
– Provide Situational Awareness to the  Convoy Planning – Considerations:
Convoy Comd
– Secure VPs/VAs, Key Terrain & Vital - Enemy Threat Level – 3 dimensional
Ground - Ground – in relation to vehicles being escorted, especially
– Control Traffic defiles, obstacles, close/open country, built up areas, etc
- Escort – Assets available including supporting arms, aviation
 Close Protection Group (CPG): and air
– Provide intimate protection to convoy - Convoy – Size & Type of vehicles in convoy and the
– Locate the enemy & provide direction to vulnerability of the load
RSG for counter attack - Time & Space – time allocated for the convoy move,
– Provide direction to AP & RSG to ensure distance to be travelled and first/last light
correct - Weather – consider delaying the convoy in favour of
conditions suiting the vehicles
 Reserve/Strike Group (RSG): - CSS – POL, CASEVAC, Recovery/Repair, Replen
– Provide a Rear Guard
– Provide a Counter Attack Element  Training – following areas covered as a minimum:
– Provide a Reserve
- Individual skills
- Vehicle familiarisation & preparation
Movement Considerations: - Running repairs & vehicle recovery
- Comms
 Speed – dependent on moving in/out of - Convoy discipline
threat. Time available. Constant where - Anti-ambush drills
possible to avoid bunching - Casualty handling & evacuation (in vehicles also)
- Comds – SOPs & likely COAs
 Tactics – Tactical movement from bound to
bound  Vehicle Requirements – every vehicle to have:
- Map & Route
- Comms
 Recovery: - First Aid Kit
- Grab bags containing everything necessary to survive and
- Small columns - halt and take cover fight if separated from the vehicle
while breakdowns repaired
- Large column - LAD with integral
protection ‘sweeps’ the route  Orders – every person must know the following:
- Convoy Orders
Anti-Ambush Drills - Options: - SOPs
- Actions-On (including):
o Contact Stop
 Withdraw rapidly from KA whilst breaking o Contact Mobile
contact with the enemy o Lost
o Separated
 Immediate offensive action to break out of o Vehicle Failure
KA and attempt to destroy enemy o Casualty

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: AFM Vol 1 Part 9

(AC 7165) 2007
VA / VP IDENTIFICATION

Identification of Vulnerable Points: Identification of Vulnerable Areas:

Vulnerable Points are those points on the route Vulnerable Areas are those areas on the route
where it is particularly advantageous for the adversary suitable for an IED or SAF attack. A VA is defined
to position an ambush, using either IEDs or SAF, or when a combination of the following is present:
both. Likely places are:
• Long open stretches of road
• Culverts & Bridges
• Areas with good enemy fields of view
• High banked stretches of road
• Good enemy escape routes
• Routes dominated by high ground
• Lack of civilian infrastructure
• Junctions
• Urban/Rural interface
• Buildings & walls near route
• Natural obstacle between Firing Point &
• Parked vehicles Contact Area
• Prominent markers on the route
• Location of previous attack
• Anywhere where vehicles slow down
• Anywhere you are channelled

C-A-G-E Pneumonic for VA/VP Identification:

• Channelled – Are we forced to go this way?

• Aiming Marker – Is there an aiming marker?
• Ground – Does the ground lend itself to an attack?
• Environment – What are the atmospherics?
Characteristics of Sign

 Regularity. An effect caused by straight lines, arches and other geometrical shapes being pressed into
the ground leaving marks not normally found in nature.

 Flattening. General levelling or depression caused by pressure on an area – differs from immediate
surroundings (i.e. bed space, boot print on grass, where someone has sat down, etc).

 Transfer. Deposit carried forward over an area after the target has moved from one area to another (e.g.
mud, sand, grass, water, etc).

 Colour Change. The difference in colour or texture from surrounding area(e.g. upturned leaves).

 Discardables. Materials that have been ‘cast off’ either intentionally or not (i.e. rations, packaging,
equipment, body waste, blood).

 Disturbance. Any other change or rearrangement of the natural state of an area caused by the target’s
passage (i.e. Clearing of leaf litter or vegetation, disturbed insect life etc).

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Doctrine Note 08/10

FSG CONSIDERATIONS

Team Comd
HMG (top (Cpl) Veh
FSG Team mount) GMG (top
consists of 6 x Stowed SF kit GPMG (pintle mount)
pax and 2 x mount)
vehs GMG Top GPMG (pintle
commanded Mounted SF kit mount)
by a corporal GPMG Pintle Jav/SF kit
(Team Mounted
Commander).
Mult Comd (Sgt) Veh
Stowed Javelin & SF GPMG (top mount)
kit
Team GPMG (pintle
Comd (Cpl) HMG Top Mounted mount)
GPMG Pintle Mounted Jav/SF kit

The FSG Team The FSG Multiple

•6 x men and 2 x vehicles (3 man crew (Dvr, Comd, Gnr)) •Smallest grouping normally deployed.
•Commanded by Cpl Tm Comd •Comprises 2 x FSG Teams.
•Vehs comd’s GPMG ( pintle mount)
•Comd is Sgt. Who also comds own team.
•Either HMG, GPMG or GMG top mounted.
•Javelin stowed in rear of each vehicle (for use ground mounted or
when static). Ech CG4
•Each veh carries GPMG Tripod/SF kit and a ground mount for any
other top mounted weapon.
•Both Veh and Team can provide point strike and suppression
(balance of weapon effects). Tm
Comd

● FSG comprises 3 Patrols.

● 24 fighting (patrol) vehicles in an FSG. Patrol Mult
Normally be JACKAL or RWIMK with a Comd Tm Comd
Comd
crew served weapon. Must carry at least 3
pax The FSG Patrol
● Additionally there are 5 Ech vehicles, •2 x Multiples are grouped together
•Officer /WO2 Comd.
normally in a tactical support vehicle
•Ptl Comd also comds own Mult and Tm.
(COYOTE, HUSKY or WOLFHOUND) •Accompanied by Sp Team(Sgt Comd) mounted in 1 x Coyote.
● FSG can operate out of any vehicle, •Sp Team is 4 x pax including REME mechanic.
MASTIFF, WARRIOR, or dismounted. •Can provide standalone support to another callsign or operate independently.

Siting Considerations FSG Role: To DESTROY, NEUTRALISE or

MISSION EFFECT SURVIVABILITY SUSTAINABILITY SUPPRESS the enemy through the co-ordination
Combat Estimate Weapon Mutual support Replen of its Firepower with the Manoeuvre of a supported
Review Employment
Alternate Positions Range Depth Casevac
commander.
C3 (Comms, Comd, PID range (800m Cover (from View and
Control) at ni) Fire)
Engagement Areas Dispersion
Principles Core Capabilities
Clear Areas of Fire Vehicle Positions
(wpn to tgt) Firepower Firepower
Arcs (Interlocking Routes in and Out
/Overlapping) Mobility Mobility
Ground
(Defilade/Reverse or
Forward Slope) Co-ordination Surveillance
FSG KEY TASKS
Find Fix Strike/Engage Exploit
Patrols Guards Fire Support Seize and Hold
Reconnaissanc Pursuit
e Counter-Reconnaissance Protection
Raids
Surveillance Convoy Escort Reserve Tasks
Deception Non Kinetic Effects
Counter-Infiltration

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Ref: Land Component Handbook – Doctrine Note 08/03

SNIPER CONSIDERATIONS
Role of the Sniper: METHOD:

 Locate  Grouping - Pair, Sect (2 pairs + comd pair), Pl (2 Sections + 4-man HQ)
 Observe  Endurance (rest after 48hrs – may remain deployed for this)
 Destroy
 Coordination (ISTAR Officer or local commander)
….key enemy personnel &
equipment with Direct or Indirect Fire  Tasks (must have realistic task)

General Tasks: Weapon Characteristics:

 Disrupt Enemy C2 by engaging selected enemy targets with L96A1

direct or indirect fire.
400m Headshots
 Neutralise Enemy by preventing movement and use of 900m Man-sized targets
weapons by using direct or indirect fire. 1100m Harassing fire

 Conduct Surveillance from observation posts or temporary

positions (timely and accurate info) L115A3
 Control Indirect Fire in support of a wider OS plan 400m Headshots
1100m Man-sized targets
 Neutralise enemy snipers by advising on counter-sniper 1500m Harassing fire
measures and conducting counter-sniper tasks

Offensive Ops Tasks: Defensive Ops Tasks: Delay Ops Tasks: URBAN Tasks:

 Fire Support  Fire Support  Surveillance  Counter Sniping

 Counter-Sniping  Counter-Sniping  Disruption & Delay  Perimeter Force
 Surveillance/Overwatch  Flank Protection  Fire Support  Gaps & Obstacles
 Flank Protection  Stay-behind OPs  Flank Protection  Surveillance/Overwatch
 Ambush  Gaps & Obstacles  Reserve  Flank/Rear Observation
 Cut-Offs  Security  Guard Force  Domination of Routes
 Defeat Enemy Counter  Supplement MDP  Opportunity Targets
Attacks  Priority Targets

PASSIVE COUNTER-SNIPING: ACTIVE COUNTER-SNIPING:

 Do not establish routines  Friendly force snipers

 Minimise Authoritative actions/remove rank slides  Clearance patrols
 Increase unit surveillance (ISTAR)  Indirect & direct fire on likely firing positions
 Conceal Specialist Equipment
 Limit movement whilst static Priority Targets:
 Brief all troops on what to look for
 Commanders
 Conduct Orders/Briefings under cover  Signallers
 Remove Antennas & use trailing wires  Support Weapons Crews
 Vehicle Crews
 Try not to alert enemy of friendly sniper awareness
 Specialists (mechanics, etc)
(covert, false sense of security)

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Ref: Land Component Handbook – Doctrine Note 11/05

JAVELIN CONSIDERATIONS
JAVELIN Employment Considerations: Weapon Characteristics:

Strengths: Limitations: Missile Range

 Survivability Top-Attack 150m – 2500m

 Slow Rate of Fire and Long Time of (150m ceiling)
 Concealment Flight
 Range  Mobility. Direct-Attack 65m – 2500m
 Accuracy  Protection.
 Portability  Challenges to TI Time of Flight 17.5secs at 2500m
 Challenges to Day Optical Sight (1000m every 7secs)
 Passive
 Effect on armour  Limited ammo
Weight
 Day/Night capability
 Reliability and flexibility CLU 6.15kg
(Command Launch Unit)

Offensive Operational Tasks: LTA 15.63km

(Launch Tube Assembly)

 Reconnaissance Tripod 4.9kg

 Ambush
CLU Battery 1.25kg
 Fix targets for Strike by rifle company(ies)
 Fire Support Group (FSG) – Tasks include: CLU Surveillance Characteristics
- Engaging High Priority Targets (HPTs)
- Directing Troops onto Objectives
Daysight x4 (WFOV) & x10 (NFOV)
- Detecting & Identifying Targets for other weapons systems IR NVS x4 (WFOV) & x12 (NFOV)
to engage (NFOV & WFOV - Narrow & Wide Field of View)
- Directing indirect and other direct fire assets (in particular
GPMG(SF) & HMG at night) Detect 7000m*
 Security – cut off & flank protection Identify 4000m*
 Raids – ISTAR or FSG Recognise 2000m*
 Feint & Demonstration – range & ‘shoot/scoot’ capability (* Depended upon environmental conditions & target size)

maximises stand-off
 Infiltration – man-portable Rates of Fire & Engagement Times
 Exploitation – JAVELIN proves security to enable other assets Deliberate 2 rpm (30sec engagement time)
to be released to exploit i.e. armour Hasty 3 rpm (15-20secs engagement time)
 High Priority Targets (HPTs) – Precision attack weapon with
limited ammunition

Defensive Operational Tasks: Transitional Ops Tasks: Specific Environments:

 Area Defence – best used forward in an FSG  Advance to Contact  FIBUA

on discrete offensive operations to delay - Screen Force - Soft-Launch – enclosed
or disrupt (maximise range & stand-off) - Guard Force spaces
- Short minimum range
 Mobile Defence – limited employment due to  Meeting Engagement - Long Engagement times
lack of mobility - Screen Force - FSG during Investment &
 Hasty Defence – utilise flexibility (JAVELIN is - Guard Force Break-in
not tied to enfilade fire) - Destruction of HPTs
 Withdrawal
 Counter Attack – Utilise range to avoid – Over-watch  FIWAF
repositioning – Fire Sp for ‘break- - Direct attack only under
clean’ canopy
 Counter Desant – JAVELIN has secondary - Degraded by foliage cover
anti-helicopter capability  Obstacle Crossing - Long rides & tracks
- Over-watch
 Battlegroup Reserve & Shielder – Grouped - In-Place Force
with SHIELDER to cover minefield with fire

Who is commanding the Javelin post attached to you? Is he a trained commander or just an
operator? Are you confident that the operator understands the FSCM/anti-fratricide measures?
Does he have comms to follow the battle?

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Ref: AFM Vol 1 – Part 5

CBRN DEFENCE
CBRN Threat Levels:
CBRN Defence Principals:
ZERO Belligerents have no known offensive CBRN capability

 Anticipation LOW Have capability but no indication of use in near future

 Protection MEDIUM CBRN weapons used in another area/strong indications belligerents will
 Contamination Control use CBRN in immediate future
 Warning
HIGH CBRN attack imminent
1-Colour Detector Paper:
Chemical Agent Types: BLACK CBRN attack detected
Red for all chemical agents
 Lethal – Nerve/Blood/Choking 3 Colour Detector Paper:
Dress States:
 Damaging – Blister
st Red – Blister (H)
 Incapacitating - Vomiting 0 - 1 set IPE within unit supply chain
1 - IPE carried or immediately available Amber – Nerve (G - Non-pers)
Routes: 2 - Suit worn, boots and gloves carried Green – Nerve (V - Pers)
 Inhalation 3 - Suit and boots worn, gloves carried RVD:
 Ingestion 4 - Suit, boots and gloves worn
Blue – Nerve
 Absorption Red – Blister
 Inoculation Protection Measures: Brown – Unknown
Categories: ZERO/LOW ZERO in open & under OHC CAM – Nerve (G) & Blister (H)
MEDIUM TWO in open & under OHC LCAD – Nerve, Blood, Blister & Choking
 Persistent
HIGH FOUR in open/THREE under OHC MCAD – Nerve, Blood, Blister & Choking
 Non-Persistent BLACK FOUR ROMEO for all
Delivery:
Combopens: (must have taken NAPS to be Effective) NAPS: (2-stage treatment with Combopens)
Liquid or Vapour delivered by
Bursting Munitions or Sprays  Issued 3  Nerve Agent Pre-Treatment Set
 15mins between pens  21 NAPS per packet
Nerve Agent Poisoning:  Inject & hold for 10secs  Packet lasts for 7 days
(Incorrect use = Atropine Poisoning)

Take NAPS:
Atropine Poisoning Symptoms:
EARLY symptoms
 Prior to deployment
 Tightness of chest  Rapid Pulse Rate – over 100
 When told to do so
 Runny nose  Very dry mouth and throat
 Every 8 hours
 Pinpointed pupils  Hot dry skin
 Dimness of vision  Enlarged Pupils
ORDERED to change Canister:

Unmasking Drills:  After 3 weeks in Chemical

LATER symptoms Environment
 Liquid test (Detector Paper)  After 4 months wear
 Headache  After 6 Chemical Attacks
 Increased salivation  Vapour test (RVD)
 Dizziness  2-man sniff test When YOU change Canister:
 Excessive sweating (sniff/5 min GSR on & observe/5min GSR off)
 You feel the effects when fitted
 Authorisation  Resistance to breathing
 Individual sniff test becomes excessive
DANGER symptoms  Canister is immersed in water
If equipped with CAM the Hasty method may be
employed BUT only if risk is worth taking as CAM  Canister rattles when shaken
Blister Agent Symptoms:
does not detect unknowns only H & G
 Hoarseness of Throat Nuclear Decontamination:
 Red Eyes Nuclear Explosion Characteristics: Dust, Shake, Wipe & Brush
 Red Skin Flash-Heat-Blast/Shock-Radiation-EMP-Cloud
Radiation Sickness:
 Eyes Closed in Pain
Types: Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of Appetite &
(Flush eyes with water within 5mins)
Air, Surface, Sub-surface & Exo-atmospheric Burst General Malaise

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Ref: Arty CSODOPS 2011, Joint Fires

Branch RSA Larkhill
ARTILLERY TARGET PROCEDURE

Originator Remarks
W- Warning Order ‘Hello…………………….
This is ………………….
Fire Mission, Over’
E- Enemy Location Grid………………………… The initial rounds may land
OR beyond this location due to
Tgt No/Nickname……… troop safety.

D- Direction From you to target

‘……………………………….mils’
D- Description Type of Target and cover it is
occupying
Eg ‘2 x riflemen dug in, small
arms ineffective’.
NF- Nearest Friendlies Nearest friendlies are at Eg ‘nearest friendlies are
Grid…………..or 300m North East of the
……………. Meters and direction enemy’.
from the enemy
E- Effect ‘At My Command Trained Artillery Observer
1 ROUND, ADJUST FIRE / FIRE will decide fuse
FOR EFFECT’ At My Command-
requires originator to say
FIRE when guns report
READY
When to Fire FST reports Guns/Mortars
READY (3 guns may be
used in adjustment to
observation) aid
‘FIRE’
Adjustment ‘LEFT/RIGHT………..REPEAT.’ Adjust for line in hundreds
(Until on for line. 2nd group of of meters – eg ‘Left 200’
rounds will give a unit of measure) Then refined with 50m
corrections
‘ADD/DROP…………REPEAT.’ Adjust for range in
(Until on for range, remember hundreds of meters- eg
splinter distance and risk) ‘Drop 100’
Then refined with 50m
corrections
Fire for Effect ‘ON TARGET, NEUTRALISE A quantity of rounds
NOW’ specified by the Arty Obsv
will be delivered
Termination Target ........(Effect that has been
achieved), END OF MISSION

A trained Artillery Observer will try to get into a position to take over the
mission as soon as possible

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CONTACT REPORT
Initial Contact Report Hello 0 this is ………CONTACT………CASUALTIES, ……….Wait out

Subsequent Contact WHEN, WHERE, WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT IS DOING, WHAT YOU ARE
DOING ABOUT IT
Report (“0, B10, (When) Contact 5 mins ago, (Where) Grid 123456/200m NW of Blue 26, (What it
is) approx 10 x en (What it is doing) engaging with MG and RPGs from large building
with orange roof, additional enemy elms attempting to outflank from east, (What you are
doing about it) 1 x friendly cas, 1 and 2 sect holding, 3 sect moving to intercept en on
flank”)
Considered Contact SALTA Report sent once situation has calmed. May be sent by Ops
Report Room/Coy Main

STRENGTH OF
A
ENEMY S
WHAT HAPPENED? EG BLAST
B ENEMY ACTIVITY A
EF
C LOCATION L
FF
DTG OF CONTACT / SIGHTING, EG 221500NOV11
D TIME T
WHAT HAVE YOU DONE? EG CLEAR / CORDON
ACTION OF FRIENDLY
E
FORCES A
QRF RECOVERY
MERT TOP COVER
ATO / IEDD AES DOG
F AGENCIES REQUIRED ANP VS DOG
IRT TRACKER DOG
WIS OTHER

G ICP LOCATION

H ICP SAFE ROUTE

En STRENGTH, En ACTIVITY, LOCATIONS, TIME of Sighting, Friendly ACTION

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ECAS

Hello C/S This is C/S

IP ECAS ECAS ECAS, I AM NOT FAC QUALIFIED

A
TARGET LOCATION

TARGET DESCRIPTION
(E.G., 7 X EF, 2 x RPGs in tree line)

LOCATION OF NEAREST
FRIENDLY FORCES
(GIVE DISTANCE & DIRECTION FROM
TGT)
D

WHEN YOU WANT THE ATTACK

ON THE TARGET
(E.G, AT MY COMMAND, ASAP, A SET
E TIME)

METHOD OF MARKING FRIENDLY

FORCES
(DO NOT USE WHITE SMOKE)
F

“STOP, STOP, STOP TO HALT ATTACK

G
“END OF MISSION” ONCE EFFECT ACHIEVED

TOP TIPS: CCA Pilot’s Initial Check-In: Fr Forces Description:

Try to have all the required info filled in before the jet/helicopter arrives (FIDO)
Try to speak slowly and clearly to the pilot N Number of AH
If you do not understand something, say so F Fuel (mins on station) F From Object
Try to do what the pilot tells you when he tells you to do it A Ammo (30mm) I In the direction
In case of emergency have smoke to hand for signalling, do not use white smoke
R Rockets D Distance
M Missiles (Hellfire) O Object

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Ref: Op HERRICK (AC 71901 Edition 7)

MIST REPORT

ZAP Number
Mechanism

M How injuries
occurred and at
what time

I
Injury or
illness
sustained
Catastrophic
<C> Bleeding

A Airway

S
Symptoms
B Breathing Rate
and Vital
Signs C Pulse Rate
Conscious /
D Unconscious
E Other Signs
CAT
Treatment

T
HEMCON
Given and
FFD
time
ACS
applied
Morphine

Age of
Casualty

A (Specify
Adult or
Child at the
least)

T
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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Op HERRICK (AC 71901 Edition 7)

NATO ‘9 LINER’

1 Location
2 Radio Frequency C/S
Number of Casualties
3 A Urgent (<90mins @ R2/R3) (P1) (UK T1)
B Priority (<4hrs @ R2/R3) (P2) (UK T2)
C Routine (<24hrs @ R2/R3) (P3) (UK T3)

Special Equipment Required

4 A None C Extraction Equipment
B Hoist (winch) D Ventilator

Number of Carried/Lying/Sitting Casualties

5 L Litter (Stretcher) A Ambulatory (Walking)
E Escorts (for child patient)

Security of Pick Up Zone (PZ)

6 N No Enemy in Area P Possible Enemy in Area
Hot Pickup Zone / Armd
E Enemy in Area X
Escort Required
Pick Up Zone (PZ) Marking Method
A Panels D None
7 Other (IR, Firefly.
B Flare / Pyro E
Cyalumes)
C Smoke

Number of Patients by Nationality/Status

A Coalition Military D Non Coalition Civilian
8 Civilian with Coalition
B E CPERS
Forces
Non Coalition Security
C F Child
Forces
Pickup Zone (PZ) Terrain/Obstacles

MIST REPORT – Mechanism / Injuries / Signs / Treatment

NOTES: Specify if critical medical supplies are needed to be brought in

with MEDEVAC “9-liner” is not to be used for requests to move
casualties who are killed in action at the scene
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Ref: HERRICK Aide

Memoire Edn 8 (2010)/Pam 3
CASUALTY FLOW-CHART (In update - to follow)

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UK MAP MARKING CONVENTION

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

UK MAP MARKING CONVENTION

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VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: Pam 3, Annex A to Chapter 1

UK HAND SIGNALS

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 VERSION SEVEN – JANUARY 2013

Ref: JWP 32-4.1 (Use of

Helicopters in Land Operations
HELICOPTER DRILLS (2000) and HERRICK Aide
Memoire Edn 8 (2010))

DIAMETER OF ZONES FOR HLS:

HELICOPTER A B C C
B
Gazelle / Lynx 6m 14m 25m
A
Puma / Sea King / Merlin 15m 35m 50m

Chinook 15m 60m 100m

A – Hard Surface Zone B – Clear to Ground Level Zone C – Zone Free of Obstacles over 0.6m

Approach/Exit Paths:
6º at night only if Glideslope
1. Obstruction free Indicator used
2. Into the wind
3. Minimum 50m wide.

Notes:

A. Obstruction angle is measured

from the outside of the “Cleared
to Ground Level” zone
B. By day the obstruction height
cannot exceed an approach angle
of 60 out to 500m from the landing
point
C. By night the obstruction height 6º is approx the
cannot exceed an approach angle height of an SA80
of 40 out to 500m. Rifle at 8m

Marking an HLS: HELICOPTER LOADS & ANGLES

BY DAY: (one or more) HELICOPTER PAX MOUNT/DISMOUNT ANGLES
Lynx 3 10 & 2 O’Clock
 Fluorescent Panels Puma 10 10 & 2 O’Clock
 Marshal (back to wind & arms raised)
Blackhawk 11 10 & 2 O’Clock
 Coloured Smoke
Sea King 20 10 & 2 O’Clock
 Letter H
Merlin 24 3 & 5 O’Clock
 Flash cards/mirrors/ firefly/ IR Strobe
Stallion 57 3 & 5 O’Clock
BY NIGHT: (one or more) Chinook 54 6 O’Clock
Standard NATO Helicopter Drills:
 Firefly or Cylumes
 NATO ‘T’  Remove headress, roll down sleeves, wear eye protection
 Switch off ECM & remove antennas
Notes:  Wait to be told by load-master to approach
 Mount/Dismount at correct angles
Use White or green lights, avoid blue.  NEVER walk around rear tail blade
Use red to mark obstructions. NEVER shine white light at the pilot at night

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CPERS HANDLING

ALL CPERS MUST BE TREATED HUMANELY AT ALL TIMES

ALL CPERS ARE ENTITLED TO RESPECT FOR THEIR PERSON, HONOUR AND RELIGION

CPERS must not be subjected to torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, or violence to life in any form

The following checklist is drawn from JDP 1-10 and Prohibited Techniques:
sets out the minimum standards and requirements The 5 techniques defined below must never be used as an aid
for UK Armed Forces when dealing with CPERS. to tactical questioning or interrogation, as a form of
These minimum standards apply at all times and in all punishment, discriminatory conduct, intimidation, coercion or
environments, except as qualified by operational as deliberate mistreatment. Hooding is prohibited at any time,
constraints or the demands of the situation. CPERS for whatever purpose.
will receive basic provisions to an equivalent  Stress Positions. Any physical posture which a CPERS
standard as UK Armed Forces. is deliberately required to maintain will be a stress
 Accommodation. Where possible, CPERS position if it becomes painful, extremely uncomfortable or
shall be accommodated in conditions as exhausting to maintain.
favourable as those for UK Armed Forces. The  Hooding. Placing a cover over a CPERS’ head and face.
conditions will in no case be prejudicial to the  Subjection to Noise. Holding a CPERS in an area where
health of the CPERS. there is unnecessary excessive noise.
 Food. Shall be sufficient in quantity, quality and  Deprivation of Sleep and Rest. Depriving a CPERS of
variety to keep CPERS in good health and to the minimum requirement of sleep and rest.
prevent loss of weight or the development of  Deprivation of Food and Water. Depriving a CPERS of
nutritional deficiencies. the minimum requirement of food and water.
 Water. CPERS shall be provided with sufficient
drinking water. Guidance on the Handling of CPERS:
 H & H. Health and hygiene standards in all  Search Positions. It will be necessary to search
CPERS facilities shall be sufficiently high to CPERS. This may require the CPERS to adopt a posn with
keep CPERS in good health. As a minimum the limbs spread. If such a search position is imposed, the CPERS
conditions should be of the same standard as must be allowed to change position regularly to prevent pain
those for the UK Armed Forces who are and exhaustion.
collocated.  Restraint Positions. There may be an operational
 Environment. CPERS shall be afforded requirement to use a restraint position on CPERS as a
sufficient protection against the rigours of the temporary measure to gain control of a situation. If such
climate and dangers of the armed conflict. restraint positions are imposed, the CPERS must be allowed to
 Clothing. UK Armed Forces shall provide all change position regularly to prevent pain, extreme discomfort
CPERS with underclothes, footwear and outer or exhaustion.
clothing of a type appropriate to the climate of  Restraint Equipment. Circumstances may also require
the region in which the CPERS holding facility is the use of restraining equipment, for example plasticuffs.
located. These must only be applied to the hands in front of the body.
 Sleep. CPERS shall be given at least 8 hours of  Restriction of Vision. Where practicable, the need to
rest per 24-hour period, during which there shall deprive CPERS of their sight should be avoided. Where no
be an opportunity to sleep for a single other alternative is possible, CPERS may be required to wear
undisturbed period of no less than 4 hours. blacked out goggles or a blindfold may be improvised. Any
 Med. CPERS should be provided with suitable improvised blindfold must not be designed to cause pain. Sight
medical care. deprivation should not be used as a means of separating
CPERS to prevent them from communicating with each other
 Religion. Subject to operational circumstances,
and should not become routine. CPERS must not be
all CPERS shall enjoy complete freedom in the
subjected to tactical questioning or interrogation while
exercise of their religious practices.
their vision is obscured.
 Protection. At all times, CPERS shall be
 Excessive Noise and Restriction of Hearing. Steps
protected against insults and public or media
should be taken to reduce excessive noise levels ivo the
curiosity.
CPERS or consideration must be given to providing CPERS
 ICRC. CPERS shall be provided with information with ear protection. Where strictly necessary, ear defenders
and access to the ICRC as fully and rapidly as may be used to stop CPERS overhearing sensitive info.
possible.  Food and Water. CPERS should receive the same
 Right to Complain. CPERS shall have an quantity and quality of food and water as UK Armed Forces.
unrestricted right to complain.  Disruption of Sleep. It is prohibited to keep CPERS
 Right to Exercise. CPERS shall be allowed a awake, even for short periods, as a prelude to TQing.
minimum of one hour of exercise in the open air  Records. Make a record (time / date / circumstances /
per 24 hours. approval authority) anytime a CPERS is deprived of his senses
(vision / hearing).
It is forbidden to take photographs of JDP 1-10 (2d ed) (2011) contains addl detail regarding CPERS treatment,
CPERS (dead or alive) for personal record keeping, detention officers / NCOs, responsibility, governance and
reasons. the requirements of unit holding areas.

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Ref: Op HERRICK (AC 71853 Edition 5)

GUIDE TO MEDIA HANDLING & INTERPRETERS

GOLDEN RULES FOR TALKING TO THE MEDIA: BEFORE THE INTERVIEW:

 Protect Operational Information  Establish the purpose of the interview

 Don’t comment on Government Policy  ‘WIFY’ principle – “what’s in it for you” (i.e. the Army)

 Don’t release names of casualties  What media is it for? (i.e. live or recorded, one-to-one or
discussion?)
 Never lie
 Get the correct clearance/chain of command authority
 Don’t guess
 Agree the first question and general lines of
 Don’t speculate - keep to the facts
questioning there-after
 Don’t comment outside of your area of responsibility
 Agree a background to the camera shot
 Don’t talk “off the record”
 Confirm what you can discuss
 Be positive
 Switch off mobile phone

DURING THE INTERVIEW: PERSONAL PREPARATION:

 Check your appearance – wear a beret if possible &  Check your appearance – wear a beret if possible &

remove security passes from sight remove security passes from sight

 Maintain good eye contact  Think through what you want to say

 Don’t sway, fidget or use notes  Have a maximum of 3 points you want to make and try

 Avoid one word answers to make them – irrespective of the questions

 No funnies – they may be reported out of context  Think of a 20sec ‘sound-bite’ which summarises what

 Don’t use military jargon and don’t use acronyms you want to say and is most likely to be used

 Be courteous but firm  Think laterally about the sort of things you may be
asked about but always bring your answer back to
 Jump on untruths – interrupting if necessary
your key points
 Expect un-agreed questions
 Direct your replies to the target audience
 Don’t lose your cool

WORKING WITH INTERPRETERS – TOP TIPS

 Keep the topic simple  Avoid using slang or colloquialisms

 Speak slowly and articulate words  Know the classification of your interpreter (LEC, etc)

 Speak directly to the other person – not the interpreter

 Do not allow the interpreter to strike up a personal
conversation with the other person
 Position the interpreter to your side, NEVER between
you and the other person
 NEVER use phrases such as “tell him” or “ask him”

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IBS DRESS SOPS

ITEM REMARKS ITEM REMARKS
Note Book & Pencil Waterproof, preferably with In smock pockets. Black, Green or
waterproof paper Gloves MTP only
Protractor 6” Yds blanked out Map Trouser leg pocket

SILVA Compass Attached to smock pocket Very small (Maglite recommended)

Torch (small) for map reading. Tape to shield light.
Batteries reversed plus spares.
Aide Memoire Cards Fabloned & easily accessible CEIs In trouser leg pocket attached

Lumocolor Pens (perm) Blue, Red, Green, Black colours Whistle Attached to smock pocket

FFD Ear Defenders

Tourniquet Cylumes
Binos with graticules As issued by SI. When in Clasp knife/multi-
appointment worn around the tool
neck
Body Armour Plates added dependant on Helmet Mk 7 or 6A no scrim or rubber band,
threat. May be stowed for long with cam elastics and with ring / ext
foot moves (threat dependant) strap fitted for use with respirator
Eye Protection Worn when there is a high Boots High leg, robust leather boot for field
probability of dust and debris training. No civilian/jungle/bates/aku
thrown up by blast (eg urban 5.11 boots to be worn in the field.
environments)
Cam Cream
COMBAT EQUIPMENT FIGHTING ORDER - WEBBING AND DAYSACK (ISSUED)
Essential equipment only for short offensive operations, such as deliberate attacks and fighting patrols. The load should
mainly be ammunition (5.56mm, 7.62mm Link, 51mm Mortar rounds, Rifle Grenades). Personal comfort items should not be
taken. The spare capacity in the webbing and daysack will be needed for the carriage of additional ammunition (incl
Claymores) and used to carry section equipment (medical pack, lightweight stretcher). FTS should be fitted to at least one
section weapon by day and night. Be prepared to tailor the load to suit the mission – fight as light as you can. (*Sect Kit).

ITEM REMARKS ITEM REMARKS

6 x Magazines of 30 rds In ammo pouches. PRC 354 Radio When in comd appointment
attached to belt kit
1 x L109 HE Grenade L111 Spare Battery When in comd appointment

1 x L84 Grenade L111

150 rounds (bandolier) As necessary. Blank\live ammo Mess Tin/Emergency As issued by SI. Lighter and
as issued Rations/Spoon/ Brew kit/ windproof matches
Hexamine cooker waterproofed.
Water bottle x 2 or a 1 x Spare pair of Socks
Camelback, metal mug
and Puri-tabs
AATAM As necessary. To incl the Inf Weapon Cleaning Roll Full oil bottle. Wpn cleaning
Pocket Book. Rods easily accessible
PRR When issued Sand Bag prepared with Attached to the back of the
cord webbing yoke
Individual Med Kit 2nd FFD, tourniquet Arc Markers To be carried in belt kit

Optics (HMNVS/FIST As necessary Head Torch Batteries reversed plus spare

Sight) batteries
Warm Top Individual Choice GORTEX Jacket and As necessary.
Trousers
Rations As necessary *Wire Cutters and Gloves

*Heli Marker Pannels 1 per Fire Team *ETH Scaling and carriage to reflect
the requirement to dig in.
Determined by en threat and
own plan
*Sect Medical Pack As issued. Needs to be easily *Model Kit 1 per Fire Team
accessible and ID visible.

*Coloured Flags NATO Flag Marking System. *Light Weight Stretcher As issued, needs to be
Flags issued at Sect Level accessible.

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IBS DRESS SOPS

COMBAT EQUIPMENT MARCHING ORDER - WEBBING & BERGAN

Marching Order is Combat Order plus a Bergan. It is the load, which will be required for an operation of up to 2 weeks’
duration without resupply except for ammunition, rations and water. In addition to your personal equipment you must be
prepared to carry additional amounts of ammunition, possibly 1 x 81mm Mortar Case (2 rounds weighing 11.8 kg) to a mortar
line. The Bergan needs to be fitted with a waterproof liner and all individual items need to be stowed in waterproofed bags.
ITEM REMARKS ITEM REMARKS
Sleeping Bag/Bivi Bag Sleeping Bag packed inside Bivi Bag Boot Cleaning Kit Polish, brush and spare
laces
Spare Warm Kit Norwegian/Fleece/Softie etc Sleeping Mat
Housewife 3 large needles, safety pins, large roll Washing & Shaving
of thick black cotton and spare Kit
trouser \ smock buttons
Spare Socks and Foot Min of 4 Pairs individually Lightweight Shelter Stowed with bungees
Powder waterproofed attached and tent pegs
Spare Trousers Extra Water Bottle Issue type not soft drinks
bottles
T Shirt/ Thermal Top Green Warm \ Woolly Hat Black \ green
Sand Bag For Ammo/Rubbish Shovel \ Pick As issued
Rations Broken down and bagged Lightweight Light footwear that allows
footwear running short distances to
permit rest from boots in
harbour
30m Green Cord Track Plan
Notes:
1. Distribution of Section Equipment and Weapons Systems. Nominated individuals within sections will be required to carry section equipment, such as
medical packs. Be prepared to carry other weapon systems as a rifleman, such as the NLAW or CLAYMORE Mine.

2. CBRN. IPE will be carried in either day sacks or Bergans and will depend on the threat.

3. Patrols. The nature of the task and commander’s estimate will determine the equipment required. Remember you may need to carry additional equipment
such as mines, OP construction material, and surveillance devices.

4. Urban Operations. You will receive additional equipment for FIBUA. As Urban Operations requires you to fight and move in confined spaces, be prepared
to adapt your load carrying method and your equipment. *See Urban Operations SOPs.

5. THE SOPs FOR COMBAT BODY ARMOUR AND HELMETS.

a. General. The wearing and carriage of helmets and CBA must be considered carefully and constantly reviewed by Commanders in light of the
‘threat’ so that it enhances protection without disabling movement. In a CBRN environment ECBA will be worn over IPE.

b. Carriage of Helmets. Helmets will always be worn or carried (using a snap-link to attach it to the Assault Order or Combat Order).

(1) Helmets will be worn in the following situations (unless in specific environments where unfeasible):

Attack OPs
Defence Ambushes
Recce Patrols Withdrawal
Fighting Patrols Advance to Contact
Standing Patrols Sentry Duty

(2) Helmets need not be worn in the following situation, unless there is a specific threat of indirect fire, but they must always be
carried:

Harbour areas Fire Trench Shelter Bay

c. Wearing and Carriage of CBA.

(1) CBA (with plates fitted dependant on the threat) will be worn in the following situations:

Attack Advance to Contact

Defence Sentry Duty
Recce Patrols (from FRV) In Harbour Locations
Fighting Patrols (from FRV) Standing Patrols
Ambushes (from FRV) OPs
Withdrawal At Comd’s Discretion

(2) CBA need not be worn in the following situations, unless there is a specific threat of indirect fire, but will need to be carried:

Long insertion marches At Comds discretion

6. CAMOUFLAGE AND CONCEALMENT

a. Helmet Cam. Helmets should be camouflaged using local or artificial foliage where appropriate.
b. Patrols & Recce. Commanders should be aware that camouflage will need to be replaced as the environment changes.

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PROTECTION / MOBILITY DRESS SOPS

M O B I L I T Y

1 2 3 4 5
1
2
P R O T E C T I O N

Recce CTR

Insertion March MOBILITY and PROTECTION must be

balanced to achieve optimum Op routine

3 SURVIVABILITY

4s Harbour Routine
General
OBUA
House
Clearing

4l Adv to Con Ambush

Withdrawal
Attack
Heli / Boat
Ops
Defence

5 Ptl route
out / in
Standing
Patrols

Kit on the man, immediate use No Protection.

ammo/trauma kit in pockets. Sentry Duty

1 1
3x Mags in pouches and trauma Helmet Only.
kit. Smoke/HE gren as req.
Protection levels
Mobility levels

2 2

‘Go Bag’ / Man Bag packed with Helmet + OSPREY liner worn.
additional water / Mags / Signals.
3 Additional rations med kit as req. 3

Webbing worn with 24hours Helmet + OSPREY liner +

fighting order. Daysack as 4s Small Plates (s) OR large
4 alternative to increase / plate (l)
manoeuvrability.
4l
Webbing & Daysack worn for Helmet + OSPREY liner +
longer patrols. Bergen as Small plate side.
5 required. 5

Planning Factors. General Principles IBS OSPREY

configuration.
 Type of Op. 1. Commander’s discretion on Loose items must not be
 Protection levels required. the requirements for the mission stowed on front of armour.
 Profile in COIN environment. are final.
2. Load scales must be Cumberbund fitted
 Likelihood of digging.
 Terrain factors dictating type of emergency kit influenced by the task rather
required. than personal preference.
 Likely obstacles encountered. 3. Load carriage should vary for Minimum configuration is med
 Likely duration of task / likelihood of retasking. different members of the pl. kit and three single kangaroo
4. Maximise Survivability. mag pouches.
 Heat Stress Index leading to overburdening.
5. Use imagination to lighten
 Weather conditions leading to additional PPE loads. Profile should be minimised for
requirements. max mobility and min weight
configuration.

D R O P
Decide Mobility level to Reduce unnecessary Organize transport means to Police the ranks.
accomplish mission eqmt carry unit eqmt
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Planning Load (kg) 0 – 13 13 – 17 18 – 22 23 – 27 28 or more

Speeds Realistic Speed 9-12 kph 8 kph 7 kph 6 kph 4 kph or less
Troops cannot sustain performance at 40kg or more. Evaluate risk, gain authorisation and aspire to 25kg.
On the man Consider ditching Binos in close environment.
Consider sharing Cam cream, Maps, Torches, Knives. combined weight adds up.
Gloves only taken in inclement weather conditions or likely needlestick.
Helmets and body armour may be downscaled, seek approval from your CoC.
Team Kit Consider sharing ETH, Cleaning kits, Lightweight Stretchers, Sleeping Bags.
Ammo & Wpns Consider backloading irrelevant ammunition to the Op. Are pl weapons really needed?
Carefully consider likely use of ammo and keep reserves realistic, plan for contingency resupply if
appropriate.
Food and Water Opportunities to collect water from nat sources (ensure purification considered).
Plan water consumption rates according to Op and enforce strict water discipline.
Do not fully fill camelbaks if unnecessary.
Consider duration of and requirement for emergency rations. Consider live and dead letter box drops.
Consider weight of calories taken, maximise carriage of dried goods.
Schedule meal timings / hydration around Op.

Personal Notes:

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IBS ACTIONS-ON SOPS

Movement must be properly controlled at all times using formations appropriate to the op, terrain or en threat. Speed will be dictated by
the comd’s assessment of risk, but on dangerous ground with a high en threat the patrol pace may be as slow as 1-2 km/hr.

Short Halt (1-5 mins, map Close up in all round defence, conduct activity on a 50/50 basis.
check, water stop etc).

Long Halt (5-25 mins, Break track and conduct a snap ambush, move into cover and all round defence and
radio check, briefing, feeding post sentries on the route in and direction of enemy threat. Consider use of 50/50.
stop, etc).
Lying Up Posn – As for long halt, but claymores posted with sentries for better protection. “25 mins plus”
LUP (25 mins plus, - this is how long it takes to put out/gather in claymores.
administration, harbouring).
RV en route As for short halt, Ptl Comd briefs “RV1” etc.
ERV Emergency RV – A pre-recce’d safe area that the patrol can recover to if it is split or
contacted by the enemy. Usually the last RV.
Stop Short (SS) As for long halt, comd recce’s FRV, returns to pick up remainder and place them
appropriately.
FRV Final RV, the last “safe point” before the obj area, must be pre-recce’d, hence the use
of the above stop short. Patrol splits in to mission dependent groupings in the FRV.
FRV Compromised All groups move back to the RV prior to the FRV (this may be either the stop short if far
enough away or the last RV prior to the SS).
Return to FRV from Approach from direction you departed in, talk in on PRR if possible. Left arm raised at
Obj Area shoulder level as a fail-safe recognition signal.
Patrol Split (No return of If you fail to link up at any nominated RV/FRV, wait for a period of time that has been
departed group) briefed in orders and move back to the previous one.
Obstacle Crossed using either the “open gate” or “caterpillar” methods according to the perceived
threat and type of ground.
Enemy Pre-Seen Go to ground and observe, lay a hasty ambush if appropriate.

En Contact (Rally point is Fire and move out of the killing area, conduct head check and change magazines in the
open for 2 minutes, ERV for 2 rally point and move back to the ERV. Re-insert/continue as appropriate.
hours. If men fail to make either
RV they must retrace steps
through the RV chain).
Enemy Ambush Either fight through aggressively or withdraw using the contact drill.

Enemy Follow Up Use baselines and hold lines to keep the initiative until you can conduct a hasty
ambush or break contact.
Trip Flare Withdraw from the illuminated arc immediately; be ready to conduct contact drills as
you are probably in a killing area.
Illum Take cover immediately and be prepared to fight.

Minefield Controlled withdrawal along the route in, prodding and marking a safe lane out. Record
the Grid and box around it.
Minestrike Conduct a controlled casevac. Minefields can be covered by fire so be prepared to
move quickly and fight; the assessment of risk is critical for a successful withdrawal.
Separated Go firm on track for 20 mins. If no-one comes back, move back to the last RV and wait
for 2 hrs. If no-one returns re-trace your steps through the RV chain.
Lost Go firm and hide. Look out for any friendly patrol activity and try to orientate yourself to
the ground as briefed on the model in orders. Move back to a familiar area using salient
features and then move back through the RV chain.
Captured Persons Treat humanely and with an appropriate level of force. Disarm, search and bag
(CPERS) evidence/objects of intelligence value. Restrain only if operationally necessary. As
soon as possible, move them to the unit holding area.
Casualties Evacuate in accordance with the casevac plan as briefed in orders. If necessary cas
may have to be left in a safe RV and picked up on the route back.
Civilians/Refugees Avoid/approach according to your orders. May be a valuable source of intelligence or
may compromise your patrol and intentions. Always treat them professionally.

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SENTRY DUTY AND REPORTING

VEHICLE REPORTING (CARS) THINGS LOOK CLOSER WHEN:

S Shape Saloon/Hatchback, number of doors

C Colour Be basic, include light/dark
R Registration No VRN

I Identification Marks External fittings

M Make and Model i.e. Toyota Corolla

METHODS OF RANGE ESTIMATION: THINGS LOOK FURTHER AWAY

 Unit of Measure WHEN:
 Appearance
 Laser rangefinder/CTLS  Poor light/mist
AIDS FOR RANGE ESTIMATION  Partially concealed target
 Group Average (Get group to estimate; take average)  Rising line of sight
 Bracketing (work out max and min distance – find mid pt)  Looking over a visible depression
 Halving (Half distance between observer and target, estimate range to ½ way point. Double it)  Target with low contrast
 Key ranges (relate to another known distance (i.e. ref pt on range card))
 Binoculars

HAND/FINGER METHOD: BINOCULARS’ GRATICULE:

REPORTING CONVENTION
 1 Finger = 30mils
A Buildings  2 Fingers = 60mils
Males  3 Fingers = 100mils
B  2 Knuckles = 80mils
C Vehicles  4 Knuckles/Fist = 160mils
Females  Fist + Thumb = 250mils
E  Hand Outstretched = 350mils
F On Foot
N.B. 1 mil at 1000m = 1m
K Children

INDIVIDUAL REPORTING MINIMUM SENTRY ORDERS:

A Age  Location of post, neighbouring posts & own backup/covering sentry &
chemical sentry (if deployed)
B Build (Tall/Short/Fat/Stocky/Skinny)
 Length of stay& time of relief
C Clothing (Start at top)
Distinguishing Features  Method of relief
D (Scars/Tattoos/Burns/Facial Hair)
 Enemy situation
E Elevation (Height)
 Arc of observation & fire
F Face (Long/Thin/Fat/Round)
 Action on suspicious movement
G Gait (How they walk)
 Method of alerting section (if different from SOP)
H Hair (Colour/Thickness/Style)
 Method of challenging (if different from SOP)
S Sex (Male/Female)
 Orders for opening fire
 Concealment
 Friendly patrols — times in and out
 Location of mines, trip flares etc
 Password
 Action on NBC attack (if different from SOP)
 Equipment needed

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COMMUNICATIONS
NO RADIO COMMS = NO COMMAND AND CONTROL, NO CASUALTY EVACUATION,
NO FIRE SUPPORT, NO SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, NO REINFORCEMENT
 Fight for comms. Don’t give up until you get it.
 The radio probably isn’t broken.
 Look after your radio as you would your weapon.
 Check comms before you deploy.
 Have a lost comms plan. Voice Procedure
 Think before you press the pressel.
 Keep it short and to the point.
 Speak in English, not false radio jargon.
 You project command through your radio manner and VP – take pride in being
good on the net.
 Avoid offering unless you have to.
 Don’t send long messages without breaks.
 Get to know the key callsigns by heart.
Troubleshooting  Give some thought to the condition/situation of the recipient.
 Clear Mode. Check Frequencies match up.  Send short reverse sitreps when the opportunity presents itself to maintain SA.
 Secure Mode. Check presets, fixed frequency and
comsec periods. How Radio Waves Work (MRS DRIF)
 All Modes.  Method of Travel. VHF waves travel in straight lines. Work best by
o Use appropriate antenna (elevate with GSA if line of sight. Higher is usually better.
possible)  Reflection. Radio waves bounce off objects. They can reflect away from
o Increase power setting the receiver but can also bounce waves onto it, even if the receiver is screened
o Move to clear deadspot from transmitter. Trees, woods and buildings reflect radio waves,
o Vertically align gooseneck and antenna (esp if  Screening. Large features or metal objects (e.g. A wire fence or Hesco
prone) frame) act as a screen for radio waves
 Deadspots. Two signals from same transmission arrive at receiver almost
Rules for Sighting Antenna (VLAMP) simultaneously = a deadspot.
 Vertical. Keep antenna vertical  Refraction. VHF radio waves bend slightly with curve of earth, so despite
 Line of Sight. Keep LoS to other stations. being on wrong side of a screening feature, comms may be possible if you are
 Avoid large objects, power lines, electric fences. far enough beyond that feature.
 Movement. A little movement may clear a dead  Interference. Different frequencies used from same location can
sometimes be ‘in tune’ with one another causing interference. Local
spot.
atmospheric disturbances can also impact.
 Position of the Antenna. It is the position of the
 Fading. Temporary obstructions (vehicles/trees in the wind) in signals path
antenna, not the set, that matters. may cause fading

VHF Bowman Set Up

O B A H
Check Set Off Check battery for 5 bars Attach KDU, then Attach headset or dual role
and attach to Set Gooseneck and Antenna PRR to audio socket

Program Set Basic Troubleshooting

 Switch radio to Sec and wait for set to carry out  Set Won’t Turn On.
BIT o Check battery has power (Battery indicator top right
 Screen tells you to go to EPURGE (Twist switch of screen B5 number for amount of bars on battery)
to EPURGE). Once EPURGE complete turn o If battery has power above 3 bars, clean
switch to Sec. connections.
 Face of KDU says INITIALIZE. Press pressel x o If still not working, change batteries.
4.  Transmits, but doesn’t Receive. Change headset
 Screen says NO FILL FOR NET (earpiece broken).
 Press and hold light button then press HIGH and  Receives, but doesn’t transmit. Change Pressel or
then Enter. PRR (microphone broken).
 Press 0 then 3 (DIS) then blank key T/O then 1
OFF then Enter. Problem Prevention
 Press 5 (TIME) then 1 (BASE) then 1 (EDIT).  KDU. Ensure KDU firmly attached to radio – will show
Time is set as year/month/date/time (if you error on screen if loose. KDU may work loose when
make a mistake press arrow above Enter key to moving – check tight.
go back.  Antenna. Tape antenna to gooseneck to prevent it
 Once radio has been filled press 9 (NET). Press loosening and falling off.
3 (PSET) to preset as per CIP  Batteries. Always deploy with full batteries. Change
Press 2 (C-P) as per months setting. when indicator is at 3 on battery. KDU shows battery
Press 1 (FF-P) Date time setting i.e. 01-1 (1 for level.
AM 2 for PM)  Coaxial Cables. Don’t yank on the cables or radio
leads to remove radio parts from the daysack or pouch.

Security
 Loss or Compromise. Report immediately to DS/CIS det.
 Checks and Musters. Physical check must be carried out before moving from and arrival at a new location.

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EQUIPMENT CARE

 Equipment is key to combat power. Professional soldiers look after equipment. Professional
commanders check that they do.
 You must be confident that your equipment will work when you need it. Inspect your
platoon/section equipment regularly.
 Correct functioning is more important than cleanliness – check that eqpt works when you
inspect it.
 Over-cleaning or incorrectly cleaning equipment will damage it.
 Know your kit – if you are familiar with it, you will know when it is not working properly.
 If something doesn’t look right, compare it with another. If it isn’t the same, report it.
 Report faults (to the right person) immediately.
 Hold soldiers accountable for equipment in their charge.

Weapon Care Common faults

 Keep parts affected by gas clean.  SA80
 Keep chambers clean. - Over cleaning flash eliminator.
- Over-stripping.
 Look for faults while cleaning:
- Unserviceable magazines.
- Oversized gas holes (esp SA80)  LMG
- Excessive carbon in chokes - Stripping top cover down.
- Poorly fitting parts - Not changing barrels at required intervals.
- Loose rivets. - Not keeping gas parts clean.
- Body Fractures - Slamming top cover down too hard.
- Extractors  GPMG
- Cam Studs - Stripping top cover down.
- Springs - Getting barrels mixed up
- Mixing parts up
- Magazines, feeds and lips.
- Not keeping gas parts clean.
 Oil GPMG and LMG top covers and working - Not checking link assembled correctly and clean.
parts liberally. Lots of ammo = lots of carbon; - Not balancing barrels.
keep it clean.  FIST STA
 7.62mm flannelette does not fit 5.56mm barrels. - Poor battery Management.
 Keep ammunition and magazines clean. - Batteries in the wrong way round.
- Failing to turn kit off.
Care of Optics - Crossing thread covers.
- Loss of sight covers.
 Protect from damage when fitted and when
- Not using sight covers when appropriate.
stowed away. - Scratched HMNVS lens (easily replaced)
 Fit protective covers. - Maltreatment of switches or accidentally left on.
 Know what the switches do and how they work.  Radios.
 Clean glass with clean soft cloths only. - Pulling on radio/headset leads.
 Lightly oil the moving parts and the metal areas - Over-bending BOWMAN antennae gooseneck
- Snapped antennae – collapse from top end down.
of the sight base.
- Bent coax pins – take time to check alignment.
 Cover night viewing devices during the day.
 Clean battery contacts and terminals. Balancing the GPMG
 Ensure batteries in right way around. GPMGs need balancing to ensure accuracy and to
 Save battery power – ensure sights switched prevent stoppages. Unbalanced guns suffer increased
OFF if not being used. wear and may ‘runaway’.
1. Fully screw in the gas regulator
2. Unscrew the regulator 6 clicks
3. Fire a burst of 3-5 rounds
4. Apply safety catch and pull back the cocking handle.
5. Check the position of the cocking handle
6. If the handle is in line with the white mark unscrew
the regulator 2 x clicks
7. Repeat steps 3-6 until the handle is forward of the
white mark
HMNVS Sacrificial lens 8. Screw in the regulator 4 x clicks and fire a burst of 3-
 These are easily replaced 5 rounds
 The armourer has spares Keep Optic lenses covered 9. Check the position of the cocking handle, this time it
 If your HMNVS is should be in line with the white line.
scratched or blurry, try fitting 10. Make a note of how many clicks the gas regulator is
a new lens.
unscrewed, the gun should be set to this every time
before firing.

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GUIDANCE TO STUDENTS FOR THE SELF-TREATMENT

OF ACUTE SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

PRICE
Protection: from further damage (stop current activity)

Rest: from aggravating activity, allow healing tissue to repair.

Ice: in first 5-6hrs following injury, apply to affected area for 10mins max, remove for
20mins then re-apply. Thereafter and for up to 48-72hrs, apply ice every 2hrs for
20mins. Method of application – do not apply ice directly to the skin (risk of ice
burn). Ideally use crushed ice (or a cheap packet of frozen peas) wrapped in a
damp towel.

Compression: if required for support and to manage swelling. Pressure should be

applied uniformly, spiralling around from the furthest point to the nearest,
approximately 6inches above and below the injured site. Need to check areas
immediately below bandage following application for signs of poor circulation/pins
and needles. If using tubigrip, wear double with free end providing a graded finish
closest to the heart, do not wear at night, do not allow pressure to become uneven
(‘rucked’).

Elevation: for decreased bleeding and swelling, above heart level for as long as is
comfortable and normal sensation is maintained.

NB: this advice does not apply where there is suspicion of a bone injury,
which should be assessed by the local A&E department.

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