Solitary nuclei receives fibers from viscera not from soma and it receives fibers

HEAD
CN XI enters cranium from foramen magnum but leaves there from jugular of CN VII , CN IX , CN X
foramen
Cn III, IV ,VI are for external orbital eye muscles Solitary nucleus projects to hypothalamus

Cerebral tentorium = has two base or part Sensory fibers of CN VII IX X reach the spinal trigeminal nucleus

Great cerebral vein (gallens ) opens into straight sinus Vestibular area contains vestibular nuclei

Superior and inferior petrosal sinus are drained into cavernous sinuses

Ophthalmic v opens into cavernous sinus

Afferent = sensory efferent = motor , parasympathetic

Sensory have nuclei of termination

efferent = have nuclei of origin

Mandibular n(V3) is a mix nerve , ophthalmic and maxillary(V2) are sensory

For smooth muscle we need ggl for synapse and we have pre and post ggl fibers

Nerve number 3,7,9,10 have parasympathetic fibers so they need ggl and they

have pre and post ggl fibers

Geniculate ggl is sensory nerve of facial nerve which contain cell bodies without
Nucleus for termination is for synapse ( sensory )
synapse
CN VII is related to muscles of 2nd branchial arch , mixed nerve , glands , special
Parasympathetic fibers of facial nerve are for glands
taste (ant ⅔ tongue) general sensation from auricle and soft palate
Pterygopalatine ggl = for lacrimal , nasal , palatine glands
Stapes and stapedius is developed from 2nd branchial arch
Submandibular ggl = for lingual , sublingual , submandibular
Malleus and incus are developed from 1st BA
These are post ggl fibers reach these glands
Glands which are innervated by CN VII are = lacrimal , nasal ,lingual , sublingual ,
Medial root of facial nerve is motor( from facial ggl to muscles - no synapse no
submandibular , palatine ,,,,( NOT PAROTID GLAND )
ggl to 2nd BA) and lateral is sensory and parasympathetic

Facial expression muscle + posterior suprahyoid muscle + post belly of digastric Digastric branch = motor fibers for digastric m (post belly ) and stylohyoid

+ stylohyoid + stapedius m - motor of facial nerve reach to these muscle

Parasympathetic = superior salivatory nucleus Branches of ophthalmic = laterally is lacrimal , intermediate is frontal , medially

Special sensation of facial nerve = fungiform papillae , go to geniculate ggl and is nasociliary

goes to solitary nucleus , synapse will occur at solitary nucleus , not in Branches of maxillary = medially = pterygopalatine nn , intermediate = infraorbital

geniculate ggl ( it's a cell body ) , this is visceral not soma n laterally - zygomatic n

Somatic sensation = go through geniculate ggl and reaches to the CN V nucleus Mandibular nerve branches = 2*(3+1) lingual , inferior alveolar ,

Facial n leaves brain through pontocerebellar angle auriculotemporal ALL are sensory just ,

Labyrinthine artery mostly branch of AICA These are bridge nerves :)

Optic n and ophthalmic artery(branch of ICA) goes through optic canal to eye Superficial temporal artery is a branch of ECA

Facial n leaves skull through stylomastoid foramen , and enters to the Auricular n is branch of mandibular n

retromandibular fossa Deep temporal n is branch of mandibular , supplies temporalis m

Facial nerve pierces the parotid gland but do not supplies it Deep temporal a is branch of maxillary artery

Greater petrosal nerve = parasympathetic for ⇒ pterygopalatine ggl , and ECA⇒ maxillary a

general sensation for mucose palate Infratemporal fossa is lateral to lateral pterygoid plate

Nerve to stapedius = motor fibers , petrous part of temporal bone Pterygoid plexus is content of the infratemporal fossa

Chorda tympani = pre ggl for submandibular gland , and also special sensation Mastication muscles = pterygoid mm , masseter , temporalis

for fungiform papillae of anterior ⅔ of tongue Anterior group of mandibular nerve = 3 motor + 1 sensory (buccal n )

Chorda tympani pass through tympanic cavity and goes to petrotympanic fissure Posterior group of mandibular nerve = 3 sensory +1 motor ( mylohyoid ⇐ inferior

Posterior auricular nerve = motor fibers, for facial expression , sensory fibers for alveolar n )

skin of auricle Lingual nerve lying most medially , inferior alveolar nerve , intermediate , most

laterally = auriculotemporal n
Auriculotemporal nerve make a loop around middle meningeal artery Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle are part of temporal bone

Orbit related to the pterygopalatine fossa via inferior orbital fissure Temporomandibular joint contain articular disc

Nasalcavity related to pterygopalatine fossa via sphenopalatine foramen Lateral ligament +Sphenomandibular ligament +stylomandibular ligament are

ligaments of temporomandibular joint

Angular = elevation and depression ( inferior level of the joint

Infraorbital v ⇒ pterygoid plexus , ⇒ maxillary v ⇒ retromandibular v ⇒IJV Gliding = backward and forward (superior level of the joint

Side Movements = one side rotate and other head up and down

Muscles of mastication 1st BA and are innervated by mandibular n

Temporalis muscle attach to coronoid process of mandible ( posterior

movements[retrussion ] and elevation

Masseter = distal part is attached to angle of mandible = elevation and protrusion

( anterior movement)

Lat pterygoid = protrusion , lateral pterygoid plate (lateral part) + attach to head

and neck and articular disc +

Pterygopalatine n is deeper inside the pterygopalatine fossa
Medial “””= elevation , medial part of lateral pterygoid plate , angle of mandible
Maxillary nerve is a content of pterygopalatine fossa
Mandible = largest bone in the skull
Ggl of facial nerve = pterygopalatine ggl
Unpaired bone in the skull = ethmoid , sphenoid , frontal , occipital
Maxillary artery is branch of pterygopalatine fossa
Paired bone in the skull= temporal , parietal
Pterygopalatine canal is passway for greater petrosal nerve
Anterior cranial fossa = frontal , ethmoid , sphenoid ( lesser wing ) , crista gali ,
Facial nerve and ECA(maxillary artery and superficial temporal ) and
cribriform plate ,
retromandibular v are contents of the retromandibular fossa ( in parotid gland
Middle cranial fossa = sphenoid , temporal ( petrous part ), parietal ,
area )
Trigeminal impression is for trigeminal GGL ,

Ophthalmic artery and optic nerve pass through optic canal Cavernous sinus DRAINED THROUGH [[ superior and inferior petrosal sinus ,

Foramen spinosum = middle meningeal artery + meningeal branch of V3 emissary vein ]]

Posterior cranial fossa= temporal + occipital + groove for sinuses (sigmoid ,

transverse , occipital )

Mastoid +condylar foramen +ovale + parietal foramen are for emissary vein

Vertebrobasilar plexus = magnum

Tentorium separate cerebellum and cerebrum

Sella diaphragm = covers hypoglossal fossa

Cerebral falx = sup and inf sagittal sinus + straight sinus

Cerebellar falx = L/R transverse sinus + L/R superior petrosal sinus + occipital

sinus

Paired sinus are related to dural flexion , not dural infolding [ sigmoid ,

cavernous , inferior petrosal , sphenoparietal ]

Arachnoid mater do not supply by nerve and vessel
Superior group sinuses { SUP , INF , straight , occipital , confluence of sinuses }
CN V( all branches ) + CN X are supplies the dura matter
INFERIOR “”””{ superior petrosal , inferior petrosal , cavernous sinuses ,
CN V = 1st BA , CN VII = 2nd BA CN IX = 3rd BA . CN X = 4th , 6th BA ((((NO 5
transverse and sigmoid sinus }
BA EXIST ))))
Cavernous sinus ⇒ from superior sagittal fissure to petrous part of temporal
Efferent fibers originate from brainstem nuclei & reach skeletal muscle
bone , laterally to body of pituitary gland , the cavernous sinuses are connected
For smooth muscle and glands = parasympathetic fibers (3,7,9,10)
by intercavernous sinus ,
GGL maybe it is parasympathetic or it is sensory
Cavernous sinus Drains blood FROM {{ superior and inferior ophthalmic ,
Nuclei of facial nerve = motor ⇒ facial nucleus ,, sensory ⇒ solitary nucleus ,,
sphenoparietal, cerebral veins }}
parasympathetic ⇒ superior salivatory
Somatic sensory fibers of CN VII , IX , X reaches trigeminal nucleus Ciliary corona emerges from ciliary body and it s build by ciliary process

Sensory fibers of viscera of CN VII , IX , X reaches solitary nucleus Ciliary zonule attach to lens capsule

GGL of facial nerve = geniculate ( without synapse) Accessory oculomotor nucleus ⇒ ciliary ggl ⇒ ciliary muscle

Taste + visceral sensation of soft palate + somatic sensation from concha of Ciliary muscle = parasympathetic , sensory muscle ,

auricle reaches to the geniculate ggl Iris inside = sphincter pupillae , dilator pupillae muscles

Medial root of facial nerve = motor fibers Optic part is only located posteriorly ora serrata

Lateral root of facial nerve = sensory + parasympathetic Macula = best vision

Sensory ggl = geniculate The macula is the center portion of the retina that produces even sharper vision with its

Parasympathetic ggl = pterygopalatine + submandibular ggl rods and cones. The fovea is the pit inside the macula with only cones, so vision can be

Facial nerve leaves the skull through stylomastoid foramen and enters at its sharpest

Central retinal a ⇒ nasal , temporal and macular arteries

retromandibular fossa
Central retinal artery ⇐ ophthalmic artery
Greater petrosal nerve = para for pterygopalatine ggl , general sensory ,
Optic disk does not have any receptors
Deep temporal a arise from maxillary artery
Papilodema ⇒ increase intracranial pressure can cause this
Auriculotemporal nerve is branch of mandibular n ( V3)
Anterior and posterior to iris = are chambers
Deep temporal nerve branch of = mandibular n
Ciliary body ⇒ process ⇒ posterior chamber ⇒ pupil ⇒ ant chamber ⇒
Infra temporal fossa to middle cranial fossa = foramen ovale and spinosum
iridocorneal angle ⇒ scleral venous sinus
Pre ggl parasympathetic salivatory nucleus ⇒pterygopalatine ggl ⇒ glands (
Glaucoma = increase the pressure to the eyeball
superior ones )
Zonular fibers are for accommodation and they attach to the lens
Pre-ggl para , salivatory ⇒ submandibular ⇒ inferior glands
Rods are more sensitive to light but not to pigment
Chorda tympani = pre ggl para ⇒ submandibular ggl
Cones are color sensitive
Posterior auricular n ⇒ motor to facial expression muscles , sensory to skin
Peripheral retina = more rodes
Ora serrata surrounds ciliary ring

Fovea = only cones LGB gives optic radiation goes ⇒ cortex

Axons of ggl cell build optic nerve Conjunctiva covers eyeball

NO of axons are much smaller than rods and cones so we need bipolar cells Fascial sheath = tenon’s capsule

Properties and mobility of object are needed for vision Tarsal plate contains tarsal glands and tarsal muscle

Amacrine = detects movement Lacrimal pathway on the medial side

Horizontal cell is for contrast Lacrimal lake through puncta ⇒ canaliculi ⇒ sac ⇒

Optic nerve = orbital part , part in canal , intracranial part ICA ⇒ ophthalmic a

Abducens nerve accompanying ICA in cavernous sinus Superior and inf ophthalmic vv ⇒ cavernous sinus , pterygoid plexus ⇒ angular

Only nasal part of optic nerves cross v

Angular v is beginning of facial vein

Special sensory for vision = CN II

Sensory fibers for eyeball and upper level of face = V1

General sensory for midlevel face = V2

Parasympathetic for lacrimal gland = VII

Predominantly = retinal projection goes to lateral geniculate nucleus ( thalamus ) Extra ocular muscle motors ( MOST ) = CN III it has two branch

Optic radiation goes to primary visual cortex Motor for superior oblique = CN IV

Fibers of inf part of retina goes to inf part of visual cortex ( lingual gyrus ) Lateral rectus = CN VI

Fibers of sup part of retina goes to sup part of visual cortex (cuneus) LR 6 (SO4)3

Posterior part of retina(macula) ⇒ post part of visual cortex Maxillary ⇒ infraorbital n , zygomatic n ⇒ for middle level of the face , nasal

Left visual cortex sees right half of filed cavity , …

Primary visual cortex = BA 17 ICA surrounded by internal carotid plexus of sympathetic fibers

Optic tract to LGB gives synapse Pre ggl CN III ⇒ ciliary ggl ⇒ short ciliary n ⇒ ciliary m + sphincter pupillae m
Parasympathetic fibers for lacrimal gland (CN VII ) Flaccid = anterosuperiorly

Ciliary ggl provide parasympathetic for intraocular muscle Tympanic membrane = between 1st (CN V )and 2nd(VII) BA

Lacrimal nerve goes most laterally Malleolar prominence is come from lateral process

Frontal nerve goes intermediate Umbo is attachment of malleus to tympanic membrane

Pupil change amount of the light enters the eye Otitis media = inflammation of middle ear

Lens changes acuity of eye ( accommodation ) Great auricular nerve ⇐ cervical plexus
Pupil have a roll on depth of field
Auriculotemporal n ⇐ V3
Consensual reflex = response in non stimulated eye does not require visual
Auricular branch of vagus
cortex

Direct = response in stimulated eye Posterior auricular n ⇐ CN VII

Make converges movements , shape of lens need to change , thickening , very These are external ear nerve supply
narrow pupil ( for see near objects ) Mastoid antrum = posterosuperiorly
For thickening and thinning of eye bull ⇒ CN III pharyngotympanic tube = antero inferiorly

Corneal reflex = general sensation afferent fiber ( CN V ) effernet ( Tympanic cavity = narrow at middle

CN VII) Middle ear

● Lateral wall = membranous wall

Blinking ⇒ CN VII just, efferent limb only
● Medial wall= promontory ⇐ basal turn , oval window , round window ,
Accommodation convergness = afferent CN II , efferent III
prominence of facial nerve
Corneal light reflex = CN II afferent , efferent CN III ● Anterior wall= carotid wall , tympanic opening of pharyngotympanic

External acoustic meatus is S shaped tube , semicanal for tensor tympani m

⅓ cartilage ⅔ osseous ● Inferior = jugular wall

Tympanic membrane = concavity faces externally ● Superior = tegmental wall

● Posterior = mastoid wall aditus to mastoid antrum , pyramidal Mucose is supplied by glossopharyngeal n

eminence ( ⇐ stapedius m ) Osseous labyrinth = bone inside the bone = vestibule , cochlea ,

Muscles of auditory ossicle = tensor tympani ( CN V {V3}, stapedius m ( CN semicircular

VII Vestibule = saccule , utricle

Nerves inside the middle ear = chorda tympani Cochlea = modiolus , osseous spiral lamina , spiral canal of cochlea

Pharyngotympanic tube = proximal = ⅓ osseous , distal = ⅔ cartilaginous Labyrinthine is branch of AICA

Pterotympanic fissure is for chorda tympani External ear = sound localization , sound amplification ( 300 Hz - 3 kHZ)

Sigmoid sinus is located at the wall of mastoid process ( mastoid antrum ) Inner ear = mechanical energy changes to electric potential

and IJV is anteriorly located Scala vestibuli and tympani = perilymph

Scala media = endolymph ( corti’s organ )

Basilar membrane properties change on its length

High vibration at beginning , low vibration of the end

Levator veli palatini = elevate soft palate

Inner hair cells = 3500 cells
Mastoid antrum have mastoid air cells
Outer hair cell = 14000
Middle ear = tympanic cavity , pharyngotympanic tube , mastoid antrum ,
Inner hair cells = receptor
Tympanic plexus is formed by tympanic nerve which is branch of CN IX
Inner hairy cells ⇒ bipolar cells ⇒ cochlear nuclear
Lesser petrosal n is formed by tympanic plexus

Greater petrosal is formed by CN VII running to ovale

 Crossed and uncrossed pathway are for both ear then make synapse in Nucleus of trapezoid body , superior olivary nucleus , nucleus of lateral

inferior colliculus of tectum lemniscus are additional structures for localization and timing

Most fibers leaving cochlear nuclei cross in ⇒ trapezoid body ascend in Tonotopy is in the primary auditory cortex ( responds to different

⇒ lateral lemniscus and reach inferior colliculus then its project medial frequencies )

geniculate body ( of thalamus ) by brachium of inferior colliculus , then it Anterior part of cortex hears lower frequencies , posterior part hears higher

goes to acoustic radiation to primary auditory cortex , frequencies

Shape of concha allows it to reflect differently the sound waves depending

on the position of the sound

Stapedius reflex = for protection of inner ear ( loudness) afferent = CN VIII

,,, efferent = CN VII

Utricle and saccule = position and linear movement of the head

Macula in saccule and utricle

Semicircular = rotation of the head

Rotation of the head in any direction cause rotation of the eye in opposite

direction Afferent nerve = vestibular nerve ( CN VIII ) ,,,, efferent nerve = CN

III ,IV , VI

Among numerous types of ganglion cells there are:

P type cells – about 70% of ganglion cells – detection of properties

M type cells – about 10% of ganglion cells – movement detection

melanopsin containing ganglion cells – light-sensitive

axons of P-type cells form parvicellular pathway

axons of M-type cells form magnocellular pathway

visual cortex (geniculocalcarine pathway)

pretectum (for light reflex) -

hypothalamus (for circadian rhythms)

-superior colliculus of tectal plate (for movement reflexes)

Ossification of annular ligament = otosclerosis , limiting movements
magnocellular layers – receive input from M-type cells of both eyes parvocellular
⇒conductive deafness
layers – receive input from P-type cells of both eyes

fibers providing info about objects , picture of which is present in the macula -
TENSOR TYMPANI MUSCLE IS INNERVATED BY V3
reach posterior part of cortex
STAPEDIUS MUSCLE INNERVATED = VII

Levator veli palatini m ⇒ torus levatorius

CN IX ⇒ tympanic nerve ⇒ tympanic plexus ⇒ lesser petrosal n

CN VII → greater petrosal n

Internal ear = osseous labyrinth , internal acoustic meatus

Ophthalmic n ⇒ nasociliary n , frontal n , lacrimal

Maxillary ⇒ zygomatic , infraorbital n

Endolymph = membranous labyrinth
Perilymph = bony labyrinth Venous drainage = > ophthalmic v , pterygoid plexus

Sound transduction = conversion of mechanical energy of sound to electric Kiesselbach plexus ( superior labial a + greater palatine + sphenopalatine + ant

potential and post ethmoidal artery )

Ophthalmic n ⇒ anterior ethmoidal n

Maxillary n ⇒ posterior nasal branch and sphenopalatine n

Nerves reaching respiratory region => general sensation

Post ggl parasympathetic ⇒pterygopalatine ggl ( ggl of facial nerve)

Maxillary nerve = enters orbit through inferior orbital fissure

Infraorbital n , zygomatic n , entering pterygopalatine ggl

Nerve of pterygoid canal = greater petrosal nerve + deep petrosal nerve

Paranasal sinus = voice resonant , all sinuses are paired

Frontal and ethmoidal and maxillary sinus are open into middle nasal meatus

Paranasal sinus developed after birth

Bony part of nose is build by perpendicular plate and vomer ( posteriorly) Hard palate = bony palate ( maxillae and palatine bone ) covered by mucous
Sphenopalatine foramen is a communication to the pterygopalatine fossa membrane
Nasolacrimal canal opens into inferior nasal meatus Muscles in the soft palate = palatoglossus , palatopharyngeus + levator veli +
Cribriform plate = opens nasal cavity to anterior cranial fossa tensor veli + uvula muscle
Nasal concha = for warming the air and moisture and cleaning Nerve supplies hard palate ,= greater and lesser palatine nerve , they are from
Nasal vestibule is place that can find major alar cartilage pterygopalatine foramen
At the end of choana = nasopharyngeal duct All palate muscle are supplied by vagus n except tensor veli palatini which is
Ophthalmic a ⇒ anterior and posterior ethmoidal aa ( for nose ) supplied by mandibular n
Maxillary artery ⇒ sphenoethmoidal a Tensor tympani is supplied by mandibular n

Root of tongue occupied by lingual tonsil

Outside the teeth = oral vestibule

Filiform ( general sensation ) CN V

Taste buds = fungiform ( VII ) vallate ( CN IX ) foliate ( CN IX )

Mucose are supplied by V3

Post ggl para sym fibers GGL ⇒ CN VII root supplies by CN IX and CN X
Sublingual caruncle = opening for sublingual duct

Gineoglossus and geniohyoid and ant belly of digastric, mylohyoid , hyoglossus

make the floor of the oral cavity

Nerve to parotid gland = auriculotemporal n ( CN V ,V3 )

Child do not have premolar teeth

Levator muscle of larynx = stylopharyngeus + salpingopharyngeus

Parasympathetic ggl = ciliary , pterygopalatine , submandibular , otic

Extrinsic muscle = change position = styloglossus( superior and posterior Inferior cervical ggl + superior thoracic ggl = stellate ggl

movement ) , genioglossus( protrude anteriorly and pressed inferiorly ) , Post ggl do not need to build synapse

hyoglossus (depression and retrusion) To parotid gland = CN IX - tympanic n - tympanic plexus - lesser petrosal n - otic

Intrinsic = change the shape = vertical , transverse , superior and inferior ggl

longitudinal White communicating ramus reaches to sympathetic trunk

Lingual artery is branch of ECA White communicating ramus find only in C8-L2 spinal nerves

Sympathetic trunk located along the whole length of vertebra

If target is located at head, pre ggl fibers (C8-L2) synapse with post ggl fibers at

superior cervical ggl

Post ggl fibers form plexus around artery , then form separate branches or join Nasociliary n passes through common tendinous ring

any branch of cranial nerve Buccal glands are supplied by CN IX

Bodies of Pre ggl parasympathetic neurons in head are located in = • accessory Trigeminal ggl is located at middle cranial fossa

oculomotor nucleus (Westphal-Edinger nucleus) • superior salivatory nucleus • ACA supplies anterior part of precuneus

inferior salivatory nucleus • dorsal vagal nucleus Cartilage part of EAM is shorter than its bony part

Oculomotor n ⇒ contains motor fibers only + injury leads to mydriasis(dilated pupil)

Accessory oculomotor nucleus ⇒ ciliary ggl (CN III)
Carotid wall of tympanic cavity have auditory tube
Superior salivatory nucleus ⇒ pterygopalatine ggl ( CN VII)
Maxillary nerve is not part of infratemporal fossa
Superior salivatory nucleus ⇒ submandibular ggl (CN VII)
Maxillary artery + lateral pterygoid m + mandibular n + otic ggl are part of the infratemporal
Inferior salivatory nucleus ⇒ otic ggl ( CN IX )
fossa

Bilateral contraction of lateral pterygoid protracts mandible

Basilar artery supplies membranous labyrinth
Nasociliary n is pass through common tendinous ring
Posterior ethmoidal air cells opens into superior nasal meatus
Ophthalmic , maxillary nn convey sensory fibers to skin of eyelids
Anterior ethmoidal opens into middle nasal meatus
Anterior cranial fossa has no connection to pterygopalatine fossa
Nasolacrimal→ inferior nasal meatus
Orbit , oral cavity , nasal cavity , infratemporal fossa connects to pterygopalatine fossa
Frontal sinus → middle nasal meatus
Palatine tonsil located at the faucial isthmus
Maxillary sinus → hiatus semilunaris , middle nasal meatus
Posterior horn of LV does not contain choroid plexus
The otic ganglion is a small parasympathetic ganglion located immediately below the foramen ovale
CN VII , IX , XII supplies muscles originating from styloid process
in the infratemporal fossa and on the medial surface of the mandibular nerve
CN VII ⇒ pterygopalatine , submandibula ggl

CN IX⇒ otic ggl

CN III ⇒ ciliary ggl

CN X ⇒ dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

CN XII exit cranium between olive and pyramid ,

Vestibular nucleus not part of auditory pathway Amygdala = related to olfactory

Trapezoid body + cochlear nucleus + inferior colliculus + medial geniculate body = are part of Optic canal contains = ophthalmic artery and optic n and sympathetic fibers
auditory pathway Among the structures of lateral wall of third ventricle ⇒ medial surface of
Afferent limb of corneal reflex =V1 hypothalamus , hypothalamic sulcus , interventricular foramen , medial surface
Tensor tympani is supplied by = V3 mandibular
of thalamus ( there is no lamina terminalis )
The nerve leave dorsal surface of brainstem possesses the nucleus located in
Lamina terminalis belong to telencephalon
mesencephalon
Nerve of pterygoid canal = contains pre ggl parasympathetic
Posterior cerebral + middle cerebral aa supplies visual cortex
Fossa for lacrimal sac is bordered by maxillary and lacrimal bone
Primary motor cortex for lower limb is supplied by anterior cerebral artery
Lymph from tongue (apex) reaches to the submandibular lymph node
Cavernous sinus receives blood from = sphenoparietal sinus , superior ophthalmic v . inferior
Facial nerve palsy ( Bell’s palsy ) =inability to whistle , impaired tears production
cerebral vv , branch of inferior ophthalmic v
, accumulation of food between cheek and gingiva , dropped angle of mouth (
Straight sinus does not drains into cavernous sinus
parotid gland pain is related to glossopharyngeal I think )
Greater petrosal nerve does not located in tympanic cavity
Root of the tongue somatosensory ⇒ glossopharyngeal n
Stapedius m + tympanic plexus + tensor tympani m + chorda tympani are located in tympanic
Retrusion of mandible = temporalis m
cavity
Incisors and canines are the same for both deciduous and permanent

Auditory tube = equalize pressure in tympanic cavity to atmospheric pressure ,

cartilaginous part is longer than bony , its pharyngeal opening is controlled by

tensor veli palatini m , its bony part related to musculotubal canal , drains

mucous from tympanic cavity to pharynx

Afferent limb corneal blink = V1, Efferent = VII

Fontanelle = soft spot of new born baby ,
CN VI , IV, III abduct the eye
Pterygopalatine are connected to oral cavity via = greater palatine foramen

Spheno-ethmoidal recess contain sphenoidal sinus opening

Temporomandibular joint inflammation will most likely spread to lateral pterygoid

Right abducens nerve palsy =
muscle
IJV , stylohyoid m , stylopharyngeus m , styloglossus m , are part of

parapharyngeal space , ( ECA is not part of it )

Lateral pterygoid m has attachment to temporomandibular joint

Mandibular nerve branch which is both sensory and motor =inferior alveolar

Superior cervical ggl problem may leads ⇒miotic of pupil , slight drooping of
Borders of pyriform aperture = nasal and maxillary bone
upper eyelid , anhidrosis
Injury to right cuneus and right lingual gyrus ⇒ left hemianopsia
Zygomatic arch is made of = zygomatic bone and temporal bone
Superior petrosal sinus goes along attachment of tentorium cerebelli to petrous
Unilateral injury to CN IX⇒ during saying Aa uvula deviates to healthy side
part of temporal bone
Unilateral injury to CN VIII⇒ Presenting symptoms include vertigo, nystagmus,
Mandibular nerve enters infratemporal fossa
tinnitus, and sensorineural hearing loss.
Diplopia =double vision
Submandibular gland = pre ggl parasympathetic to it is present in chorda tympani
Pre ggl of sympathetic and parasympathetic and post ggl of parasympathetic
Otitis media =malleus , incus , stapes problem
release ACh
Iodopsin problem = color discrimination problem
Hierarchy of control from various levels ⇒ Limbic → hypothalamus → medulla →
Olfactory bulb contain progenitor cells
spinal cord → target organ
Infratemporal fossa contain ⇒ pterygoid plexus of veins , nerve to medial pterygoid ,

inferior alveolar artery , chorda tympani ( infratemporal fossa does not contain buccal

branch of facial nerve )

in this picture A can recognize high frequencies

CN VII= fungiform ( special sensation )

Vallate & Foliate = CN IX

Parasympathetic to submandibular ggl = CN VII

Spiral organ responsible for ionic concentration label D in this FIG
Parapharyngeal space = CNN = IX , X , XI , XII , IJV , ICA , stylopharyngeus ,
Retromandibular + posterior auricular = EJV
styloglossus , stylohyoid mm.
Zygomaticus major is chief muscle for smiling ( zygomaticus major + levator labii
Lateral pterygoid m attached to head of mandible
superioris[ lift the libs ] + levator anguli oris[ raise corners] + buccinator[ retract the
Inferior alveolar = comes from CN V (V3) = both sensory and motor
angle of the mouth ] + orbicularis oris { not direct} are smiling muscle
Superior cervical ggl paralysis → dropping of upper eyelid , revealed miotic pupil ,
External acoustic meatus is supplied by V3(mandibular) and CN VII
anhidrosis
Infratemporal fossa = maxillary ARTERY , medial and lateral pterygoid mm , otic ggl ,
Otitis media = inflammation to middle ear
mandibular nerve , chorda tympani , pterygoid plexus ( vein ) , maxillary vein ,

Pterygopalatine fossa = maxillary nerve , pterygopalatine ggl , maxillary artery ,

Retromandibular fossa = parotid gland , facial nerve , external carotid artery

CN II, ophthalmic a. Nerves for muscles originated from ring Nasociliary n ( ophthalmic

n.) these pass through common tendinous ring

Ophthalmic and maxillary nn supplies sensory fibers to both eyelids

Tensor tympani muscle = V3

Spatial frequency sensitivity provides an indication of a person's ability to perceive
Lacrimal gland = V1
visual information across the full visual spectrum, from fine to broad scale, and is
Corneal reflex = V1
measured with repetitive patterns of black-and-white bars.
Cranial expression = VII
Poor spatial sensitivity = neurological , genetic
Parotid gland = IX
Enlargement of ethmoidal sinus = enlarged pituitary gland , loss of vision
Baroreceptor in carotid sinus = IX
Posterior auricular + retromandibular vv = EJV
Root of the tongue is supplied by CN IX - X

CN V = filiform ( general sensation )

The superior cervical ganglion is damaged. When the pupil remains small in a inferior parathyroid gland and thymus. The fourth pouch develops into the

dimly lit room, it is an indication that postganglionic sympathetic fibers that superior parathyroid gland and ultimobranchial body of the thyroid

originate from the superior cervical ganglion and innervate the dilator pupillae

(radial muscles of the iris) are damaged. Other nerves contain no sympathetic CN VII , IX , XII supplies muscles originate from styloid process

fibers, but the oculomotor nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. Visceral sensory of CN VII , IX , X reaches solitary nucleus

Somatic sensory of CN VII , IX , X reaches trigeminal nucleus

. The masseter, anterior belly of the digastric, and tensor tympani muscles are

innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. The Post belly of digastric m = facial n

stylopharyngeus muscle is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve Ant belly of digastric m = mandibular n

Adenoid = enlargement of pharyngeal tonsil

The pupillary light reflex can be eliminated by cutting which of the following

nerves? Oculomotor, short ciliary, and optic nerves Superior and inferior alveolar artery are branches of maxillary

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius m = innervated by accessory nerve

Maxillary artery ⇒ buccal , superior labial

The lateral pterygoid muscle opens the mouth by depressing the jaw. The Facial artery ⇒ inferior labial , sub mental

masseter, medial pterygoid, and temporalis muscles close the jaw. The IJV⇒ facial , retromandibular

buccinator muscle is a muscle of facial expression Retromandibular v ⇒ maxillary v , superficial temporal

Inferior alveolar , superior alveolar , are branches of maxillary

The first pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the auditory tube and middle ear cavity,

The second pouch forms the palatine tonsils. The third pouch gives rise to the Facial nerve = leave brain = pontocerebellar angle

Facial nerve = leave skull = stylomastoid

Facial nerve leave cranium = IAM