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Major Project Report On

Online Book Store

By

Mustafa ( 123654987 )

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree

Bachelor of Technology (Computer Science)

(2025)

Under the guidance of

rehtal khiladi no 1

Professor HOD

meerut college
mahabali college

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meerut college

Department of Computer Science

Certificate

This is to certify that Mustafa (123654987), student of Bachelor of Technology, Six Semester,

Department of Computer Science of meerut college, has pursued the Major Project titled “Online

Book Store” under the supervision of khiladi no 1, Head Of Department (HOD) and Internal guide

rehtal and the report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the

degree, Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science by meerut college in the Year 2025.

rehtal khiladi no 1

Professor HOD

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meerut college

Department of Computer Science

Certificate

This is to certify that Mustafa (123654987), student of Bachelor of Technology, Six Semester,

Department of Computer Science of meerut college, has pursued the Major Project titled “Online

Book Store” under the supervision of khiladi no 1, Head Of Department (HOD) and Internal guide

rehtal and the report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the

degree, Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science by meerut college in the Year 2025.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

Signature Signature

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere regard and indebtedness to my project internal guide rehtal, for his valuable

time, guidance, encouragement, support and cooperation throughout the duration of our project. I

would sincerely like to thank IT Department for giving me the opportunity to work on enhancing

my technical skills while undergoing this project. This project was done under the guidance of

rehtal, Head of Department. This project helped in understanding the various parameters which are

involved in the development of a web application and the working and integration of front end

along with the back end to create a fully functional web application.

I would like to thank khiladi no 1, Head of Department and whole of department for their constant

support.

Mustafa

123654987

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ABSTRACT

Online Book store is an online web application where the customer can purchase books online.

Through a web browser the customers can search for a book by its title or author, later can add to

the shopping cart and finally purchase using credit card transaction. The user can login using his

account details or new customers can set up an account very quickly. They should give the details of

their name, contact number and shipping address. The user can also give feedback to a book by

giving ratings on a score of five. The books are divided into many categories based on subject like

Software, Database, English, Architecture etc.

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INDEX

S.No. Index Page No.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-6

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Aim 1

1.3 Existing System 2

1.4 Proposed System 2

1.5 Feasibility Study 3-4

1.6 Project Work Schedule 5

1.7 Organisation of Report 6

Chapter 2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 7

2.1 Hardware Requirement 7

2.2 Software Requirement 7

Chapter 3 DESIGN & PLANNING 8-14

3.1 Software Development Life Cycle Model 8

3.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW 9

3.3 User Flow Diagram 10

3.4 ER Diagram 11

3.5 DFD Diagram 12-14

Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS 15 - 30

4.1 FRONT END 15 - 23

4.2 BACK END 24 - 29

Chapter 5 TESTING 30- 40

5.1 UNIT TESTING 30 - 31

5.2 INTEGRATION TESTING 32 - 33

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5.3 SOFTWARE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION 34 - 36

5.4 Black-Box Testing 37

5.5 White-Box Testing 38 - 39

5.6 SYSTEM TESTING 40

Chapter 6 RESULTS 41 - 46

Chapter 7 ADVANTAGES 47

Chapter 8 CONCLUSION 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY 49

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

An online bookstore software projects that acts as a central database containing various books in

stock along with their title, author and cost. This project is a website that acts as a central book

store. This web project is developed using asp.net as the front end and sql as a back-end. The sql

database stores various book related details. A user visiting the website can see a wide range of

books arranged in respective categories. The user may select desired book and view its price. The

user may even search for specific books on the website. Once the user selects a book , he then has to

fill in a form and the book is booked for the user.

1.2 AIM

The main aim of the project is to create an online book store that allows users to search and

purchase a book online based on title, author and subject. The selected books are displayed in a

tabular format and the user can order their books online through credit card payment. Using this

Website the user can purchase a book online instead of going out to a book store and wasting time.

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1.3 EXISTING SYSTEM

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

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1.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY

A feasibility study is a high-level capsule version of the entire System analysis and Design Process.
The study begins by classifying the problem definition. Feasibility is to determine if it’s worth
doing. Once an acceptance problem definition has been generated, the analyst develops a logical
model of the system. A search for alternatives is analyzed carefully. There are 3 parts in feasibility
study.

1) Operational Feasibility

2) Technical Feasibility

3) Economical Feasibility

1.5.1 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

Operational feasibility is the measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes
advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the
requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development.The operational
feasibility assessment focuses on the degree to which the proposed development projects fits in with
the existing business environment and objectives with regard to development schedule, delivery
date, corporate culture and existing business processes.To ensure success, desired operational
outcomes must be imparted during design and development. These include such design-dependent
parameters as reliability, maintainability, supportability, usability, producibility, disposability,
sustainability, affordability and others. These parameters are required to be considered at the early
stages of design if desired operational behaviours are to be realised. A system design and
development requires appropriate and timely application of engineering and management efforts to
meet the previously mentioned parameters. A system may serve its intended purpose most
effectively when its technical and operating characteristics are engineered into the design.
Therefore, operational feasibility is a critical aspect of systems engineering that needs to be an
integral part of the early design phases.

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1.5.2 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This involves questions such as whether the technology needed for the system exists, how difficult
it will be to build, and whether the firm has enough experience using that technology. The
assessment is based on outline design of system requirements in terms of input, processes, output,
fields, programs and procedures. This can be qualified in terms of volume of data, trends, frequency
of updating inorder to give an introduction to the technical system. The application is the fact that it
has been developed on windows XP platform and a high configuration of 1GB RAM on Intel
Pentium Dual core processor. This is technically feasible .The technical feasibility assessment is
focused on gaining an understanding of the present technical resources of the organization and their
applicability to the expected needs of the proposed system. It is an evaluation of the hardware and
software and how it meets the need of the proposed system.

1.5.3 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

Establishing the cost-effectiveness of the proposed system i.e. if the benefits do not outweigh the
costs then it is not worth going ahead. In the fast paced world today there is a great need of online
social networking facilities. Thus the benefits of this project in the current scenario make it
economically feasible. The purpose of the economic feasibility assessment is to determine the
positive economic benefits to the organization that the proposed system will provide. It includes
quantification and identification of all the benefits expected. This assessment typically involves a
cost/benefits analysis.

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1.6 GAANT Chart

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1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT

1.7.1 INTRODUCTION

This section includes the overall view of the project i.e. the basic problem definition and the general
overview of the problem which describes the problem in layman terms. It also specifies the software
used and the proposed solution strategy.

1.7.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

This section includes the Software and hardware requirements for the smooth running of the
application.

1.7.3 DESIGN & PLANNING

This section consists of the Software Development Life Cycle model. It also contains technical
diagrams like the Data Flow Diagram and the Entity Relationship diagram.

1.7.4 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

This section describes the different technologies used for the entire development process of the
Front-end as well as the Back-end development of the application.

1.7.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section has screenshots of all the implementation i.e. user interface and their description.

1.7.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This section has screenshots of all the implementation i.e. user interface and their description.

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CHAPTER 2 : SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

2.1 Hardware Requirements

Number Description

1 PC with 250 GB or more Hard disk.

2 PC with 2 GB RAM.

3 PC with Pentium 1 and Above.

2.2 Software Requirements

Number Description Type

1 Operating System Windows XP / Windows

2 Back-End Technology PHP, Node.Js, Java, Laravel, CodeIgniter, PostgreSQL

3 Front-End Technology React Js, HTML, Python, JSON, Css, Vue.js, Flutter, XML, Android

4 Browser Google Chrome

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CHAPTER 3 : DESIGN & PLANNING

3.1 Software Development Life Cycle Model

3.1.1 WATERFALL MODEL

The waterfall model was selected as the SDLC model due to the following reasons:

Requirements were very well documented, clear and fixed.

Technology was adequately understood.
Simple and easy to understand and use.
There were no ambiguous requirements.
Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model. Each phase has specific deliverables and a
review process.
Clearly defined stages.
Well understood milestones.Easy to arrange tasks.

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3.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW

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3.3 Use Case Diagram

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3.4 ER Diagram

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3.5 DFD Diagram

3.5.1 Zero-Level DFD Diagram

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3.5.2 First-Level DFD Diagram

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3.5.3 Second-Level DFD Diagram

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CHAPTER 4 : IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

In this Section we will do Analysis of Technologies to use for implementing the project.

4.1 : FRONT END

4.1.1 React Js

ReactJs is an open-source JavaScript library for building user interfaces. It was developed by
Facebook and is used for creating fast and scalable single-page applications. ReactJs allows
developers to build reusable UI components, which can be combined to create complex user
interfaces. The library uses a virtual DOM, which is a representation of the actual HTML DOM in
the memory, to make changes to the user interface faster and more efficient.

ReactJs has become a popular choice for front-end development due to its simplicity and flexibility.
The component-based architecture of ReactJs makes it easier to manage and maintain large-scale
applications. Components in ReactJs can be easily reused across different parts of the application,
which leads to better code organization and less duplication of code. ReactJs also provides a rich set
of tools and libraries, including React Native, which allows developers to build native mobile apps
using React.

In addition to its component-based architecture, ReactJs also offers other features that make it a
popular choice for front-end development. One of these features is the ability to manage the state of
the application using Redux, which is a popular state management library for React. Redux makes it
easier for developers to manage the state of their application, which is particularly important in
large-scale applications. ReactJs also provides support for server-side rendering, which allows for
improved performance and better SEO for the application. The library is also highly performant, as
changes to the user interface are made using the virtual DOM, which allows for efficient updates to
the user interface.

Overall, ReactJs is a powerful and versatile library for building user interfaces. Its component-based
architecture and support for server-side rendering make it a popular choice for front-end
development, while its virtual DOM and state management capabilities make it highly performant
and efficient. Whether you are building a single-page application, a mobile app, or a complex user
interface, ReactJs has the tools and libraries to help you build it quickly and efficiently. With its
growing popularity and community of developers, ReactJs is likely to continue to evolve and
provide even more capabilities for front-end development in the future.

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4.1.2 HTML

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a standard markup language used for creating web pages
and other information that can be displayed on the web. HTML was first introduced in the early
1990s by Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at the European Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN). The language has since evolved and is now in its fifth iteration, HTML5, which was
officially released in 2014. HTML is the foundation of all websites and is the backbone of the
internet.

HTML consists of a series of elements and tags that are used to define the structure and content of a
web page. The elements include headings, paragraphs, links, images, lists, tables, and more. The
tags are used to wrap around these elements to indicate how they should be displayed in a web
browser. For example, the <p> tag is used to define a paragraph, while the <img> tag is used to
insert an image. HTML also supports the use of CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript,
which can be used to add styling and interactivity to a website.

HTML5 has greatly improved the functionality of the web, making it easier for developers to create
dynamic and engaging websites. One of the biggest changes in HTML5 is the addition of new
elements and tags, such as the <article>, <header>, <footer>, and <nav> tags. These new tags allow
developers to define the structure of a web page more semantically, making it easier for search
engines and assistive technologies to understand the content. HTML5 also supports multimedia
content, such as audio and video, without the need for additional plugins. Another important feature
of HTML5 is the integration of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, allowing developers to create rich and
dynamic user interfaces without the need for additional tools.

HTML is also used in conjunction with other technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
and JavaScript to create dynamic and interactive web pages. CSS is used to control the presentation
of web pages, including the font size, color, background and layout. JavaScript is used to create
dynamic effects, such as animations and interactive forms, on web pages. HTML, CSS and
JavaScript work together to create web pages that are not only visually appealing, but also
functional and user-friendly. HTML has come a long way since its introduction, and it continues to
evolve and adapt to new technologies and user needs. HTML5, the latest version of HTML,
includes new features such as video and audio playback, geolocation and offline storage, making it
easier for developers to create dynamic and interactive web pages.

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4.1.3 Python

Python is a high-level programming language that is widely used in various industries, such as
finance, software development, and data analysis. It was first introduced in 1991 by Guido van
Rossum and since then it has become one of the most popular programming languages. Python is a
versatile language that can be used for a variety of purposes, from simple scripts to complex
software applications. It is also an open-source language, which means that its source code is freely
available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute.

One of the main advantages of using Python is its simplicity. Unlike other programming languages,
Python uses an intuitive syntax that is easy to read and write. This makes it an ideal choice for both
beginners and experienced programmers. Python is also known for its versatility, which makes it a
good choice for a variety of tasks, such as web development, scientific computing, and machine
learning. The Python community has developed a large number of libraries and modules, which are
collections of pre-written code that can be used to perform specific tasks. These libraries make it
easy to accomplish complex tasks in just a few lines of code, which saves time and effort.

In recent years, Python has become increasingly popular in the data science community. This is
because it has a large number of libraries that are specifically designed for data analysis, such as
Pandas and NumPy. These libraries make it easy to perform complex data manipulations, such as
aggregating and summarizing data, and performing statistical analysis. Python also has libraries for
machine learning, such as scikit-learn, which make it possible to build and train machine learning
models with ease. This is why Python is often referred to as a “Swiss Army Knife” of data science,
as it provides a wide range of tools that make it possible to perform complex data analysis tasks.

Overall, Python is a highly versatile programming language that has a lot to offer. Its simplicity and
versatility make it an ideal choice for a variety of tasks, from simple scripts to complex software
applications. Python’s popularity in the data science community is also a testament to its
capabilities, as it provides a wide range of tools that make it possible to perform complex data
analysis tasks. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced programmer, Python is a language that
is worth learning, as it is sure to provide you with many opportunities to explore new areas of
programming and to expand your skills.

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4.1.4 JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans
to read and write and easy for machines to parse and generate. It is a text-based format that is
language and platform independent. The popularity of JSON has grown in recent years, and it has
become the standard for data exchange on the web. The ability to exchange data between different
systems and platforms has made it a popular choice for APIs, data storage, and other data transfer
needs.

JSON is based on two structures: objects and arrays. Objects are collections of key-value pairs, and
arrays are ordered collections of values. The syntax of JSON is straightforward and simple. It uses
curly braces to enclose objects and square brackets to enclose arrays. The keys in objects must be
strings and the values can be any valid JSON data type, including objects, arrays, strings, numbers,
booleans, and null. The simplicity of the syntax makes it easy to use and understand, which is one
of the reasons why it has become so popular.

One of the key benefits of JSON is its ability to transmit data between different systems and
programming languages. It is a language-independent format, meaning that data can be sent from
one system to another, regardless of the programming language used. This is why it has become the
standard for APIs and data transfer. Many popular programming languages, such as JavaScript,
Python, Java, and Ruby, have built-in support for JSON, making it easy to work with. Additionally,
JSON is lightweight and easy to read and write, which makes it a good choice for data storage and
retrieval. The ability to store and retrieve data quickly and easily makes it ideal for use in modern
web applications.

Overall, JSON is a powerful and flexible data format that has become the standard for data
exchange on the web. Its simple syntax, language independence, and ability to transmit data
between different systems and platforms make it a popular choice for APIs, data storage, and other
data transfer needs. The ease of use and readability of JSON makes it a great choice for modern web
applications, and its popularity is only continuing to grow. Whether you are working with APIs,
data storage, or any other data transfer needs, JSON is a format that is definitely worth considering.

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4.1.5 Css

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a style sheet language used for describing the look and formatting
of a document written in HTML. It is an essential component of modern web development, as it
allows web developers to separate the content of a website from its presentation, making the design
and maintenance of websites much more manageable. The use of CSS makes it possible to apply
styles to a large number of web pages with just a few lines of code, rather than having to make
changes to the HTML code of each individual page.

CSS is based on a set of styling rules that are applied to specific HTML elements. These rules
specify the appearance of elements such as font, color, size, spacing, and more. CSS also provides a
way to specify the behavior of elements in response to different conditions, such as screen size or
device type. This makes it possible to create responsive designs that automatically adjust to
different screens, from desktop to mobile devices. Additionally, CSS provides a way to define the
layout of a page, using a variety of techniques such as floating elements, positioning, and the use of
grid and flexbox systems.

One of the main advantages of CSS is the ability to reuse styles across multiple pages, making it
easy to maintain consistency in the design of a website. The use of CSS also enables developers to
create styles that are reusable across different websites, as well as making it possible to share styles
with other developers. With the widespread use of CSS, there is a vast collection of pre-built styles
available on the internet that developers can use to speed up their design process. CSS has also been
used to create complex and sophisticated visual effects, such as animations, that were previously
only possible with JavaScript. In conclusion, CSS has become an essential tool for web
development, making it possible to create visually appealing and highly functional websites that are
easy to maintain and update.

In addition to providing a consistent look and feel, CSS also helps to improve the accessibility and
usability of websites. CSS can be used to hide content from screen readers, provide alternate text for
images, and format pages for different screen sizes and devices. This makes it easier for users with
disabilities to access and interact with a website, and for mobile users to view the site on their
devices. CSS also helps to improve the performance of websites, as it can be used to minimize the
number of requests to the server, reducing the load time of a site.

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4.1.6 Vue.js

Vue.js is a progressive JavaScript framework that is used for building user interfaces. It was created
by Evan You in 2014 and has gained popularity among web developers due to its simplicity and
versatility. The framework has a small size, and it is easily adaptable to different types of
applications, whether they are single-page applications or complex user interfaces.

One of the primary benefits of Vue.js is its simplicity. The framework uses a template-based syntax,
making it easy for developers to create dynamic user interfaces. Vue.js templates are HTML-based,
which makes it easier for developers to understand and use the framework. Additionally, the
framework is reactive, meaning that it updates the view automatically when the data changes. This
helps developers avoid having to manually update the view when data changes, which saves time
and increases productivity.

Another benefit of Vue.js is its flexibility. The framework provides a modular architecture, which
means that developers can easily add, remove, and replace components in their applications. This
makes it easier to manage complex applications and to reuse code. Additionally, Vue.js provides a
component-based architecture, which makes it possible to build reusable UI components that can be
shared across multiple applications. This not only saves time but also helps to ensure consistency in
the design and functionality of an application.Vue.js is also highly performant. The framework uses
a virtual DOM, which is a lightweight representation of the actual DOM, to update the view. This
means that updates to the view are much faster than if the real DOM were being updated.
Additionally, Vue.js provides a lazy-loading mechanism for components, which means that
components are only loaded when they are needed. This helps to keep the application lightweight
and improves performance.

In conclusion, Vue.js is a popular and versatile JavaScript framework that is well suited for building
dynamic user interfaces. Its simplicity, flexibility, and performance make it an attractive option for
web developers, especially for those working on small- to medium-sized applications. Whether
you're a beginner or an experienced developer, Vue.js offers a great solution for building modern
and dynamic web applications.

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4.1.7 Flutter

Flutter is an open-source mobile application development framework created by Google. It is used

for building high-performance, high-fidelity, and beautiful applications for both Android and iOS
platforms. Flutter uses Dart programming language, which is known for its simplicity and easy to
learn syntax. It allows developers to build applications quickly and efficiently without having to
worry about platform compatibility issues.

One of the key features of Flutter is its hot reload feature, which allows developers to instantly see
changes they make to the code reflected in the app. This greatly improves the development speed
and productivity, as developers can iterate quickly and test changes without having to wait for a full
rebuild. Flutter also has a rich set of customizable widgets, which allows for a highly-responsive
and smooth user interface. This, combined with its fast performance, has made it a popular choice
for building high-end apps for iOS and Android.

Another key advantage of Flutter is its ability to create high-quality, visually-appealing apps. It has
a modern, flexible architecture that allows for easy customization and animation, making it possible
to create visually-stunning apps that stand out from the crowd. In addition, Flutter has a large and
active community of developers, meaning that there is a wealth of resources and support available
for those looking to learn or use the framework. This includes a wide range of third-party packages
and plugins, which can be easily integrated into an app to add new functionality and improve the
overall user experience.

In conclusion, Flutter is a game-changer in the world of mobile application development. Its ease of
use, fast performance, and rich features make it an ideal choice for developers. The framework also
has a growing community of developers and a rich library of tutorials, plugins, and tools, making it
easier for developers to find solutions to their problems. With Flutter, developers can create
stunning and performant applications for both Android and iOS platforms, which will run smoothly
on both high-end and low-end devices. In the near future, it is expected to become a major player in
the mobile application development world, and developers are encouraged to learn this powerful
framework and create amazing applications with it.

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4.1.8 XML

XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a technology that is used to store and transport data. It is a
markup language, meaning it is a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both
human-readable and machine-readable. XML is used to store and transport data in a platform-
independent way, allowing the data to be used by any application regardless of the operating system
or hardware. XML uses a hierarchical structure for data, making it easy to read and navigate. It is
also extensible, meaning it can be easily expanded to accommodate new data. XML is used in a
variety of applications, including web applications, document management systems, and content
management systems. XML is also used to exchange data between different applications, making it
an essential technology for enterprise data exchange.

One of the key strengths of XML is its ability to be easily processed by computers, which makes it a
popular choice for encoding information that needs to be shared or manipulated by different
systems. For example, XML can be used to define the structure of a document or data file, with
each element of the file being marked up with a tag that specifies its type and its content. This
makes it possible for software applications to parse and process the information contained within an
XML file, which can then be used for a wide range of purposes, such as data visualization, data
analysis, or document conversion.

Another benefit of XML is its ability to be extended and customized to suit specific needs. This is
accomplished through the use of namespaces, which allow users to define their own set of tags and
attributes that are specific to their particular use case. This makes it possible to use XML in a
variety of different contexts, from encoding business data, to describing scientific data, to encoding
multimedia content. Additionally, because XML is a text-based format, it can be edited and
modified easily, which makes it a popular choice for data storage and data exchange between
systems.

In conclusion, XML is a versatile and flexible markup language that has become a popular choice
for encoding and structuring information for a wide range of purposes. Its ability to be easily
processed by computers, combined with its ability to be extended and customized to suit specific
needs, make it a popular choice for encoding and exchanging information between different systems
and applications. Whether it is used for encoding business data, describing scientific data, or storing
multimedia content, XML is a versatile format that has proven to be an effective solution for a wide
range of information management challenges.

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4.1.9 Android

Android is a mobile operating system that is developed by Google. It is an open-source software

that is available for free for developers to use and modify. Android is based on the Linux kernel,
which makes it a secure and reliable platform. It is designed to be flexible, efficient and user-
friendly, making it a popular choice for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

The first Android device was launched in 2008, and since then, it has become one of the most
widely used mobile operating systems in the world. According to Statista, in 2020, Android held a
market share of 68.8% globally, with millions of devices running on this platform. The reason
behind Android's widespread popularity is its user-friendly interface, customizable features and the
availability of thousands of applications that can be downloaded from the Google Play Store. The
Google Play Store offers a vast collection of applications, ranging from productivity tools,
entertainment, gaming and much more, making Android devices an essential tool for both personal
and professional use.

One of the most significant benefits of Android is its ability to be modified and customized to meet
the needs of different users. Android allows users to download and install different skins, which
alter the appearance and functionality of the operating system. It also provides a range of
customization options that allow users to personalize their devices to their preferences. For
example, users can change the look and feel of their device with different wallpapers and icons,
modify the settings to save battery life or improve performance, and install third-party applications
that add new features and functionality. With Android's open-source nature, developers have the
freedom to develop applications that cater to the needs of different users, making the Android
platform a versatile and flexible solution for both consumers and businesses.

In conclusion, Android is a mobile operating system that has become a popular choice for millions
of users globally. It is a secure and reliable platform that offers a vast range of features and
applications that cater to the needs of different users. Android's open-source nature and
customizable features make it a flexible solution for both personal and professional use, providing
users with the freedom to personalize their devices to their preferences. With its user-friendly
interface and the availability of thousands of applications, Android continues to be a leading
platform for mobile devices.

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4.2 : BACK END

4.2.1 PHP

PHP, short for Hypertext Preprocessor, is a server-side scripting language that is widely used for
web development. It was created in 1995 by Rasmus Lerdorf and has since become one of the most
popular languages for creating dynamic websites and web applications. PHP is an open-source
language, which means that it is free to use and its source code can be modified and distributed by
anyone.

One of the main advantages of PHP is that it integrates seamlessly with HTML, CSS, and
JavaScript. This makes it easier for developers to create dynamic web pages that can change based
on user interactions and input. PHP also has a large number of built-in functions and libraries that
allow developers to perform a wide range of tasks, from connecting to a database to sending emails.
Additionally, PHP is platform-independent, which means that it can run on any operating system,
including Windows, Linux, and macOS.

PHP is also highly extensible, with a large number of third-party libraries and frameworks available.
This makes it easy for developers to add additional functionality to their projects, without having to
write complex code from scratch. For example, popular PHP frameworks such as Laravel and
CodeIgniter provide pre-built modules and libraries that simplify tasks such as routing, database
access, and authentication. Additionally, PHP has a large community of developers, who contribute
to its development and provide support to users. This makes it easier for developers to find help
when they encounter problems and also ensures that the language continues to evolve and improve
over time.

In conclusion, PHP is a powerful and versatile scripting language that is widely used for web
development. Its integration with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, as well as its built-in functions and
libraries, make it easier for developers to create dynamic web pages and applications. Its
extensibility and the support of a large community of developers make it an ideal choice for projects
of all sizes. Whether you are building a small website or a complex web application, PHP provides
the tools and resources you need to get the job done.

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4.2.1 Node.Js

Node.js is a powerful and widely used open-source platform that is built on Chrome's JavaScript
runtime and allows developers to easily create scalable, fast, and high-performance server-side
applications. It was first introduced in 2009 and has since gained significant popularity among
developers and enterprises for its simple and efficient event-driven architecture, and its ability to
handle multiple simultaneous connections. Node.js is based on JavaScript, which is one of the most
popular and widely used programming languages, making it easy for developers to pick up and use.

One of the key benefits of Node.js is its event-driven architecture, which makes it possible for
developers to create applications that can handle a large number of connections simultaneously.
This is because Node.js uses non-blocking input/output, which means that when a task is running, it
does not block the execution of other tasks. This is particularly useful when developing web
applications, where multiple users may be sending requests at the same time. Node.js also has a
large library of modules, making it easy to add functionality to your application. For example, you
can add an HTTP server, connect to a database, or process data in real-time.

Another benefit of Node.js is its speed and scalability. Node.js is built on Chrome's JavaScript
runtime, which is known for its high performance, and it uses an event loop to handle incoming
requests, which allows it to process a large number of requests quickly. Additionally, Node.js is
designed to be lightweight and efficient, making it ideal for applications that need to handle a large
number of connections and requests. Its scalability means that you can easily add more resources to
your application as it grows, without having to rewrite the entire codebase. This makes it a great
choice for companies that want to quickly develop and deploy high-performance applications that
can handle rapid growth.

In conclusion, Node.js is a versatile and powerful platform that is suitable for a wide range of
applications, from web development to Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Its event-driven
architecture, speed, scalability, and the large library of modules make it an ideal choice for
developers and enterprises who want to quickly create and deploy high-performance applications.
Additionally, the fact that Node.js is based on JavaScript, a widely used programming language,
means that it is easy for developers to pick up and use, making it accessible to a large community of
developers. With its growing popularity and strong community, Node.js is definitely a platform that
is worth considering for any development project.

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4.2.1 Java

Java is a high-level programming language that was created by James Gosling and developed by
Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. Today, it is one of the most widely used programming
languages in the world, and is commonly used for creating desktop applications, web-based
applications, and mobile applications. Java is considered an object-oriented programming language,
meaning that it uses objects and classes to define and manipulate data. This is what makes Java so
flexible and powerful.

One of the main reasons Java is so popular is because of its platform independence. This means that
Java code can run on any operating system or device that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
installed. This makes it much easier for developers to create applications that can run on multiple
platforms, such as Windows, Mac, Linux, and Android. This also makes it easier for businesses to
deploy applications to their employees, regardless of what type of computer they use. Java is also
known for its security features, making it a popular choice for financial and e-commerce
applications.

Another reason Java is so popular is because of its rich libraries and frameworks. Java has a large
number of libraries that are available to developers, which can greatly increase the speed and
efficiency of development. Some of these libraries include the Java Development Kit (JDK), the
Java Standard Library, and JavaFX. Additionally, there are many frameworks available for Java that
can help developers build applications more quickly and easily. Some popular Java frameworks
include Spring, Hibernate, and JavaServer Faces (JSF). These libraries and frameworks provide a
lot of pre-built code and tools, which can save developers a significant amount of time and effort.

In conclusion, Java is a high-level programming language that is widely used and has a number of
benefits. Its platform independence and security features make it a popular choice for developing
desktop, web-based, and mobile applications. Additionally, Java's rich libraries and frameworks
provide developers with a lot of pre-built code and tools, which can greatly increase the speed and
efficiency of development. Whether you're a seasoned developer or just starting out, Java is a
programming language that is definitely worth exploring.

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4.2.1 Laravel

Laravel is a free, open-source PHP web application framework designed for building high-
performance, secure and scalable web applications. It was created in 2011 by Taylor Otwell and has
since become one of the most popular PHP frameworks in the world. The reason for its popularity is
due to its elegant syntax and the ease of use of its tools and features. Laravel’s goal is to make the
development process enjoyable and to help developers build robust applications quickly and
efficiently.

One of the key features of Laravel is its routing system, which allows developers to define URL
patterns that can be easily matched to specific actions in the code. This means that developers can
easily create a clean and organized URL structure for their application. Additionally, Laravel’s
ORM (Object Relational Mapping) system allows developers to interact with the database in an
easy and intuitive way. This ORM system helps to minimize the amount of repetitive code that
needs to be written and makes it easy to perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations
on the database.

Another advantage of Laravel is its modular architecture, which makes it easy to extend the
framework with additional functionality. The framework comes with a number of pre-built modules,
such as authentication, authorization, and caching, which can be easily integrated into the
application. This means that developers don’t need to reinvent the wheel every time they start a new
project. Additionally, Laravel’s modular architecture makes it easy to test the application, as
developers can isolate specific parts of the code and test them in isolation. This makes it easier to
ensure that the application is working as expected and reduces the risk of bugs or errors affecting
other parts of the application.

Laravel also provides a powerful template engine that makes it easy to separate the presentation
layer from the business logic. This means that developers can write clean and maintainable code,
while still producing visually appealing pages. Additionally, Laravel’s template engine supports
layouts and partials, which makes it easy to reuse common code across multiple pages. This can be
especially useful for sites that have a similar structure across all pages, as developers can easily
update the layout or styling in one place, and the changes will be reflected throughout the site.

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4.2.1 CodeIgniter

CodeIgniter is a PHP-based web application framework that provides a simple and elegant solution
for developing dynamic websites and applications. It is an open-source platform that is widely used
for building dynamic websites and applications with minimal coding. CodeIgniter was first released
in 2006 and since then it has been continuously updated and improved.

One of the key advantages of CodeIgniter is its simplicity and ease of use. It does not require any
complicated installation procedures and can be easily integrated into any existing PHP project. The
framework comes with a set of libraries and helpers that can be used to perform a variety of tasks,
such as handling form submissions, working with databases, and generating dynamic content.
CodeIgniter is also very lightweight, making it an ideal solution for small to medium-sized projects.

Another advantage of CodeIgniter is its modular structure. The framework allows developers to
break down a project into smaller, more manageable components. This makes it easy to reuse code,
making it faster and more efficient to develop and maintain applications. CodeIgniter also supports
a wide range of databases, including MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server, making it a
versatile solution for web development. The framework also comes with a robust security feature
set, including protection against cross-site scripting (XSS) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF)
attacks, ensuring that applications built with CodeIgniter are secure and protected from potential
threats.

In conclusion, CodeIgniter is a powerful and flexible platform for web development. Its simplicity
and ease of use make it an ideal solution for small to medium-sized projects, while its modular
structure and support for a wide range of databases make it a versatile option for large-scale
projects. With its robust security features and active community of developers, CodeIgniter is a
great choice for those looking to build dynamic websites and applications with minimal coding and
effort.

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4.2.1 PostgreSQL

PostgreSQL is an open-source relational database management system that is known for its
reliability, stability, and robustness. It is widely used by organizations for managing large datasets,
conducting complex data analysis, and building robust data-driven applications. In recent years,
PostgreSQL has gained popularity as a cost-effective alternative to proprietary database systems and
has been recognized as one of the most advanced open-source database management systems in the
world.

One of the key features of PostgreSQL is its ability to handle complex data structures such as
arrays, hstore (key-value pairs), and JSONB (binary JSON). This makes it ideal for storing and
managing semi-structured data such as customer preferences, social media data, or e-commerce
transactions. PostgreSQL also supports multiple data types, including text, numeric, date, and time,
which enables it to store a wide variety of data types with ease. Furthermore, it supports advanced
data analysis through built-in functions for aggregate calculation, full-text search, and spatial
indexing.

Another strength of PostgreSQL is its scalability and performance. It can easily scale from a single
database instance to a multi-node cluster, making it ideal for large-scale data management and data
processing. This scalability is made possible through the use of the PostgreSQL Automatic Failover
system, which ensures that data is always available in the event of a failure. Furthermore,
PostgreSQL offers a rich set of extensions that allow users to add new functionalities to the database
as needed. Some of the popular extensions include pgAdmin, which is an administration and
management tool for PostgreSQL, and PostGIS, which is an extension for spatial analysis and
mapping.

In conclusion, PostgreSQL is a powerful, flexible, and reliable database management system that is
well suited for a wide range of data management needs. Its support for complex data structures,
multiple data types, and advanced data analysis make it ideal for organizations that need to store
and manage large amounts of data. Its scalability, performance, and robustness make it suitable for
large-scale data processing, and its cost-effective pricing makes it an attractive alternative to
proprietary database systems.

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CHAPTER 5 : TESTING
5.1 : UNIT TESTING

5.1.1 Introduction

In computer programming, unit testing is a software testing method by which individual units
of source code, sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control
data, usage procedures, and operating procedures, are tested to determine whether they are fit for
use. Intuitively, one can view a unit as the smallest testable part of an application. In procedural
programming, a unit could be an entire module, but it is more commonly an individual function or
procedure. In object-oriented programming, a unit is often an entire interface, such as a class, but
could be an individual method. Unit tests are short code fragments created by programmers or
occasionally by white box testers during the development process. It forms the basis for component
testing. Ideally, each test case is independent from the others. Substitutes such as method
stubs, mock objects, fakes, and test harnesses can be used to assist testing a module in isolation.
Unit tests are typically written and run by software developers to ensure that code meets its design
and behaves as intended.

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5.1.2 Benifits

The goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are
correct. A unit test provides a strict, written contract that the piece of code must satisfy. As a result,
it affords several benefits.

1) Find problems early : Unit testing finds problems early in the development cycle. In test-driven
development (TDD), which is frequently used in both extreme programming and scrum, unit tests
are created before the code itself is written. When the tests pass, that code is considered complete.
The same unit tests are run against that function frequently as the larger code base is developed
either as the code is changed or via an automated process with the build. If the unit tests fail, it is
considered to be a bug either in the changed code or the tests themselves. The unit tests then allow
the location of the fault or failure to be easily traced. Since the unit tests alert the development team
of the problem before handing the code off to testers or clients, it is still early in the development
process.

2 ) Facilitates Change : Unit testing allows the programmer to refactor code or upgrade system
libraries at a later date, and make sure the module still works correctly (e.g., in regression testing).
The procedure is to write test cases for all functions and methods so that whenever a change causes
a fault, it can be quickly identified. Unit tests detect changes which may break a design contract.

3 ) Simplifies Integration : Unit testing may reduce uncertainty in the units themselves and can be
used in a bottom-up testing style approach. By testing the parts of a program first and then testing
the sum of its parts, integration testing becomes much easier.

4 ) Documentation : Unit testing provides a sort of living documentation of the system. Developers
looking to learn what functionality is provided by a unit, and how to use it, can look at the unit tests
to gain a basic understanding of the unit's interface (API).Unit test cases embody characteristics that
are critical to the success of the unit. These characteristics can indicate appropriate/inappropriate
use of a unit as well as negative behaviors that are to be trapped by the unit.

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5.2 : INTEGRATION TESTING

Integration testing (sometimes called integration and testing, abbreviated I&T) is the phase
in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. It
occurs after unit testing and before validation testing. Integration testing takes as its
input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in
an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated system ready
for system testing.

5.2.1 Purpose

The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance, and

reliability requirements placed on major design items. These "design items", i.e., assemblages (or
groups of units), are exercised through their interfaces using black-box testing, success and error
cases being simulated via appropriate parameter and data inputs. Simulated usage of shared data
areas and inter-process communication is tested and individual subsystems are exercised through
their input interface. Test cases are constructed to test whether all the components within
assemblages interact correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations, and this is
done after testing individual modules, i.e., unit testing. The overall idea is a "building block"
approach, in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to support
the integration testing of further assemblages.Software integration testing is performed according to
the software development life cycle (SDLC) after module and functional tests. The cross-
dependencies for software integration testing are: schedule for integration testing, strategy and
selection of the tools used for integration, define the cyclomatical complexity of the software and
software architecture, reusability of modules and life-cycle and versioning management.Some
different types of integration testing are big-bang, top-down, and bottom-up, mixed (sandwich) and
risky-hardest. Other Integration Patterns[2] are: collaboration integration, backbone integration,
layer integration, client-server integration, distributed services integration and high-frequency
integration.

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5.2.1.1 Big Bang

In the big-bang approach, most of the developed modules are coupled together to form a complete
software system or major part of the system and then used for integration testing. This method is
very effective for saving time in the integration testing process. However, if the test cases and their
results are not recorded properly, the entire integration process will be more complicated and may
prevent the testing team from achieving the goal of integration testing.A type of big-bang
integration testing is called "usage model testing" which can be used in both software and hardware
integration testing. The basis behind this type of integration testing is to run user-like workloads in
integrated user-like environments. In doing the testing in this manner, the environment is proofed,
while the individual components are proofed indirectly through their use. Usage Model testing takes
an optimistic approach to testing, because it expects to have few problems with the individual
components. The strategy relies heavily on the component developers to do the isolated unit testing
for their product. The goal of the strategy is to avoid redoing the testing done by the developers, and
instead flesh-out problems caused by the interaction of the components in the environment.

5.2.1.2 Top-down And Bottom-up

Bottom-up testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components are tested
first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the
component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.All the bottom or low-level modules, procedures or
functions are integrated and then tested. After the integration testing of lower level integrated
modules, the next level of modules will be formed and can be used for integration testing. This
approach is helpful only when all or most of the modules of the same development level are ready.
This method also helps to determine the levels of software developed and makes it easier to report
testing progress in the form of a percentage.Top-down testing is an approach to integrated testing
where the top integrated modules are tested and the branch of the module is tested step by step until
the end of the related module.Sandwich testing is an approach to combine top down testing with
bottom up testing.

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5.3 : SOFTWARE VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION

5.3.1 Introduction

In software project management, software testing, and software engineering, verification and
validation (V&V) is the process of checking that a software system meets specifications and that it
fulfills its intended purpose. It may also be referred to as software quality control. It is normally the
responsibility of software testers as part of the software development lifecycle. Validation checks
that the product design satisfies or fits the intended use (high-level checking), i.e., the software
meets the user requirements.This is done through dynamic testing and other forms of
review.Verification and validation are not the same thing, although they are often
confused. Boehm succinctly expressed the difference between

Validation : Are we building the right product?

Verification : Are we building the product right?

According to the Capability Maturity Model (CMMI-SW v1.1)

Software Verification: The process of evaluating software to determine whether the products of a
given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase.

Software Validation: The process of evaluating software during or at the end of the development
process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements.

In other words, software verification is ensuring that the product has been built according to the
requirements and design specifications, while software validation ensures that the product meets the
user's needs, and that the specifications were correct in the first place. Software verification ensures
that "you built it right". Software validation ensures that "you built the right thing". Software
validation confirms that the product, as provided, will fulfill its intended use.

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From Testing Perspective

Fault – wrong or missing function in the code.

Failure – the manifestation of a fault during execution.
Malfunction – according to its specification the system does not meet its specified functionality

Both verification and validation are related to the concepts of quality and of software quality
assurance. By themselves, verification and validation do not guarantee software quality;
planning, traceability, configuration management and other aspects of software engineering are
required.Within the modeling and simulation (M&S) community, the definitions of verification,
validation and accreditation are similar:

M&S Verification is the process of determining that a ⦁ computer model, simulation, or

federation of models and simulations implementations and their associated data accurately
represent the developer's conceptual description and specifications.
M&S Validation is the process of determining the degree to which a model, simulation, or
federation of models and simulations, and their associated data are accurate representations of
the real world from the perspective of the intended use(s).

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5.3.2 Classification of Methods

In mission-critical software systems, where flawless performance is absolutely necessary, formal

methods may be used to ensure the correct operation of a system. However, often for non-mission-
critical software systems, formal methods prove to be very costly and an alternative method of
software V&V must be sought out. In such cases, syntactic methods are often used.

5.3.3 Test Cases

A test case is a tool used in the process. Test cases may be prepared for software verification and
software validation to determine if the product was built according to the requirements of the user.
Other methods, such as reviews, may be used early in the life cycle to provide for software
validation.

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5.4 : Black-Box Testing

Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application
without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually
to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance. It typically comprises
most if not all higher level testing, but can also dominate unit testing as well.

5.4.1 Test Procedures

Specific knowledge of the application's code/internal structure and programming knowledge in

general is not required. The tester is aware of what the software is supposed to do but is not aware
of how it does it. For instance, the tester is aware that a particular input returns a certain, invariable
output but is not aware of how the software produces the output in the first place.

5.4.2 Test Cases

Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed to
do. Test cases are generally derived from external descriptions of the software, including
specifications, requirements and design parameters. Although the tests used are
primarily functional in nature, non-functional tests may also be used. The test designer selects both
valid and invalid inputs and determines the correct output, often with the help of an oracle or a
previous result that is known to be good, without any knowledge of the test object's internal
structure.

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5.5 : White-Box Testing

White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing,
and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal structures or workings of an
application, as opposed to its functionality (i.e. black-box testing). In white-box testing an internal
perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester
chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is
analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT). White-box testing can be applied
at the unit, integration and system levels of the software testing process. Although traditional testers
tended to think of white-box testing as being done at the unit level, it is used for integration and
system testing more frequently today. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during
integration, and between subsystems during a system–level test. Though this method of test design
can uncover many errors or problems, it has the potential to miss unimplemented parts of the
specification or missing requirements.

5.5.1 Levels

1 ) Unit testing : White-box testing is done during unit testing to ensure that the code is working as
intended, before any integration happens with previously tested code. White-box testing during unit
testing catches any defects early on and aids in any defects that happen later on after the code is
integrated with the rest of the application and therefore prevents any type of errors later on.

2 ) Integration testing : White-box testing at this level are written to test the interactions of each
interface with each other. The Unit level testing made sure that each code was tested and working
accordingly in an isolated environment and integration examines the correctness of the behaviour in
an open environment through the use of white-box testing for any interactions of interfaces that are
known to the programmer.

3 ) Regression testing : White-box testing during regression testing is the use of recycled white-
box test cases at the unit and integration testing levels.

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5.5.2 Procedures

White-box testing's basic procedures involves the tester having a deep level of understanding of the
source code being tested. The programmer must have a deep understanding of the application to
know what kinds of test cases to create so that every visible path is exercised for testing. Once the
source code is understood then the source code can be analyzed for test cases to be created. These
are the three basic steps that white-box testing takes in order to create test cases:

Input involves different types of requirements, functional specifications, detailed designing of

documents, proper source code, security specifications. This is the preparation stage of white-
box testing to layout all of the basic information.
Processing involves performing risk analysis to guide whole testing process, proper test plan,
execute test cases and communicate results. This is the phase of building test cases to make sure
they thoroughly test the application the given results are recorded accordingly.
Output involves preparing final report that encompasses all of the above preparations and
results.

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5.6 : SYSTEM TESTING

System testing of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system to

evaluate the system's compliance with its specified requirements. System testing falls within the
scope of black-box testing, and as such, should require no knowledge of the inner design of the
code or logic. As a rule, system testing takes, as its input, all of the "integrated" software
components that have passed integration testing and also the software system itself integrated with
any applicable hardware system(s). The purpose of integration testing is to detect any
inconsistencies between the software units that are integrated together (called assemblages) or
between any of the assemblages and the hardware. System testing is a more limited type of testing;
it seeks to detect defects both within the "inter-assemblages" and also within the system as a whole.

System testing is performed on the entire system in the context of a Functional

Requirement Specification(s) (FRS) and/or a System Requirement Specification (SRS). System
testing tests not only the design, but also the behavior and even the believed expectations of the
customer. It is also intended to test up to and beyond the bounds defined in the software/hardware
requirements specification(s).

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CHAPTER 6 : RESULTS

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CHAPTER 7 : ADVANTAGES
Global availability.
No Limited Choice.
It is Easy to Access Consumer Reviews.
This system saves both time and travelling cost of customers.

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CHAPTER 8 : CONCLUSION
The switch from written books being from bookstores to being ordered online or even just digital
copies has had profound effects on the industry including bookstores and libraries and the general
people of the world. The positives include easy access for everyone and cheaper books along with
saving natural resources. The negatives however are much greater and cannot be ignored. Some of
the negatives include the loss of jobs and businesses through the digitalization of books, the loom
threat of Google books, as well as losing a sense of our past. Books have played such a large role in
human history that it is bittersweet to be replacing them. To me, it seems that e-books, Google
books, and online retailers are the future and that the future is good. But, if you look past all the
conveniences and look at the people being affected by this then it becomes clear that this is not a
future that I want.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm
https://www.javatpoint.com
https://www.w3schools.com
https://html.com

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