HOA 4 (Summary) 2,000 y/o terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao

in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people.

I. PRE-HISTORIC
Commonly referred to by the Filipinos as the “Eighth Wonder of
• Tabon Cave - “Philippines’ Cradle of Civilization.” the World”. It is commonly thought that the terraces were built
Located at Lipuun Point, southwest of Palawan. It has with minimal equipment, largely by hand.
200 caverns and 138 hectare span of rugged cliffs and
II. PHILIPPINE CLASSICAL PERIOD
deep slopes.
• Cave – Earliest form of shelter of the Filipinos. • Mindanao Secular Architecture
• Found in these caves are the tabon man, believed to be o 3 TYPES OF MARANOA HOUSE
22,000-24,000 y/o, and the manunggul jar (burial jar ▪ LAWIG
made of clay with some sand soil) ▪ MALA-A-WALAI
• Pleistocene People – they are the earliest dwellers of the ▪ TOROGAN
caves in the Philippines • OKIR – decorations are generally to be found basically on
baseboards, windowsills and door jambs.
MAN-MADE DWELLINGS
• PANOLONG – beam ends decorated with okir designs
• Ephemeral Shelter
- The lean-to single pitched roof supported by rafters;
sometimes has a high elevated flooring
- Bamboo and Rattan are used as walls, roof, and floor
materials
- Grass, Nipa, Palm leaves, Banana leaves or Coconut
fronds are used for sheeting.
• Arboreal Shelter
- Houses that were elevated off the ground on posts
and had a steep roof. This type was appropriate for a
• Ivatan House
tropical environment characterized by heavy rainfall.
o SINADUMPARAN – has walls made of stones and
Banawe Rice Terraces lime mortar combined with the traditional roof of
wood and thatch
o RAKUH – living quarters (main house)
 o KUSINA – kitchen III. SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
o PAYA – wooden partitions above the stove
Characteristics:
o RAPUYAN – built-in stove (made of stone and
mortar) • Many structures were made from local materials such as
corals and volcanic rock
• Most churches that were built were designed by friars

Terminologies:

• Bahay na Bato (stone house) - typical house of noble

Filipinos
• Kapis/Capiz Shells – commonly used for windowpanes
in stone houses
• Cordillera Architecture • Intramuros – old walled city of Manila, oldest district and
historic core of the City of Manila
• Fort Santiago – a defense fortress established by Miguel
de Legazpi

Layouts:

• Bahay na Bato
o Followed the nipa hut’s arrangement such as
open ventilation and elevated apartments.
o Bale (or Fale): Ifugao House o Built using bricks and stones
o Halipan – a wooden ring attached to the tukud (stilts) o Usually with solid stone foundations or brick
and serves as rat-guards lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story
• Bahay Kubo with balustrades and kapis shell sliding
o Nipa Hut – often used for roofs windows, and a tiled roof
o Native house of the Philippines and is also Architects and Contributions:
considered as its national shelter
• SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH (Architect: Juan Macias)
 o Located in Intramuros, Manila • Volada – overhanging eaves of the second floor, .40-.60
o Materials used: adobe stones meters from the walls of lower ground
• CASA MANILA (Architect: Ramon Faustmann) • Zaguan - where carriage and saints’ floats are kept
o Located in Intramuros, Manila • Cuadra – horse stable
o Materials used: stones and wood • Bodega – storage room
Intramuros: • Entresuelo – mezzanine
• Patio – enclosed courtyard opens to sky
• Walled city in Manila • Caida – immediate room from the stairs (ante-sala)
• Defensive walls were constructed according to the order • Sala – living room
of the Governador-General Santiago de Vera • Comedor – dining room
• The outline of the defensive wall of Intramuros is irregular • Cocina – kitchen
in shape, following the contours of Manila Bay and the • Dispensa – pantry
curvature of the Pasig River • Banyo/Paliguan - bathroom
• An inner moat (foso) surrounds the perimeter of the wall, • Letrina – toilet
and an outer moat (contrafoso) surrounds the walls that
• Balcon – balcony
face the city.
• Cuatro/Dormitorio - bedroom
Arquitectura Mestiza: • Azotea – flat open terrace
• Aljibe – cistern for collecting water
• A half-bred structure made of wood on the upper floor
• Galleria – hallway for servants
and stone on the ground floor to make it earthquake
• Kristal – glass
resistant
• Hojas de Concha – capiz
• Spanish influence: Tiled roof, iron grills, and laticced
upper wall above the transom, grand stairway leading to IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
the upper floor
Characteristics:
• Two-storey Spanish Colonial house with the upper
floor overhanging the ground floor • During this period, the Americans constructed many
neoclassical buildings or particularly called as art
Terminologies
nouveoux buildings in manila
 • Some architectural styles of this period influenced the • Juan M. Arellano – a Filipino architect who built some of
Philippine architecture are the art deco style and stick famous buildings such as the metropolitan theater, post
style office building, legislative building, etc.
• Pablo Antonio – a pioneer of Philippine architecture and
Structures:
the designer of the facade of Far Eastern University
• Manila Metropolitan Theater: this theater endowed with • Juan Nakpil – one of the national artists and tapped as the
bronze sculptures depicting female performers, has dean of architects
stained glass mural mounted above the main audience
V. MODERN ERA
entrance and relief woodcarvings of the Philippine plants.
• Siliman Hall or Siliman University: oldest American In the modern period of the Filipino Architecture developed,
structure in the Philippines which is the Gov’t Planning and Constructing a mega structures
and complexes with methods like reclamation (the process of
Terminologies
converting desert, marshy, or submerged areas or other
• Neoclassical period – is a revival of the styles and spirit wasteland for cultivation, industrial, or other similar uses)
of classic antiquity inspired directly to classical period
Structures:
• Art Nouveoux – a style of decoration and architecture
characterized by particularly depiction of leaves and • Araneta Coliseum
flowers in flowing, sinous lines. o Known as The Big Dome, is an indoor multi-
• Art deco style – style that combines traditional craft purpose sports arena in Cubao area of Quezon
motifs, geometric shapes, and lavish ornamentation City
• Stick style – style used board strips on the outside walls o One of the largest coliseums and indoor facilities
to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame in Asia, and it is also known as one of the largest
clear span domes in the world
Architects:
• San Juanico Bridge
• Danielle Burnham – a city planner who was advised by o Part of the Pan-Philippine Highway and stretches
Governor Howard Taft to rebuild and modernized the from Samar to Leyte across the San Juanico Strait
Manila o Its longest length is a steel girder viaduct built
on reinforced concrete piers, and its main span
is of an arch-shaped truss design
 • Philippine Arena ▪ Far Eastern University Administration and
o A multi-purpose indoor arena being constructed Science buildings
at Ciudad de Victoria, a 75-hectare tourism ▪ Manila Polo Club
enterprise zone in Bocaue and Santa Maria, • Leandro Locsin 1990
Bulacan o Reshaped the urban landscape with a distinctive
o Initial design is inspired by the Narra tree. Roof architecture reflective of the Philippine Art and
was inspired by that of a Nipa Hut Culture
o The seating of the arena closely resembles the o Believes that Philippine architecture is the
Greek Ampitheater, built in a semi-circle with the product of two great streams of culture, the
seats at the sides and front of the arena stage oriental and the occidental... to produce a new
object of profound harmony.
o His buildings are themes of floating volume, the
duality of light and heavy, buoyant and massive
running in his major works
o Major Works:
VI. NATIONAL ARTISTS
▪ The Cultural Center of the Philippines
• Pablo Antonio 1976 ▪ Philippine International Convention
o Pioneered modern architecture Center
o Design is more on simplicity, no clutter. For him, • Juan F. Nakpil 1973
function comes first before elegance or form o Believes that there is such a thing as Philippine
o Maximizes the uses of natural light and cross architecture and that is espousing architecture
ventilation reflectively to the Philippine traditions and culture
o Believes that building should be planned with o Integrates strength, function, and beauty in his
austerity in mind and its stability forever as the buildings that are now the country’s heritage
aim of true architecture, that buildings must be today
progressive without resorting to an applied set o Rebuilt and enlarge the Quiapo church in 1930
of aesthetics and should eternally recreate by adding a second dome
truth o Major Works:
o Major works: ▪ Rizal Shrine
▪ Philippine Village Hotel
 • Idelfonso P. Santos, Jr. 2006 • St. La Salle Hall, St. La Salle university 1921
o Pioneering landscape architecture • Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar University
o Made his first mark in Makati, and introduced • Philippine General Hospital Nurse Hospital Nurse
a new concept of outdoor shopping with Home
landscaped walks, fountains and sculptures • Manila Post Office
as accents o Altough it was Don Tomas Mapua that
o Produced hundreds of parks, plazas, gardens designed the building, it was Don Enrique
o Major Works: Yuchengco who built it.
▪ Tagaytay Highland Resort, • Mapua Insititute of Technology 1925.
▪ Mt. Malarayat Gold and Country Club
in Lipa, Batangas, and the
▪ Orchard Gold and Country Club in
Imus, Cavite

• VII.TOMAS MAPUA

Bibliography

• Born in Manila to Juan Mapua and Justina

Baustista
• Moved to US in 1903 to pursue high school and
college education
• Studied Architecture in Cornell University in
Ithaca, New York
• 1st registered/licensed Filipino Architect
• Founded the oldest architectural school in the
country in 1925 and became its first president

Notable Works