Ethiopian Civil Service University

College of urban development and engineering

Department of Transport planning and management

An Assess of Risk factors, driver Behaviors s in Addis Ababa City

BY Firew H/mailemariam kebede
ID Ecsu 1901798
Advisor: Dr/Belete Ejigu
A Thesis proposal Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of a Master’s Degree in Transport planning and management

January /2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Tables of content

i
Chapter One.........................................................................................................................7
1.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................7
1.2. Background of the study...........................................................................................8
1.3. Statement of the problem........................................................................................10
1.4. Objective of the Study.............................................................................................11
1.4.1.General objective...............................................................................................11
1.4.2. Specific objectives............................................................................................11
1.5. Research Question...................................................................................................11
1.6. Significance of the study.........................................................................................11
1.7. Scope: and Delimitation of the study......................................................................12
1.8. Description of the study area...................................................................................12
1.9. Limitation of the study............................................................................................13
1.10.Important terms......................................................................................................13
1.11.Organization of the thesis......................................................................................14
Chapter Two: Literature Review.......................................................................................15
2.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................15
2.2. Theoretical literature...............................................................................................15
2.2.1. Risk Homeostasis Theory.................................................................................15
2.2.2. Causal theories.................................................................................................16
2.2.3. Road safety.......................................................................................................17
2.2.4. Road Traffic Accident in Urban area...............................................................17
2.2.5. Causes of road traffic accident........................................................................50
2.3. Empirical review.....................................................................................................18
2.3.1 Road traffic accident in the world.....................................................................18
2.3.2. Speedy driving..................................................................................................18
2.3.3. Mobile phone use............................................................................................19
2.3.4. Driving under the influence..............................................................................20
2.3.5. Major Remedies Measures for a road traffic accident.....................................21
2.4. Best Practice............................................................................................................22
2.4.1. Driver penalty point system in Developing country........................................22
2.4.2. Post driving training in Australia.....................................................................23

ii
 2.5. Conceptual Framework...........................................................................................24
2.6. Research gap...........................................................................................................25
2.7. Conclusion...............................................................................................................25
Chapter Three Research Methodology..............................................................................26
3.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................26
3.2. Research Design .............................................................................................- 21 -
3.3. Research Approach.............................................................................................- 21 -
3.4. Research Method ..............................................................................................- 21 -
3.5. Sampling Design.................................................................................................- 22 -
3.6. Source of data..........................................................................................................30
3.6.1. Primary data sources............................................................................................30
3.6.2. Secondary Data Sources......................................................................................30
3.7. Data Analysis and Interpretation.............................................................................30
3.8. Data analysis and presentation...............................................................................31
3.9. Operationalization Table.........................................................................................33
3.10. Validity.............................................................................................................- 26 -
3.11. Reliability..............................................................................................................32
3.12 Ethical considerations……………………………………………………….…..- 27 -
3.13 Limitations…………………………………………………………………...….- 27 -
3.14 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..…- 28 -
References..........................................................................................................................57
Appendix................................................................................................................................

iii
List of Appendices
Appendices 1 Questionnaire filled by Driver
Appendices 2 Questionnaire filled by pedestrians
Appendices 3 Questionnaire filled by road traffic accident victims
Appendices 4 Questionnaire filled Traffic police
Appendices 5 Field Observation check Lists, 2022
Appendices 6 Focus group Discussion ;(FGD) point 2022
Appendices 7 In interview questions offered to Addis Ababa Road transport office 2022
Appendices 8 In interview questions offered to Addis Ababa traffic polis 2022

iv
List of figures
Figure 1.1: organization of the research proposal
Figures 2.1 Conceptual Framework
Figures 3.1 operationalization Table

v
 Acronyms
WHO world Health Organization
FGD Focus Group Discussion
PPS penalty points system
BAC Blood alcohol concentration
ISA Intelligent Speed Adaptation

vi
Chapter One
1.1. Introduction
Transportation plays a vital role in economic, social, political, and cultural Road transportation is
the major system of transportation in Ethiopia, which uses various kinds of vehicles as means of
transport.
Most people in the province rely on road transport for their daily commutation, as well as the
conveyance of raw materials and food commodities. Human beings day to day activities is highly
correlated with transportations. Ethiopia has experienced rapid social and economic
modernization within the last fifteen years. This development included an increase in the
motorization rate and a growing road network.
But it has its demerits that are road traffic accident However road transport has currently facing a
challenge of road traffic accident The problem of road traffic accident is increasingly becoming a
threat to public health and national development in many developing countries.
Road traffic accidents contribute to poverty by causing deaths, injuries, disabilities, grief loss of
productivity, and material damages There is continuing public and media debate in Ethiopian and
overseas about the worth of driver skill attuned and knowledge for vehicle drivers as a means of
improving Risk factors, driver Behaviors and reducing road crash involvement As a result of
factors associated with traffic system. Human errors such as risky driving behaviors are
significant contributors to vehicle crashes improving an individual’s driving behaviors and
minimizing driving risks would reduce vehicle crashes and improve traffic safety. National and
international studies have reported that risky driving behaviors, including speeding, driving
under the influence, and cell phone use while driving, are very risky driving behavior drivers
engaging in various non-driving-related activities while driving. Driver is one potential way of
reducing the number of deaths or accident the study was conducted to Assess of Risk factors,
Risk factors, driver Behaviors s in Addis Ababa City and also considered the major causes and
consequences of traffic accident in Addis Ababa and finally provided possible remedial measures
and recommendation for the identified gaps related to Risk factors, Risk factors, driver
Behaviors s

7
1.2. Background of the study
According to (WHO 2018 report) 1.35 million people are killed each year in the world the risk of
road traffic death is more than three times higher in low-income countries than in high-income
countries The WHO Global status report on road safety 2018 highlights that road traffic injuries
are now the leading killer of children and young people aged 5-29 years. The number of crashes
in which the driver was using a cell phone has steadily increased over the past six years, with
749 crashes reported in 2014 and 2,778 crashes in 2019 The distraction caused by mobile phones
is a growing concern for road safety. Drivers using mobile phones are approximately 4 times
more likely to be involved in a crash than drivers not using a mobile phone. Using a phone while
driving slows reaction times (notably braking reaction time, but also a reaction to traffic signals),
and makes it difficult to keep in the correct lane, and to keep the correct following distances.
An increase in average speed is directly related both to the likelihood of a crash occurring and to
the severity of the consequences of the crash. For example, every 1% increase in mean speed
produces a 4% increase in the fatal crash risk and a 3% increase in the serious crash risk.
(WHO2018) report
The rates of road traffic death are highest in Africa (26.6/100,000 people) the variation in rates of
death observed across regions and countries also corresponds with differences in the types of
road users most affected. Vulnerable road users in Africa have the highest proportion of
pedestrian and cyclist mortalities with 44% of deaths. RTA accident are predicted to increase in
developing countries and decrease in developed countries. Traffic accident an alarming rate and
it was a serious problem throughout the globe particularly in developing countries
Ethiopia has the high road crash rate in the world. Among the crashes, more than 70% occur in
the capital city, Addis Ababa. Considering the trend of road crashes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
completely the opposite is apparent. Studies revealed that Ethiopia is reported to be the country
with the deadliest roads in the world, indicating a road crash fatality rate of at least 114 per
10,000 vehicles per year, compared to only 10 in the UK and Ireland and 60 across 39 sub-
Saharan African countries. Furthermore, the number of people injured or killed in one crash in
Ethiopia is about 30 times higher than in the US (e.g., Fessaha & Sileshi, 2014;) road traffic
crashes in Ethiopia, reported that about 81% of the road traffic crashes countrywide are due to
driver errors such as drivers not respecting pedestrian priority, speeding, unsafe utilization of

8
freight vehicles for passenger transportation poor driving skills, and undisciplined Risk factors,
driver Behaviors
This thesis up to date summary of scientifically based on Ethiopian and international
research .the impacts of Risk factors, driver Behaviors . Scientific principles to the evaluation of
the impacts of the driver on crash involvement, crash risk or other factors and different impacts
related to road traffic accidents that are considered to be a major critical problem
More than 1.2 million vehicles in the country 70% vehicles registered in Addis Ababa city
around 46.45% vehicles 25 years, 17.30 % 40 years and above more than
Because of city expansion growth of vehicles number According to Addis Ababa polis report
2010. The number of fatal and disabling road accidents happening is increasing year to year and
is a real public health challenge average of increasing 18% The capital, city of Addis Ababa,
drivers take the lion's share of the risk, with an average of more than 20 accidents being recorded
every day and even more going unreported
Vehicles driver at fault fatal crashes are primarily the result of human error the influence of
alcohol, speeding, and distractive driver the risk of a crash that results in death or serious
injuries.

9
1.3. Statement of the problem
When you write it would be good if u use this skeleton: This research is designed to An Assess
of Risk factors, Risk factors, driver Behaviors s. Bring literature which will indicate the
seriousness of the problem under study. Support the literature with either primary data
observation or secondary data report. Then, indicates the probable causes for the problem and its
consequence at individual, community and organization level. Moreover, specify the measure
taken so far to mitigate the problem. However, still the problem remains unclenched therefore,
the present study focuses speeding, driving under the influence, and cell phone use while driving
Due to the increase in the demand for transportation in our city, there are a large number of
drivers in the city. An increasing number of motorizations also increasing in the number of
Transportation-related accidents most road traffic accident problems are registered with drivers
and can be corrected. The government should pay attention to driver’s behavior drivers are
becoming more and more serious, from traffic violations to robbing. Risk factors, driver
Behaviors s that can be changed in a variety of ways to a better perspective
The sector of transport requires special care and drastic decision making Most of these accidents
are unintended and can be prevented now in the city increasing the number of destructive driving
is much more frequent and a measurable contributing factor to traffic crashes. Distracted drivers
affect driver driving capability profoundly drivers say speeding, driving under the influence, and
cell phone use while driving are dangerous but more drivers admit and doing this problem
Driving is not the time for multi-tasking even some Addis Ababa drivers to start on vehicle theft
(show show). Ignoring traffic rules, and rights of other driver’s road users now the problems are
Increasing this situation is critical in the city of Addis Ababa this problem solved timely and
need to wall manage WHO 2017 reports over 90% of the world’s road traffic fatalities occur in
low- and middle-income countries. WHO's recommendation for countries addressing road safety
in the long term focus on "holistic action" it is largely attributed to better legislation around key
risks such as speeding, drinking The study would like to explore the Risk factors, driver
Behaviors . Driver’s behavior is one of the most important factors in traffic safety and road
accidents this study has been found to important because our country is also a victim of this
problem

10
1.4. Objective of the Study
1.4.1. General objective
The main objective of this study is An Assess of Risk factors, Risk factors, driver Behaviors s
and find out possible and recommendation solutions related to the problems
1.4.2. Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the study are to
 Find out how driving under the influence of Addis Ababa drivers affects road safety.
 Examine the impact of speedy driving
 Find out how mobile phone use while driving affects road safety.
 Assess driver behaviours that lead to road traffic accidents in city road
1.5. Research Question
This study is intended to answer the following research questions:
 What impacts does driving under influence?
 What impacts does speedy driving?
 How has the use of mobile phones affected road safety?
 What intervention and measures would have to be enforced to minimize road traffic
accidents on city roads?
1.6. Significance of the study
Driving safety is an important issue since driving is a common activity for many people in
everyday life. Road transport in the cities is now the critical issue of transportation The Vehicles
driver at-fault fatal crashes are primarily the result of human error driving behavior fundamentals
plays a huge role in the road safety and efficiency of traffic. According to (Addis Ababa traffic
polis report 2010) 81% of road traffic accidents Record driver error Most of these accidents
happen due to the general impatience and ill-tempered of the driver the conflict between vehicles
driver. Pedestrians and other users particularly, the road safety situation has already deteriorated
to extremely dangerous levels in the city of Addis Ababa because of some distractive Risk
factors, driver Behaviors on the other hand due to the expansion transport servers in there are
more than half million drivers in Addis Ababa and the sector is accommodating both educated
and uneducated man power in 2010 Addis Ababa polis report drivers driving without driver’s
license

11
 Now Ethiopia is ranked as one of the highest accident rate countries in the world. Law
enforcement, speeding, Risk factors driver Behaviors are the major causes of road traffic
accidents. in the city, Driving is a discipline that requires judgment, knowledge, skill, physical
and mental self-awareness, and practice. They will be able to understand the consequences of
Risk factors, driver Behaviors and its role in road safety. City driving needs to full attention
because of high traffic flow and pedestrians Addis Ababa city in particular and also help road
local administrators and other concerning bodies to take actions to minimize road traffic accident
problem if we continue like this we will not be able to get out in the future they should be treated
by the driver in education and traffic law One of the directions set by the World Health
Organization (WHO) is that different government bodies should work together to develop a car
accident plan and not just give it to a limited number of stakeholders. We need to reduce the
severity of the problem with the help of technology, by solving the problems and solving them.
1.7. Scope: and Delimitation of the study
This study was delimited to Assess the impact of vehicle driver's behavior in the city of Addis
Ababa the study area was bounded Addis Ababa city included the 11 sub-cities of Administrative
this thesis assessed those identified gaps and provided a possible recommendation for Risk
factors, driver Behaviors in the city
1.8. Description of the study area
Addis Ababa with an area of 540km 2 is divided into 11 sub-cities and lies at an altitude of 7,546
feet (2,300meters) located at 9⸰1´48” N 38⸰ 44´24” E coordinates: 9⸰1´48” N 38⸰ 44´24" E lies at
the foot of mount Entoto. from its lowest point, around Bole international airport at 2,326 meters
(7,631fi) above sea level in the southern periphery the city rises over 3,000 meters (9,800ft) in
the Entoto Mountains to the north
the city is the country's economic and political center the seat of head offices of the African
Union and united nations economic commission for Africa .it also accommodates many
international Aid and development organizations and more than 100 Embassies the city
population based on the 2007 census conducted by the Ethiopian national statistics authorities
was 3,384,569 Addis Ababa is exhibiting higher social economical structural change is found to
be a fast-growing city more than 70% of registered vehicles in the country are found in Addis
Ababa (Addis Ababa road and transport office)

12
some towns are victimized by road traffic accidents found around Addis Ababa Oromia special
zone these are Sendafa, Sululta, Sebeta, Gelan, and Burayu these towns are highly linked in
economic and social terms with the city of Addis Ababa the mobility of the area influences the
traffic flow of the city this is because of the areas recognized as industrial and Expansion zones
in both sides of the Oromia regional state and Addis city Administration the location of Oromia
special zone is at the five main in and out gates (Gojam, Jimma, Well, Harar and Adama) city of
Addis Ababa with an average distance of 30 Km the city is surrounded by Oromia regional state
1.9. Limitation of the study
While conducting this study following limitation, covid 19, Data needed for analysis concerning
motivation can be gained from responses of employees using primary data since most of the data
are related to behavior. Inculcating secondary data in the study boosts the accuracy and
completeness of the result. However, there was the difficulty of getting secondary data from the
center. Hence, the student researcher wants to say that if future researchers make the study on the
area using secondary data the result will be more significant, accurate, and reliable.
1.10. Important terms
Driver Driving is the controlled operation and movement of a vehicle based on a set of
conditions being met and drivers are required to follow the established road and traffic laws in
the location they are driving.
Vehicles a means of carrying or transporting something motor vehicle
Safety The condition of being safe; freedom from danger, risk, or injury. Safety is a state of
being protected from potential harm or something that has been designed to protect and prevent
harm.
Traffic movement of vehicles or pedestrians through an area or along a route
Accidents unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically
resulting in damage or injury
Transportation is the movement of goods and persons from place to place and the various
means by which such movement is accomplished
Speed is the distance traveled per unit of time. It is how fast an object is moving. Speed is the
scalar quantity that is the magnitude of the velocity vector

13
1.11. Organization of the thesis
The thesis was organized into three chapters (orientation, empirical literature, and research
methodology) and two sections (work plan and reference) as shown in Figure 1.1 below. The
first chapter deals with the introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem,
research objectives, research questions, significance, scope, limitation of the study, and
description of the study area. The second chapter also emphasizes the derivation of the review of
literature selecting appropriate articles, and structure of literature review. The third chapter of the
study focused on the operational definition of variables, research design, population and sample,
method of data collection and analysis, and limitation of the study.

Figure 1.1: organization of the research proposal

14
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
According to Kumar (2011), literature is the process the researcher delves into for purposes of
mastering and examining the research problem. A review of literature is an account-by-account
narrative of previously published researches by accredited scholars on related topics. A
researcher who completes a literature review hopes to achieve an insight into the topic being
researched to discover areas that have previously been researched on if they were completed,
how it was approached, and what issues the research raised (Wisker, 2008). The Review includes
the Risk Homeostasis Theory, the Causal Theory, Empirical review, Conceptual Framework, and
Research gap this literature review will aim to An Assess of Risk factors, Risk factors, driver
Behaviors s .
2.2. Theoretical literature
To An Assess of Risk factors, Risk factors, driver Behaviors s , the researcher Proposal will
review the two most referenced theories which are the Risk Homeostasis Theory and the Causal
Theory
2.2.1. Risk Homeostasis Theory
According to this theory, people increase their gain by looking at how they expect to benefit
when they behave in a riskier or safer way Vis a Vis Four factors are pointed out by Gerald
(2009) risk is perceived by a person: how the risky behavior is going to benefit them (such as
enhance flexibility, fighting weariness, and time-saving through speeding); the costly the risky
behavior will be (such as insurance expenses, repairs of the car, fine on speeding); presumed
gains related to safe behavior risk homeostasis theory is about the driver deciding on a risk level
that is acceptable to them based on contemplating the benefits and costs associated with an
alternative action. According to Fuller (2012), it is upon the driver to decide which pace to be in
while driving as they are the ones in charge of selecting the speed of the vehicle they control.
This is an indicator of the driver’s ability to decide on which risk factors to be influenced by
especially speed. Another risk factor to be considered is motivation. Jonah (1997) opines that this
forms the basis on which drivers take to shorter headway, overtake more, and most likely speed.
It is the safety margins that determine the behavior of the driver. According to Summala (1988),
over some time as drivers become more experienced, they learn the safety margins and driving
becomes regular because the safety margins become controlled automatically. The difference is

15
therefore highlighted between expert and novice drivers because the previous is capable of using
safety margins that are larger (anticipatory behavior) which offers them a chance to avoid or
rectify errors while the ability of novice drivers to familiarizing with the road is reduced and
hence they drive reactively.
2.2.2. Causal theories
Causal theories as applied in cases of accidents suggest that having real knowledge of the
elements that cause accidents can assist to mitigate them. Causal accident theories have two main
distinguished trends: probabilistic (group of factors) and deterministic (series of events).
Heinrich (1950) is considered the father of this theory as determined by the series of events. He
is credited with the "domino theory" which assumes that accidents happen as a result of one
event with a cause. According to this theory better safety requires the establishment and
elimination of the cause of the accident. According to Pietrzak (2004), multi-linear events series
are the most developed theories which suppose that accidents are a factor in a sequence of events
and propose that accidents be viewed as a process approach. A major research problem is
therefore the human factors. Several studies since the 1960s have recommended a strong
correlation between human factors and causes of accidents. Human factors have been associated
with road accidents (85 to 95%), aviation accidents (70 to 80%), and industrial accidents (60%).
Two approaches, therefore, exist in examining human factors: systematic and causal. The cost of
errors is too much even if they happen naturally though many elements result in errors. The
errors can be categorized as trained behavior (activities unintentionally occurring due to errors)
and untrained behavior (errors due to performance) (Ramussen, 2000). Environmental factors are
the most frequent ones followed by personal features (E.g. gender, age, practice, and training),
factors that modify Risk factors, driver Behaviors (alcohol, drugs, weather), vehicle equipment,
Risk factors, driver Behaviors, and many others. Reducing road accidents require that human
factors affect driving by either becoming less or more automatic. Several studies have therefore
been conducted to establish the impact of human factors on road safety and traffic user behavior.
This has led to the identification of four types of Risk factors, driver Behaviors about accidents:
competitive behavior and aggression, distraction, weariness, misperception, and carelessness.
The causal approach to analyzing accidents was based on the assumption that the real causes of
accidents can only be identified by detailed studies of each accident and the events leading up to
the accident.

16
2.2.3. Road safety
There are valuable insights into road safety in developed countries. as a considerable amount of
research has been undertaken since the 1970s. currently, road traffic accidents in developed
countries show a declining trend due to ongoing investment in safety programs and
countermeasures however the literature on pedestrian crash risk in developing countries is at an
early stage as the implementation of road safety interventions has only begun recently rapid
motorization is taking place .moreover the focus of road safety Road traffic safety refers to the
methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or serious accidents. Typical
road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, vehicle passengers, horse riders, and
passengers of on-road public transport
2.2.4. Road Traffic Accident in Urban area
The increase in urbanization and mobility demands in Africa has brought forward a new
dimension of urban transport issues as devas.1993 wrote .the main challenges in urban areas are
urban sprawl, growth of population and increase in traffic all result in a traffic accident,
congestion and environmental problems ( devs,1993) In developing countries with very rapid
migration to the city, the availability of land and supply of basic water sanitation and services are
most important for the development of settlement structure .however all over the world the
human settlement and transportation accounts for the major share of the energy resources and
emission of environmental pollutants. Consequently, urban network infrastructure and land use
or transport systems have crucial roles in the formation of urban strategy for sustainable
developments (lars Lundquist,1998)
2.2.5. Causes of road traffic accident
Traffic accidents created due to the condition of the road, Humus error, environmental, road
user’s problems, vehicle condition, causes of a road traffic accident as follow improper behavior
or low skill of drivers (over speeding, not respecting pedestrians, priority) poor vehicle technical
condition causes of a road traffic accident in the city Humus error more or extreme humidity
causes the extinction of negative effects on drivers during the drive and leading them to the
detracting from attention on the roads or road marking proper as a cause of the accident

17
2.3. Empirical review
2.3.1. Road traffic accident in the world
The Global status report on road safety 2018, the number of annual road traffic deaths has
reached 1.35 million. Road traffic accidents are now the leading killer of people aged 5-29 years.
The burden is disproportionately borne by drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists, In
particular, those living in developing countries. proven measures exist. Drastic action is needed
to put these measures in place to meet any future global target that might be set and save lives.
The harmful use of alcohol, Speedy driving, and use of Mobile phones are some of the leading
risk factors for a road traffic accident
2.3.2. Speedy driving
The Global Status Report on Road Safety (2009) discusses the speed of a vehicle about the crash
outcome, an increase in average speed is directly related both to the likelihood of a crash
occurring and to the severity of the crash consequences, the report continues to state that 5%
increase in average speed leads to an approximately 10% increase in crashes that cause serious
injuries, and a 20% increase in fatal crashes About pedestrians, according to the report, they have
a 90% chance of surviving a car crash at 30 km/h or below, but less than a 50% chance of
surviving impacts of 45km/h or above. About speed limits in different zones the report discusses
the 30km/h relevance; these zones can reduce crash risk and injury severity. They are
recommended in areas where vulnerable road users are particularly at risk,
Risk factors, driver Behaviors is a human factor attributed to road traffic accidents which include
speeding, Decision-making ability, lack of concentration, and overtaking dangerously (Atubi,
2009).
According to the WHO (2017), speeding results in 11% of road crash cases reported to security
authorities, 15% of them incur injuries due to the crashes while 24% result in fatalities. Speeding
is caused by attaining speeds above the set limit and also driving within the speed limit yet these
speeds are deemed too fast in certain conditions at that time (poor weather, poor visibility, or
high pedestrian activity). It is more likely for public vehicle drivers who drive at inappropriate
speeds to cause traffic accidents hence causing more severe injuries to road users and themselves
in the process.
Drives who speed also amplify other driver errors including maintaining proximity while
driving, exhaustion while driving, and distraction hence magnifying the possibilities of such type

18
of driving to cause crashes. ROSPA (2018) argues that driving at high speeds reduces the
chances of drivers identifying and reacting to the happening of the surrounding the safety
margins of the drivers are therefore removed and converts near misses into accidents. It has for
long been important to research the relationship between speeding and road safety. Elvik (2012)
stated that different results have been recorded recently in attempts to mathematically model the
relationship. Swov (2009) has since argued that the relationship between speed and accidents is a
complex one because of the different factors that modulate and influence it putting into
consideration the random nature of accidents. The characteristics of the drivers such as factors of
demographic and psychology have contributed to the relationship between speed and accidents
(Eriksson, Slovic, Mertz & Fuglestad, 2012) together with road environment factors and the ones
related to the vehicles (NHTSA, 2007).
2.3.3. Mobile phone use
There has been an increase in the use of mobile or cellular phones for the past decade This has
seen an acceleration in the studies attempting to understand the implications of safety about the
use of mobile phones while driving (Horrey & Wickens, 2004). According to Rocco, Sampaio,
and Tigre (2015), the human mind has impressive processing power though it's limited by the
ability to consciously understand, remember and immediately act upon visual information. A
neuroimaging study conducted by Watanabe and Funahashi (2014) established that there is
simultaneous processing on information when two conflicting streams are input at the same time
hence resulting in "dual-task interference". This means a decrease in attention based on
performing concurrent tasks as compared to when performing individual tasks at a time.
The increase in the use of mobile phones has not only been observed but also an increase in their
use by drivers while on the road recorded (Loeb, Clarke & Anderson, 2009). According to
Drews, Yazdani, Godfrey, Cooper, and Strayer (2009), studies have shown driving while text
messaging negatively impacts driving. Improvement of communication has made people become
addicted to their communication gadgets such as phones and often explore them while driving
either through texting, calling, or browsing. This is even though high levels of alertness and
concentration are required by drivers at such a time. Feitosa, Gunther, and Taco (2015) opine
that a lack of alertness and concentration while driving often results in poor observance of
driving hence accidents. The use of mobile phones while driving has negative implications
because the driver’s response time is reduced hence making them incapable of neither

19
responding to collision nor following the traffic rules. Information processing while using the
phone in the process of driving leads to shared attention and therefore driving is relegated to a
second task while the use of the phone becomes a primary task. According to Talbort (2013), a
major cause of road accidents is attributed to drivers who are distracted or inattentive.
According to White, Hyde, Walsh & Watson (2010), about 60% of drivers have at one time or
the other interacted with their mobile phones in the process of driving without the aid of a hands-
free kit. This has led to their sight being restricted as the use of the mobile phone at this time
reduces the driver's capability to observe traffic flow changes, conduct road surveillance, and be
cognisant of obstacles since they are concentrating on the handset (Nasar & Troyer, 2013).
According to Bener, Crundall, Ozkan, and Lajunen (2009), there is a fourfold increase in the
reported cases linking the risk of collision and hands-free phones while driving. This has led to
drivers not maintaining their lane, lack of gap distance judgment, not processing cues relevant
within the road, and headway reduction. Westlake and Boyle (2012) also concur that the use of
vehicles devices and mobile phones has affected negatively driving leading to a decrease in
performance while driving because attention is divided towards cognitive engagement.
Researchers are concerned by the high figure being reported proving there is a decrease in the
ability to proficiently operate a vehicle due to interaction with mobile phones while driving
(Horberry, Young, Regan, 2009). This in-sense increases the chances of road traffic accidents
occurring. The attention of the driver is diverted from effective driving and safety which should
be the main goals to the second activity which is also known as driver distraction. In Ethiopia
Except for the emergency service vehicle driver, it is Forbidden for any driver to call a telephone
or send a message or read texts while driving any vehicle. ( Council of Ministers Regulation
No.395/2017 Article 5)
2.3.4. Driving under the influence
A major risk factor that is related to road traffic accidents is drink driving, which globally has
resulted in high levels of mortality and mobility (Haghpanahan, Lewsey, Mackay, Macintosh,
Jones, Fitzgerald & Robinson, 2019). Drinking under the influence is among the top four main
causes of road traffic accidents. Alcohol causes impairment which is a risk factor in road
collisions resulting in fatalities and injuries worldwide. Road traffic accidents are therefore
considered to be highly likely when a person is under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol in the
bloodstream of a person who is driving is likely to impair their driving ability and thus a

20
contributing factor of road traffic accidents (Haghpanahan, Lewsey, Mackay, Macintosh, Jones,
Fitzgerald & Robinson, 2019). In developing and developed countries, driver impairment is
considered a factor that significantly contributes to road traffic accidents (Muchene, 2012). It is
this sought of impairment that is contributed by the influence of alcohol and drugs (Kasau,
Manguriu & Dianga, 2017). In their study, they concluded that drunkenness was a driving
behavior that majorly contributed to incidences of road traffic accidents.
According to the European Commission (2015), in the European Union, of all the deaths on the
road, 25% is because of illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of drivers. According to
WHO (2013), there is an increased risk of road traffic accidents when driving under the
influence. This is observed even when the blood alcohol concentration is at a moderate level.
The more the blood alcohol concentration levels the higher the risk of crashing. WHO (2013)
opines that the higher the level of blood alcohol concentration the more severe the injuries will
be in case of a crash. Global Road Safety Partnership (2007) has linked the presence of alcohol
in the body to an increased risk of serious injury and death while driving about road traffic
accidents.
Drink driving elevates the risk of the occurrence of accident fatalities due to the reaction time of
the driver being increased and lowering of vigilance, attentiveness, and visual keenness
(Calinescu & Adminaite, 2018). Alcohol impairment is, therefore, a vital element that influences
the possibility of road crashes and the seriousness of injuries caused by the crash. It's attributed
to poor judgment while driving and inability to respond quickly to reflexes as well as increased
confidence and the possibility of engaging in other risky behavior including not using the
seatbelt and speeding.
2.3.5. Major Remedies Measures for a road traffic accident
There are many solutions to manage the contemporary problems in road traffic accidents. The
following are Remedies for road traffic accidents solutions Enforcement measures are
fundamental in developing countries to prevent traffic accidents. The presence of police officers
and their strict enforcement of traffic rules and regulations are always expected to produce good
results. Strict and continuous enforcement is one of the key factors that can bring change to
negative traffic attitudes and hence improve the behavior of drivers towards a more safe traffic
behavior. Training should include how to deal with an accident in terms of accident reporting,
dealing with victims if any, clearing accident sites, Enforcing, penalizing, and prohibiting illegal

21
occupation of drivers, In conclusion, transportation safety problem solutions should be action
based on legislation, regulation, education, enforcement, engineering, and encouragement
2.4. Best Practice
2.4.1. Driver penalty point system in Developing country
Developing country Jumps, Italy, Spain Road Safety Authority displays every driver’s statistical
breakdown of penalty points incurred in counties. The implementation of the penalty point
system varies among countries, the general operating principles are the same as the penalty
points system (PPS), introduced in Italy on 1st July 2003, Jumps 1st July 2003.Spain on July 1,
2006, and attempts to deter drivers from committing traffic offenses. Because the PPS does not
exclusively depend on monetary penalties In Spain, drivers start with a 12-point license 8-point
for novice drivers, Italy 20 points assigned initially, and the points are gradually removed if
certain traffic violations are committed, such as exceeding the speed limit, driving while
intoxicated, or using a hand-held mobile phone, culminating in license suspension if all points
are lost. Only serious violations result in loss of points, with the number of points removed
For example, Italy Penalty Point System (PPS), ignoring a red traffic light is punished with 6
points of penalty, driving under the influence of alcohol or drug is punished with 10 points,
overcoming the speed limit of 40 Km/h with 10 points, failing to wear a seatbelt or using a
mobile phone with 5 points, and so on.2 The loss of points comes in addition to monetary
sanctions. When the number of points reaches zero, the driving license is withdrawn and the
driver must take a new driving test.
Varying with the severity of the offense if a driver loses all the points, in case of repeated traffic
violations, the driving license is revoked and he/she has to pass a new exam – after a compulsory
deprivation, period to get his/her license back. The PPS was announced via a publicity campaign
in all news media and was included in the media agenda, giving rise to public debate. Few
countries have published studies assessing its effectiveness in terms of road safety. PPS in
reducing the number of drivers involved in an accident and the number of people injured in
traffic collisions in Spain. We hypothesized that the PPS is effective in reducing traffic accidents
The aim of the penalty points system representing a sharp increase in the severity of sanctions for
reckless drivers and inappropriate driving behavior, was to induce drivers to behave more
carefully, promote safety and address the intolerable levels of fatalities and serious injury penalty
points system has proven successful in reducing the number of road accidents and fatalities

22
Table2.1.Descriptive statistics Daily data: 1st July 2001 to 30th June 2005
Variable Mean Min Max
Before the introduction of PPS
Road Accidents 309.608 204 611
Injuries 228.404 95 548
Fatalities 7.063 0 23
Police patrols 297887.3 266402 340572
Speed cameras 3156.24 2390 5161
After the introduction of PPS
Road Accidents 255.371 149 399
Injuries 180.510 75 443
Fatalities 5.157 0 27
Police patrols 334679.7 303510 369059
Speed cameras 3459.159 2686 5110
Sources: Italian National Police, European Climate Assessment & Dataset ECA&D, Ministry of
Economic Development.
The PPS for driving license has determined a reduction of road accidents and fatalities in Italy,
assuming that the frequency of road crashes and fatalities is strictly related to the drivers’
behavior: when inappropriate and dangerous behavior is sanctioned more harshly, we expect that
drivers tend to drive more safely, respect signals and speed limits, do not take alcohol or drugs,
etc. The introduction of the PPS has reduced road accidents by about 10%, while the effect on
the number of traffic injuries and fatalities has been, respectively, of about 25%. PPS system in
Italian
2.4.2. Post driving training in Australia
Road safety measure is a controversial issue within the professional and public arena. The worth
of driver training for car drivers as a means of improving Risk factors, driver Behaviors and
reducing road crashes in Australia after pre-license training (control skills and road law
knowledge to qualify for a driver's license) give three basic types of training courses for post
driver. Defensive driving training, advanced driving courses, and driver improvement training
 Defensive driving: to help drivers avoid getting into critical situations
 advanced driving helping to drivers cope with critical situations that may arise;

23
  Driver improvement targets accident, violation-involved drivers to reduce crashes
All the above training courses in Australia help to improve Risk factors, driver Behaviors and
reduce road accidents in addition to building specific skills and competencies in Australia
2.5. Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 the hierarchical structure of the Risk factors, driver Behaviors criteria
Three Levels

Risk factor driver

behavior
components

lapses violations Errors

fail to
pull away hit ordinary aggressive visual visual apply
driver from somethi violation violations perceptio scan brakes in
traffic n failure
inattent lights in ng when wrongly road
ion wrong reversin fail to use disobey hazards
gears g speed limits
personal
intelligen
ce failing to
yield
fail to pedestrian
maintain
safe gap disobey
traffic
lights
frequentl
y nodeterren
changing ce of
lanes punish

disobey
overtaking
rules

driver with
alcohol use

Source: Researcher, 2022

24
2.6. Research gap
Different writers wrote about Risk factors, driver Behaviors on road safety at a different level
and period Friedman, has conducted a research under the title “the impacts of driving anger
aggressiveness and impulsiveness ” in 2013 in Rotterdam with an objective of impacts of driving
Moreover, Schustack has conducted a research under the title “aggressive driving behavior ” in
2016 in Athens with an objective of impacts of aggressive driving behavior Furthermore,
Panagiotis has conducted a research under the title “influence of driver’s personality ” in 2018 in
tinjen with an objective of analysis driver’s personality
However, none of the above scholar had been conducted Risk factors, driver behaviour
Therefore, the present study focuses Impact of Risk factors, driver behaviour in the city of Addis
Ababa that is why the researcher is intended to make a critical assessment of the impact of Risk
factors, driver behaviour
Conclusion
Almost all literature agreed speeding, drug, phone usage while driving dangers of at driving time
Road traffic accidents are strongly influenced by the Risk factors, driver Behaviors, Road safety
is an important social-economic issue. Affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems
for all, improving road safety, traffic laws, including traffic enforcement, are created to improve
public safety. Penalties for traffic offences are a key component of behavior change techniques
that have been used extensively in many jurisdictions. The use of penalties aims to encourage
people to use the road safety system and to comply with traffic laws.
Safety work can concentrate on the driver, vehicle, or infrastructure. Nowadays, technical
progress provides many systems such as speed limiters like an Intelligent Speed Adaptation
(ISA) system to be the measure of choice. Keeping in mind the motivational aspects of Vehicle
driving, traffic safety work needs to focus on the driver and his/her motives, as well. Thus, next
to the implementation of training events might be necessary to question the underlying motives
and attitudes of speeding Behavior becoming safer. To influence the speed behavior positively,
Car accidents have been brought under control by developing countries through monitoring and
disciplinary action. They can get rid of it as quickly as possible with various techniques.

25
Chapter Three Research Methodology
3.1. Introduction
This chapter examined a selection of the most appropriate methodological approach Suitable to
the study based on the data type and objective of the research. To assess the Risk factors driver
Behaviors in Addis Ababa City Relevant data are collected from the concerned bodies through
an interview, questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion, and personal observation to get vital
information. And data are presented by analyzing and interpreting in meaningful explanations
using different charts, graphs, and tables.
3.2. Research Design
The method of assessment adopted in this study essentially depends on descriptive research since
it describes the Risk factors, driver Behaviors in the City of Addis Ababa. As a research strategy
survey method was also used to survey the Risk factors, driver Behaviors nature that exists in
the study area. Therefore, these two research designs are mainly applied in this study by using a
cross-sectional survey, since the assessment takes place for shorter, less time-consuming, and
considered five years’ statistical figures.
3.3. Research Approach
This research was conducted by employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The
quantitative approach was used to manipulate police statistical recordings during the five years
of 2017-2021 and 2021 driver penalty recording in Addis Ababa while the qualitative approach
was used to research questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and direct field
observation.
3.4. Research Method
The questionnaire, interview, observation, and focus group discussion are the data collection
instruments employed for this study.
Questionnaire Questionnaires are the easiest way of collecting the same data from a wide
number of respondents, with less cost and little human power, the respondents can fill it out at
their convictions. It was used to get the demographic profiles, vehicle drivers, traffic accident
situations, and road safety in the city. The questionnaire is the best and appropriate method for
primary data source collection. It incorporates both closed and open-ended questions that enclose
factual and objective contents.

26
Interview It is one of the primary data collection methods employed by researchers who ask
questions face to Face with interviewees through structured and unstructured questions. It is a
better data Collection method especially for the question that requires more elaboration and
explanation. It was helpful to get official documents on traffic accident situations and road safety
from regulatory and enforcement bodies. The researcher used interviews to collect data from
Addis Ababa Road and Transport office, Addis Ababa Traffic Police, and Hospitals.
Observation Under certain circumstances, it may be impossible to collect primary data using a
questionnaire, interview, and data collection instruments, but field observation might be the best
way of other data collection instruments in such situations. Therefore, for this study field
observation is too important to observe all situations that are related to the impact of vehicle
driver's behavior on road safety situations under investigation.
It was essential to realize that drivers, pedestrians, and road traffic victims were using the roads
and how their behaviors exposed them to a traffic accident. All events that were observed during
field observation were captured through photographs and videos.
Focus Group Discussion /FGD/
Eight discussion points were prepared for selected traffic police, the transport office Experts,
insurance, and some road safety officers to identify and evaluate the real status of the vehicle
driver's behavior and traffic accident in Addis Ababa. Therefore, FGD is helpful to collect in-
depth information from representatives.
3.5. Sampling Design
A Population
In this study, the researcher considered four categories of target population which include
drivers, road users of pedestrians, traffic polis, and traffic victims within the study area. The
researcher took into Account the vehicle drivers because their contribution of causing traffic the
accident is expected to be higher, pedestrians, traffic polis and traffic accident victims are also
considered as to target group because they know how to sever the traffic accident problem Thus
the researcher categorized the road users into four to get diverse relevant information to the
study.

27
B Sampling Frame
It refers to the population from which the sample is drawn. The target populations of this study
are drivers, pedestrians, traffic police, and traffic accident victims. In addition, transport office,
for interviews.
C Sampling Unit
the units of observation on this study in Which information was directly obtained are Addis
Ababa Traffic police, Addis Ababa Road and Transport officials and experts, Hospitals, Drivers,
Pedestrians, Road Traffic Accident Victims, etc.
D Sampling Techniques
The researcher used both probability sampling and non-probability sampling methods. From
probability sampling, simple random sampling was employed to choose Pedestrians, drivers, and
traffic victims who respond to questionnaires in each sub-cities. From non-probability sampling,
purposive sampling was employed to choose the Interviewees and focus group participants to get
potential respondents of those who have better information and sufficient Knowledge on road
traffic safety educational Programs and traffic accident incidence situations in the study area.
E Sampling size
The target population of the study is unknown the representative sample size is determined
using simple random sampling techniques select sample size. There is also no study carried out
which explains the Risk factors, driver Behaviors in the study area, thus the value of the
probability of success and probability of success and probability of failure at each event is taken
equally 0.5.

28
Based on the above formula the total desired sample size is 384. Instead, it was better to collect
primary data through a questionnaire Therefore, in this study 384 considered sample size with
different categories for drivers 50 % (192). It overcomes the problem of obtaining similar
answers and redundancy of information by respondents and it is easy to identify and analyze
responses in a short time and accuracy. For pedestrians, 40 % (154), for traffic polis 5% (20) and
traffic victim 5 % (20); respectively were prepared the questionnaire. Hence, the sample size
becomes manageable in terms of time, money, computation, and accuracy of output data. The
researcher selected four respondents through simple random because taking such respondents is
highly related in one way or another to traffic accident incidence. It is also true that the driver`s
dominant of the study because of this greater number .pedestrian, traffic polis, and traffic
accident victims So that the following sample size proportion was made.

29
Table 3.1 the proportion of calculated sample size

S. No Target Population Calculated sample Used (%) Shares

size
1 Drives 192 50
2 Pedestrians 154 40
3 Traffic polis 20 5
4 Road Traffic Accident Victims 20 5
5 Total 384 100%
Source: Computed by the researcher, 2022
3.5. Source of data
There are two kinds of sources for data collection and these are primary and secondary sources
of data. In this study, both primary and secondary sources were used in soliciting information for
the study
3.5.1. Primary data sources
Using questionnaires all primary data were collected from drives, pedestrians, traffic accident
victims, Addis Ababa traffic polis, Addis Ababa Transport office, Addis Ababa Traffic
management office, Federal and, Addis Ababa police commission public Relations and regular
traffic, on duties were interviewed Finally, all situation that was related to traffic rules and
regulations, driver, pedestrian movement existing features of road condition, the road safety, and
the engineering aspects of the road was observed by the researcher, and photographs were
captured.
3.5.2. Secondary Data Sources
A set of secondary data needed for the research analysis were collected from the Addis Ababa
Police Commission, Hospitals, and Addis Ababa Road and transport office during the data
collection period. The source of traffic accident data is accident booklets compiled by traffic
police officers and hospital traffic death reports.
3.6. Data Analysis and Interpretation
The methodologies employed to analyze the data were descriptive. Both qualitative and
quantitative have been organized, classified, analyzed, and interpreted to arrive at conclusions
and recommendations. Each question was organized based on the study`s research question and
finally grouped based on common characteristics.
30
 During the data analysis stage, data cleaning, editing, arrangement, identification of missed data,
and administration and codifying data were carried out. After this, the data descriptive statistics
like frequencies by using relevant computer software such as statistical package for social
sciences (SPSS), MS-Excel software were employed for data analysis and interpretation.
3.7. Data analysis and presentation
In the data Presentation, section the collected data from questionnaires, interviews, focus group
discussion, and field observation was presented by using a variety of methods and techniques
such as descriptive tables, percentages, figures, and qualitative descriptions of the situations
based on outputs from data. Maps, figures, photo plates, tables, pie charts, and bar graphs are
also used to present the results and the findings.
3.8. Operationalization Table
Data
Variables Indicators Source of Collection Method of
Objective Data Techniques Data Analysis

Find out how driving under the Exist driving under Penalty Secondary Reports Descriptive
influence of Addis Ababa drivers influence Record statistics
affects road safety.
Exist break the speed Exist
Examine the impact of speedy limit Distracted Primary Observation Descriptive
driving Driver in statistics
the city
Find out how mobile phone use Exist Penalty Descriptive
while driving affects road safety. talk on cell phone Record Secondary Reports statistics
while driving
Assess driver behaviours that lead Exist High accident Exist Primary Observation Descriptive
to road traffic accidents in city rate in the city Distracted statistics
road Driver in
the city
Source: Researcher, 2022

3.9. Validity

31
Validity is often defined as the extent to which an instrument measures what it asserts to measure
validity of a research instrument assesses the extent to which the instrument measures what it is
designed to measure (Robson, 2011) it is the degree to which the results are truthful so that it
requires research instrument questionnaire, interview
3.10. Reliability
Reliability is the degree to which the measure of a construct is consistent or dependable in other
words, if we use this scale to measure the same construct multiple times do we get pretty much
the same result time assuming every time, assuming internal consistency, reliability, internal
consistency reliability is a measure of consistency between different items of the construct
reliability test for the instrument used for the study was conducted using SPSS the results shows
that the items used are reliable
3.11. Ethical considerations
In this research, the following ethical issues were considered in all stages of the study. First
permission was asked from the Ethiopian Civil Service University Institute of urban
development and engineering Department of Transport planning and management which was
approved by the advisor, to collect data. Permission was asked from the company and client
(private and governmental office). The research followed society norms, laws, codes, security,
copyright non-discrimination, and many others that outline ethical behavior and guide
researchers Willingness to collect the data. Secondly, the researcher would explain the objective
and significance of the study to the respondents, to get more accurate information. The
researcher should collect information only from the volunteer respondents. The researcher was
must been respecting the respondent's culture, language and must be polite. Finally, at the time of
data collection, the confidentiality and willingness of the respondents were taken into account
throughout the process of the study.

3.12. Limitations

32
The main limitation of this study is assumed as a private and governmental office
 Ignorance of the importance of data and information
 there will be a shortage of teamwork and unwillingness from the concerned bodies in
collecting and providing data (officials and officers)
 There will be a shortage of data quality and quantity.
 Repeatedly inappropriate appointments for information
 Not knowing exactly how many drivers there are in the city
3.13. Conclusions
To conduct this s research, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches was
used. The variables to be examined in the research were identified. Both primary and secondary
data were collected to answer the basic research questions. The qualitative data was analyzed and
discussed through different techniques to provide conclusions and recommendations for the
findings. The collected data were analyzed, interpreted, and presented through tables, graphs,
and figures.

CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

33
4.1 Introduction
This chapter of the study deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of collected
from the drivers, pedestrian, traffic policy and traffic accident victims. The relevant data and
information collected through questioners, interviews, focus group discussion, documents and
field observation were analyzed and interpreted in view of the basic questions raised in chapter
one. It includes like response rate and demographic data
4.2 Response Rate
The response rates of the respondents were 100% every respondent in the total sample size as
well as in each category filled and returned back to the researcher as per request. The categories
of the respondents the percentage shares drivers 192 (50%), pedestrian 154 (40%), traffic policy
20 (5%) and traffic accident victims 20 (5%) to indicate their total response rate which is 384
(100%) in order to clearly indicate table 4.1
Table 4.1 Response Rate of Respondents

Questionnaires
No Population Category Response (%)
Distributed Collected

1 Drives 192 191 100

2 Pedestrians 154 154 100

3 Traffic polis 20 20 100

4 Road Traffic Accident 20 20 100

Victims

Total 384 384 100

Source: Computed by the researcher, 2022

4.3 Demographic Profile
As indicated in Figure 4.1 the total numbers of respondents who filled and returned the
questionnaire 82 % were males and the rest 18 % females. The above information indicated that
the number of male respondent is greater than female this is also true in all the 4 categories of the
respondents in the whole sample size

34
 Figure 4.2 Education statuses of the respondents
Figure 4.1 Sex of the Respondants

18%

Male
Female

82%

Degree & Above

Diploma
12 complete 16.7
9_11
5_8
1_4
Read and Write

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

As shown in figure 4.2 above, the respondents Education status was mainly composed of Degree
and above 35% Diploma28.3% , 12 complete 16.7 % , 9_11 15% , 5_8 4% ,1_4 0.5 % , and
read and write 0.5 % the lion percentage share of the respondents were academically found in a
better position their carrying responsibility is higher in relative terms .
Regarding the marital status of the respondents, fig 4.3 they were married 63%, single 32%
divorce 3 % widowed 2% Separate 0 % similar responsibility can be carried by them.
Fig 4.3 Marital Status of the Respondents

35
 Married
Single
divorce
Widowed
Separate

Source Field Survey 2022

Therefore the demographic data indicated that the male are larger in number the major
Educational status of the respondents were degree and above and most of them were married in
their marital status

4.4 Results
4.4.1 Whole respondents
All 384 Respondents consisted of drivers, Pedestrians, Road Traffic accident victims, and Traffic
police were commonly asked the following questions and provided answers for each questions.
The researcher put their response in such statistical description below. Regarding to getting An
Assess of Risk factors, driver Behaviors s as indicated in figure 4.4 how you observe the
situation of road traffic accident problems in Addis Ababa. More Severe Problem 45% Severe
Problem37% Light Problem 8% Not a Problem 2%
Figure 4.4 Situation of RTA Problem in city Figure 4.5 Evaluate driver beaver

36
50% 60%

45%
50%
40%

35%
40%
30%

25% 30%

20%
20%
15%

10%
10%
5%

0% 0%
More Severe Problem Severe Problem Light Problem Not a Problem good very good bad very bad Don’t know

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

Fig 4.5 The respondents also asked driver beaver in the city of Addis Ababa 13% good 4% very
good 48 % bad 33% very bad 2% don’t know
The respondents asked how they evaluate the level of Driving Facilities in the city they
indicated as More Sufficient 7%, Sufficient 12%, Less Sufficient 48%, Insufficient 33% Fig 4.6
Finally the respondents asked Which Contributes Most the Causes of RTA in A/A. Drivers 57%
Vehicle 7% Roads 13 Pedestrians 23% Fig 4.7

Fig 4.6 level of Driving Facilities Fig 4.7 Most Contributes the Causes of RTA
60% 60%

50% 50%

40% 40%

30% 30%

20% 20%

10% 10%

0% 0%
good very good bad very bad don’t know Drivers Vehicle Roads Pedestrians

37
Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022
Therefore, this finding indicated that the greater percentage of the sample population in each
categories including drivers, pedestrian, traffic policy and traffic accident victims. Depend on
Respondents In our country RTA critical level 82 % respondents say more severe problem and
severe problem the rest Respondents they say it is a simple problem on the other hand when we
look at the drivers behavior 81% Respondents say bad and very bad When they give answer in
this case the problems exists and it needs a solution
4.4.2 Drivers
192 drivers responded towards Risk factors, driver Behaviors in Addis Ababa. Majority of the
driver respondents were male and they accounts 95% in terms of their age majority of them were
under the age of 31-40 or 45% and 41-50 in account 32% respectively. Related to their marital
status.70 % was married concerning for vehicle ownership, 45. % were privately owned and the
rest 55. % was government. The majority of drivers had more than 10 years driving experience
which accounts 36. % alone deputed in figure.4.8 and post driving training in the last 2 years fig
4.9. 68% drivers not gets road safety training, 29% get 3 % drivers not sure

Fig 4.8 Drivers driving Experience Fig 4.9 Post driver training (safety) in the last 2 years
40% 80%

35% 70%

30% 60%

25% 50%

20% 40%

15% 30%

10% 20%

5% 10%

0% 0%
<2 Year 2 -5 Years 5-10 Years > 10 Years Yes No Not sure

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

The respondents asked do you break the speed limit in the past 30 days 87 % Yes 11 %No 2%
Not sure look at Fig 10 Also asked What is/are the reason(s) for you speeding 3% It is fun 56%

38
17% I am very familiar with the road 11% The road designs encourage speeding 13%The
passengers are encouraging drive faster
Fig 11 the reason(s) for you speeding
60%
Fig 10 Pass the speed limit in past 30 days
50%
100%
40%
90%
30%
80%
20%
70%
10%
60%
0%
50%

e
n

lat
fu
40%

ad

g
ing

ter
s

din
ro
It i

as
nn

ee
e

ef
th
Ru

sp
30%

riv
th

ge
wi

d
ra

ing
r

ou
ilia
20%

ag
nc
fam

ur
se

co
ry

en
sig
10%

ve

e
de
m

ar
Ia

ad

s
er
0%

ro

ng
e

sse
Th
Yes No Not sure

pa
Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022
Fig 13, In the past 30 days, have you been expected to talk on your cell phone while driving
because of work 91 %Yes, 7 % No 2% Not sure

Fig 12Taking with mobile while driving Fig 4.13 Most driving errors observe in city
100% 50%

90% 40%

80% 30%
20%
70%
10%
60%
0%
50%
g

40%
din
ing
ing

oa
riv
it
im

ns

riv

erl
kd
ria
dl

30%
ed

Ov
un
ee

est

hil

Dr
sp

ed

ew
the

op

20%
bil
yt
nd

mo
rit
yo

ith
rio
be

10%
gw
ep
ng

kin
giv
ivi
Dr

Ta

0%
to
re
ilu

Yes No Not Sure

Fa

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

Figure 4.13 clearly indicated that most driver errors prevailing in the city is driving beyond
speed limit and followed by failure to give priority for pedestrians .Driving beyond the speed

39
limit 45% Failure to give priority to pedestrians 23% Taking with mobile while driving 18%
Drunk driving 12% Overloading 2%
And Do you support automated enforcement techniques such as speed cameras in the city of
Addis Ababa 54% Yes 42 % No 4% Not sure

Fig 4.14 Suport automated enforcement techniques

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Yes No Not sure

Source Field Survey 2022

The driver work experience 36% 10 year and 29% 5 year and more than work experience in
addition drivers the last 2 year safety training in the field only 29%when you receive training
but the rest drivers they have not get driving training 87% respondent Within a month drive
beyond the speed limit and the reason for speed 56% say because of late this too indicate drivers
poor time management problem 91% drivers talking on the phone while driving time and the
problem of drivers in our city occupies the highest position placed in order 45 %driving beyond
the speed limit not giving priority to pedestrian’s 23% and 18% talking on the phone while
driving and most Contributes the Causes of Road Traffic Accidents Drivers 45% the highest
share
4.4.3 Pedestrians
The majority of pedestrian respondents were male whose share was 77.4 % and age group ranges
from 20-40 years accounts 63 % the educational back ground of the respondents range from read
and write to BSC and above and in the range BSC above takes the maximum shares which were
45 % followed by diploma 29.5 % and thirdly 9-12 share 14 % therefore, it is possible to judge
that their response is more accurate and reliable. In respect to their marital status most of them
were married with 56% from the total proportion, hence their responsibility is expected to be
higher from the social strata.

40
The purpose of trip of the pedestrian respondents were work 64%, Education 18 %, market 12 %
and entertainment accounts 5 % respectively as shown in figure 4.15 below.

fig 4.15Purpose of Trip Fig 4.16 observed RTA on your trip 2021
70% 100%
90%
60%
80%
50% 70%
60%
40%
50%
30% 40%

20% 30%
20%
10%
10%
0% 0%
work Education market Recreation Yes No

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

This indicates that the major purposes of trip are work and followed by education, Pedestrians
were asked whether they are observed road traffic accident or not 95% replied yes and the rest
said 5 No from this it is possible to conclude that an individual has greater probability to observe
accidents per month, 34 % two accident, 31% Three accident 19% Four accident 16% five and
more accident (figure 4.18) The most common problems of the pedestrians that caused an
accident were Not using the existing pedestrian walk ways 43 % Not properly crossing of the
road 37 % , Using of vehicle ways 15% and other 5% (see the results at figure 4.19).

Fig 4.19 Types of pedestrian error mostly

Fig 4.18 frequency of accident observe per month 50%
40%
45%
35% 40%

30% 35%
30%
25%
25%
20%
20%
15% 15%

10% 10%
5%
5%
0%
0% Not using the existing Not properly crossing of Using of vehicle ways other
Two Three Four Five and More pedestrian walk ways the road

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

41
Mostly observed pedestrians errors are not properly crossing zebra lines and walking in wrong
side’s accounts 61.5% and 19.8% respectively according to the survey results depicted in figure
4.19.Therefore, awareness creations, fulfilling the road infrastructure as well as pedestrians
commitments are playing a significant role in the reduction of road traffic accident in Addis
Ababa. Finally pedestrian’s respondents put their evaluation related to pedestrian facilities in the
city, and they replied Excellent 6% Very good 4 % Good 7% poor 38 % Very poor 45% see

Fig 4.20 pedestrian facilities in the city

50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Excellent Very good Good poor Very poor

Source Field Survey 2022

4.4.4 RTA Victims

Out of the total 20 number of victims, the survey result indicated that 71% were male, 76% of
the victims were at the age between 20-40 who were the most productive group of the society
and 71 %also employed.
Concerning to the location of accident most of the accident occurred near to road traffic accident
occurred near to Market 18% vehicle station 17% office 22% home 33% school 7% Religious
institution 11% entertainment 14% others 3% see Fig 22
Causes of road traffic accident Driver Problems 54% Vehicle problems 12% Pedestrian problems
31% Road problem 3% fig 22

42
 Fig 21 Location of RTA Fig 22 causes of RTA
35% 60%
30%
50%
25%

20%
40%
15%

10% 30%

5%
20%
0%

10%
e

ol
ket

offic

rs
e

scho
hom

othe
Mar

t
men
on
stati

rtain
n
tutio
icle

ente

0%
insti
veh

s
giou

Driver Problems Vehicle problems Pedestrian problems Road problem

Reli

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

After RTA the vehicle driver help you or report the causes for Traffic polis 39 No 61 Yes
Fig 24 and Road traffic accident opportunity 44% bad luck 38 % Error 13% don’t know 5%
drivers will not notify the relevant authorities in the event of an accident

Fig 23 driver report the Causes of RTA Fig 24 RTA

70% 50%

60% 45%
40%
50%
35%

40% 30%
25%
30%
20%

20% 15%
10%
10%
5%

0% 0%
Yes No opportunity bad luck Error don’t know

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

4.4.5 Traffic police
Total 20 number of Traffic police, the survey result indicated that 66% were male, 71% of the
Traffic police were at the age between 30-50

43
Most effective in making for driver in Addis Ababa Enforcement 33% Education 45%
Engineering 18 Don’t Know 4% Fig 26 drives commitment to perform their duties
Very High 5% High 6% Low 48% Very Low 41% fig 27 , would drivers be more careful if they
traffic polis in place Yes 91 % No 6% Not sure 3% fig 28 and drivers remonstrate with other
drivers Yes 89% No 8% Not sure 3% fig 29

Fig 25 Most Effective making for driver Fig 26 driver commitments

50% 60%
45%
50%
40%
35%
40%
30%
25% 30%
20%
20%
15%
10%
10%
5%
0% 0%
Enforcement Education Engineering Don’t Know Very High High Low Very Low

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

Fig 28 drivers remonstrate with other drivers

Fig 27 Driver more carefu if they traffic polis in place
100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%

70% 70%

60% 60%

50% 50%

40% 40%

30% 30%

20% 20%

10% 10%
0% 0%
Yes No Not sure Yes No Not sure

Source Field Survey 2022 Source Field Survey 2022

We see that 90% of drivers obey the law when they see traffic polis and when they do not the
polis in the place not follow transport regulation it means we do not understand the law

44
4.4.6 Penalty Record in Addis Ababa city from 10/9/2021 to 5/8/2021 (1 Year)
Secondary data were collected from Federal Transport Authority.
Table 4.2
Penalty level Total number Of penalty type Penalty Record
Different Type of Penalty 4 94007
Level 1 24 306428
Level 2 21 80454
Level 3 13 116445
Level 4 10 191723
Level 5 8 75699
Total 80 864756
Source: Federal Transport Authority 2022 and modify Researcher
4.4.7 Road Traffic accident in Addis Ababa during 2017-2021

45
Secondary data were collected from Addis Ababa police commission. The registration of the data
has different event Mainly Mortality accident 2216 serious accident 9479 light accident 5453
property damages 128480 and their total 145338 for the last five consecutive years. This study
tried to see the whole recordings; however, the researcher believed that it is more essential to
focused on some of the events that magnified the road traffic accident
The data also showed there were drivers who caused traffic accident over speed which is out of
the rule and regulation. In addition, there were also drivers who were involved in accident
registered as unknown since escaped from justice; this indicated that the enforcement activity is
very low.

Table 4.4 Road Traffic accident in Addis Ababa during 2017-2021

Year Fatality serious light Property Total
accident accident accident
2017 463 1996 463 23510 26942
2018 459 1903 1074 24928 28364
2019 458 1926 1143 26019 29546
2020 449 1873 938 26078 29338
2021 387 1781 1035 27945 31148
Total 2216 9479 5453 128480 145338
Source: Addis Ababa police commission 2014 and modify Researcher
Table 4.5 accident record from 2017 to 2021
Human accident
Year mortality Serious Light Property

46
 Total
2017 463 1996 973

3432 23510
2018 459 1903 1074 3436 24928
2019 458 1926 1143 3527 26019

2020 449 1873 938 3260 26078

2021 387 1781 1035 3203 27945

Total 2216 9452 5163 16831 128480

Source: Addis Ababa police commission 2022 and modify Researcher

Fig 4.29 human accident 2017 /2021 Fig 4.30 Property damage 2017 To 2021

2000 35000

1800
30000
1600

1400 25000

1200
20000
Fatality
1000 Property damage
serious accident
Total
light accident 15000
800

600 10000
400
5000
200

0 0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Source: Addis Ababa police commission 2014 Source: Addis Ababa police commission 2014
and modify Researcher and modify Researcher

47
Fig 4.31 Reason of Accident Fig 32 Drivers sex for accident sharing
30000
100%

90% 25000

80%
20000
70%

60% 15000
Vehicle proble Male
50% with out any problem Female
10000 Unknown
unknown
40%

30% 5000

20%
0
10% 2017
2018
0% 2019
2020
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2021

Source: Addis Ababa police commission Source: Addis Ababa police commission
2014 and modify Researcher 2014 and modify Researcher

Fig 33Age of drivers involved in accident

14000

12000

10000

8000 >18
18_30
31_50
6000 51<
Unknown
4000

2000

0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Source: Addis Ababa police commission

2014 and modify Researcher

48
Fig 34 Relation between drivers and vehicle ownership
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000 owner
8000 personnel
organization
6000 unknown
4000
2000
0
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

Source: Addis Ababa police commission 2014 and modify Researcher

Fig 35 Driving drivers Experience

Source: Addis Ababa police commission 2014 and modify Researcher

Fig 36 Victims of RTA

49
 10000
9000
8000
7000
6000 No driveig license
5000 > 1 year
1_2 year
4000 2_5 Year
5_10 Year
3000
>10 Year
2000 Unknown
1000
0
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500 Driver
pedestrian
Passenger
1000

500

0
2012
2018
2019
2020
2921
Source: Addis Ababa police commission
2014 and modify Researcher

1.5 Interpretation and Discussion

Causes of road traffic accident
Traffic accidents created due to the condition of Humus error, over speeding, not respecting
pedestrians, priority causes of a road traffic accident in the city Humus error more extreme cause
of RTA From services Traffic accident involves both drivers and pedestrians in terms driving
beyond the speed limit, taking with mobile while driving, Failure to give priority to pedestrians,

50
Drunk driving and pedestrians are not properly using the traffic sing and symbol; they are not
using zebra line they have a huge role to play for RTA causes
According to primary data almost more than half driver respondent driving over speed and from
Secondary data report 864756 total records about 59973 (7 %) penalty driving beyond the
speed limit and from the total accident records 246878(18%) reason of RTA driving beyond the
speed limit this to intimate Risk factors, driver Behaviors in the city
About 98% of all recorded RTA are man-made and these RTA can be easily controlled but on
the contrary it has the causes of accident
Table 4.6 High Penalty Record
Penalty Penalty type Total %
level
Level 5 Pass read traffic lights 63694 7.3
Level 2 Driving beyond the speed limit 59973 6.9
Level 2 Taking mobile while driving 39632 4.5
Level 2 Ignore traffic polis order 5863 0.6
Level 5 Drunk driving 1975 0.22
Total 171137 19.7
Source: Computed by the researcher, 2022

Table 4.7 sharing of Accident from 2017 to 2021

Year Total Sharing of Accident
Accident No driving Drink and Over speed Ignore traffic
license driving role %
2017 26942 253 126 22839 947 16

51
2018 28364 327 206 23097 1783 17
2019 29546 100 131 25568 1536 18

2020 29338 54 29 24991 1371 18

2021 31148 86 218 26944 1193 19
Source: Computed by the researcher, 2022
The Global Status Report on Road Safety increase in average speed consequences accident 5%
increase in average speed leads to an approximately 10% increase in crashes that cause serious
injuries, and a 20% increase in fatal crashes About pedestrians,
Fig 4.8 Reason of accident
Year Tota Reason of accident sharing
accident Vehicle With out % unknown %
Mechanicl % problem
problem
2017 26942 1391 5 25146 93 405 1.5
2018 28364 1437 5 26505 93 422 1.5
2019 29546 321 1 28715 97 510 1.7
2020 29338 667 2 28196 96 465 1.5
2021 31148 14 0.04 30532 98 602 1.9
Source: Computed by the researcher, 2022

In general from the data we have gathered, we have seen that most accidents are man-made most
drivers’ say they are driving too fast and that the main reason for this is being late. Car crashes
are caused by the driver's incompetence, technical failure, and loss of life, disability, and death,
which has led to serious economic and social crisis. Children are left without parents Drivers
who have worked and fed have been handcuffed. Those involved in the sector should focus on
this sector and develop better practices to produce competent active road drivers and create
52
professionals who will protect their own and other people's property. If we update the vehicle
lane, it is useless if the driver behavior does not change but if the road and the car are not
updated, the car accident can be reduced if the driver's behavior is improved So if it invest on
drivers then Seeing the change
Firew✞ h/ mariam, [4/20/2022 10:32 AM]
Firew✞ h / mariam:
We have seen that training to change this attitude and to bring about the right driving behavior is
the first step and the second step is to train the right drivers if they do not return training.

According to the drivers we spoke to, the reason for this is that the salaries and benefits of the
drivers are low and they want to be sued by the traffic controllers.

According to various sources, the minimum wage of a government driver is 2,700 and the
maximum wage is 4,500, depending on the type of vehicle. They also say that they will not rest
for more than 8 hours and that they will not drive unless they are required to do so after 12 hours.

It should be noted that drivers may be at risk if they are not prepared

As we can see from the second data, there are different types of penalties, but they have not
changed the behavior of the driver. These actions are the number one source of risk and the
driver's awareness of the situation.

In the last five years, from 2017 to 2021 alone, there were 17,148 traffic accidents, of which
9479 were serious accidents and 2216 Individuals were also killed

Property damage has resulted in a total of 128,480 property damage in the last five years
Again, based on the second data, more than 95% of the accidents caused by the accident were
not caused by any defect in the vehicle, while the remaining 2.5% were caused by a vehicle
defect and 2.5 caused by an accident. Although the number of female drivers in our city is small,
88% of the accidents are caused by men. We learned from secondary data that drivers have a
high driving experience but are at risk and some drivers are even more unsafe driving without a

53
license. Victims of pedestrians have the highest number of passengers, with the next passenger
and the driver in third place.

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses conclusions which are drawn from the findings presented and analyzed in
chapter also makes recommendations based on the findings to the Impact of Risk factors, driver
Behaviors
5.2 conclusions

54
Based on the above results, findings’ and discussions, the researcher concluded the following
pointes. Risk factors, driver Behaviors; need to. Training is significant behavioral changes to
drivers and pedestrians.
Victim’s related issues; most accident occurred near to home, market and office. The causes of
the accident are driver The drivers themselves believed that the major causes of accident are
drivers and pedestrians, there is very poor commitment of driver reacting of traffic roles and
regulations, driver facilities are less sufficient driver need additional road traffic safety training
Lastly the major errors made by drivers were over speed
.Driver’s involvement in traffic accident belonged to 18-30 year was higher. There were drivers
below the age of 18 years which was out of role and regulation. There was also derivers
registered as unknown who escaped that showed low level of enforcement,
Sex of drivers, the majority involved in accident was males Drivers and vehicles relationship, the
majority of drivers where employed by individuals and others where drive own vehicles.
Individuals where given much attention for their property than others.
Deriver’s experience, the longer number of death occurred by drivers who had 2-5 year
experience of driving and followed by more than 10 years. Having more years of driving didn’t
become grantee not to cause an accident unless exercising defensive driving and respecting roles
and regulations. There were drivers who caused accident without license out of the traffic roles
and regulations. The feedback indicated that road traffic safety training should be given for these
vehicles driver.

5.3 Recommendations
On the bases of the findings and conclusions the following suggestions are forwarded to improve
Risk factors, driver Behaviors and to minimize traffic accident in the city of A. A
For Vehicle driver Training
Types of

55
driver
licensee Minimum Requirement
Age Grade Work Penalty Record Defensive
Experian’s driver
training
Auto Mobil 20 & above 10 0 Free Free
Public 1 24& above 10+2 & above 0 Free Free
Public 2 26&above 10+3 & above 2 years Not more than quarter Qualified
Public 3 28 & above 10+3 & above 2 years Not more than quarter Qualified
Dry 1 24& above 10 & above 0 Free Free
Dry 2 26&above 10+2 & above 2 years Not more than half Qualified
Dry 3 28 & above 10+3 & above 2 years Not more than quarter Qualified
Liquid 1 26 & above 10+2 & above 2 years Not more than half Free
Liquid 1 28 & above 10+3 & above 2 years Not more than quarter Qualified

For Vehicle driver Trainer

Types of Minimum Requirement
driver Grade Driver Work Experian’s Penalty Record Defensive
licensee licensee driver training
Public 1 BSc P1 2 Not more than quarter Qualified

56
Public 2 BSc P2 4/2 Not more than quarter Qualified
Public 3 BSc P3 6/3 Not more than quarter Qualified
Dry 1 10+3 D1 2 Not more than quarter Qualified
Dry 2 10+3 BSc D2 4/2 Not more than quarter Qualified
Dry 3 10+3 or BSc D3 6/3 Not more than half Qualified
Liquid 1 10+3 BSc L2 4/2 Not more than quarter Qualified
Liquid 2 10+3 or BSc L3 6/3 Not more than quarter Qualified

 Modern enforcement system should be implemented through the establishments of

traffic management center in order to reduce traffic accident and to improve driver
Behaviors in the city.
 Drivers training institutes should be established in the city licensing system.
 Road traffic safety educational program should be included in the school curriculum
at all grade level of education.

Finally the research believed that if the above recommendations are fully implemented Risk
factors, driver Behaviors will be improved, traffic accident will be reduced and the level of road
traffic safety education program will be higher.

Work plan
Table 3.2: Gant-Chart of activities for the research
This thesis work is to be carried out according to the following tentative Work plan of action or
schedule. The schedule is, however, subject to change in any case problems
2021 2021/2022
Nove Novemb Decembe January Februar March May

57
 Activities mber er r & y & &
& & February & April June
Decemb January March
er
Information gathering
from different people

Review literature

Formulating research
problems
Enriching literature
review
Research proposal
development
A correction based on
feedback
Submission of
Research proposal
Data collection

Data editing & coding

Data analysis

Write up and finalize

the report
Final defense

Binding the Research

by including comments
Submitting the
Research
Table 3.3: Expected budget
No. Budget item Units Justificat Unit cost(Br) Est. Cost(Br)
ion
1 Personnel (# of person x# of Daily Wage
working days) (including per Diem)
1.1 Principal researcher 1x20 300.00 Br. 3000. 00 Br.

1.2 Secretarial works 1x20 50 1000. 00 Br.

58
 Total Personnel costs 4000. 00 Br

2 Transport Distance in km Cost per km

(# of vehicles x # of.
Days x #. km)
2.1 Principal researcher 1x40x50 20 Br. 2000.00 Br.

Total Transport costs 2000.00 Br.

3 Supplies Number Paper, Cost per Item

pencil,
pen,
stapler
3.1 Stationery (different) 3000.00 Br.

Total Stationery costs 3000.00 Br

4.1 Mobile card 10 100.00 Br. 1000.00 Br.

4.2 Internet 40hrsx60mts/hr 0.25/mts 600

Total Communication 1600.00 Br.

costs
5 Material Prod & Number Cost per Item
Dissemination
5.1 Printing & Binding 500 5 Br./Q 2500.00 Br.
Questioner
5.1 Printing & Binding final 2 document * 70 pages 10 Br. * 2 doc * 70 1400.00. Br.
report each pages
Total material costs 3900.00 Br.

6.1 Group discussion 1 Time 10,000 Br 10,000 Br

Contingency cost (10%)

Grand Total costs 24500.00. Br.

References
Alonso, F., Pastor, J. C., Montoro, L. & Esteban, C. (2015). Driving under the influence of
alcohol: frequency, reasons, perceived risk, and punishment. Substance Abuse Treatment,
Prevention, and Policy, 10(11), 1-9.
Calinescu, T. & Adminaite, D. (2018). Progress in reducing drinks driving in Europe. Creswell,
J. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approach. London:

59
Sage.Daily Nation (2018). Road crash data reveals the high cost of accidents. Retrieved from
https://www.nation.co.ke/newsplex/Road-accidents/2718262-4856358-qkgw1h/
index.htmlDrews, F. A., Yazdani, H., Godfrey, C. N., Cooper, J. M. & Strayer, D. L. (2009).
Text Messaging During Simulated Driving. Human Factors, 51(5), 762-770.Elvik, R. (2012).
Speed Limits, Enforcement, and Health Consequences. Annual Review of Public Health, 33,
225-238.European Commission (2015), Alcohol, Directorate-General for Transport,
https://goo.gl/q1jCS8Febriandirza, A., Chaozhong, W., Zhong, M., Hu, Z. & Zhang, H. (2017).
The effects of natural sounds and music on driving performance and physiological. Engineering
Letters, 25(4), 79-101.Feitosa, Z. O., Gunther, H. & Taco, W. G. (2015). Automobile Risk
factors, driver Behaviors and cell use while driving. CUP, 1-16.
Foss, R. D. & Goodwin, A. (2014). Distracted Risk factors, driver Behaviors and distracting
conditions among adolescent drivers: findings from a naturalistic driving study. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 54, 50 – 60
Haghpanahan, H., Lewsey, J., Mackay, D. F., Mcintosh, E., Pell, J., Jones, A., Fitzgerald, N. &
Robinson, M. (2019). An evaluation of the effects of lowering blood alcohol concentration limits
for drivers on the rates of road traffic accidents and alcohol consumption: a natural experiment.
Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, 393, 321–29.
Horrey, W. J. & Wickens, C. D. (2004). Cell phones and driving performance: a meta-analysis.
Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society 48th annual meeting.
Hosking, S. G., Young, K. L. & Regan, M. A. (2009). The effects of text messaging on young
drivers. Human Factors Ergon Sociology, 51(4):582e92.
Kothari, C. & Gaurav, G (2014). Research Methodology Methods & Techniques. (3rd Ed.)
London. New AGE International Limited.
Kothari, C. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. (2nd Ed.). New Delhi:
New Press.
Kujala, T. (2013). Browsing the information highway while driving: Three in-vehicle touch
screen scrolling methods and distraction, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 17, 815–823.
Lheureux, F. (2012). Speeding or not speeding? When the subjective assessment of safe,
pleasurable, and risky speeds determines speeding behavior. The European Journal of
Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 4(1), 79-98.

60
Loeb, P. D., Clarke, W. A., & Anderson, R. (2009). The impact of cell phones on motor vehicle
fatalities. Applied Economics, 41(22), 2905-2914.
Nasar, J. L., & Troyer, D. (2013). Pedestrian injuries due to mobile phone use in public places.
Accident Analysis Prevention, 57(9), 1-5.
Ojo, A. L. (2015). Assessment of human factors as determinants of road traffic accidents among
commercial vehicles drivers in Gbonyin local government area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. IOSR
Journal of Research & Method in Education, 5(1), 69 – 74.
Omulo, C. (2018). Nairobi County tops 2018 death toll from road accidents. Retrieved from
https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/news/nairobi-death-toll-road-accidents
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
Rocco, L., Sampaio, B. & Tigre, R. (2015). Cell phones, distracted driving, bans, and fatalities.
Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior, 1319 – 1329.
Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business. (7th Ed.). New York. Wiley
Sons.
Sloboda, J. A. (2009). “Every day uses of music listening: A preliminary study”. In Suk Won Yi
(Ed.), Music, mind, and science (pp. 354-369). Seoul: Western Music Institute.
Staum, M. J., & Brotons, M. (2010). “The effect of music amplitude on the relaxation response”.
Journal of Music Therapy, 37, 22-39.
Talbot, R., Fagerlindb, H. & Morrisa, A. (2013). Accident Analysis and Prevention. Exploring
inattention and distraction in the SafetyNet. Accident Causation Database, 60: 445– 455
Taylor, B. & Rehm, J. (2012). The relationship between alcohol consumption and fatal motor
vehicle injury: high risk at low alcohol levels. Alcohol Clinical Expense Resource, 36, 1827–34.
Teye-kwadjo, I. M. (2011). National Mirror-Harvest of deaths on Nigeria roads. National mirror
online. Net/----/188889
Unal, A. B., Steg, L. & Epstude, K. (2012. The influence of music on mental efforts and driving
performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 48, 271– 278.
Watanabe, K., & Funahashi, S. (2014). Neural mechanisms of dual-task interference and
cognitive capacity limitation in the prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 17(4), 601-611.
Weller, J. A., Shackleford, C., Dieckmann, N., Slovic, P. (2013). Possession attachment predicts
cell phone use while driving. Health Psychology, 32(4), 379.

61
Westlake, E. J. & Boyle, L. N. (2012). Perceptions of driver distraction among teenage drivers.
Transportation Research, Part F 15, 644 – 653.
White, K. M., Hyde, M. K., Walsh, S. P. & Watson, B. (2010). Mobile phone use while driving:
an investigation of the beliefs influencing drivers' hands-free and hand-held mobile phone use.
Transport Rescue Part F Traffic Psychology Behavior, 13(1), 9-20.
Wisker, G. (2008). The Postgraduate Research Handbook. (2nd Ed). Hampshire. Macmillan.
World Health Organization (2004). World report on prevention of road traffic injuries.
Washington, D.C.: OPS.
Young, K. L., Regan, M. A. & Lee, J. D. (2008). Factors moderating the impact of distraction on
driving performance and safety. In: Regan, M. A., Lee, J. D., Young, K. L. (Eds.), Driver
Distraction: Theory, Effects, and Mitigation. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton,
FL, USA, 335–352.
Zhao, X., Zhang, X. & Rong, J. (2014). Study of the effects of alcohol on drivers and driving
performance on a straight road. Mathematical problems in engineering, 9, 38 – 3

Ethiopian Civil Service University

Institute of urban development and Engineering
Department of Transport Planning and Management
Dear Sir/Madam

62
This is the survey questioner developed to conduct research entitled “Risk factors, driver
Behaviors ” The purpose of this research is the fulfillment of Masters of Transport planning and
management at Ethiopian Civil Service University. Hence, your sincere cooperation to fill the
enclosed questioner is highly appreciable. It will take a few minutes to complete filling the
questioner and you may find it an enjoyable experience. As there are very few respondents for
the survey, your response will be highly important. I assure you that all responses will be kept
strictly as highly confidential.

Thank you in Advance for your Cooperation!

Sincerely,

Firew Hailemariam kebede

Mobile No – +251918803656

General information
This questionnaire includes several questions that will help us to understand and know the Risk
factors Driver's Behavior. There are no rights or wrong answers to any of these questions. This

63
 questionnaire has also several different kinds of questions that appear in different formats. It may
ask you to put tick mark (√) mark to give alternatives
Appendix 1 Questionnaire filled by Driver
Section.1 Demographic characteristic
1) Gender 1) Male 2). Female
2) Age 1) below 18 2) 18-30 3) 31-40 4 )41-50 5) above 50
3) Educational information 1) Read & write 2)1_4 3) 5_8 4)9_12
5)complete 12 6)College level E) First degree and above
4) Marital status 1) single 2) Married 3 ) Divorce 4 ) widowed 5) Separate

5) Vehicle Ownership A) Private B) Government

Section.2 Driver Commitment

No Please put tick mark (√ ) mark one response for

Commitment each item
1 Do you like driving in the city of Addis Ababa? Yes No
2 Would you recommend a close friend to join in Yes No
the driving position?
3 Would you say…No number 2 Question Way? salary Road safety city driving is Other
issue issue not a comfort issue
4 How to fill the driver salary and other benefits More Sufficient Less Insuffi
Sufficie Sufficient cient
nt
5 Do you want to leave the driving position? Yes No
Yes No

Section.3 Risk factors, driver Behaviors

Please put tick mark (√) mark one response for each item

64
1. In the past 30 days, Asked by a passenger to slow down or drive more carefully while
driving over the speed limit in a city? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
2. In your opinion, would drivers be more careful if they traffic polis in place? 1) Yes 2)
No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
3. Do you break the speed limit in the past 30 days? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 )
Other
4. Do you remonstrate with other drivers? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
5. Do you feel competitive when driving? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
6. Do you often feel anxious or stressed when driving? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 )
Other
7. In the past 30 days, have you been expected to talk on your cell phone while driving
because of work? 1. Yes, 2. No 3 Not sure
8. Would you say…yes No 7 Question 1). Every day, 2.) A few times a week, 3.) A few
times a month, 4.) Once a month or less, 5.) Never 6). Don’t know
9. how to evaluate driver beaver in the city of Addis Ababa 1) good 2 ) very good 3) bad
4 ) very bad 5) Don’t know
10. . In the past 30 days, have you been expected to send or receive a text message cell phone
while driving because of work? 1.) Yes 2.) No 3.) Don’t know
11. How many traffic tickets, if any, have you got in the past 1 year for moving violations? 1), 0-
5 2) .6_10 3) .11-15 4) More than 5). Not sure
12. During the past 2 years, how many accidents have you been in while you were driving? 1)
0-3 2 ) 4-9 3,) 10-3 4,) More than 5) Don’t know
13. Would you say…yes no 12 Question? 1) Every day, 2.) A few times a week, 3) A
few times a month, 4). Once a month or less,
14. What types of driver driving errors do you observe most?
1) Driving beyond the speed limit 3) Taking with mobile while driving
2) Failure to give priority to pedestrians 4) Drunk driving 5) Overloading
15. How frequently do you use your mobile phone while driving? 1) Never [ ] 2 ) Rarely
[ ] 3) Occasionally [ ] 4 Often[ ] 5 )Always [ ]
16. What is/are the reason(s) for you speeding? 1) It is fun[ ] 2) Running late [ ] 3) I am
very familiar with the road [ ] 4)The road designs encourage speeding [ ] 5) I feel the

65
 urge to show off or assert myself [ ] The passengers are encouraging me to drive faster
[]
Section.4 Road safety
1. Do you have a valid vehicle driver’s license? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
2. Have you had any post-driver training (road safety) in the last 2 years? 1) Yes 2 ) No
3) Not sure 4 ) Other
3. Do you support automated enforcement techniques such as speed cameras in the city of
Addis Ababa 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
4. Do you think you are a good driver (safe driver)? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
5. How do you evaluate pedestrians in respecting traffic rules while they are walking along
the carriageway? 1) Very Good 2.) Good 3.) Poor 4.) Very Poor
6. How are Drivers’ Driving Facilities in Addis Ababa? 1. More Sufficient 2. Sufficient
3). Less Sufficient 4. ) Insufficient
7. In Your Opinion, Which Contributes Most to The Causes of Road Traffic Accidents in
Addis Ababa? 1). Drivers 2.) Vehicle 3.) Roads 4.) Pedestrians
8. Road traffic accident 1) Error 2) Opportunities 3) bad luck 4.) Don’t know 5 Other
9. Which of the following do you think would be most effective in making driving in Addis
Ababa? 1.) Enforcement: 2.) Education: 3.) Engineering: 4,) don’t know 4), other
10. How do you observe the situation of road traffic accident problems in Addis Ababa? 1)
More Severe Problem 2.) Severe Problem 3) Light Problem 4) Not A Problem
11. About how many people do you think died the last year in 2013 from vehicle Accidents
in the city of Addis Ababa? Even if you don't know the exact number, please give me
your best guess. ____(Range 300-500) 1).300 – 350 2.) 351- 400 3), 401-450
4.) 451_500 4,) don’t know
12. What are the major problems of road traffic accident in Addis Ababa?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

66
 ________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
13. What is your suggestion in order to reduce road traffic accident in Addis Ababa?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
___________________________

Thank you so much for your cooperation

Ethiopian Civil Service University

Institute of urban development and Engineering

67
 Department of Transport Planning and Management
Dear Sir/Madam
This is the survey questioner developed to conduct research entitled “Risk factors, driver
Behaviors ”. The purpose of this research is the fulfillment of Masters of Transport planning and
management at Ethiopian Civil Service University. Hence, your sincere cooperation to fill the
enclosed questioner is highly appreciable. It will take a few minutes to complete filling the
questioner and you may find it an enjoyable experience. As there are very few respondents for
the survey, your response will be highly important. I assure you that all responses will be kept
strictly as highly confidential.

Thank you in Advance for your Cooperation!

Sincerely,

Firew Hailemariam kebede

Mobile No – +251918803656

General information

68
 This questionnaire includes several questions that will help us to understand and know the Risk
factors Driver's Behavior in Addis Ababa. There is no right or wrong answers to any of these
questions. This questionnaire has also several different kinds of questions that appear in different
formats. It may ask you to put tick mark (√) mark to give alternatives
Appendix 2 Questionnaire filled by pedestrians

Section.1 Demographic characteristic

1. Gender 1) Male 2 ). Female
2. Age 1) below 18 2) 18-30 3 ) 31-40 D ) 41-50 E) above 50
3. Educational information 1) Read & write 2)1_4 3) 5_8 4)9_12 5)
complete 12 6) College level E) First degree and above

4. Marital status 1 ) single 2 ) Married 3 ) Divorce 4 ) widowed

5) Separate
5. Occupational Status 1) Employed 2) Unemployed
Section.1 Trip condition

1. What is your regular trip purpose that constitutes of your time? 1) Work 2) Education
3) Market 4) Recreation
2. Have you observed road traffic accident on your trip in 2021? 1) Yes 2) No
3. if you answer for question No 2 is ”Yes” how frequent is on monthly bases? 1) once
2) Two 3) Three 4) Four 5) Five and More
4. How do you rate the drives commitment to perform their duties? 1)Very High 2) High
3)Low 4)Very Low
5. What is the major cause of the road traffic accident observed? 1) Driver problem 2)
vehicle problem 3) pedestrian problem 4) road & Environment 5) if other please
specifies_________________________________________________
6. How pedestrian errors become the cause of road traffic accident? 1) Not using the
existing pedestrian walk ways 2) Not properly crossing of the road 3) Using of vehicle
ways 4) If other please specify__________________________________
7. What types of pedestrian’s road usage error do you observe most? 1).Failure to give ways
for vehicles 2) Drunk walking on vehicle way 3) Taking with mobile while crossing
vehicle 4) Not using proper zebra crossing 5) Walking on wrong sides

69
 8. How do you evaluate the pedestrian facilities in Addis Ababa? 1)Excellent
2) Very good 3) Good 4) poor 5) Very poor

Section.3 Risk factors, driver Behaviors

1. In your opinion, would drivers be more careful if they traffic polis in place? 1) Yes 2)
No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
2. Do you observe drivers remonstrate with other drivers? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 )
Other
3. Do you observe drivers' competitiveness when driving? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 )
Other
4. Do you observe anxious or stressed driving? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
5. How to evaluate driver beaver in the city of Addis Ababa 1) good 2) very good 3) bad 4)
very bad 5 )Don’t know
6. During the past 2 years, how many accidents have you seen in the city of Addis Ababa?
1) 0-3 2) 4-9 3,) 10-3 4, ) More than 5) Don’t know
Section.4 Road safety
1. In Your Opinion, Which Contributes Most to The Causes of Road Traffic Accidents in the city
of Addis Ababa? 1.) Drivers 2.) Vehicles 3.) Roads 4). Pedestrians
2. How do you evaluate pedestrians in respecting traffic rules while they are walking along the
carriageway? 1) Very Good 2). Good 3.) Poor 4.) Very Poor
3. How are Drivers’ Driving Facilities in Addis Ababa? 1.) More Sufficient 2). Sufficient 3.) Less
Sufficient 4.) Insufficient
4. How do you evaluate pedestrians in respecting traffic rules while they are walking along the
carriageway? 1 Very Good 2. Good 3. Poor 4. Very Poor
5. Which of the following do you think would be most effective in making driving in Addis Ababa?
1. Enforcement: 2. Education: 3. Engineering: 4, Don’t know5, other
6. About how many people do you think died the last year in 2013 from vehicle Accidents in the
city of Addis Ababa? Even if you don't know the exact number, please give me your best
guess.______(Range 300-500) 1 .300 – 350 2.351- 400 3, 401-450 4.451_500 4, don't know
7. how to evaluate driver beaver in the city of Addis Ababa 1 good 2 very good 3 bad 4 very bad 5
Don’t know

70
8. How do you evaluate the level of road safety education program in Addis Ababa? 1) very high
2) high 3) low 4) very low
9. What types of driver driving errors do you observe most? 1 Driving beyond the speed limit 2
Failure to give priority to pedestrians 3 Taking with mobile while driving 4 Drunk driving 5
Overloading
10. What are the major problems of road traffic accident in Addis Ababa?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
11. What is your suggestion in order to reduce road traffic accident in Addis Ababa?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
12. What are the major challenges that forced pedestrian not using the road properiy?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________

Thank you so much for your cooperation

Ethiopian Civil Service University

Institute of urban development and Engineering

71
 Department of Transport Planning and Management

Dear Sir/Madam
This is the survey questioner developed to conduct research entitled " Risk factors Driver's
Behavior ". The purpose of this research is the fulfillment of Masters of Transport planning and
management at Ethiopian Civil Service University. Hence, your sincere cooperation to fill the
enclosed questioner is highly appreciable. It will take a few minutes to complete filling the
questioner and you may find it an enjoyable experience. As there are very few respondents for
the survey, your response will be highly important. I assure you that all responses will be kept
strictly as highly confidential.

Thank you in Advance for your Cooperation!

Sincerely,

Firew Hailemariam kebede

Mobile No – +251918803656

General information

72
 This questionnaire includes several questions that will help us to understand and know the Risk
factors driver Behavior in Addis Ababa. There are no rights or wrong answers to any of these
questions. This questionnaire has also several different kinds of questions that appear in different
formats. It may ask you to put tick mark (√) mark to give alternatives
Appendix 3 Questionnaire filled by road traffic accident victims

Section.1 Demographic characteristic

1. Gender 1) Male 2). Female
2. Age 1) below 18 B) 18-30 C) 31-40 D )41-50 E) above 50

3. Educational information 1) Read & write 2) 1_4 3) 5_8 4)9_12 5)

complete 12 6) College level E) First degree and above
4. Marital status 1 ) single B ) Married C) Divorce D ) widowed
E) Separate
5. Occupational Status A) Employed B) Unemployed
Section.2.Road traffic accident condition
1. How do you observe the situation of road traffic accident problems in Addis Ababa? 1)
More Severe Problem 2.) Severe Problem 3) Light Problem 4.) Not A Problem
2. Road traffic accident 1) opportunity, 2) bad luck 3) error 4.) Don’t know
3. Which road traffic accidents occur? 1) morning 2) Noon 3) evening
4. The road traffic accident occurred near to 1) Market 2) vehicle station 3) office 4)
home 5) school 6) Religious institution 7) entertainment 8) others
5. What was the cause of the road traffic accident? 1) Driver problem 2) vehicle problem 3)
pedestrian problem 4) road problem 5) if other please specifies
6. What types of injuries are involved in a road traffic accident? 1) Serious injury 2) light
injury
7. How do you evaluate the health treatment you get in the hospital? very good 2) good 3)
poor 4) very poor

Section.3 Risk factors, driver Behaviors

73
 1. In your opinion, would drivers be more careful if they traffic polis in place? 1) Yes 2)
No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
2. Do you observe drivers remonstrate with other drivers? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 )
Other
4. Do you observe drivers' competitiveness when driving? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 )
Other
5. Do you observe anxious or stressed driving? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
6. how to evaluate driver beaver in the city of Addis Ababa 1) good 2) very good 3 bad 4)
very bad 5) Don’t know
8. During the past 2 years, how many accidents have you seen in the city of Addis? Ababa
1) 0-3 2) 4-9 3,) 10-3 4), More than 5) don’t know
9. Causes of road traffic accident Victims 1) Driver Problems 2) Vehicle problems 3)
Pedestrian problems 4 ) Road problem

Section.4 Road safety

1. In Your Opinion, Which Contributes Most to The Causes of Road Traffic Accidents in
Addis Ababa? 1.) Drivers 2.) Vehicles 3). Roads 4.) Pedestrians
2. How do you evaluate pedestrians in respecting traffic rules while they are walking along
the carriage way? 1) Very Good 2). Good 3) Poor 4) Very Poor
3. How are Drivers’ Driving Facilities in Addis Ababa? 1.) More Sufficient 2) .Sufficient 3)
Less Sufficient 4.) Insufficient
4. How do you evaluate pedestrians in respecting traffic rules while they are walking along
the carriage way? 1) Very Good 2). Good 3). Poor 4). Very Poor
5. Which of the following do you think would be most effective in making driving in Addis
Ababa? 1). Enforcement: 2.) Education: 3.) Engineering: 4) , Don’t know 5) ,
other
6. About how many people do you think died last year 2013 from vehicle Accidents in the
city of Addis Ababa? Even if you don’t know the exact number, please give me your best
guess. _________ (Range 300-500) 1) .300 – 350 2.) 351- 400 3,) 401-450 4) .451_500
5), don’t know

74
7. how to evaluate driver beaver in the city of Addis Ababa 1) good 2) very good 3) bad 4)
very bad 5) Don’t know
8. How do you evaluate the level of road safety education program in Addis Ababa? 1) very
high 2) high 3) low 4) very low
9. What types of driver driving errors do you observe most? 1) Driving beyond the speed
limit 2 ) Failure to give priority to pedestrians 3) Taking with mobile while driving 4 )
Drunk driving 5) Overloading
10. After RTA the vehicle driver help you or report the causes for Traffic polis 1) Yes 2) No
11. What is your suggestion in order to reduce road traffic accident in Addis Ababa?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
12. What are the major challenges that forced pedestrian not using the road properiy?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Thank you so much for your cooperation

75
 Ethiopian Civil Service University
Institute of urban development and Engineering
Department of Transport planning and Management
Dear Sir/Madam
This is the survey questioner developed to conduct research entitled “Risk factors, driver
Behaviors ”. The purpose of this research is the fulfillment of Masters of Transport planning and
management at Ethiopian Civil Service University. Hence, your sincere cooperation to fill the
enclosed questioner is highly appreciable. It will take a few minutes to complete filling the
questioner and you may find it an enjoyable experience. As there are very few respondents for
the survey, your response will be highly important. I assure you that all responses will be kept
strictly as highly confidential.

Thank you in Advance for your Cooperation!

Sincerely,

Firew Hailemariam kebede

Mobile No – +251918803656

76
 General information
This questionnaire includes several questions that will help us to understand and know the Risk
factors Driver's Behavior in Addis Ababa. There are no rights or wrong answers to any of these
questions. This questionnaire has also several different kinds of questions that appear in different
formats. It may ask you to put tick mark (√) mark to give alternatives
Appendix 4 Questionnaire filled Traffic police

Section.1 Demographic characteristic

1. Gender 1) Male 2). Female

2. Age 1) below 20 2) 20-30 3 ) 31-40 D ) 41-50 E) above 51

3. Educational information 1) Read & write 2)1_4 3) 5_8 4)9_12 5)
complete 12 6) College level E) First degree and above
4. Marital status 1 ) single 2 ) Married 3 ) Divorce 4 ) widowed
5) Separate
Section.1 Trip condition

1. What is your regular trip purpose that constitutes of your time? 1) Work 2) Education
3) Market 4) Recreation 5) If other please
specify____________________________________________________________
2. Have you observed road traffic accident on your trip in 2021? 1) Yes 2) No
3. if you answer for question No 2 is ”Yes” how frequent is on monthly bases? 1) once
2) Two 3) Three 4) Four 5) Five and More
4. How do you rate the drives commitment to perform their duties? 1)Very High 2) High
3)Low 4)Very Low
5. What is the major cause of the road traffic accident observed? 1) Driver problem 2)
vehicle problem 3) pedestrian problem 4) road & Environment 5) if other please
specifies_________________________________________________
6. How pedestrian errors become the cause of road traffic accident? 1) Not using the
existing pedestrian walk ways 2) Not properly crossing of the road 3) Using of vehicle
ways 4) If other please specify__________________________________

77
 7. What types of pedestrian’s road usage error do you observe most? 1).Failure to give ways
for vehicles 2) Drunk walking on vehicle way 3) Taking with mobile while crossing
vehicle 4) Not using proper zebra crossing 5) Walking on wrong sides
8. How do you evaluate the pedestrian facilities in Addis Ababa? 1)Excellent 2) Very
good 3) Good 4) poor 5) Very poor

Section.3 Risk factors, driver Behaviors

1. In your opinion, would drivers be more careful if they traffic polis in place? 1) Yes 2)
No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
2. Do you observe drivers remonstrate with other drivers? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure Do
you observe drivers' competitiveness when driving? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 )
Other
3. Do you observe anxious or stressed driving? 1) Yes 2 ) No 3) Not sure 4 ) Other
4. How to evaluate driver beaver in the city of Addis Ababa 1) good 2) very good 3) bad 4)
very bad 5 )Don’t know
5. During the past 2 years, how many accidents have you seen in the city of Addis Ababa?
2) 0-3 2) 4-9 3,) 10-3 4, ) More than 5) Don’t know
Section.4 Road safety
1. In Your Opinion, Which Contributes Most to The Causes of Road Traffic Accidents in
the city of Addis Ababa? 1.) Drivers 2.) Vehicles 3.) Roads 4). Pedestrians
2. How do you evaluate pedestrians in respecting traffic rules while they are walking along
the carriageway? 1) Very Good 2). Good 3.) Poor 4.) Very Poor
3. How are Drivers’ Driving Facilities in Addis Ababa? 1.) More Sufficient 2). Sufficient
3.) Less Sufficient 4.) Insufficient
4. How do you evaluate pedestrians in respecting traffic rules while they are walking along
the carriageway? 1 Very Good 2. Good 3. Poor 4. Very Poor
5. Which of the following do you think would be most effective in making for driver in
Addis Ababa? 1. Enforcement: 2. Education: 3. Engineering: 4, Don’t know5
6. About how many people do you think died the last year in 2013 from vehicle Accidents
in the city of Addis Ababa? Even if you don't know the exact number, please give me
your best guess._________ (Range 300-500) 1 .300 – 350 2.351- 400 3, 401-450
4.451_500 4, don’t know

78
7. how to evaluate driver beaver in the city of Addis Ababa 1 good 2 very good 3 bad 4
very bad 5 Don’t know
8. How do you evaluate the level of road safety education program in Addis Ababa? 1) very
high 2) high 3) low 4) very low
9. What types of driver driving errors do you observe most? 1 Driving beyond the speed
limit 2 Failure to give priority to pedestrians 3 Taking with mobile while driving 4
Drunk driving 5 Overloading
10. What are the major problems of road traffic accident in Addis Ababa?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
11. What is your suggestion in order to reduce road traffic accident in Addis Ababa?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
12. What are the major challenges that forced pedestrian not using the road properiy?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________

Thank you so much for your cooperation

79
 Ethiopian Civil Service University
Institute of Urban Development Studies
Department of Transport Planning and Management
Appendix 5 Field Observation check Lists, 2022
No Items Very Good Poor Very Remark
Good Poor
1 Drivers driving behaviors 
2 Condition of traffic flow 
3 Vehicle Condition 
4 Traffic sign and road 
markings existing condition
5 Pedestrian movement: road, 
waking
6 Road facilities 
7 Pedestrian facilities 

Observation of all activities that have a direct contribution to causing road traffic accidents and
promoting road traffic safety in the city,

80
 Ethiopian Civil Service University
Institute of Urban Development Studies
Department of Transport Planning and Management
Appendix 6 Focus group Discussion ;(FGD) point 2022
1. How to improve driver driving behavior in the city of Addis Ababa.
2. Source of a road traffic accident in Addis Ababa.
3. Major causes of a road traffic accident in Addis Ababa.
4. Recommendations for problems of road traffic accidents and road traffic safety.
5. Measures were taken in reducing road traffic accidents and improving road traffic safety.

81
 Ethiopian Civil Service University
Institute of Urban Development Studies
Department of Transport Planning and Management
Appendix .7
In interview questions offered to Addis Ababa Road transport office 2022
1. How to improve driver driving behavior in the city of Addis Ababa
2. What are the major problems of a road traffic accident in Addis Ababa?
3. What is the bureau's plan in reducing road traffic accidents and improving road traffic safety
education programs?
4. What are the enforcement mechanisms in reducing road traffic accidents?
5. Is there any best practice carried out by the road traffic safety education program by the
commission?

82
 Ethiopian Civil Service University
Institute of Urban Development Studies
Department of Transport Planning and Management
Appendix 8
In interview questions offered to Addis Ababa traffic polis 2022
1. What are the major causes of road traffic accidents in the city?
2. What are the major challenges you faced in the enforcement activity?
3. How you are working with stakeholders for ensuring road traffic safety?
4. Do you think road traffic accidents could be prevented or it depends on a driver‘s
behavior?
5. What are the recommendations to reduce road traffic accidents and improve road traffic
safety in Addis Ababa?

83
84