SRI CHAITANYA TECHNO SCHOOL-KOTHAPET

Degrees of Comparison
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
1 No other... ai. than..any other ..the .
So A as Eg - Ram is taller than any other Eg:- Ram is the tallest boy in
Eg:- No other boy in the class boy in the class the class.
is so tall as Ram
2 Very few A Than .... Many other one of the ..Atsi...
As Aas .... Eg :- Ram is taller than many Eg :- Ram is one of the tallest
other boys in the class. boys in the class.
Eg:- Very few boys in the class
Are as tall as Ram
3
Some as ). as A.. not shthan .... Some other Not ...The A of all ...
Eg:- Some boys in the class Eg:- Ram is not taller than some Eg :- Ram is not the tallest of all
are atleast as tall as Ram
other boys in the class. boys in the class.
4
Notno.as not ... than B.......

Eg:- Ram is natso a t o

as mohan Eg :- Mohan is not taller than
Rai Ran
not selas Adi
u elle taun Ram
Positive Comparative Superlative
Short Shorter Shortest
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Bold Bolder Boldest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Young Younger
Kind
Youngest
Kinder Kindest
Fine Finer Finest
Brave Braver Bravest
Large Larger Largest
High Higher Highest
Mild Milder Mildest
Rich Richer Richest

ASSIGNMENT-01

1. Mumbai is one of the largest cities in India.

2. Pranathiis not cleverer than kiran.

3 A foolish friend can be more dangerous than a wise enemy.

4) India today' is one of the most popular magazines in India.

5. Walking is better than running.
 0. ARbar was grcater than most other rulers in the world.

I. Very few parliamentarians in India were so goo as Nehru.

8. Anitha is at least as beautiful as Durga.

9. No other statue in India is so tall as the statue of Gomateshwar.

10, Akbar was one of the greatest kings.

11. Bangalore is cooler than madras.

12. Some beans are at least as nutritious as meat.

13. The aeroplane flies faster than birds.

14.This church is the biggest in London.
15. Australia is the largest island in the world.

A6. it is better to starve than beg.

17. He loves all his sons equally well.

18. Iron is more useful metal than any other metal.

19. Rama is braver than Balu.

20. There are few districts in India so hot as Guntur.

Direct Speech and Indirect Speech.

The Principal for changing Direct speech into Indirect speech.

The conjunction that used before the indirect statement and exclanaation.
If is used before the indirect question. (starting with verb)
"Wh' word is used before the indirect "wh question.
"To" or "not so" is used before the indirect command or entreaty.
CHANGES.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Now Then Tomorrow The nextday
Here There Last night The night before
This That
These
Ago Before
Those
Thus So
Today That day
Yesterday The day before

elping vabs
am, s, e, haus, has, do,doeg )
Was, wery had did
i l, Shal, May, Can
He Said, Are you was
playug ?
He salc hethe
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Simple Present Simple Past
Present Continuous haue,h t Vy Past Continuous
Present Perfect havehas t V, bad
Past Perfect
Simple Past Was were , Va Past Perfect hadtV3
Present perfect Continuous hae has beentdo Past Perfect Continuous hadbeen t
S.No Said Connecting Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Word
1 Statement Told That Ram said to Ram told that he
sita,I am going was going to
toSchool. School.
2 Interrogative Asked Ram said to Ram asked sita
What, who,
<"wh' where,how sita,"where are where she was
questions How many etc... yougoing now"? going then.
3 Interrogative Asked Whether Ram said to sita, Ram said to sita
"verb If "Are you going ifl/whether she was
questions to School"? going to school.
Imperative Ordered To, The Doctor said The doctor
Requested Not to to him, Don't advised him not to
Advised smoke". smoke.
asked
Exclaimed That Ram said what Ram exclaimed
Exclamatory a beautiful that, that building
building this is"! was very
beautiful.

Exercise.01 tith Same.

1. Gopi said, "I go to market". shat, How
2. Rama said, "I am very busy now".
3. He said, "I am unwell".
4. Govind said, The man is ill". do youaznt
He Said,`shat wenlad.
5. Krishna said, I have been to Kashmir".
6. He said, "The meeting is fine". tHe sad ohat9
7. The news-paper reporting, "war is inevitable".
8. The girl said, I am going to the cinema".
9. The teacher said, I am going to the cinema".
10.The said, come in".
11. The boy said tome, "please wait".
12. Jack said to Aunt Jane, I will drive you to the station'".
13. She said, Don't forget to post the letter".
14. The guide 'said to the student, Apply to Oxford University".
15. Ravindran said to Ganesh, "come and stay with us.
16. The general said to them, "Defend this route".
17. He said to me, "why don't youconsult your doctor" ?
18. I said to my friend, "Let us go to a picture"?
19. Ravi asked me, Did you come from-Mumbai"?
prisoner"?
20. The judge said finally, Have you any thing to say on behalf of the
 "IF" CONDITIONALS
basically two clausesfactor
Allthe conditional sentences have
a) The main clause :It generally showsof the showsthe time
through the tense the verb.
It generally begins with If".
b) The sub ordinate clause :ORPOSSIBLE CONDITIONALS.
Type: 01 :PROBABLE the main clause is is in
present while
clause is in simple
1. Future Conditional : The conditional
simple future. simple future
Simple present
sub + will/shall+V1+o/c
Sub + Vlto/c
willbring fruits for you.
Ex : IfIgo to the market, I willcost you a lot of money.
If you buy that car, It
CONDITIONALS(JnposSi ble J
Type. 02 :PROBABLE
o/c
If + simple past sub+ would/should + v1 +

Sub + v2+o/c
would be surprised.
Ex :- If the sun stood still for one day, every body healthier.
IfIlived in the country side, I would be much
IfI knew her address, I would sent her a post card.

Type.03: PROBABLE CONDITIONALS. Jmagina

+ o/c
If past perfect sub + would /should + y3

Sub + had + v3+o/c

Exercises

1. Idon't have any money, I çannot build a house.

2. Idon't have time, I cannot meet you.
3. Unless you work hard, you cannot get the first rank.
4. I don't have a car, I cannot give youa side.
5. Don't tease the street dogs. They willbite you.
6. Work hard. You will be benefited.
7. He drove fast. We reached in time.
8. She went late. She did not get a ticket.
9. You invited me, so attend your birthday party.
10. Youdid not pay money, I did not send you goods.
11. Youwere careless. That is why youfailed in the exams.
12. The attender was careful. So he was removed from
13. The driver was careful. So he could avoid the service.
accident.
14/ Iwas held up in the traffic kaa so Imissed the train.
15. The doctor came late. The patient died.
16. He was too brilliant. That is why he was
17. Raju studied well, so he got a good job.
given the award.
18 Naveen was sick, so he did not do his
home work
19. He did not carry a valid passport. He was
detained at the
20. The gate keeper did not close the gate so the airport
accident happened.
 VOICE:
There are two voice. 1.The Active 2. The passive.
When the action denoted by the verb is done by the subject, the verb must be in active voice.
When the action denoted by the verb in not done by the subject, the verb must be in the passive
voice.
The Identification of passive voice.
Be = am is,are, was, were, being,been.

S.NO. Tenses Active forms Passive forms

Simple present Sub + v1/s Subtam,is, are+v3
2 Present continuous Sub + am, is, are +y4 Sub + is, are + being v3
3 Simple past Sub + has/have+beentv4 Sub +has/have been +v3
4 Present perf.cont. Sub+has /have +beentv4 No passive
Simple past Sub +v2 Sub + was/were +v3
6 Past continuous Sub +was /were + v4 Sub + was /were +being v3
7 Past perfect Sub +had + v3 Sub + had + been v3
8 Past.perf.cont Sub +had been +y4 Nopassive
9 Simple future Sub + shall / will +vl Sub +shall/will+be v3
10 Future continuous Sub +will/shall+be + v4 No passive
11 Future perfect Sub +will/shall +have +v3 Sub +will/shall have
beentv3
12 Future.perf.cont Sub+wil/shall+have No passive
been+y4

Simple Continuous Perfect Steps

Present Singular Is Is being Has been 1.object
Plural Am-1 Am being Have been-1 becomes
are Are being Have been -1 subject.
2. Ram -> by
ram.

I’ by me
Past Singular Was Was being Have been We >by us
Were Were being Had been You > by you
Plural
He ’ by him
She > by her
Future lperson Shall be No passive Shall have
It ’ by it
II and III Will be from Been
They ’ by
persons Will have them
been
X’ by X
3. v3 ’ form 4.
Find.
a)the tense
b)the number
c)the person.
p

RA
A.
ASSIGNMENT :
ce A. People believe him to be innocent. II.
2: The company has cut allsalaries. 1.
3. The children shouldn't have opened the letter.
A.
4. All visitors must show the identity cards. 2.
S. They willruin the performance. A
6. The vermas have bought bought the house. 3
al of 7 The authorities closed it down.
zes 8 No one has defeated him in the chess sofar. 4
9. People say that corruption will increase.
10. No one informed me about it.
f life a H. We know him.
12. Mohan drew that picture.
13. He has opened the box.
14. We sent them back. ve
15. Raju teaches us Economics.
16. Rajani has given me a present.
17. He took the book
18. He wrote a letter and posted it.
19. She made us wait.
20. A car knocked the child.

Transformation of sentences.
Ch I. As sOon as ----- No sooner -----than
1. The bell rings, All the pupils rush out.
33
election
A. Assoon as i .
No sooner
2. The rain started. The lights went off.
No soone
71 A. As soon as
No sooner
3 The music stopped. The child began to cry. Noso oner did subtV,
A. As soon as
No sooner
4. She came into the class. All the girls stopped talking.
A. As soon as
No sooner No &oOner had+ subt
5 The thief saw the police man. He ran away.
A. As sOon as
No sooner he
6 He saw the snake. He ran away.
A As sOon as
do does She
No sooner you
7 Igot the information. I started immediately. we
ns A As soon as
No sooner
in Name.
8. He began to sing. AIl the audience
Sti A As sOOn as
maintained slience
No sooner
9 He had heard the news. He began to
cry. Sc
Pa
te
A.

10.
As soon as
No sooner

Ihad read the novel. Iforgot my grief

cevay hadsub*y
 13,

A. As soon as
No sooner

II. UNLESS:
1. You must work hard. Other wise you cannot pass.
A. Unless
2. Only if you do this, you will have installed some wisdom.
A. Unless
3. If you donot work, you cannot succeed in your life.
A Unless
4. If you do not buy a ticket, you will not be allowed.
A Unless
5. If you do not stop smoking, you willdie.
A Unless
6. If he is not greedy he will not be at loss.
A Unless
7. Be care ful with stray dogs. You will be bitten.
A Unless
8. She must weep or she will die.
A Unless
9. Do as I tell youor you willregret it.
A. Unless
10. Bring the hall ticket other wise you will not be allowed in to the examination hall.
A. Unless
III. SINCE/AS, M
1. We watched an old film on T.V we had nothing better to do.
A. Since/ As
2. I walked all the way to school. I had missed the bus.
A Since / AS
3. It was raining heavily. Sowe decided to postpone the picnic.
4.
A Since / As
You say so. Imust believe it. Haudly had+subtbeen
A Since /As
5.
A.
Ilike you. Ishall help you.
Since / As
shin
6 I did it. I wanted to do it.
A. Since/ As
7. Youswear to serve me faithfully. Iwill employ us.
A. Since/ As
8 You father is not at home. I ask you to take the message.
A. Since/ As
9. He wants to be rich. He labours hard.
A Since / As
10 I willlook in to matter. You desire it.
Since/ As

IV. TOO ----- TO,

1. She i_ sO weak that she cannot do manual wor7.
A
2 Ann is so young that she cannot go to school.
A.
3 He is so poor that he cannot buy good shoes.
A.
4. He is so short that he cannot touch the roof.
 A
The news is so good thaf it cannot be truc.
A
The mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be good.
A
7. He is so proud that he cannot beg.
A
8 She was so late that she could not hear the first speech.
A
He was so ignorant that he could not be a postman.

10. The tree is so high that Icannot climb it.

A

So ---- that not V

1 Jilebis were very sweet. We could not eat them.
A
The tree is very height. The boy cannot touch the branch.
3. The boy is very intelligent. Every teacher likes him.
A
The dog was stupid. It could not realise that it was its own shadow.
A
5 She speaks too fast to be understood.
A
6. He was too tired to stand.
A
7 Rex was too tenacious to give up the fight.
A
8. The old man was too weak to walk.
A
9. The branch was too high. We could not touch it.
A
10. The girl was too poor to buy new clothes.
A.

VI. ALTHOUGH, A AS
1. She failed in exanminations. She did not lose the
A. heart.
Although
2. She had to study she stilldecided to go and play.
A Although
3. He was very upset. He still
decided to attend the meeting,
A. Although
4. It was raining. She came in time.
A. Although
5. She was bitten by the shark. She
A. Although. managed to swim safely.
VII. Who/ whom/which. Sh
1. A littleblind girl
was adopted by rich
A. The little girl couple. She was very lucky.
2. Atall woman is standing near the
door. She is my
A.
3.
A tall Woman
Aman hit me yesterday.
English teacher.
 15.

A. A man
4. You saw a tall building. That is the income tax office.
A. A tall building
S. Ibought a book yesterday. It is very interesting.
A The book

VIII. NOW THAT.

1. Idon't want to advise you. You are old enough to take your own
A Now that decisions.
2. Icannot stop you. You are old enough to know what is good for
A you.
Now that
3. You should be very careful because you are appearing for S.S.CExmas.
A. Now that
4. You should setup your own home, you are married.
A Now that
IX. INSPITE OF /DESPITE.

1. He was lazy,(Yet he çompleted his work in time.

A Inspite of-belaglay..-,
2. He was rich. Yet he was un happy.
A. Inspite of
3 He was poor. Yet he helped the needy.
A. Inspite of
4 He requested repeatedly, he couldn't obtain loan from the bank.
A Inspite of
5 Maradona was hurt, but he played for his team.
A Inspite of
6. It was raining heavily. Still we decided to go out for shopping.
A Inspite of
X. HAD BETTER.
1. Why don't you stop smoking.
A. you had better
2 Ithinkyou eat a lot of sweets. I want you to stop.
A. you had better
3. Why don't you meet him directly.
A. you had better.
4. You waste a lot of time. I want you to make use of it.
A. You had better

11.
1. Ifelt very tired. I want to go to bed without eating dinner.
A Feeling
2. She beats animals. She enjoys it.
A. She enjoys
3 I posted the letter. I clearly remember doing.
A Iclearly
4. Ihave met him something ago. I remember it.
A Isaw
5 He was crossing the road. Isaw him.
A Isaw
6 The child could not find his mother in the crowd. He started crying.
A Not finding
7 Ifelt pity for beggar. I have given some money.