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Reading Test
65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS

Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

DIRECTIONS

Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions.

After reading each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question
based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any
accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph).

Questions 1-10 are based on the

Akira was waiting in the entry. He was in his
following passage.
early twenties, slim and serious, wearing
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................

This passage is from Lydia Minatoya, The the black

Strangeness of Beauty. ©1999 by Lydia 25 military-style uniform of a student.
Minatoya. The setting is Japan in 1920. Chie As he bowed—his hands hanging
and her daughter Naomi are members of the straight down, a
House of Fuji, a noble family. black cap in one, a yellow oil-paper umbrella
in the other—Chie glanced beyond him. In
Akira came directly, breaking all tradition. the glistening surface of the courtyard’s
Was that it? Had he followed form—had rain-drenched paving
he asked his mother to speak to his 30 stones, she saw his reflection like a dark
father to approach a double. “Madame,” said Akira, “forgive
Line go-between—would Chie have been more my disruption,
receptive? but I come with a matter of urgency.”
His voice was soft, refined. He straightened and
5 He came on a winter’s eve. He pounded stole a deferential peek at her face.
on the door while a cold rain beat on the
35 In the dim light his eyes shone with
shuttered veranda, so at first Chie thought sincerity. Chie felt herself starting to
him only the wind. The maid knew better. like him.
Chie heard her soft scuttling footsteps, the
“Come inside, get out of this nasty night. Surely
creak of the door. Then the maid brought your business can wait for a moment or two.”
a
10 calling card to the drawing room, for Chie. “I don’t want to trouble you. Normally I would
Chie was reluctant to go to her guest; 40 approach you more properly but I’ve received
perhaps she was feeling too cozy. She and word of a position. I’ve an opportunity to go to
Naomi were reading at a low table set atop America, as dentist for Seattle’s Japanese
a charcoal brazier. A thick quilt spread over community.”
the sides of the table so their legs were “Congratulations,” Chie said with
15 tucked inside with the heat. amusement. “That is an opportunity, I’m
“Who is it at this hour, in this weather?” sure. But how am I
Chie questioned as she picked the name 45 involved?”
card off the maid’s lacquer tray. Even noting Naomi’s breathless reaction to
“Shinoda, Akira. Kobe Dental College,” she the name card, Chie had no idea. Akira’s
read. message,
delivered like a formal speech, filled her with
20 Naomi recognized the name. Chie heard maternal amusement. You know how children speak
a soft intake of air.
50 so earnestly, so hurriedly, so endearingly
“I think you should go,” said Naomi. about things that have no importance in an
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adult’s mind? That’s how she
viewed him, as a child.

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It was how she viewed Naomi. Even

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though Naomi was eighteen and training 1
endlessly in the arts Which choice best describes what happens
55 needed to make a good marriage, Chie had in the passage?
made no effort to find her a husband.
Akira blushed. A) One character argues with another
“Depending on your response, I may stay character who intrudes on her
in Japan. I’ve come to ask for Naomi’s home.
hand.” B) One character receives a surprising request
from
60 Suddenly Chie felt the dampness of the another character.
night. “Does Naomi know anything
of your... C) One character reminisces about choices
ambitions?” she has made over the years.
“We have an understanding. Please don’t D) One character criticizes another character for
judge my candidacy by the unseemliness of
this proposal. I
65 ask directly because the use of a go- her family’s name
between takes much time. Either method
comes down to the same thing: a matter of
parental approval. If you give your consent, I
become Naomi’s yoshi.* We’ll live in the
House of Fuji. Without your consent, I must
go to
70 America, to secure a new home for my bride.”
Eager to make his point, he’d been looking
her full in the face. Abruptly, his voice
turned gentle. “I see I’ve startled you. My
humble apologies. I’ll take no more of your
evening. My address is on my card. If
75 you don’t wish to contact me, I’ll reapproach
you in two weeks’ time. Until then, good
night.”
He bowed and left. Taking her ease, with
effortless grace, like a cat making off with a
fish.
“Mother?” Chie heard Naomi’s low voice and
80 turned from the door. “He has asked you?”
The sight of Naomi’s clear eyes, her dark
brows gave Chie strength. Maybe his hopes
were preposterous.
“Where did you meet such a fellow? Imagine!
He
85 thinks he can marry the Fuji heir and take her
to America all in the snap of his fingers!”
Chie waited for Naomi’s ripe laughter.
Naomi was silent. She stood a full half
minute looking straight into Chie’s eyes.
Finally, she spoke.
90 “I met him at my literary meeting.”
Naomi turned to go back into the house,
then stopped.
“Mother.”
“Yes?”
95 “I mean to have him.”
* a man who marries a woman of higher status and takes

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pursuing an unexpected course of action.

Which choice best describes the 2

developmental pattern of the passage?
A) A careful analysis of a traditional practice
B) A detailed depiction of a meaningful
encounter
C) A definitive response to a series of questions
D) A cheerful recounting of an amusing
anecdote

As used in line 1 and line 65, “directly” most 3

nearly means
A) frankly.
B) confidently.
C) without mediation.
D) with precision.

Which reaction does Akira most fear from Chie? 4

A) She will consider his proposal inappropriate.
B) She will mistake his earnestness for
immaturity.
C) She will consider his unscheduled
visit an imposition.
D) She will underestimate the
sincerity of his emotions.

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5 9
Which choice provides the best evidence Why does Akira say his meeting with
for the answer to the previous question? Chie is “a matter of urgency” (line
A) Line 33 (“His voice... refined”) 32)?
B) Lines 49-51 (“You... mind”) A) He fears that his own parents will
disapprove of Naomi.
C) Lines 63-64 (“Please... proposal”)
B) He worries that Naomi will reject him and
D) Lines 71-72 (“Eager... face”) marry someone else.
C) He has been offered an attractive job in
another country.
6
D) He knows that Chie is unaware of his
In the passage, Akira addresses Chie with feelings for Naomi.
A) affection but not genuine love.
B) objectivity but not complete
impartiality. 10
C) amusement but not mocking Which choice provides the best evidence for
disparagement. the answer to the previous question?
D) respect but not utter deference. A) Line 39 (“I don’t... you”)
B) Lines 39-42 (“Normally... community”)
C) Lines 58-59 (“Depending... Japan”)
7
D) Lines 72-73 (“I s e e . . . you”)
The main purpose of the first paragraph is
to
A) describe a culture.
B) criticize a tradition.
C) question a suggestion.
D) analyze a reaction.

8
As used in line 2, “form” most nearly means
A) appearance.
B) custom.
C) structure.
D) nature.

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Questions 11-21 are based on the following

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spend with how much recipients will
passage and supplementary material. appreciate the gift (the more expensive
This passage is adapted from Francis J. Flynn and the gift, the stronger a
Gabrielle gift-recipient’s feelings of appreciation). Although
S. Adams, "Money Can't Buy Love: Asymmetric a
Beliefs about Gift Price and Feelings of 45 link between gift price and feelings of
Appreciation." ©2008 by Elsevier Inc. appreciation might seem intuitive to gift-
givers, such an assumption may be
Every day, millions of shoppers hit the
unfounded. Indeed, we propose that gift-
stores in full force—both online and on foot
recipients will be less inclined to base their
—searching frantically for the perfect gift.
feelings of appreciation on the magnitude
Last year, Americans
of a gift
Line spent over $30 billion at retail stores in the
50 than givers assume.
month of
Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is
5 December alone. Aside from purchasing
closely linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of
holiday gifts, most people regularly buy appreciation?
presents for other occasions throughout the
Perhaps givers believe that bigger (i.e., more
year, including weddings, birthdays, expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of
anniversaries, graduations, and baby showers.
55 thoughtfulness and consideration. According
This frequent experience of gift-giving can to Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving
10 engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers.
represents a symbolic ritual, whereby gift-
Many relish the opportunity to buy presents givers attempt to signal their positive attitudes
because toward the intended recipient and their
gift-giving offers a powerful means to build willingness to invest resources in a future
stronger bonds with one’s closest peers. At
60 relationship. In this sense, gift-givers may
the same time, many dread the thought of be motivated to spend more money on a gift
buying gifts; they worry in order to send a “stronger signal” to their
15 that their purchases will disappoint rather
intended recipient. As for gift-recipients, they
than delight the intended recipients. may not construe smaller and larger gifts as
Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a representing smaller and larger
positive social process, serving various
65 signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.
political, religious, and psychological functions.
The notion of gift-givers and gift-recipients
Economists, however, offer
being unable to account for the other party’s
20 a less favorable view. According to Waldfogel
perspective seems puzzling because people
(1993), gift-giving represents an objective
slip in and out of these roles every day, and,
waste of resources. People buy gifts that
in some cases, multiple
recipients would not choose to buy on their
70 times in the course of the same day. Yet,
own, or at least not spend as much money
despite the extensive experience that people
to purchase (a phenomenon referred to as
have as both givers and receivers, they often
25 ‘‘the deadweight loss of Christmas”). To wit,
struggle to transfer information gained
givers are likely to spend $100 to
from one role (e.g., as a giver) and apply it
purchase a gift that receivers would spend
in another, complementary role (e.g., as
only $80 to buy themselves. This ‘‘deadweight
75 a receiver). In theoretical terms, people fail to
loss” suggests that gift-givers are not very
utilize information about their own
good at predicting what gifts others will
preferences and experiences in order to
30 appreciate. That in itself is not surprising to
produce more efficient outcomes in their
social psychologists. Research has found that
exchange relations. In practical terms,
people often struggle to take account of
people spend hundreds of dollars each year on
others’ perspectives— their insights are
80 gifts, but somehow never learn to calibrate
subject to egocentrism, social projection,
their gift expenditures according to personal
and multiple attribution errors.
insight.
35 What is surprising is that gift-givers have
considerable experience acting as both gift-
givers and gift-recipients, but nevertheless
tend to overspend each time they set out to
purchase a meaningful gift. In the present

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research, we propose a unique
40 psychological explanation for this
overspending problem—i.e., that gift-givers
equate how much they

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Givers’ Perceived and

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Recipients’ Actual Gift 13
Appreciations The authors indicate that people value gift-
7.00 giving because they feel it
A) functions as a form of self-expression.
6.50
B) is an inexpensive way to show appreciation.
C) requires the gift-recipient to reciprocate.
appreciation

6.00
D) can serve to strengthen a relationship.
5.50
Mean

5.00
14
4.50 Which choice provides the best evidence
for the answer to the previous
0 question?
giver
A) Lines 10-13 (“Many... peers”)
recipient B) Lines 22-23 (“People... own”)
Role C) Lines 31-32 (“Research... perspectives”)
less expensive D) Lines 44-47 (“Although... unfounded”)
gift more
expensive gift

15
The “social psychologists” mentioned in
11 paragraph 2 (lines 17-34) would likely describe
The authors most likely use the examples in the “deadweight loss” phenomenon as
lines 1-9 of the passage (“Every... showers”) A) predictable.
to highlight the
B) questionable.
A) regularity with which people shop for gifts.
C) disturbing.
B) recent increase in the amount of money
spent on gifts. D) unprecedented.
C) anxiety gift shopping causes for
consumers.
16
D) number of special occasions
involving gift-giving. The passage indicates that the assumption
made by gift-givers in lines 41-44 may be
A) insincere.
12 B) unreasonable.
In line 10, the word “ambivalent” most nearly C) incorrect.
A) unrealistic. D) substantiated.
B) conflicted.
C) apprehensive.
D) supportive.

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17 20
Which choice provides the best evidence The graph following the passage offers
for the answer to the previous evidence that gift-givers base their
question? predictions of how much a gift will be
A) Lines 53-55 (“Perhaps... appreciated on
consideration”) A) the appreciation level of the gift-recipients.
B) Lines 55-60 (“According... B) the monetary value of the gift.
relationship”) C) their own desires for the gifts they purchase.
C) Lines 63-65 (“As... consideration”) D) their relationship with the gift-recipients.
D) Lines 75-78 (“In... relations”)

18
As it is used in line 54, “convey” most nearly 21
means The authors would likely attribute the
A) transport. differences in gift-giver and recipient mean
appreciation as represented in the graph
B) counteract. to
C) exchange. A) an inability to shift perspective.
D) communicate. B) an increasingly materialistic culture.
C) a growing opposition to gift-giving.
19 D) a misunderstanding of intentions.
The authors refer to work by Camerer and
others (line 56) in order to
A) offer an explanation.
B) introduce an argument.
C) question a motive.
D) support a conclusion.

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Questions 22-31 are based on the following

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long molecule many different permutations are
passage and supplementary material.
possible, and it therefore seems likely that the
This passage is adapted from J. D. Watson and F. H. C. precise sequence of bases is the code which carries
Crick, “Genetical Implications of the Structure of the
Deoxyribonucleic Acid.” ©1953 by Nature Publishing 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the
Group. Watson and Crick deduced the structure of bases on one of the pair of chains were
DNA using evidence from Rosalind Franklin and R. given, one could write down the exact order of
G. Gosling’s X-ray crystallography diagrams of DNA the bases on the other one, because of the
and from Erwin Chargaff’s data on the base specific pairing. Thus one chain is, as it were,
composition of DNA. the complement of the other, and it is
50 this feature which suggests how the
The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well duplicate itself.
established. The molecule is a very long
chain, the backbone of which consists of a The table shows, for various organisms, the percentage
Line regular alternation of sugar and phosphate of each of the four types of nitrogenous bases in
groups. that organism’s DNA.
5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base,
which can be of four different types. Two of
the possible bases—adenine and guanine—are
purines, and the other two—thymine and
cytosine—are pyrimidines. So far as is known, Base Composition of DNA
the sequence of bases along the
10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, Percentage of
consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is base in
known as a nucleotide. organism’s DNA
The first feature of our structure which is Organism
adenin guanin cytosin thymin
of biological interest is that it consists not of e e e (%) e
one chain, but of two. These two chains are
(%) (%) (%)
both coiled around
15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed Maize 26.8 22.8 23.2 27.2
that since there was only one chain in the Octopus 33.2 17.6 17.6 31.6
chemical formula there would only be one in the
structural unit. However, the density, taken with Chicken 28.0 22.0 21.6 28.4
the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that Rat 28.6 21.4 20.5 28.4
there are two.
Human 29.3 20.7 20.0 30.0
20 The other biologically important feature
is the manner in which the two chains are Grasshoppe 29.3 20.5 20.7 29.3
held together. This is done by hydrogen r
bonds between the bases. The bases are Sea urchin 32.8 17.7 17.3 32.1
joined together in pairs, a single base from
one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a Wheat 27.3 22.7 22.8 27.1
single Yeast 31.3 18.7 17.1 32.9
25 base from the other. The important point is 35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with
that only cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either
certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. chain; but when it does, its partner on the other
One member of a pair must be a purine and chain must always be thymine.
the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is
between the two chains. If a pair consisted 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs
of two purines, for of bases can fit into the structure. It follows
30 example, there would not be room for it. that in a
We believe that the bases will be present
almost entirely in their most probable forms.
If this is true, the conditions for forming
hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the
only pairs of bases possible are:

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Adapted from Manju Bansal, “DNA Structure: Revisiting the
Watson-Crick Double Helix.” ©2003 by Current Science
Association, Bangalore.

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22 25

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The authors use the word “backbone” in The authors’ main purpose of including
lines 3 and 39 to indicate that the information about X-ray evidence and
A) only very long chains of DNA can be taken density is to
from an organism with a spinal column. A) establish that DNA is the molecule that
B) the main structure of a chain in a DNA carries the genetic information.
molecule is composed of repeating B) present an alternate hypothesis
units. about the composition of a
C) a chain in a DNA molecule consists nucleotide.
entirely of phosphate groups or of C) provide support for the authors’ claim
sugars. about the number of chains in a
D) nitrogenous bases form the main molecule of DNA.
structural unit of DNA. D) confirm the relationship between the
density of DNA and the known chemical
formula of DNA.

23 26
A student claims that nitrogenous bases Based on the passage, the authors’
pair randomly with one another. Which of the statement “If a pair consisted of two purines,
following statements in the passage for example, there would not be room for it”
contradicts the student’s claim? (lines 29-30) implies that a pair
A) Lines 5-6 (“To each... types”) A) of purines would be larger than the
B) Lines 9-10 (“So f a r . . . irregular”) space between a sugar and a
phosphate group.
C) Lines 23-25 (“The bases... other”)
B) of purines would be larger than a pair
D) Lines 27-29 (“One member... chains”) consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine.
C) of pyrimidines would be larger than a
24 pair of purines.
In the second paragraph (lines 12-19), what D) consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine
do the authors claim to be a feature of would be larger than a pair of
biological interest? pyrimidines.
A) The chemical formula of DNA
B) The common fiber axis 27
C) The X-ray evidence The authors’ use of the words “exact,” “specific,”
D) DNA consisting of two chains and “complement” in lines 47-49 in the final
paragraph functions mainly to
A) confirm that the nucleotide sequences are
known for most molecules of DNA.
B) counter the claim that the sequences
of bases along a chain can occur in
any order.
C) support the claim that the phosphate-
sugar backbone of the authors’ model
is completely regular.
D) emphasize how one chain of DNA may
serve as a template to be copied during
DNA replication.

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28 30
Based on the table and passage, which According to the table, which of the following
choice gives the correct percentages of the pairs of base percentages in sea urchin
purines in yeast DNA? DNA provides evidence in support of the
A) 17.1% and 18.7% answer to the previous question?
B) 17.1% and 32.9% A) 17.3% and 17.7%
C) 18.7% and 31.3% B) 17.3% and 32.1%
D) 31.3% and 32.9% C) 17.3% and 32.8%
D) 17.7% and 32.8%

29
Do the data in the table support the authors’ 31
proposed pairing of bases in DNA? Based on the table, is the percentage of
A) Yes, because for each given organism, adenine in each organism’s DNA the same or
the percentage of adenine is closest to the does it vary, and which statement made by
percentage of thymine, and the the authors is most consistent with that
percentage of guanine is closest to the data?
percentage of cytosine. A) The same; “Two o f . . . pyrimidines” (lines 6-8)
B) Yes, because for each given organism, B) The same; “The important...
the percentage of adenine is closest to the structure” (lines 25-26)
percentage of guanine, and the
percentage of cytosine is closest to the C) It varies; “Adenine... thymine” (lines 36-38)
percentage of thymine. D) It varies; “It follows...
C) No, because for each given organism, information” (lines 41-45)
the percentage of adenine is closest to the
percentage of thymine, and the
percentage of guanine is closest to the
percentage of cytosine.
D) No, because for each given organism,
the percentage of adenine is closest to the
percentage of guanine, and the
percentage of cytosine is closest to the
percentage of thymine.

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Questions 32-41 are based on the following not dress in military uniform, with gold lace on

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passage. our breasts, swords at our sides, and something
like the old
This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three 40 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that
Guineas.
that venerable object was never decorated with
©1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the
plumes of white horsehair. You laugh—indeed
situation of women in English society.
the shadow of the private house still makes
Close at hand is a bridge over the River those dresses look a little queer. We have
Thames, an admirable vantage ground for worn private clothes so
us to make a survey. The river flows 45 long....But we have not come here to laugh, or to
beneath; barges pass, laden
Line with timber, bursting with corn; there on one
side are
5 the domes and spires of the city; on the
other, Westminster and the Houses of
Parliament. It is a place to stand on by the
hour, dreaming. But not now. Now we are
pressed for time. Now we are here to consider
facts; now we must fix our eyes upon the
10 procession—the procession of the sons of
educated men.
There they go, our brothers who have
been educated at public schools and
universities, mounting those steps, passing in
and out of those
15 doors, ascending those pulpits, preaching,
teaching, administering justice, practising
medicine, transacting business, making
money. It is a solemn sight always—a
procession, like a caravanserai crossing a
desert................But now, for the past
twenty
20 years or so, it is no longer a sight merely,
a photograph, or fresco scrawled upon the
walls of time, at which we can look with
merely an esthetic appreciation. For there,
trapesing along at the tail end of the
procession, we go ourselves. And that
25 makes a difference. We who have looked
so long at the pageant in books, or from a
curtained window watched educated men
leaving the house at about nine-thirty to go
to an office, returning to the house at about
six-thirty from an office, need look passively
30 no longer. We too can leave the house,
can mount those steps, pass in and out of
those doors,.
..........................................................
make
money, administer justice. We who now agitate
these humble pens may in another century
or two speak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare
contradict us
35 then; we shall be the mouthpieces of the
divine spirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who
can say whether, as time goes on, we may

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talk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We C) highlight the severity of social divisions.
are here, on the bridge, to ask ourselves D) question the feasibility of an undertaking.
certain questions.
And they are very important questions; and
we have very little time in which to answer
them. The
50 questions that we have to ask and to
answer about that procession during this
moment of transition are so important that
they may well change the lives of all men
and women for ever. For we have to ask
ourselves, here and now, do we wish to
join that
55 procession, or don’t we? On what terms
shall we join that procession? Above all,
where is it leading us, the procession of
educated men? The moment is short; it
may last five years; ten years, or
perhaps only a matter of a few months
longer.................................But, you will
60 object, you have no time to think; you
have your battles to fight, your rent to
pay, your bazaars to organize. That
excuse shall not serve you, Madam. As
you know from your own experience, and
there are facts that prove it, the daughters
of educated men
65 have always done their thinking from
hand to mouth; not under green lamps at
study tables in the cloisters of secluded
colleges. They have thought while they
stirred the pot, while they rocked the
cradle. It was thus that they won us the
right to our
70 brand-new sixpence. It falls to us now
to go on thinking; how are we to spend
that sixpence? Think we must. Let us think
in offices; in omnibuses; while we are
standing in the crowd watching
Coronations and Lord Mayor’s Shows; let
us think.......................................in the
75 gallery of the House of Commons; in the Law
Courts; let us think at baptisms and
marriages and funerals. Let us never cease
from thinking—what is this “civilization” in
which we find ourselves? What are these
ceremonies and why should we take part
in
80 them? What are these professions and
why should we make money out of
them? Where in short is it leading us, the
procession of the sons of educated men?

The main purpose of the passage is to 32

A) emphasize the value of a tradition.
B) stress the urgency of an issue.

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33 36
The central claim of the passage is that Woolf indicates that the procession she
A) educated women face a decision about describes in the passage
how to engage with existing A) has come to have more practical
institutions. influence in recent years.
B) women can have positions of influence B) has become a celebrated feature of
in English society only if they give up English public life.
some of their traditional roles.
C) includes all of the richest and most
C) the male monopoly on power in English powerful men in England.
society has had grave and continuing
D) has become less exclusionary in its
effects. membership in recent years.
D) the entry of educated women into
positions of power traditionally held by
men will transform those positions.

37
34
Which choice provides the best evidence for
Woolf uses the word “we” throughout the the answer to the previous question?
passage mainly to
A) Lines 12-17 (“There... money”)
A) reflect the growing friendliness among a B) Lines 17-19 (“It... desert”)
group of people.
C) Lines 23-24 (“For... ourselves”)
B) advance the need for candor among a
group of people. D) Lines 30-34 (“We... pulpit”)
C) establish a sense of solidarity among a
group of people.
D) reinforce the need for respect among a
group of people.

35
According to the passage, Woolf chooses the
setting of the bridge because it
A) is conducive to a mood of fanciful reflection.
B) provides a good view of the procession
of the sons of educated men.
C) is within sight of historic episodes to
which she alludes.
D) is symbolic of the legacy of past and
present sons of educated men.

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38 40
Woolf characterizes the questions in lines Which choice most closely captures
53-57 (“For w e . . . men”) as both the meaning of the figurative
A) controversial and threatening. “sixpence” referred to in lines 70 and
71?
B) weighty and unanswerable.
A) Tolerance
C) momentous and pressing.
B) Knowledge
D) provocative and mysterious.
C) Opportunity
D) Perspective

39
Which choice provides the best evidence 41
for the answer to the previous The range of places and occasions listed in
question? lines 72-76 (“Let u s . . . funerals”) mainly serves
A) Lines 46-47 (“We... questions”) to emphasize how
B) Lines 48-49 (“And... them”) A) novel the challenge faced by women is.
C) Line 57 (“The moment... short”) B) pervasive the need for critical reflection is.
D) Line 62 (“That... Madam”) C) complex the political and social issues
of the day are.
D) enjoyable the career possibilities for women
are.

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Questions 42-52 are based on the Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon,
following passages. and aluminium in lunar soil and asteroids,
which could be used in 3D printers to make
Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak,
spare parts or machinery. Others want to
“Space Mining: the Next Gold Rush?” ©2013 by
turn space dirt into
New Scientist. Passage 2 is from the editors of
45 concrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.
New Scientist, “Taming the Final Frontier.”
©2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2
Passage 1 The motivation for deep-space travel is
Follow the money and you will end up in shifting from discovery to economics. The past
space. That’s the message from a first-of-its- year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at
Lin kind forum on mining beyond Earth. bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No
e
Convened in Sydney by the Australian doubt this will make a few
Centre for 50 billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:
5 Space Engineering Research, the event the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies
brought together mining companies, robotics could enrich us all.
experts, lunar scientists, and government But before the miners start firing up their
agencies that are all working to make space rockets, we should pause for thought. At
mining a reality. first glance, space
The forum comes hot on the heels of the 55 mining seems to sidestep most
10 2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining environmental concerns: there is (probably!)
firms. Planetary Resources of Washington no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to
says it will launch its first prospecting trash. But its consequences
telescopes in two years, while Deep Space —both here on Earth and in space—merit careful
Industries of Virginia hopes to be consideration.
harvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. 60 Part of this is about principles. Some will
Another argue that space’s “magnificent desolation”
15 commercial venture that sprung up in is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that
2012, Golden Spike of Colorado, will be our own planet’s poles should remain
offering trips to the moon, including to pristine. Others will suggest that glutting
potential lunar miners. ourselves on space’s riches is not an
Within a few decades, these firms may be
meeting earthly demands for precious metals, 65 acceptable alternative to developing more
such as sustainable ways of earthly life.
20 platinum and gold, and the rare earth History suggests that those will be hard
elements vital for personal electronics, such lines to hold, and it may be difficult to
as yttrium and lanthanum. But like the gold persuade the public that such barren
rush pioneers who transformed the western environments are worth preserving.
United States, the first space miners won’t just 70 After all, they exist in vast abundance, and
enrich themselves. They also hope even fewer people will experience them than
25 to build an off-planet economy free of any have walked through Antarctica’s icy
bonds with Earth, in which the materials landscapes.
extracted and processed from the moon and There’s also the emerging off-world
asteroids are delivered for space-based economy to consider. The resources that are
projects. valuable in orbit and
In this scenario, water mined from other 75 beyond may be very different to those we
30 worlds could become the most desired prize on Earth. Questions of their
commodity. “In the desert, what’s worth more: stewardship have barely been broached—and
a kilogram of gold or a kilogram of water?” the relevant legal and regulatory framework is
asks Kris Zacny of HoneyBee Robotics in fragmentary, to put it mildly.
New York. “Gold is useless. Water will let Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are
you live.” 80 often reluctant to engage with such questions.
35 Water ice from the moon’s poles could be hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, so
sent to astronauts on the International ice-rich asteroids could become interplanetary
Space Station for drinking or as a radiation
shield. Splitting water into oxygen and

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One speaker at last week’s space- much to gain from a broad agreement on
mining forum in Sydney, Australia, the for-profit
concluded with a plea that regulation 85 exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will

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should be avoided. But miners have
40 refuelling be disputed, investments risky, and the gains
stations. made insecure. It is in all of our long-term
interests to seek one out.

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42 46
In lines 9-17, the author of Passage 1 What function does the discussion of
mentions several companies primarily water in lines 35-40 serve in Passage
to 1?
A) note the technological advances that A) It continues an extended comparison that
make space mining possible. begins in the previous paragraph.
B) provide evidence of the growing interest in B) It provides an unexpected answer to a
space mining. question raised in the previous
C) emphasize the large profits to be paragraph.
made from space mining. C) It offers hypothetical examples
D) highlight the diverse ways to carry out supporting a claim made in the
space mining operations. previous paragraph.
D) It examines possible outcomes of a
proposal put forth in the previous
paragraph.

43 47
The author of Passage 1 indicates that space The central claim of Passage 2 is that space
mining could have which positive effect? mining has positive potential but
A) It could yield materials important to A) it will end up encouraging humanity’s
Earth’s economy. reckless treatment of the
B) It could raise the value of some precious environment.
metals on Earth. B) its effects should be thoughtfully
C) It could create unanticipated considered before it becomes a
technological innovations. reality.
D) It could change scientists’ C) such potential may not include
understanding of space resources. replenishing key resources that are
disappearing on Earth.
D) experts disagree about the commercial
viability of the discoveries it could
yield.

44 48
Which choice provides the best evidence As used in line 68, “hold” most nearly means
for the answer to the previous
question? A) maintain.
A) Lines 18-22 (“Within... lanthanum”) B) grip.
B) Lines 24-28 (“They... projects”) C) restrain.
C) Lines 29-30 (“In this... commodity”) D) withstand.
D) Lines 41-44 (“Companies...
machinery”)

45
As used in line 19, “demands” most nearly means
A) offers.

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B) claims.
C) inquiries.
D) desires.

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49 51
Which statement best describes the Which choice provides the best evidence for
relationship between the passages? the answer to the previous question?
A) Passage 2 refutes the central claim A) Lines 60-63 (“Some... pristine”)
advanced in Passage 1.
B) Lines 74-76 (“The resources... Earth”)
B) Passage 2 illustrates the phenomenon
described in more general terms in C) Lines 81-83 (“One... avoided”)
Passage 1. D) Lines 85-87 (“Without... insecure”)
C) Passage 2 argues against the
practicality of the proposals put forth
in Passage 1. 52
D) Passage 2 expresses reservations Which point about the resources that will
about developments discussed in be highly valued in space is implicit in
Passage 1. Passage 1 and explicit in Passage 2?
A) They may be different resources from
those that are valuable on Earth.
50
B) They will be valuable only if they
The author of Passage 2 would most likely can be harvested cheaply.
respond to the discussion of the future of C) They are likely to be primarily precious
space mining in metals and rare earth elements.
lines 18-28, Passage 1, by claiming that such a
D) They may increase in value as those
future same resources become rare on
A) is inconsistent with the sustainable use Earth.
of space resources.
B) will be difficult to bring about in the
absence of regulations.
C) cannot be attained without technologies
that do not yet exist.
D) seems certain to affect Earth’s
economy in a negative way.

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