UNIT V APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

Complete Design of Embedded Systems – Development of IoT Applications – Home

Automation –Smart Agriculture – Smart Cities – Smart Healthcare.

What is an Embedded System Design?

Definition: A system designed with the embedding of hardware and software together for a
specific function with a larger area is embedded system design. In embedded system design, a
microcontroller plays a vital role.

Micro-controller is based on Harvard architecture; it is an important component of an embedded

system. External processor, internal memory and i/o components are interfaced with the
microcontroller. It occupies less area, less power consumption. The application of
microcontrollers is MP3, washing machines.

Embedded Design

Types of Embedded Systems

• Stand-Alone Embedded System

• Real-Time Embedded System
• Networked Appliances
• Mobile devices
Elements of Embedded Systems

• Processor
• Microprocessor
• Microcontroller
• Digital signal processor.
Steps in the Embedded System Design Process

The different steps in the embedded system design flow/flow diagram include the following.
Embedded design – process – steps

Abstraction

In this stage the problem related to the system is abstracted.

Hardware – Software Architecture

Proper knowledge of hardware and software to be known before starting any design process.

Extra Functional Properties

Extra functions to be implemented are to be understood completely from the main design.
System Related Family of Design

When designing a system, one should refer to a previous system-related family of design.

Modular Design

Separate module designs must be made so that they can be used later on when required.

Mapping

Based on software mapping is done. For example, data flow and program flow are mapped into
one.

User Interface Design

In user interface design it depends on user requirements, environment analysis and function of
the system. For example, on a mobile phone if we want to reduce the power consumption of
mobile phones we take care of other parameters, so that power consumption can be reduced.

Refinement

Every component and module must be refined appropriately so that the software team can
understand.

Architectural description language is used to describe the software design.

• Control Hierarchy
• Partition of structure
• Data structure and hierarchy
• Software Procedure.
Embedded System Design Software Development Process Activities

There are various design metric required to design any system to function properly, they are

Design Metrics / Design Parameters of an

Embedded System
Function

Power Dissipation Always maintained low

Performance Should be high

 The process/task should be completed
Process Deadlines within a specified time.

Manufacturing Cost Should be maintained.

It is the cost for the edit-test-debug of

Engineering Cost hardware and software.

Size is defined in terms of memory

RAM/ROM/Flash Memory/Physical
Size Memory.

It is the total time taken for

Prototype
developing a system and testing it.

System safety should be taken like

phone locking, user safety like engine
break down safety measure must be
Safety taken

Proper maintenance of the system

must be taken, in order to avoid
Maintenance system failure.

It is the time taken for the

product/system developed to be
Time to market launched into the market.

Embedded Software Development Process Activities

Embedded software development process activities mainly include the following.

Specifications

Proper specifications are to be made so that the customer who uses the product can go through
the specification of the product and use it without any confusion. Designers mainly focus on
specifications like hardware, design constraints, life cycle period, resultant system behavior.

Architecture

Hardware and Software architecture layers are specified.

Components

In this layer, components design is done. Components like single process processor, memories-
RAM/ROM, peripheral devices, buses..etc.

System Integration

In this layer, all the components are integrated into the system and tested whether its meeting
designers, expectations.

Challenges in Embedded System Design

While designing any embedded system, designers face lots of challenges like as follows,

• Environment adaptability
• Power consumption
• Area occupied
• Packaging and integration
• Updating in hardware and software
• Security
• There are various challenges the designers face while testing the design like Embedded
hardware testing, Verification stage, Validation Maintainability.
Embedded System Design Examples

• Automatic chocolate vending machine (ACVM)

• Digital camera
• Smart card
• Mobile phone
• Mobile computer..etc.

Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine (ACVM)

The design function of ACVM is to provide chocolate to the child whenever the child inserts a
coin into ACVM.

Design Steps

The design steps mainly include the following.

1. Requirements
2. Specifications
3. Hardware and software functioning.
Requirements

When a child inserts a coin into the machine and selects the particular chocolate that he wants to
purchase.

Inputs

• Coins, user selection.

• An interrupt is generated at each port whenever a coin is inserted.
• A separate notification is sent to each port.
Outputs

• Chocolate
• Refund
• A message is displayed on LCD like date, time, welcome message.
System Function

• Using a graphical user interface, the child commands to the system which chocolate the child
wants to purchase.
• Where the graphical user interface has an LCD, keypad, touch screen.
• The machine delivers the chocolate when the child inserts the coin if the coins inserted are
excess than the actual cost of selected chocolate. The ACVM machine refunds the money
back.
• Using a Universal synchronous bus, the owner of the ACVM can keep track of client location.
Design Metrics

Power Dissipation
The design should be made as per display size and mechanical components.

Process Deadline
Timmer must be set, so that whenever the child inserts the coin the ACVM must respond within
few seconds in delivering the chocolates and refunding if excess.
For example, if the response time is 10seconds, the ACVM should deliver the chocolate and
refund the money if excess within 10 seconds as soon as the child inserts the coin and place a
request for chocolate.

Specifications

From the below ACVM system, when the child inserts the coin. The coins get segregated
according to the ports presented, Port1, Port2, Port5. On receiving coin an interrupt is generated
by the port, this interrupt is sent to reading the amount value and increasing.
Automatic – chocolate – vending – machine

An LCD present here displays the messages like cost, time, welcome..etc. A port delivery exists
where the chocolates are collected.

Hardware

ACVM hardware architecture has the following hardware specifications

• Microcontroller 8051
• 64 KB RAM and 8MB ROM
• 64 KB Flash memory
• Keypad
• Mechanical coin sorter
• Chocolate channel
• Coin channel
• USB wireless modem
• Power supply
 Software of ACVM

Many programs have to be written so that they can be reprogrammed when required in RAM
/ROM like,

hardware-
architecture-block-diagram-of-active

• Increase in chocolate price

• Updating messages to be displayed in LCD
• Change in features of the machine.
 Development of IoT Applications
What is an IoT application?

IoT applications enable the exchange of information between interconnected devices through the
internet, without any human intervention involved. These cloud-based software as a service
(SaaS) apps serve as a bridge between IoT devices and the internet, facilitating the gathering,
analysis, and interpretation of data generated by the hardware.

Key Steps Involved in IoT App Development

Engineering apps for IoT devices is called IoT application development, or machine-to-machine
(M2M) application development.

Steps in IoT app development:

01 Choosing an IoT platform

This depends upon the target audience of your IoT software and devices. These platforms offer
APIs which allow app developers to interface with the hardware. Some examples of IoT
platforms are IBM’s Watson IoT, AWS IoT, and Cisco IoT Cloud Connect.
02 Selecting the hardware

This step necessitates selecting the hardware which will form the backbone of your IoT system.
You’ll have to choose the embedded sensors, actuators, processors, and transceivers.

03 Factoring in scalability

You need to ensure that the IoT apps you engineer scale automatically with the number of users
upon deployment. Scalability can be auto-accomplished by building your IoT apps on a cloud
platform like Zoho Creator, which scales automatically.

04 Engineering low latency

The hardware and software of your IoT network should function at low latency, to offer optimal
responsiveness and performance. High-speed connections are of the essence here.

05 Ensuring app security

As information processed over IoT networks is highly confidential and sent and accessed
through the public internet, security is a crucial factor. IoT apps need to be developed with
adherence to stringent security standards and protocols.

IoT application development is best accomplished when a cloud app development platform like
Zoho Creator is harnessed. This is because the cloud platform abstracts away the hardware
infrastructure, scalability, latency, and security from the developers.

Advantages of IoT apps

IoT apps come with several advantages—prominent among them are:

Universal communication

IoT apps enable seamless communication between people, processes, and a wide varieties of
things which can connect and exchange data over the internet.
Access your information anywhere, at any time

IoT apps enable you to remotely access the information of your IoT devices whenever you need,
as they’re connected via the cloud.

Augmented automation

The industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)—the application of IoT in industrial settings—plays a

major part here. Through constant monitoring of devices, IoT apps provide insights which help
in increasing the automation of business processes, subsequently leading to a reduction in
manual effort involved in monitoring devices and hardware.

Rapid feedback

IoT apps and systems enable rapid fabrication and optimization of new products, due to the
continuous feedback received from their devices. This allows manufacturers to provide
immediate responses to constantly changing product demand.

Applications of IoT software

Software developed for the Internet of Things have wide applications across a multitude of
industries. IoT apps can be deployed in sectors such as:
 Government

Governments can deploy IoT apps in energy and resource networks, like power and water
supplies. The feedback provided by deployed IoT apps can assist in quickly resolving any
service outages.

Supply chain and logistics industry

IoT apps can be of immense use in ensuring supply chain efficiency and logistics sustainability.
Telematics provided by IoT apps can aid in the tracking of vehicles, and carrier routing can be
accomplished by IoT sensors. Warehouses fitted with IoT sensors can also aid in monitoring
storage conditions.

Healthcare

This is a major industry benefited by IoT apps. Wearable smart IoT devices can assist people
with monitoring their vital statistics, and healthcare professionals can assess the data gathered by
wearables to ensure the well-being of their patients.

Automotive industry

IoT devices can help in streamlining the manufacturing processes in automotive factories. IoT
sensors can assist in foreseeing and preempting spare part failure, in real time, in vehicles. Self-
driving technology in cars is also enhanced by IoT feedback.

What are the Significant Features of an IoT Application?

• Dashboard - This feature of the IoT system helps present some significant data, like your
apartment's temperature or the availability of parking spaces.
• User Account - Personalization is vital, so if you opt for custom app development (mobile or
web apps), you can tailor the IoT systems according to your goals and preferences.
• Notifications - This IoT app development feature helps provide the relevant info to the users
keeping them up to date.
• Onboarding - It helps users get familiar with the app’s user interface (UI) and important
functionalities through a series of interactive displays.
• Safety - It helps IoT solutions to be secure need as they're warehouses of a lot of sensitive
information.
• Customization - By creating device lists, templates, bookmarks, and templates, you can
customize multiple things and personalize them while.
 Home Automation
Home automation is a technology that lets users create and trigger automatic functions for home
devices. That may be through schedules, rules, or scenes. With scheduled automations, for
example, you can make lights turn on at a certain time.

Home Automation Using Arduino and Bluetooth Control

An advanced home automation project with Arduino Uno and Bluetooth sensor to control it,
anytime from anywhere.

Components and supplies

PIR Motion Sensor (generic)

HC-05 Bluetooth Module

LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTER)

LED (generic)

Arduino UNO

Temperature Sensor
Relay (generic)

Jumper wires (generic)

Apps and platforms

Arduino IDE
Windows 10

Procedure

An Arduino UNO will control devices and reads sensor data. The figure "Room Architecture"
depicts how the Arduino UNO will connects with the devices and sensors. Room have multiple
controllable devices(i.e. Light(s), Fan, Wall Socket(s), etc.), one PassiveIR (to detect human
presence in the room), one temperature sensor (LM35 to collect room temperature) and LDR
(to detect light intensity near room window).

Configuration of Different Sensors

Servo Motors

Servo motors are geared DC motors with the closed-loop circuitry incorporated within them.
The basic configuration of a servo motor composed of a DC motor, gearbox, potentiometer and
control circuit.

DC motor is used to move a gearbox with a large reduction ratio. The final shaft imposes a
force on the external load and simultaneously acts on the axis of the feedback potentiometer.
So, the potentiometer senses the position of the axis and sends a corresponding voltage to an
operational amplifier. This voltage compared to the input voltage, that determines the desired
position of the shaft, producing a voltage in the output of the comparator. This voltage powers
the motor such that the shaft moves in the necessary direction to align with the angle that
corresponds to the voltage applied to the input.
 Servo motor configuration

LM35

A precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in oC). The
sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other processes.

LM35 Configuration

PIR

The pin configuration of the PIR sensor is shown in the figure. PIR sensor consists of three
pins, ground, signal, and power at the side or bottom. Generally, the PIR sensor power is up to
5V, but, the large size PIR modules operate a relay instead of direct output.

PIR Configuration
HC-05 (Bluetooth)

To make a link between your Arduino and bluetooth, do the following: 1) Go to the bluetooth
icon, right click and select Add a Device 2) Search for new device, Our bluetooth module will
appear as HC-05, and add it 3) The pairing code will be 1234. 4)after make a pairing, we can
now program the arduino and upload a sketch to send or receive data from Computer.

HC-05 Configuration
Program:

float x,y; //TEMP

int ledPin= 13;
int duration, distance; //ULTRA

#include<Servo.h> //servo
0Servo my; //servo

char val; //bluetooth

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(2,INPUT); //IR GATE FIRST
pinMode(3,INPUT);
my.attach(11); //servo

pinMode(4, OUTPUT); //IR GATE FIRST

pinMode(7,OUTPUT); //TEM
pinMode(8,INPUT); //pir 1
pinMode(9,OUTPUT); //LED 1
// pinMode(10,INPUT); //pir 2
//pinMode(11,OUTPUT); //LED2
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); //12 PIN ULTRA
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); //10 PIN ULTRA
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); //13 PIN ULTR
pinMode(3,OUTPUT); //bluetooth
}
void loop() {
x=analogRead(0); //TEMP
y=((x/1024)*5)*100;
Serial.println(y);
delay(500);

if(y>44)
{
digitalWrite(7,1);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(7,0);
delay(500);
}
//TEMP
if(digitalRead(8)==HIGH) //pir
{
digitalWrite(9,HIGH);
}
else
{ digitalWrite(9,LOW);}
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); //ULTRA
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
 if (distance >= 10 || distance <= 0)
{

digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW);
}
else
{
Serial.println("object detected \
83");
Serial.print("distance= ");

Serial.print(distance);
digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH);
} //ULTRA
if(digitalRead(2)==HIGH) //gate first
{
my.write(0); //servo

}
else
{
my.write(90); //servo
}

analogRead(5); //ldr
float a = analogRead(5);
Serial.println(a);

if (a <=200) {

digitalWrite(4,1);
Serial.println("LDR is DARK, LED is ON");

}
else {

digitalWrite(4,0);
Serial.println("-----");

} //ldr

if (Serial.available()) //bluetooth
{
val = Serial.read();
Serial.println(val);

if(val == 'TV')
digitalWrite(3,HIGH);
 else if(val == 'tv')
digitalWrite(3,LOW);

} //bluetooth

Output:
 Smart Agriculture
The term smart agriculture refers to the usage of technologies like Internet of Things, sensors,
location systems, robots and artificial intelligence on your farm. The ultimate goal is increasing
the quality and quantity of the crops while optimizing the human labor used.

Smart agriculture, also known as precision farming or smart farming, utilizes technology like the
Internet of Things (IoT), sensors, robots, and AI to optimize agricultural operations. This
approach aims to improve crop quality and yield, minimize resource use, and reduce
environmental impact. It's a key strategy for addressing challenges like food security and
sustainable agriculture.

Key aspects of smart agriculture:

• Data Collection and Analysis:

Sensors, drones, and satellites gather data on soil conditions, weather, crop health, and
more. This data is then analyzed to optimize planting, irrigation, fertilization, and other
practices.
• Automation and Robotics:
Robots and automated systems can perform tasks like planting, weeding, harvesting, and
spraying, reducing labor requirements and increasing efficiency.
• Resource Optimization:
Smart irrigation systems, for example, use sensors to monitor soil moisture and deliver water
only when and where it's needed, minimizing water waste.
• Improved Efficiency:
By optimizing resource use and automating tasks, smart agriculture can lead to higher crop
yields, reduced production costs, and increased profitability.
• Enhanced Sustainability:
Smart agriculture practices promote sustainable farming by minimizing the environmental
impact of agriculture, such as reducing water consumption, fertilizer use, and greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Climate-Smart Agriculture:
Smart agriculture plays a crucial role in adapting to and mitigating climate change by
improving water management, reducing emissions, and promoting resilient farming practices.
Examples of technologies used in smart agriculture:
• IoT Sensors:
 These sensors gather data on various parameters like soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and
nutrient levels.
• Drones:
Drones equipped with cameras and sensors can monitor crops, assess their health, and identify
areas that need attention.
• Robotics:
Robots can be used for a variety of tasks, including planting, weeding, harvesting, and
spraying.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI):
AI algorithms can analyze data, predict crop yields, and optimize farming practices.
• Satellite Imagery:
Satellite imagery provides a wide-area view of crops and can be used to monitor their growth
and identify areas that need attention.

Components Required for the Automatic Irrigation System

The project requires very few components and the connection is also very simple. The
components are listed below:

• Arduino * 1
• moisture sensor * 1
• 5v relay module * 1
• 6v Mini water pump with small pipe * 1
• Connecting wires
• 5v battery * 1
Circuit Diagram of the Arduino Automatic irrigation system
The complete circuit diagram for the Arduino Automatic irrigation system is shown below:

The Arduino UNO is the brain of this whole project. It controls the motor pump according to
the moisture in the soil which is given by the moisture sensor.

To power the circuit, I am using an external Battery. You can use any 9v or 12-volt battery. The
battery is connected to the Vin and ground pins of Arduino and we can also connect the motor to
this battery via a relay. Moisture sensor output is connected to the analog pin of Arduino.

Program:

int water; //random variable

void setup() {

pinMode(3,OUTPUT); //output pin for relay board, this will sent signal to the relay

pinMode(6,INPUT); //input pin coming from soil sensor

}
void loop() {

water = digitalRead(6); // reading the coming signal from the soil sensor

if(water == HIGH) // if water level is full then cut the relay

digitalWrite(3,LOW); // low is to cut the relay

else

digitalWrite(3,HIGH); //high to continue proving signal and water supply

delay(400);

}
 Smart Cities
A smart city is an urban area that utilizes digital technologies and data analysis to improve
infrastructure, enhance citizen services, and promote sustainability.

Key Aspects of Smart Cities:

• Data-Driven Decisions:
Smart cities leverage data from various sources (sensors, cameras, citizen interactions) to make
informed decisions about infrastructure, resource management, and public services.
• Improved Infrastructure:
This includes smart transportation systems (e.g., optimized traffic flow, public transit),
efficient water and waste management, and energy-efficient building technologies.
• Enhanced Citizen Services:
Smart cities offer better access to government services, information, and utilities through
online platforms and mobile applications.
• Sustainability and Environmental Protection:
Smart cities focus on reducing pollution, improving energy efficiency, and managing resources
sustainably.
• Increased Efficiency:
Smart technologies can streamline operations, reduce costs, and improve the overall efficiency
of city services.
• Economic Development:
Smart city initiatives can attract investment, create jobs, and stimulate economic growth.
Examples of Smart City Technologies:

• Internet of Things (IoT):

Sensors and devices monitor various aspects of the city, such as traffic flow, air quality, and
energy consumption.
• Big Data Analytics:
Analyzing large datasets to identify trends, predict needs, and optimize services.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI):
AI algorithms can be used for traffic management, waste collection, and even crime
prevention.
• Smart Lighting:
Automated streetlights that adjust brightness based on traffic and pedestrian activity.
• Mobile Apps:
Providing citizens with access to information, public transportation schedules, and other city
services.
Benefits of Smart Cities:
• Improved Quality of Life: Enhanced services, better infrastructure, and a more
sustainable environment.
• Increased Efficiency: Optimized resource management, reduced costs, and streamlined
operations.
• Economic Growth: Attracting investment, creating jobs, and fostering innovation.
• Reduced Environmental Impact: Sustainable practices, reduced pollution, and improved
energy efficiency.

Procedure:

Project Used Hardware

• Arduino UNO,

• Jumper Wires,

• Servo Motor,

• Ultrasonic Sensor

Project Used Software

• Arduino IDE

Project Hardware Software Selection

Arduino UNO: As you know that Arduino is a microcontroller-based open source electronic
prototyping board that can be programmed with an easy-to-use Arduino IDE. The UNO is one of
the most popular boards in Arduino family and a great choice for beginners.

Ultrasonic Sensor: These are the sensor that use ultrasonic waves to detect objects or to measure
the distance between themselves and the object
Servo Motor: This is an electrical device that can push or pull and also rotate an object with great
precision. if you want to rotate an object at some specific angles or distance, then you use servo
motor. It is made up of a simple motor that runs through a servo mechanism. We can get a very
high torque servo motor in a small and light weight packages.

Block Diagram
The working of this Arduino smart dustbin is very simple. The ultrasonic sensor acts as the input
and the servo motor acts as the output, the Arduino UNO microcontroller is the main brain
behind the project. The block diagram for Arduino smart dustbin is shown below

The Arduino microcontroller constantly monitors the values from the ultrasonic sensor which is
placed outside the dustbin. When a person comes near the dustbin the values from the sensor
change, this change is noticed by the microcontroller, and it then turns the servo motor to open
the dustbin. After some time the controller turns the servo again in the opposite direction to close
the dustbin, then the whole process is repeated again.

Circuit Diagram
The image below shows the Arduino circuit diagram for building a smart bin. As you can see it
is very simple, it just has an ultrasonic sensor and a servo motor connected to the Arduino UNO,
and the whole setup is powered by a 9V battery.
 1. Preparation:
• Download and Install the Arduino IDE: If you haven't already, download and install the Arduino
IDE from the official Arduino website.
• Connect your Arduino board: Connect your Arduino board to your computer using a USB cable.
• Install drivers (if needed): In some cases, you may need to install the appropriate drivers for your
Arduino board to be recognized by your computer.
2. Setting up the Arduino IDE:

• Open the Arduino IDE: Launch the Arduino IDE application.

• Select your board: In the "Tools" menu, select your Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno).
• Select the port: Also in the "Tools" menu, select the COM port that your Arduino board is
connected to.
3. Uploading the program:

• Verify your code:

Make sure your code is written correctly and save it as a sketch file (usually with a .ino
extension).
• Click the "Upload" button:
Click the upload button (the arrow pointing right) in the Arduino IDE to start the upload
process.
Arduino Code:
Program:

#include <Servo.h>
const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 8;
const int servoPin = 3;
Servo lidServo;

long duration;
int distance;

void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
lidServo.attach(servoPin);
lidServo.write(0); // Lid closed position
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
// Trigger the ultrasonic sensor
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

// Read the echo time

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// Calculate distance (cm)

distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);

// If hand is close (within 20 cm), open lid

if (distance < 20) {
lidServo.write(90); // Open lid
delay(3000); // Wait 3 seconds
lidServo.write(0); // Close lid
}

delay(500); // Wait before next check

}
 Smart Healthcare
Smart healthcare involves using digital technologies like AI, IoT, and big data to improve the
quality, efficiency, and accessibility of healthcare services. It aims to connect patients, healthcare
providers, and data to enable more proactive, personalized, and informed care.

Key aspects of smart healthcare include:

• Data-driven insights:
Utilizing data analytics to identify trends, predict outcomes, and personalize treatment plans.
• Remote monitoring:
Employing wearable devices and IoT sensors to continuously track patient health data from
remote locations.
• AI-powered tools:
Leveraging AI algorithms to assist in diagnosis, treatment planning, and drug discovery.
• Improved access:
Enhancing access to healthcare services, particularly for underserved populations, through
telehealth and mobile applications.
• Patient-centered care:
Focusing on the patient's individual needs and preferences to provide more tailored and
proactive care.
• Streamlined operations:
Optimizing hospital workflows, reducing administrative burdens, and improving resource
allocation.
• Enhanced safety and security:
Implementing robust cyber security measures to protect patient data and ensure the reliability
of healthcare systems.
Examples of smart healthcare applications:

• Wearable devices:
Tracking vital signs, activity levels, and sleep patterns to monitor patient health.
• Smart pills:
Incorporating sensors to monitor medication adherence and track physiological data.
• AI-powered diagnostic tools:
Assisting in the early detection of diseases by analyzing medical images or patient data.
• Telehealth platforms:
Providing remote consultations and monitoring for patients in need.
• Robotic surgery systems:
Enabling surgeons to perform complex procedures with greater precision and efficiency.
Benefits of smart healthcare:

• Improved patient outcomes:

Early detection of diseases, personalized treatment plans, and proactive care can lead to better
health outcomes.
• Reduced healthcare costs:
Remote monitoring, streamlined operations, and preventative care can reduce the need for
expensive hospitalizations and treatments.
• Increased efficiency:
Automated tasks, data-driven insights, and improved workflows can lead to more efficient
healthcare delivery.
• Enhanced accessibility:
Telehealth and mobile applications can improve access to healthcare for patients in rural or
underserved areas.
• More patient-centered care:
Personalized treatment plans, proactive monitoring, and improved communication can lead to a
more positive patient experience.

Project:

Heartbeat Sensor is an electronic device that is used to measure the heart rate i.e. speed of the
heartbeat. Monitoring body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure are the basic things that
we do in order to keep us healthy.

Heart Rate can be monitored in two ways: one way is to manually check the pulse either at wrists
or neck and the other way is to use a Heartbeat Sensor.

Step 1: Components Required:

• Arduino UNO

• 16 x 2 LCD Display

• 10KΩ Potentiometer

• 330Ω Resistor (Optional – for LCD backlight)

• Push Button

• Heartbeat Sensor Module with Probe (finger-based)

• Mini Breadboard

• Connecting Wires
Step 2: Circuit Diagram:
The circuit design of the Arduino based Heart rate monitor system using the Heartbeat Sensor is
very simple. First, in order to display the heartbeat readings in bpm, we have to connect a 16×2
LCD Display to the Arduino UNO.

The 4 data pins of the LCD Module (D4, D5, D6 and D7) are connected to Pins 1, 1, 1 and 1 of
the Arduino UNO. Also, a 10KΩ Potentiometer is connected to Pin 3 of LCD (contrast adjust
pin). The RS and E (Pins 3 and 5) of the LCD are connected to Pins 1 and 1 of the Arduino
UNO. Next, connect the output of the Heartbeat Sensor Module to the Analog Input Pin (Pin 1)
of Arduino.

Pulse Sensor Pinout

The sensor comes with a 24″ flat ribbon cable with three male header connectors. The pinout is
shown in the figure below.

S (Signal) is the signal output. Connects to analog input of an Arduino.

+ (VCC) is the VCC pin. Connects to 3.3 or 5V.

– (GND) is the Ground pin.

Wiring a Pulse Sensor to an Arduino

Connecting the Pulse Sensor to an Arduino is a breeze. You only need to connect three wires:
two for power and one for reading the sensor value.

The module can be supplied with either 3.3V or 5V. Positive voltage is connected to ‘+,’ while
ground is connected to ‘-.’ The third ‘S’ wire is the analog signal output from the sensor, which
will be connected to the Arduino’s A0 analog input.

The following is the wiring diagram for the Pulse Sensor experiments:

Library Installation

To run the following sketches, you must first install the ‘PulseSensor Playground’ library.

To install the library, navigate to Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries… Wait for the
Library Manager to download the libraries index and update the list of installed libraries.

Filter your search by entering ‘pulsesensor’.There should only be a single entry. Click on that
and then choose Install.
Pulse Sensor Example Sketches

The Pulse Sensor library includes several example sketches. We’ll go over a few of them here,
but you can also experiment with the others.

To access the example sketches, navigate to File > Examples > Pulse Sensor Playground.

You will see a selection of example sketches. You can choose any of them to load the sketch into
your IDE. Let’s start off with the GettingStartedProject.

The Arduino’s onboard LED blink in time with your heartbeat!

int const PULSE_SENSOR_PIN = 0; // 'S' Signal pin connected to A0

int Signal;
int Threshold = 550;
void setup() {
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); }
void loop() {
Signal = analogRead(PULSE_SENSOR_PIN);
Serial.println(Signal);

if(Signal > Threshold){

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN,HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN,LOW); }
delay(10);
}