Moral and Civic Education: Assignment Answers
1. What is ethical decision?
An ethical decision is a choice made based on principles of right and wrong, fairness, justice,
and integrity. It involves evaluating the consequences of actions and considering the impact
on others, ensuring that one's actions align with moral values and societal norms. Ethical
decisions are guided by codes of conduct, cultural beliefs, religious teachings, and legal
standards. For instance, refusing to cheat on an exam even if it seems easy to do reflects an
ethical decision grounded in honesty and fairness.
2. How Can We Make Ethical Decisions and Actions?
Making ethical decisions involves several key steps: recognizing the ethical dilemma,
gathering relevant information, evaluating the options, considering the consequences, and
making a decision that respects moral principles. Actions should be consistent with values
such as respect, honesty, and responsibility. Consulting ethical theories like utilitarianism
(maximizing good for the most people) or deontology (duty-based ethics) helps guide
decisions. Also, seeking advice from mentors, laws, or religious teachings can offer clarity in
complex situations.
3. Types of Reasoning
There are three major types of reasoning: deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning starts with a general principle and applies it to specific cases, leading
to logically certain conclusions. Inductive reasoning draws generalizations from specific
examples or observations, though conclusions are probable rather than certain. Abductive
reasoning involves choosing the best explanation for incomplete evidence. In ethics, moral
reasoning also includes practical reasoning, balancing emotions, facts, and consequences to
determine what is right or wrong.
4. To Whom or What Does Morality Apply?
Morality applies to all human beings and their actions, especially in how they affect others.
It governs relationships within society, including family, community, workplace, and
governance. It also extends to how humans interact with animals and the environment.
Moral principles are relevant in both personal and professional life, ensuring fairness,
compassion, and accountability. In many cultures, morality also applies to divine or spiritual
obligations, reinforcing the idea that human actions should align with religious values.
5. Who is Morally/Ethically Responsible?
Every individual is morally and ethically responsible for their actions, particularly when
they are capable of understanding right from wrong. This responsibility increases with age,
education, and authority. Parents, teachers, leaders, and professionals have heightened
moral duties due to their influence on others. Organizations and governments are also
ethically accountable for decisions that affect society. Moral responsibility involves
accepting consequences and striving to act in ways that promote justice, honesty, and
respect.
6. In moral judgment of human action, what things should be considered?
When judging the morality of human action, one should consider the intention behind the
action, the means used, and the consequences of the action. Other important factors include
cultural norms, the freedom of choice the individual had, and the impact on others. A
morally right action usually promotes well-being, avoids harm, and respects human dignity.
For example, helping someone in need is considered moral if done with sincere intentions
and without expecting rewards.
7. Why Should Human Beings Be Moral?
Human beings should be moral because morality promotes peace, trust, and cooperation in
society. It helps maintain social order and ensures fairness and justice. Being moral
strengthens personal character, builds reputation, and improves relationships. Morality is
essential for living in harmony, avoiding conflicts, and addressing societal challenges. It also
provides inner satisfaction and a clear conscience, contributing to overall well-being.
8. What kinds of action do you consider as good/bad, right/wrong, moral or
immoral in your society?
In my society, good or moral actions include respecting elders, helping the poor, being
honest, and promoting peace. Bad or immoral actions include stealing, lying, corruption, and
harming others. For instance, community members value generosity and truthfulness,
considering them signs of integrity. On the other hand, actions like bribery, gossip, or
violence are condemned. These moral standards are influenced by cultural values, religion,
and communal expectations.
9. Do the diverse groups in Ethiopia have common cultural and ethical values?
If yes, mention some of them.
Yes, despite Ethiopia’s ethnic and cultural diversity, many groups share common ethical
values. These include respect for elders, hospitality, communal support, religious devotion,
and commitment to peace. For example, the tradition of 'edir' (community-based funeral
support) and 'equb' (rotating savings associations) show mutual aid across cultures. These
shared values strengthen national unity and social harmony, even amidst linguistic and
cultural differences.
10. What are the professional and public service ethics? Describe the types of
responsibility in professional service delivery.
Professional ethics refer to the standards and principles guiding behavior in the workplace,
such as integrity, competence, confidentiality, and accountability. Public service ethics
emphasize serving the public interest with honesty, transparency, and fairness. Types of
responsibility include:
- Legal responsibility: obeying the law and regulations
- Moral responsibility: acting with fairness and respect
- Social responsibility: considering the broader impact of services on society
- Professional responsibility: maintaining skills, confidentiality, and honesty
Upholding these responsibilities ensures trust in public institutions and improves service
delivery.
