HOPE REVIEWER

RUNNING OR SPRINTING
INDIVIDUAL AND DUAL SPORTS - Sprinting means running over a short
distance in limited period of time. It
INDIVIDUAL SPORTS helps build the muscles along with
- Played by one person against another or speed. At the same time, it helps burn
a number of solo players off the fat layers that hide the muscles
DUAL SPORTS underneath.
- Played by partners/two people against
another set of partners HURDLING
Examples of INDIVIDUAL AND DUAL SPORTS - is the act of running and jumping over
- TENNIS some obstacle, with speed component.
- BADMINTON The hurdles (or obstacles) are usually
- TABLE TENNIS made of metal and wood (or metal and
- ATHLETICS plastic) and are set at fixed distance
apart.
ATHLETICS
- Name given to a group of sports that ATHLETICS EQUIPMENT
include track and field events. Track
events involves all forms of running and HURDLES
walking. Field events are throwing and - an obstacle in a race that runners must
jumping events. jump or clear while running.
ATHLETICS COMPOSED OF STARTING BLOCK
RUNNING EVENTS - items used in sprint races where the
JUMPING EVENTS runner puts their feet in to get a good
- LONG JUMP start for the run.
- HIGH JUMP BATON
- TRIPLE JUMP - a tube that is passed from one relay
- POLE VAULT race member to another. The runner
THROWING EVENTS holding the baton is the current runner
- DISCUS for that team in the race. They are
- SHOT PUT typically about 1 foot long and 1.5
- JAVELIN inches in diameter.
- HAMMER
OVAL TRACK SPIKES
1. FOOTBALL PITCH - are racing shoes used by athletes when
2. STANDARD TRACK racing on the track.
3. LONG AND TRIPLE JUMP FACILITY STOP WATCH
4. WATER JUMP - a handheld timepiece designed to
5. JAVELIN THROW FACILITY measure the amount of time that
6. DISCUS AND HAMMER THROW elapses between its activation and
FACILITY deactivation
7. DISCUS THROW FACILITY
8. POLE VAULT FACILITY BADMINTON
9. SHOT PUT FACILITY
10. HIGH JUMP FACILITY THE HISTORY OF BADMINTON
11. FINISH LINE - The origins of the game of badminton
date back at least 2,000 years to the
OVAL game of battledore and shuttlecock
played in ancient Greece, China, and
India.
•Badminton is derived directly from POONA,
which was played by British army officers
stationed in India in the 1860s.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

BADMINTON COURT

• COURT DIMENSION
- The overall dimensions is 20 feet by 44
feet, marking the sidelines for doubles
play and long service lines for singles
play.
• NET LINE ✓the gap between your thumb and first finger
- The net line marks the middle of the should form a shape like the letter V
court where the net is placed, creating a ✓like hitting with your palm
22 feet by 20 feet area on each side of 2. BACK HAND
the net. ✓Thumb should be resting on the flat side of
• BADMINTON NET the handle of the racket and it should be higher
- The top of the badminton net is hung 5 up the hander than the index finger.
feet above in the center net line. ✓Like hitting with your knuckles
• SHORT SERVICE LINE
- The short service line is marked 6 feet 6 •FOREHAND
inches from the center line. The area - any stroke made on the racket side of
inside the short service line is also the body.
called the Non Volley Zone.
•BACKHAND
• CENTER LINE - any stroke made on the side of the body
- The Center Line is the line that divides opposite the racket side.
the court from the Short Service Line to
the Back Boundary Line. This delineates TERMINOLOGIES IN BADMINTON
the Left from Right Service Court.
• SIDE LINE FOR SINGLES PLAY ALLEY — an extension of the width of the court
- The Singles Side Line is marked 1 1/2
on both sides to be used in doubles play.
feet from the edge of the outer
BASELINE – back boundary line.
boundary (doubles side line) BLOCK – placing the racket in front of the bird
• BACK BOUNDARY LINE AND LONG SERVICE
and letting it rebound into the opponent’s
LINE FOR SINGLES court.
- The back boundary line is the same for CARRY – momentarily holding the bird on the
singles and doubles play it is the
racket during the execution of a stroke.
outermost back line on the court.
FAULT – any violation of the rules whose penalty
• LONG SERVICE LINE FOR DOUBLES is loss of serve or the point.
- The Long Service line for Doubles is DOUBLE HIT – contacting the bird twice in
marked 2 1/2 feet inside the Back
succession on the same stroke.
Boundary Line. DOUBLES – a game of four players, two on each
• POST AND NET team.
- The post is 1.55 m in height and the net
CLEAR – a high shot that falls close to the
is made of fine cord of dark color and
baseline.
even thickness. It has a depth of 0.76m. DRIVE – a hard stroke that just clears the net on
SHUTTLECOCK a horizontal plane.
- The shuttle has a sixteen feathers fixed
DROP – a shot made that barely clears the net
to the base that is firmly fastened with a with little speed.
thread. It has a length of 64-70 mm TOSS/SPIN – the method of deciding which side
with a base of 25-28 mm in diameter. It
will serve first at the beginning of the match.
has a weight of 4.74-5.5 grams. RECEIVER – the player to whom the bird is
- The shuttlecock (also known as a “bird” served.
or “birdie”) was a small cork SERVER – the player who puts the bird in play.
hemisphere with
ODD AND EVEN COURTS – in singles or doubles,
- 16 goose feathers attached the right half of the court is “even” and the left
half of the court is the “odd.” When the even
BADMINTON RACKET
player is serving from the right the score is even,
HANDLE and odd when serving from the left.
- Intended for the grip MATCH – best two out of three games.
STRINGED AREA
- Where in the player hits the shuttle SCORING
HEAD 1. Rally scoring allows for a point to be won by either team
- Bound the stringed area regardless of which team is serving.
SHAFT 2. Both singles and doubles games are won with 21 points.
3. The side winning a rally adds a point to its’ score.
- Connects the handle to the head 4. At 20 all, the side that gains a 2 point lead first, wins that
FRAME game.
- Name given to the head, throat, shaft 5. At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point wins that game.
and handle 6. In the third game of singles and doubles, players change
sides when a side scores 11 points.
THROAT
7. A match is won by winning two out of three games.
- Connects the head and shaft

GRIP IN BADMINTON
1. FOREHAND / SHAKE HAND
✓lightly shaking hands with the handle
READING AND WRITING
1. BRAINSTORMING LIST
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE - Brainstorming list means just what its
name suggest – a list of what you have
DISCOURSE brainstormed. Brainstorming means to
- Discourse comes from the Latin word think quickly and creatively about the
‘discursus’ which means conversation text you have read.
or speech. 2. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
- It is a spoken and written - Graphic organizers show the
communication between people, relationship between and among facts,
especially serious discussion on a concepts, or ideas. They help you
particular subject. increase recall, arrange information,
interpret and understand learning.
TEXT IS TO SENTENCES AS DISCOURSE IS TO
UTTERANCES ❑CONCEPT MAP
TEXT (SENTENCES) - WRITTEN DISCOURSE - It shows relationships associated with
DISCOURSE (UTTERANCES) - SPOKEN the concept you are studying.
DISCOURSE ❑STORY MAP –
SETTINGS/CHARACTER/BEGINNING/MIDDLE/E
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN ND
DISCOURSE - PROBLEM/ IMPORTANT EVENTS/
1. Written discourse is more structurally OUTCOME/ THEME
complex and more elaborate than - It summarizes the beginning, middle,
spoken discourse. and end of the story. It may also focus
2. Spoken discourse is less lexically dense on the setting, character, plot, problem,
than written discourse. events and outcome.
3. Written discourse has a high level of ❑SERIES-OF-EVENTS CHAIN – DOWN TO FINAL
nominalization: i.e. more nouns than - It shows the arrangement of events in
verbs. chronological order. It may also help you
4. Written discourse tends to have longer in discussing cause and effect of
noun groups than spoken discourse. something.
5. Writing is more explicit than speech. ❑FLOW CHART – DOWN
6. Writing is more decontextualized than
- It displays the steps or stages in a
speech: Speech is more attached to
process.
context than writing because speech
❑ T-CHART AND VENN DIAGRAM –
defends on the shared situation and
RECTANGLE/2 OVAL
background for interpretation.
- It shows the similarities and differences
7. Spoken discourse lacks organization and
between two things, people, events, or
is ungrammatical because it is
ideas.
spontaneous, whereas written discourse
is organized and grammatical. ❑DISCUSSION WEB –
8. Spoken discourse contains more REASON/QUESTION/CONCLUSION
repetition, hesitations, and redundancy - It allows you to give the meaning of
because it is produced in real time. (on what you read. It also privileges you to
the spot) polish your own interpretation against
9. Spoken discourse has many pauses and another.
filters, such as ‘ahhh’, ‘er’, and ‘you ❑CHARACTER MAP
know’ so that speakers give themselves - It helps describe in detail the main
time to think about what they want to character, their thoughts and actions.
say. Good for short stories and novels.
10. Spoken discourse contains more ❑ FISHBONE – CAUSE/EFFECT
uncompleted (fragments) and - It is good for organizing details and
reformulated sentences. events through cause and effect.
❑K-W-H-L CHART –
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING KNOW/WANT/HOW/LEARNED
INFORMATION - Good for tapping background
information prior to introducing a new
- Information in a written text may be concept.
selected and organized to achieve a ❑PLOT DIAGRAM – EXPOSITION/RISING
particular purpose. There are four ACTION/CLIMAX/FALLING
techniques in selecting and organizing ACTION/RESOLUTION
information and these are: - Good for diagramming and outlining the
brainstorming list, graphic organizer, plot and elements of a story.
topic outline, and sentence outline.
3. TOPIC OUTLINE COHESION:
- A topic outline arranges your ideas - connection of ideas at sentence level
hierarchically (showing which are the COHESION
main and which are the sub-points), in - the property of unity in a written text
the sequence you want, and shows or a segment of spoken discourse that
what you will talk about. As the name stems from links among its surface
implies, it identifies all the little mini- elements, as when words in one
topics that your paper will comprise, sentence are repeated in another, and
and shows how they relate. Remember especially from the fact that some
that topic outline lists words or phrases. words or phrases depend for their
4. SENTENCE OUTLINE interpretation upon material in
- Sentence outlines are formatted exactly preceding or following text.
as topic outlines are, but whole
sentences replace the brief headings. II. Coherence and Cohesion
The sentences state the crucial point of A.Arrangement of details according to . . .
each stage of the paper. Consequently, a 1.Chronological Order
sentence outline provides a real test of 2.Spatial Order
your argument. 3.Emphatic Order

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING 1. CHRONOLOGICAL.

- The details are arranged in the order in
NARRATION which they happened.
- Relates a story
DESCRIPTION 2.SPATIAL
- Uses adjectives and descriptive words - The sentences of a paragraph are
DEFINITION arranged according to geographical
- Tell the meaning concept, term of location, such as left-to- right, up-to-
subject and explain down, etc.
CLASSIFICATION 3.EMPHATIC
- Put items in categories or groups in any - is when information found in a
way paragraph
CAUSE AND EFFECT - is arranged to emphasize certain points
- It tells why something happens and depending on the writer’s purpose. The
what happens after. coherence of the paragraph is
PERSUATION established in one of two ways: (a) from
- The intention of this pattern is to least to most important, or (b) from
convince or influence the reader to do. most to least important.
PROBLEM SOLUTION
- problem and posts a suggested B. Signal Devices
solution to solve it. 1. Transitions
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST a. Time
- This presents how a thing, person or a b. Sequence
certain subject is similar or different c. Space
from another. d. Illustration
EXAMPLE AND ILLUSTRAITION e. Comparison
- Give example or an image f. Contrast
g. Cause and Effect
PROPERTIES OF A WELL WRTTEN TEXT h. Conclusion
2. Repetitions
I. ORGANIZATION 3. Synonyms
- It is said that ideas are well-developed 4. Pronouns
when there is a clear statement of
purpose, position, facts, examples, B. SIGNAL DEVICES
specific details, definitions, explanation, - words that give readers an idea of how
justifications, or opposing viewpoints. • the points in your paragraph are
- Organization is achieved when these progressing
ideas are logically and accurately 1. TRANSITIONS
arranged. - (words that connect one idea to
another, in order for our ideas to flow
II. COHERENCE AND COHESION smoothly)
COHERENCE: A.TIME
- This means that sentences are arranged - (first, immediately, afterward, before, at
in a logical manner, making them easily the same time, after, earlier,
understood by the reader. simultaneously, finally, next, in the
 meantime, later, eventually, then, - (e.g. firemen, mankind)
meanwhile, now, subsequent, etc.)
B.SEQUENCE IV. MECHANICS
- (moreover, furthermore, next, also, - set of conventions on how to spell,
finally, last, another, first, second, third, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize
besides, additionally, etc.) - Avoid contractions and exclamation
c. SPACE points (unless part of a direct quotation)
- (above, next to, below, behind, beside, - Mention the full name before the
etc.) abbreviation. *Numbers from 0-10 must
d. ILLUSTRATION be spelled out.
- (for instance, specifically, for example,
namely, in this case, to illustrate, etc.) CLAIMS
e. COMPARISON
- (similarly, also, in the same way, still, CLAIMS
likewise, in comparison, too, etc.) - A claim is a statement essentially
f. CONTRAST arguable but used as a primary point to
- (but, despite, however, even though, support or prove an argument. If
yet, on the other hand, although, on the somebody gives an argument to
contrary, otherwise, conversely, etc.) support his position, it is called “making
g. CAUSE AND EFFECT a claim.” Different reasons are usually
- (because, as a result, consequently, presented to prove why a certain point
then, so, since, etc.) should be accepted as logical. In an
h. CONCLUSION extended argument, claim is labeled as
- (thus, therefore, in conclusion, in short, proposition. Since claims challenge the
etc.) lt, consequently, then, so, since, beliefs or opinions of others, they
etc.) require support in a form of reason and
information, whereas other kinds of
2. REPETITIONS statements do not.
- (repetitions of main ideas keep
continuity and highlight important CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD CLAIM
ideas) -it could be a word, a phrase, or a ✓A claim should be arguable and debatable.
full sentence, or a poetical line repeated ✓A claim should be focused and specific.
to emphasize its significance in the ✓A claim should be interesting and engaging.
entire text. ✓A claim should be logical.
3. SYNONYMS
- (these are words similar in meaning to CLAIM OF FACT
important words or phrases that
- Claims of fact relates to statements that
prevent tedious repetitions) can be verified as they rely on actual
4. PRONOUNS information for support. It states a
- (words that connect readers to the
quantifiable assertion, or measurable
original word that the pronouns topic.They assert that something has
replace) existed, exists, or will never exist based
on data.
III. LANGUAGE USE
CLAIMS OF FACT USUALLY ANSWER A “WHAT”
- appropriateness of word / vocabulary QUESTION.
usage - When determining whether something
Words and Phrases one must avoid to use in
is a claim of fact, the following
order to practice appropriate Language Use: questions can be considered:
Table of contents CHARACTERISTICS OF A WELL-ARGUED CLAIM
1. Too informal OF FACT:
2. Too unsophisticated 3. Too vague
- It states the main argument and defines
4. Other tips
vague and controversial terms. ➢It is
JARGON
supported with factual information such
- (i.e. “insider” terminology that may be
as statistics, testimony, and observation.
difficult for readers from other fields to
- It uses sufficient,accurate,and recent
understand)
evidence which are organized to
CLICHÉS
emphasize the main argument.
- (which are expressions that are heavily
CLAIMS OF FACT USUALLY ANSWER A “WHAT”
overused, such as think outside of the
QUESTION.
box and but at the end of the day) - When determining whether something is a claim
EVERYDAY ABBREVIATIONS of fact, the following questions can be
- (e.g. photos, fridge, phone, info) Slang considered:
(e.g. cops, cool) - • Is this issue related to a possible cause-effect?
- • Is this statement true or false?
NOT GENDER NEUTRAL
 - • How can it struthfulness be verified? EXPLICIT
- • Is this claim controversial or debatable? - Is any idea that is stated. You see the
text explained, information is written
CLAIM OF VALUE IMPLICIT
- Claim of value asserts something that - Is understood but is not stated, not
can be qualified. written
- They consist of arguments about moral,
philosophical, or aesthetic topics. EXPLICIT – in the text
- These types of topics try to prove that IMPLICIT – in my head
some values are desirable compared to
others. LET’S SUM IT UP!
- They make judgments,based on certain EXPLICIT INFORMATION
standards,on whether something is - is any idea that is stated.
right or wrong, good or bad, or IMPLICIT INFORMATION
something similar. - is understood but it is not stated.
EXAMPLES
1. Fetal tissue research is wrong DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFERENCE AND
2. Opera is not as entertaining as musical IMPLICIT INFORMATION
comedy IMPLY
CHARACTERISTICS OF A WELL- DEFENDED - If a speaker or writer implies something,
CLAIM OF VALUE: they are suggesting it in an indirect way
- It may assert that the value being rather than making an explicit
defended will produce good results, as statement. As a reader or listener, you
long as it backed up by reliable are left to draw your own conclusions
information. from what has been said or hinted.
- It cites experts on the field who support INFER
the claim to make the argument more - When someone infers something, they
effective. reach a conclusion or decide that
- It draws on real-world examples and something is true on the basis of the
illustrations to make the abstract values evidence available. If they are listening
clear. to or reading another person’s words,
they come to a conclusion about what is
CLAIMS OF POLICY meant even though the writer or
- Claim of policy is an argument which speaker has not stated this explicitly.
asserts the implantation of a certain
policy.
- This is driven by the need to present a
solution to problems that have arisen;
sometimes it is given as a response to
claims of facts.
- It generally state solutions and plans
that are procedural and organized.
QUESTIONS OF POLICY INCLUDE:
• What should be done?
• How can we solve this problem?
• What course of action should we pursue?
• What should not be done?

REMEMBER:
The ‘facts” we accept today can be replaced
with new “facts” tomorrow. Therefore,never
think of “fact” as a TRUTH.

EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CLAIMS IN A TEXT

IDENTIFYING CLAIMS IMPLICITLY AND

EXPLICITLY IN A WRITTEN TEXTS
- Critical reading is a skill that allows to
identify information which are clearly
stated (explicit) and ideas that are
suggested (implicit) because it will help
you make inferences based on what you
have read.
PERDEV PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS USE OF ALL
PERSONAL RESOURCES
Knowing and Understanding Oneself during
Middle and Late Adolescence PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
UNIT I. SELF-DEVELOPMENT - use of all personal resources such as
talents, skills, energy, and time, to
SELF-CONCEPT enable you to achieve life goals
IDEAL SELF TALENT
- the self that you aspire to be, the one - first thing to be identified and be
that you hope will possess developed to be used in particular
characteristics similar to that of a subject area
mentor or some other worldly figure EXPERIENCE
ACTUAL SELF - includes knowledge and skills that we
- the one that you actually see, the one acquire in the process of cognitive and
that has the characteristics that you practical activities
were nurtured or, in some cases, born KNOWLEDGE
to have - required for setting goals, defining
SELF-CONCEPT action plan to achieve them and risk
- awareness of yourself, construct that management
negotiates the two selves. It connotes SKILLS
first the identification of the ideal self as - determine whether real actions are
separate from others, and second, it performed in accordance with the plan.
encompasses all the behaviors It becomes a habit when done
evaluated in the actual self that you repeatedly in the same situation.
engage to reach the ideal.
SKILLS THAT INCREASE EFFICIENCY
ACTUAL SELF VERSUS IDEAL SELF 1. DETERMINATION –focus without being
ACTUAL SELF distracted
- is built on self-knowledge. It is who we 2. SELF-CONFIDENCE – gained positive attitude
actually are. It is how we think, feel, and belief that manifests in speech, appearance,
look, and act. It can be seen by others, dressing, gait, and physical condition
but because we have no way of truly 3. PERSISTENCE – keep moving forward despite
knowing how others view us, the actual obstacles
self is our self-image. 4. MANAGING STRESS – helps combat mental
SELF-KNOWLEDGE fatigue
- It is derived from social interactions 5. PROBLEM-SOLVING – cope with problems
that provide insight into how others encountered with a lack of experience
react to you. 6. CREATIVITY – find ways in carrying out an
IDEAL SELF action
- is how we want to be. It is an idealized 7. GENERATING IDEAS – use of new thoughts
image that we have developed over using mental images
time based on what we have learned
and experienced. It includes the STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES BUILDING AND
components of what our parents have WORKING
taught us, what we admire in others,
what our society promotes, and what STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
we think is in our best interest. FAILURE
- usually emanates from weaknesses that
ACTUAL SELF AND IDEAL SELF are not recognized or not given
NEGOTIATION appropriate attention or remedy.
- exists between two selves which is Instead of giving up or having self-pity,
complex because there are numerous take action, work on your weaknesses..
exchanges between the two selves. HANDICAP
SOCIAL ROLES - physical, mental, or social condition
- adjusted and re-adjusted, derived from affecting a person that may limit one’s
outcomes of social interactions from ability on the affected area. However,
infant to adult development wherein this should not be a source of
alignment is important. discouragement but an inspiration to
INCONGRUENCE enrich the other areas given to a
- lack of alignment between two selves person.
that may result to mental distress or
anxiety.
THREE KINDS OF PEOPLE IN THIS WORLD HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1. MOVIEGOERS – watch the movie of their - It focuses on human growth and
lives, admire some parts, and criticize others. challenges across the lifespan, including
They do nothing else and feel they have no physical, cognitive, social, intellectual,
control over their lives but to comment. perceptual, personality, and emotional
2. ACTORS – not only watch but also control a growth.
big part of their lives, can make or break a The stages are essential to understand how
movie by portraying a character. They humans learn, mature, and adapt.
sometimes wish their movie ends in another CHANGE
way but have no say in such things. - condition imparted from a state of
3. SCRIPTWRITERS – watch, acts, and creates growth or decline
the entire movie from their minds. They see to
it that their movie will turn out beautiful for DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
they have enormous control over it. 1. PRE-NATAL – (Conception to birth) age when
hereditary endowments and sex are fixed and
II. DEVELOPING THE WHOLE PERSON all body features, both external and internal are
developed
ASPECTS OF A PERSON
1. PHYSICAL SELF – descriptions of height,
weight, facial appearance, quality of the skin, 2. INFANCY – (Birth to 2 years) foundation age
hair, and body areas when basic behavior are organized and many
2. INTELLECTUAL SELF – assessment of how well ontogenetic maturation skills are developed
you reason and solve problems, capacity to 3. EARLY CHILDHOOD – (2 to 6 years) pre-gang
learn and create, amount of knowledge, age, exploratory, and questioning, language and
expertise, wisdom, and insights elementary reasoning are acquired and initial
3. EMOTIONAL SELF – typical feelings, feelings socialization is experienced
seldom have, feelings trying to avoid, feelings 4. LATE CHILDHOOD – (6 to 12 years) gang and
enjoyed, feelings in different times, and feelings creativity age when self-help skills, social skills,
associated with each other school skills, and play are developed
4. SENSUAL SELF – senses used the most, ways 5. ADOLESCENCE – (puberty to 18 years)
you let information in and out of your body transition age from childhood to adulthood
using your senses when sex maturation and rapid physical
5. INTERACTIONAL SELF – descriptions of development occur resulting to changes in ways
strengths and weaknesses in different of feeling, thinking and acting
relationships, and what kind of person you are 6. EARLY ADULTHOOD – (18 to 40 years) age of
to others adjustment to new patterns of life and roles
6. NUTRITIONAL SELF – foods you like and such as spouse, parent, and bread winner
dislike 7. MIDDLE AGE – (40 years to retirement)
7. CONTEXTUAL SELF – descriptions in areas of transition age when adjustments to initial and
maintenance of living environment such as light, mental decline are experienced
temperature, space, weather, colors, sound, 8. OLD AGE – (Retirement to death) retirement
seasons, and impact to environment age when increasingly rapid physical and mental
8. SPIRITUAL SELF – life force, feelings towards decline are experienced
organized religion, spiritual connections,
development, history, metaphysical self, inner HUMAN GROWTH AND CHANGES
peace, joy, spiritual regimen and routine HAVIGHURST’S DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS DURING THE LIFESPAN
SELF-ASPECT – represented by several aspects
of self, conceived as a collection of multiple, DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS THEORY
context-dependent selves, context activates - This was elaborated by Robert J.
particular regions of self- knowledge and self- Havighurst in the most systematic and
relevant feedback affects self- evaluations. extensive manner. He asserted that
development is continuous throughout
THREE BASIC ASPECTS OF SELF the entire lifespan, occurring in stages,
1. PHYSICAL – tangible or body where the individual moves from one
2. INTELLECTUAL – conscious or mind stage to the next by means of successful
3. EMOTIONAL – intuitive or spirit resolution of problems or performance
of developmental tasks.
III. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN MIDDLE AND - He proposed a bio-psychosocial model of
development, wherein the developmental tasks
LATE ADOLESCENCE
at each stage are influenced by the individual’s
biology (physiological maturation and genetic
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES HUMAN GROWTH makeup), his psychology (personal values and
AND CHANGES goals), and sociology (specific culture to which
the individual belongs).
DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS SUMMARY • Starts to want both physical and emotional
1. INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD - (0-5) intimacy in relationships
learns to walk, take solid foods, talk, control • Experience of intimate partnerships
elimination of body wastes, sex differences and
sexual modesty, acquires concepts and language SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
to describe social and physical reality, readiness • Shifts in relationship with parents from
for reading, distinguish right from wrong, and dependency and subordination to one that
developing a conscience reflects the adolescent’s increasing maturity and
2. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD – (6-12) learns physical responsibilities in the family and the community
skills necessary for ordinary games, building a • Is more and more aware of social behaviors of
wholesome attitude toward oneself, get along friends
with age-mates, appropriate sex role, develop • Seeks friends that share the same beliefs,
fundamental skills in reading, writing, and values, and interests
calculating, concepts necessary for daily living, • Friends become more important
conscience, morality, and scale of values, • Starts to have more intellectual interests
achieve personal independence, acceptable • Explores romantic and sexual behaviors with
attitudes toward society others
3. ADOLESCENCE – (13-18) achieve mature • May be influenced by peers to try risky
relations with both sexes, masculine or feminine behaviors
social role, accepting one’s physique, emotional
independence of adults, prepare for marriage MENTAL DEVELOPMENT
and family life, economic career, values and • Becomes better able to set goals and think in
ethical system guide behavior, desire and terms of the future
achieve social responsibility behavior • Has a better understanding of complex
4. EARLY ADULTHOOD – (19-30) selecting a problems and issues
mate, learning to live with a partner, starting a • Starts to develop moral ideals and to select
family, rearing children, managing a home, role models
starting an occupation, assuming civic
responsibility ENCOURAGEMENT THE COURAGE TO BE
5. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD – (30-60) helping IMPERFECT
teenage children to become happy and ENCOURAGEMENT 101
responsible adults, achieving adult social and HEBREWS 3:13 (NASB)
civic responsibility, satisfactory career - 13 But encourage one another every
achievement, develop adult leisure time day, as long as it is still called “today,” so
activities, relating to one’s spouse as a person, that none of you will be hardened by
accepting physiological changes, adjusting to the deceitfulness of sin.
aging parent ENCOURAGEMENT
6. LATER MATURITY – (61-) adjusting to - key ingredient for improving
decreasing strength and health, retirement and relationships with others, develops a
reduced income, death of spouse, establishing person’s psychological hardiness and
relations with one’s own age group, meeting social interest, lifeblood of a
social and civic obligations, establishing relationship, but hard to put into
satisfactory living quarters practice. It involves avoiding
discouraging words and actions.
IV. The Challenges of Middle and Late However, we are skilled discouragers.
Adolescence
THE PASSAGE TO ADULTHOOD CHALLENGES OF UNIT II. ASPECTS OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
LATE ADOLESCENCE V. Coping With Stress In Middle And Late
Adolescence
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Most girls have completed the physical STRESS MANAGEMENT
changes related to puberty by age 15. - Managing body and mental tensions
• Boys are still maturing and gaining strength, from emotional factors
muscle mass, and height and are completing the STRESS
development of sexual traits. ♦Emotional factor that causes bodily or mental
tension
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ♦Feeling one gets from prolonged, pent-up
• May stress over school and test scores emotions
• Is self-involved ♦Positive emotions: joy, elation, ecstasy, and
• Seeks privacy and time alone delight
• Is concerned about physical and sexual
♦ Take note that though positive emotions do
attractiveness
not usually cause stress, negative emotions may
• May complain that parents prevent him / her arise from positive situations
from doing things independently
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH STRESS A. PHYSICAL STRESS SIGNALS
• ANGER ♦Headaches ♦Stomach aches ♦Dizziness ♦Back
• ANXIETY pain ♦Neck Stiffness ♦Ulcer sores on mouth
• BREAKDOWN ♦Jaw pains ♦Weight loss ♦Weight gain
• BURNOUT ♦Twitches ♦Weakness ♦Nausea ♦Indigestion
• DEJECTION ♦Excessive sleeping ♦Excessive sweating
• DEPRESSION ♦Overeating ♦Loss of appetite ♦Inability to
• DESPERATION sleep ♦Skin problems ♦Constant fatigue ♦Cold
• MISERY
hands or feet ♦Chest pains ♦High blood
• PANIC
pressure ♦Rapid or difficult breathing
• PRESSURE
• STRAIN
B. EMOTIONAL STRESS SIGNALS
• TENSION
♦Mood changes ♦Lack of concentration
EVERYDAY FURSTRATIONS ♦Nightmares ♦Panic attacks ♦Anxiety ♦Anger
♦FRUSTRATION ♦Irritability ♦Crying ♦Suicidal thoughts
- feeling of being upset or annoyed, ♦Depression ♦Confusion ♦Helplessness
especially because of inability to change ♦Restlessness ♦Racing thoughts
or achieve something, this can build-up, ♦Aggressiveness
continue, and result to less emotional
and physical stamina the next day C. BEHAVIORAL STRESS SIGNALS
♦Smoking ♦Nail biting ♦Tapping ♦Pulling hair
♦Grinding hair ♦Alcohol intake ♦Use of
medication ♦Compulsive dieting ♦Hair chewing
PERSONAL LIFE PROBLEMS ♦Nervous laughter ♦Pacing ♦Lateness
♦LONG-TERM STRESS ♦Procrastination ♦Poor Hygiene ♦Compulsive
- created by far more serious and painful overeating
circumstances such as separation from
loved ones, personal illness or of loved IV. THE POWERS OF THE MIND
ones, death of someone you care about,
or conflict with a spouse or close friend, BRAIN POWER
risky behaviors, domestic violence, care - complex organ that controls your every
of relatives, injury, physical handicap, thought and move
financial problems, and moving to a
new home THE POWER TO ACT
LIFE TRANSITIONS BRAIN
♦TRANSITION - composed of cerebrum,cerebellum, and
- process or a period of changing from the brain stem connects the spinal cord
one state or condition to another such and the brain and controls functions
as work, business, home, role, that keep people alive
relationship, and responsibility CEREBELLUM
- controls voluntary movement
CIRCUMSTANCES THAT MAY LOSE YOUR COOL NEURONS
♦Being Late ♦Too Much Homework ♦Public Speaking - basic function units of nervous system,
♦Babysitting ♦Going To The Dentist ♦Arguments With
composed opby nerve cell body, axon,
Friends ♦Restrictions At Home ♦Chores ♦Lack Of Sleep
and dendrite
♦No Date For A Dance ♦Pimples ♦Physical Education Class
♦No Money ♦Math Class SYNAPSE
♦English Class Team ♦Other Class ♦Not Being Included - junction between two nerve cells
♦Boredom ♦Rude People In A Sports Team ♦Losing NEUROTRANSMITTER
Something Valuable ♦No Transportation ♦Playing On A - chemical substance that is released at
Sports ♦Parents Fighting ♦Getting Detention ♦Your Job the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of
♦Taking Tests ♦Video Games ♦Using A Computer ♦Closed- a nerve impulse
In Spaces ♦Commercials ♦Interruptions While Busy CEREBRUM
♦Getting An Injection ♦Arguments With Parents ♦Fighting
- largest of the three brain sections
With Bf/Gf
♦Losing ♦Careless Drivers ♦Slow Drivers ♦Loud People
accounts for 85% of the body weight
♦Baby Crying ♦Disrespectful Children ♦Confrontation with 4 lobes:
♦Friend Betrays You ♦...Etc. FRONTAL
- personality and emotion
♦Stress signals PARIETAL
- warning signs due to physical, - see and feel
emotional, or behavioral pressures
TEMPORAL
 - hearing and recognition ◆Mind mapping –
OCCIPAL - powerful thinking tool, a graphical
- vision technique that mirrors the way the
brain works. It was invented by Tony
POWER TO ACT Buzan,
A CRITICAL AGE - This tool makes thinking visible. It helps
Brain cells organize the ideas of a person.
- regenerate throughout life but happens
slower and slower as we grow older GROWING INTELLIGENCE
- ◆The size of the brain doesn't increase - Brain can be developed
much after the age of 3. BRAIN MYSTERY
Synaptogenesis ◆Muscles become larger and stronger with
- creation of pathways for brain cells to exercise, use it or lose it.
communicate Brain is affected either by ◆Neurons - billions of tiny nerve cells inside
intellectual stimulation and stimulation the cortex of the brain
deprivation. ◆Learning new things, neurons actually
- multiply and get stronger.
DRUG DAMAGE
◆Drugs BRAIN CAN GROW STRONGER
- that can harm our brain are inhalants ◆An individual that plays more or explores
(glue, paint, gasoline, aerosol), steroids, more has a chance to become smarter or better
marijuana (hinders memory, learning, at solving problems and learning new things.
judgment, and reaction times), cocaine Interacting with smarter individuals affect the
(ecstasy), nicotine (cigarettes), and less smarter ones.
alcohol.
BRAIN DOMINANCE KEY TO BRAIN GROWTH: PRACTICE!
- The left and right dominant sides of the ◆Learning causes permanent changes in the
brain brain.
THINGS THAT MAY APPLY TO YOU ◆The babies' brain cells get larger and grow
Very organized new connections between them.
Remembers faces more than names ◆Child's brain gets stronger and smarter just
Thinks things through before decisions like a weightlifter's big muscles make them
Can distinguish when someone's mad without strong.
him saying a word
Works best in quiet space SMART AND DUMB
Daydreams a lot ◆Practice enables one to learn something and
Hates taking risks do it. The more a person learns, the easier it
Tends to get emotional gets to learn new things.
Makes a to-do-list ◆Anyone can get smarter as long as they
Trusts gut instinct exercise and practice the same brain muscles.

LEFT DOMINANCE GET SMARTER

◆Monopoly, scrabble, or chess ◆Being ◆You can use your brain in a smarter way - just
thoughtful ◆Being on time ◆Careful planning like a basketball player learns new moves.
◆Consider alternative ◆Classical music ◆Negative thoughts such as thinking it is too
RIGHT DOMINANCE hard or they can't do it may miss out the chance
◆ Popular music ◆ Good times ◆Visualize the to grow a stronger brain.
outcome ◆ Go with the first idea ◆ Being
active ◆ Athletics, art, or music THE MYTH OF MICHAEL JORDAN
◆Michael Jordan - one of the best basketball
MATHEMATICALLY GIFTED players of all time, average points per game is
◆Brain's left and right sides of the brain seem the highest in NBA history-31.5. Scored more
to work together better in mathematically gifted than 3000 points in a single season. He has 11
middle-school youth. MVP awards, five for the regular season and six
◆Functional (though not necessarily structural) for finals.
organization of the brain may be an important ◆Most mornings at school, Michael is practicing
contributor to individual differences. basketball.

James Allen
- You are today where your thoughts
have brought you; you will be
tomorrow where your thoughts take
you.
MIND MAPPING
 VII. Mental Health and Well-Being in Middle - (standards, comments)
and Late Adolescence
COMMON EATING DISORDERS
MENTAL HEALTH 1. Anorexia – real fear of weight gain, eats very
- A change of mind regarding the most little, and can become dangerously underweight
neglected health 2. Bulimia – people might binge eat and then
♦ Mental health try to compensate in extreme ways, and can
- is the way your thoughts, feelings, and become overweight
behaviors affect your life. 3. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
♦Good mental health 4. Binge eating
- leads to positive self- image, satisfying 5. Body image disorder
relationships, and good decisions. 6. Food phobias
♦Possible mental health problems
- may include depression, anxiety, body SIGNS OF TROUBLE: DEPRESSION
esteem issues, and suicide. ♦Do you feel sad, depressed, or down most of
- ♦Most young people with mental the time?
health problems don’t get treatment / ♦Are you unable to enjoy the things that once
ignore them. gave you pleasure?
♦Do you feel tired and/or lack energy most of
ADVERTISEMENT METHODS the time?
♦Sex appeal ♦Join the bandwagon ♦Highest ♦Do you have trouble sleeping or do you sleep
quality available ♦Financial plans/installment too much?
incentives ♦Homestyle or traditional ♦We try ♦Do you find it difficult to concentrate or make
harder ♦Best value ♦New and improved decisions
♦Name brands and logos ♦Negative advertising ♦Have had an increase or decrease in appetite
or weight?
♦Health and safety
MENTAL HEALTH RESOURCES
STRATEGIES OF MEDIA’S CRITICAL VIEWER
- Support strategies or community health
- ♦All media images and messages are
resources
constructions, not reflections of reality.
- ♦Ads are created to convince you to MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS’ SUPPORT
buy or support a product or service.
♦Encourage the person to seek help and
- ♦Advertisers create their message support from an adult.
based on what they think you will want
♦Spend time and listen to the person.
to see and what they think will compel
♦Be hopeful.
you to buy or support their product or
service. ♦Stand by them.
- ♦As individuals, we decide how to ♦Learn as much as you can about mental illness
experience the media messages we to understand them.
encounter. ♦Make sure you get help as well.
♦Put the person’s life before your friendship.
SELF ESTEEM BODY ESTEEM
IMPORTANCE OF SELF- ESTEEM & BODY IMAGE
- Why are self-esteem and body image HELP HOW TO’S
important? Reaching out and taking action
♦Self-esteem STEP 1: REACH OUT TO TRUSTED PEOPLE
- is all about how much you feel you are Healing
worth – and how much you feel other - is a combination of helping yourself and
people value you. letting others help you.
♦Body image ♦Friends
- is how you view your physical self – ♦Parents and other family members
including whether you feel you are ♦Someone who seems like a parent to you
attractive and whether others like your ♦Other adults whose advice you would value
looks. STEP 2: TAKE ACTION
♦The more you know, the easier it is (self-help
INFLUENCER OF PERSON’S SELF-ESTEEM on bookstores and online)
♦Puberty and Development ♦Nothing is worse than nothing (the
- (changes and wanting to be accepted) consequence of not getting help for mental
♦Media Images and Other Outside Influences health)
- (setting images to fit in, comparisons) ♦It’s all in the attitude (fear, shame,
embarrassment hinders)
♦Families and School
 HEALTHY EATING MENTAL HEALTH 11. Jealous – upset when someone has
- Relationship of physical activity, sleep, something that you would like to have or they
and mental health get to do something you wanted
Healthy eating nourishes the body, including 12. Lonely – alone and that nobody cares
the brain, and supports mental health. 13. Proud – pleased for doing well
♦Improved overall health and vitality 14. Relaxed – at ease and without worry, calm
♦Increased ability to concentrate 15. Stressed – tensed, tired, uneasy, and
♦Reduced irritability and mood swings overwhelmed
♦Lowered risks of mental illness
♦Emotional self-awareness – ability to
Physical activity recognize one’s own feelings
- can make you feel good physically and ♦Shyness and anger – most difficult to manage
build confidence. emotions in some situations
♦Feel better physically and about yourself
RESPONSES
♦Improve mood ♦Improve self-esteem
- How we respond depends on what
♦Reduce physical reactions to stress ♦Help you
happens to us
sleep better ♦Give you more energy
TYPES OF RESPONSES
VIII. Emotional Intelligence
♦Passive
- not expressing your own needs and
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
feelings, or expressing the so weakly
- Ability to understand our emotions
that they will not be addressed
♦Aggressive
♦Emotional Intelligence
- asking what you want or saying how you
- is the ability to understand, use, and
feel in a threatening, sarcastic, or
manage our feelings. It is sometimes
humiliating way that may offend a
called EQ or EI. As much as IQ can
person
predict test scores, EQ can predict
♦Assertive
success in social and emotional
- asking what you want or saying how you
situations.
feel in an honest and respectful way
- ♦Other kinds of intelligences include:
that does not infringe on another
Verbal-Linguistic, Mathematical- Logical,
person’s rights or put the individual
Musical, Visual-Spatial, Bodily-
down
Kinesthetic, Interpersonal,
MANAGING EMOTIONS
Intrapersonal, Naturalist, Existential
- Assertion, getting a grip on anger, and
(Howard Garner), and Pedagogical.
being responsible of our emotions
EI is a combination of different skills:
MANAGING EMOTIONS
♦Being aware of your emotions♦Understanding
♦Assertiveness
how others feel and why (empathy) ♦Managing - ability to express your wishes and
emotional reactions ♦Choosing your mood beliefs in a positive way, too little can
Take note that EQ is something that develops as make you a doormat, too much can
we get older. make you bossy and aggressive
♦Getting a grip on anger
INTRODUCTION TO EMOTIONS - these are healthy ways or methods in
- Knowing what we truly feel inside dealing with anger such as counting to
when things happen 10, clarifying, or reminding
♦Emotionally responsible
Emotions – what you feel on the inside when
- these are the qualities of a person who
things happen
are able to act properly depending on
1. Afraid – fear and worry
their emotions on a given situation
2. Angry – mad with a person, act or idea
“The best and most beautiful things in the
3. Ashamed – bad after doing wrong
world cannot be seen or even touched. They
4. Confident – able to do something
must be felt with the heart.”
5. Confused – unable to think clearly
Helen Keller
6. Depressed – sad, blue, discouraged, unhappy
7. Embarrassed – worried about what others
may think
8. Energetic – full of energy
9. Excited – happy and aroused
10. Glad – joy and pleasure
PAGBASA MGA HALIMBAWA NG TEKSTONG
IMPORMATIBO NA MATATAGPUAN SA
TEKSTONG IMPORMATIBO 1. Biyograpiya
- tinatawag din EXPOSITORI 2. Diksyunaryo
- naglalayong magpaliwanag at magbigay 3. Encyclopedia
impormasyon 4. Almanac
- magpaliwanag sa mga mambabasa ng 5. Mga papel pananaliksik mg journal
anumang paksa na matatagpuan sa 6. Siyentipikong ulat
daigdig 7. Balita sa diyaryo
- magbigay impormasyon
- kwento ng mga tunay na pangyayari MGA KAHALAGAHAN NG TEKSTONG
IMPORMATIBO
KADALASAN SINASAGOT NITO ANG MGA MAPAPAUNLAD NITO ANG IBA PANG
BATAYANG TANONG KASANAYANG PANGWIKA GAYA NG:
1. ANO 1. Pagbabasa
2. KAILAN 2. Pagtatala
3. SAAN 3. Patukoy ng mahalagang detalye
4. SINO 4. Pakikipagtalakayan
5. PAANO 5. Pagsusuri
6. Pagpapakahulugan ng mga
ELEMENTO NG TEKSTONG IMPORMATIBO impormasyon
1. LAYUNIN NG MAY-AKDA KABILANG DITO ANG SUMUSUNOD
- Layunin niyang mapalawak pa ang 1. Talaan ng nilalaman
kaalaman ukol sa isang paksa 2. Indeks
2. PANGUNAHING IDEYA 3. Glosaryo para sa mahalagang
- Daglian inilalahad ang mga pangunahing bokabolaryo
ideya sa mambabasa 4. Mga larawan at ilustrasyon
3. PANTULONG NA KAISIPAN 5. Graph o talagahanayan
- Pantulong na kaisipan o mga detalyeng 6. Kapsyon
nais niyang maiwan sa kanila
4. ESTILO SA PAGSULAT MAY IBAT IBANG URI NG TEKSTONG
KAGAMITAN/SANGGUNIAN IMPORMATIBO DEPENDE SA ESTRUKTURA NG
- Magtatampok sa mga bagay na PAGLALAHAD NITO
binibigyang-diin 1. SANHI O BUNGA
5. PAGGAMIT NG MGA NAKALARAWANG - Naglalahad ng pagkakaugnay ugnay ng
REPRESENTASYON pangyayari at kung paano ang
- Larawan, guhit, dayagram, tsart, kinalabadan
talahanayan, timeline - SANHI kung bakit nangyari
6. PAGBIBIGAY DIIN SA MAHAHALAGANG - BUNGA naging resulta
SALITA SA TEKSTO 2. PAGHAHAMBING
- Nakadiin, nakalihis, nakasalunggyhit o - Kadalasang nag papakita ng mga
nalagyan ng panipi upang mapansin and pagkakaiba at pagkakatulad sa pagitan
salita ng anumang bagay, konsepto
7. PAGSULAT NG MGA TALASANGGUNIAN 3. PAGBIBIGAY DEPINISYON
- Inilalagyan ng mga manunulat ng - Kahulugan ng isang salita, termino o
tekstong impormatibo ang mga aklat, konseoto
kagamitan at iba pang sangguniang 4. PAGLILISTA NG KLASIPIKASYON
ginagamit. - Nangangahulugan itong uri onklase ng
bagay, mga gawain o ideya.
MGA URI NG TEKSTONG IMPORMATIBO - Pagkakaiba ng isang termino sa ibang
1. PALALAHAD NG TOTOONG salitang nauuwi sa pangkat.
PANGYAYARI/KASAYSAYAN 5. PAGPAPAGANA NG NAIMBAK NA
- Isalaysay ang personal na nasaksihan ng KAALAMAN.
manunulat - May kinalaman ito sa pag alala ng mga
2. PAGUULAT PANG-IMPORMASYON salita o konseptong dat ing alam na
- Nangangailangan ng masusing ginagamit sa teksto upang maunawaan
pananaliksik at bawal lagyan ng ang mga bagong impormasyon.
personal na papanaw 6. PAGBUO NG HINUHA
3. PAGPAPALIWANAG - Bahagi ng teksto na hindi gaanong
- Paano o bakit nagana pang isang bagay malinaw sa pamamagitan ng pag
o pangyayari uugnay nito sa iba pang bahagi na
malinaw.
 7. PAGKAKAROON NG MAYAMANG 3. ANALITIKAL
KARANASAN - malalim na pag-unawa sa binasa hindi
- Pagbabasa ng ibat ibang teksto at upang maunawaan lamang ang
pagdanas sa mga ito. nilalaman nito kundi upang masuri ang
akda sa mas mapanuring pamamaraan
PAGBASA AT PAGSUSURI na tutugon sa kritikal na paraan ng
pang- unawa sa binasa.
PAGBASA 4. SINTOPIKAL
- Ayon kina Urquhart at Weir (1998), ang - pinakamataas na lebel ng pagbasa na
pagbasa ay isang proseso ng makabubuo ng sariling persepsiyon
pagtanggap at pagpapakahulugan sa mula sa akda gamit ang ibang akda na
mg nakakodang impormasyon. isinulat ng mga bihasa sa kanilang
- Ang pagbasa ay isang masalimuot na akdang isinulat.
makrong kasanayan na dapat
malinang. PAGSUSURI
- Maipapakitang nalinang mo ang iyong - Isang psycholinguistic guessing game
kahusayan sa pagbasa sa pamamagitan - nagbubuong muli ng isang mensahe o
ng epektibong pagtukoy sa kaisipan na
kahalagahan ng binabasa upang - hinango sa tekstong binasa. (Goodman
makabuo ng isang hinuha na 1957,1971,1973)
magagamit sa pang-araw-araw na
pakikipagtunggali sa hamon ng buhay,. TEKSTONG DESKRITIBO
KAHULUGAN - ay maylayunin na maglarawan ngbisang
- naman ay tumutukoy sa bagay, tao, lugar, karanasan, sistwasyon.
pagpapaliwanag sa depenisyon ng DESKRIPSYON
isang salita. - isang uri ng paglalahad at naisasagawa
rin sa pamamagitan ng mahusay na
MGA PAMAMARAAN SA PAGBASA eksposisyon.
+ ISKIMING
+ ISKANING MGA URI NG DESKRIPSYON
+ KASWAL 1. KARANIWANG DESKRIPSYON
+ KOMPREHENSIBO - Pagbubuo ito ng malinaw na larawan sa
+ KRITIKAL isipan ng mambabasa sa tulong ng mga
+ PAMULING-BASA katangiang ating napag-aralan na.
+ BASANG-TALA 2. MASINING NA DESKRIPSYON
- Pumupukaw ng guniguni. Ito’y
MGA URI NG PAGBASA gumagamit ng mga salitang nagbibigay
1. INTENSIBONG PAGBASA kulay, tunog, galaw, at matinding
- ito ay detalyadong pagsusuri ng isang damdamin.
teksto batay sa kung paano ito nabuo o
isinulat ayon sa estruktura, salitang MGA PANGANGAILANGAN SA EPEKTIBONG
ginamit at pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng mga DESKRIPSYON
ideya. 1. PAGPILI NG PAKSA
2. EKSTENSIBONG PAGBASA - Piliin ang isang bagay na nais ilarawan.
- ito ay pagkuha ng mga kaalaman batay Lalong mainam kung may kaugnayan sa
sa iba’t ibang teksto o akda. Layunin iyong kaalaman at hindi bago sa iyong
nito ang makuha lamang paningin.
pangkalahatang ideya at eksaktong 2. PAGBUO NG ISANG PANGUNAHING
detalye na magbibigay ng - Ito ang unang kakintalan ng bagay,
pangkalahatang pang-unawa mula sa pook, tao o pangyayaring inilarawan sa
binasang teksto. nakikinig o bumabasa.
3. PAGPILI NG SARILINGPANANAW O
ANTAS NG PAGBASA PERSPEKTIBO
1. PRIMARYA - Nakikita ang pangunahing larawan dahil
- pinakamababang lebel ng pagbasa. Ito sa sariling pananaw.
ay tumutugon sa mga detalye ng 4. KAISAHAN
impormasyon sa akda. Kalimitan nito ay - Natatamo ang kaisahan ng paglalarawan
sumasagot sa tanong na ano, saan, sa pagpili ng maliliit na bahaging
kailan at sino. maaaring makita lamang mula sa
2. MAPAGSIYASAT pananaw na napili ng naglalarawan.
- ito ay tumutukoy sa pagbibigay ng 5. PAGPILI NG MGA SANGKAP NA ISASAMA
impresyon mula sa binasa kabilang ang - Hindi lamang ang mga bahaging
panlabas na bahagi ng teksto tulad bumubuo sa pangunahing larawan ang
pamagat, heading at subheading. dapat isama.
GAMIT NG COHESIVE DEVICES O KOHESYONG ILANG TEKSTONG DESKRIPTIBONG BAHAGI NG
GRAMATIKAL SA PAGSULAT NG TEKSTONG IBA PANG TEKSTO
DESKRIPTIBO PAGLALARAWAN SA TAUHAN
LIMANG PANGUNAHING COHESIVE DEVICE - kailangang maging makatotohanan din
1.REPERENSYA(REFERENCE) ang paglalarawan nito.
- Tumukoy o maging reperensiya ng PAGLALARAWAN SA DAMDAMIN O EMOSYON
paksang pinagusapan sa pangungusap. - Nakapokus o binibigyang diin dito ang
ANAPORA kanyang damdamin oemosyong taglay
- Kung kailangan bumalik sa teksto upang PAGLALARAWAN SA TAGPUAN
malaman kung ano o sino ang - Sa paglalarawan ng tagpuan, ay
tinutukoy. mahalagang mailarawan nang tama ang
KATAPORA lugar o panahon kung kailan at saan
- Nauna ang panghalip at malalaman lang naganap ang akda
kung sino o ano ang tinutukoy kapag PAGLALARAWAN SA ISANG MAHALAGANG
ipinagpatuloy ang pagbabasa. BAGAY
2.SUBSTITUSYON - Dapat mailahad kung saan nagmula ang
- Paggamit ng ibang salitang ipapalit sa bagay na ito.
halip na muling ulitin ang salita
3.ELLIPSIS TEKSTONG NARATIBO
- May binabawas na bahagi ng - Maaring pasulat at pasalita na nag
pangungusap ngunit inaasahan din na iiwan ng isang matibay na konklusyon
magiging malinaw parin ito - Nagkukuwento ng mga serve ng
4.PANG-UGNAY pangyayari.
- Nagagamit ang mga pang- ugnay tulad Ayon kay patricia melendez- cruz (1994)
ng “at” sa pag- uugnay ng sugnay sa - Ayon kay Patricia Melendez-Cruz (1994)
sugnay, parirala sa parirala at sa kanyang artikulong "Ideolohiya Bilang
pangungusap sa pangungusap. Perspektibong Pampanitikan " na nasa
5. KOHESYONG LEKSIKAL aklat na "Filipinong Pananaw sa Wika,
- Mabibisang salitang ginagamit sa teksto
Panitikan at Lipunan" kailangang suriin
upang magkaroon ito ng kohesyon.
Reiterasyon ang malikhaing pagkatha bilang isang
- Kung ang ginagawa o sinasabi ay siyentipikong proseso ng lipunan.
nauulit nang ilang beses
- Pag uulit o repetisyon MGA PAKSA SA PAGBUO NG NARATIBONG
- Pag iisa isa KOMPOSISSYON
- Pagbibigay kahulugan - SARILING KARANASAN
Kolokasyon - NASAKSIHAN O NAPANOOD
- Salita na karaniwang ginagamit nang - NAPAKINGGAN O NABALITAAN
magkapareha o may kaugnayan sa isat - NABASA
isa. - LIKHANG ISIP
MGA KATANGIAN NG TEKSTONG DESKRIPTIBO
MGA KATANGIAN NG ISANG MABISANG
1.MAY ISANG MALINAW AT PANGUNAHING NARATIBONG KOMPOSISYON
IMPRESYON NA NILILIKHA SA MGA 1.MAY IBAT IBANG PANANAW O POINT OF
MAMBABASA VIEW
- Sa paglikha ng dominante at UNANG PANAUHAN
pangunahing impresyon, dapat na - Isa sam ga tauhan ang nagsasalaysay ng
magdesisyon ang manunulat bagay na kanyang nararanasan (ako)
2.OBHENTIBO O SUBHENTIBO IKALAWANG PANAUHAN
- Pagkakataon na gumamit ng ibat ibang - Miatulang kinakausap ng manunulat
tono at paraan ng paglalarawan. ang tauahn na pinagagalaw niya sa
a. OBHENTIBONG PAGLALARAWAN kuwento ( ka at ikaw)
- Direktang pagpapakita ng katangian IKATLONG PANAUHANG
makatotohanan at di mapasususbalian. - Isinasalaysay ng isang taong walang
b. SUBHENTIBONG DESKRIPSYON relasyon sa tauhan.
- Kapalooban ng matatalinghagang
paglalarawan at naglalaman ng personal 2.MAY PARAAN NG PAGPAPAHAYAG NG
na persepsyon. DAYALOG O DAMDAMIN
3.MAHALAGANG MAGING ESPISIPIKO AT TUWIRANG PAGPAPAHAYAG
MAGLAMAN NG MGA DETALYE - Tauhan ay direktang o tuwirang
- Ang pangunahing layunin nito ay ipakita nagsasabi ng diyalog (panipi)
at iparamdam sa mambabasa.
DI TUWIRANG PAGPAPAHAYAG 6.REVERSE CHRONOLOGY
- Nakapagsalaysay ang naglalahad sa - Nagsimula sa duo patungo sa simula
sinasabi inisip o nararamdaman ng 7.IN MEDIAS RES
tauhan. - Kalagitnaan ng kuwento
8.DEUS EX MACHINA
3.MGA ELEMENTO - Nagbabago rin ang kahihinatnan ng
TAUHAN kwento
- Gumaganap sa kwento
MGA KARANIWANG TAUHAN TEKSTONG PERSUWEYSIB
PANGUNAHING TAUHAN – umiikot ang - Pang hihikayat sam ga pormal na
pangyayari sa kwento kombersasyon
KASAMANG TAUHAN – kasama ng pangunahing - Di piksyon na pasulat upang
tauhan kumbinsihin ang mga mambabasa
KATUNGGALING TAUHAN – kumakalaban o
katunggali ng pangunahing tauhan ARGUMENTATIBO – tipo na pagpapahayag ang
ANG MAY AKDA – laging nakasubaybay ang tekstong persuweysib nilalaman ng tekstong
kamalayan ng aktor persuweysib
1.MALALIM NA PANANALIKSIK – pasikot sikot ng
URI NG TAUHAN isyung tatalakayi
TAUHANG BILOG 2.KAALAMAN SA MGA POSIBLENG
- Katulad ng tao PANINIWALA NG MGA MAMBABASA
- Nagbabago ang katauhan sa loob ng - mulat at maalam ang manunulat
akda 3.MALALIM NA PAGKAUNAWA SA DALAWANG
TAUHANG LAPAD [ANIG NG ISYU
- Di nagbabago ang pagkatao mula sa - masagot ang laganap
simula hanggang sa dulo
HALIMBAWA NG PERSUWEYSIB
TAGPUAN MGA PATALASTAS
- Tumutukoy sa lugarat panahon TALUMPATI
BANGHAY
- Balangkas ng kwento PROPAGANDA DEVICE
1. NAME CALLING
ANACHRONY – simula gitna wakas - Hindi magandang taguri sa isang
a. ANALEPSIS (FLASHBACK) produkto
- Naganap sa nakalipas 2. GLITTERING GENERALITIES
b. PROLEPSIS (FLAHS FORWARD) - Maganda at makakasilaw na pahayag
- Pangyayari naganap palang sa 3. TRANSFER
hinaharap - Isang sikat na personalidad
c. ELLIPSIS 4. TESTIMONIAL
- Patlang sa pagkakasunod sunod - Sikat na tao
5. PLAIN FOLKS
BANGHAY - Kilala o tanyag
- PROBLEMA 6. CARD STUCKING
- RISING ACTION - Lahat ng maganda katangian
- CLIMAX 7. BANDWAGON
- FALLING ACTION - Hinihimok ang lahat na gamitin
- ENDING
ARISTOTLE
PAKSA O TEMA - GRIYEGONG PILOSOPO
- Kung saan umiikot ang pangyayari
PARAAN NG PANGHIHIKAYAR AYON KAY
IBAT IBANG PARAAN NG NARASYON ARISTOTLE
1.DIYALOGO 1. ETHOS
- Gumagamit ng pag uusap ng mga - Kredibilidad ng manunulat
tauhan 2. PATHOS
2.FORESHADOWING - Emosyon o damdamin
- Mga Pahiwatig O Hints 3. LOGOS
3.PLOT TWIST - Lohikal upang makumbinsi
- Pagbabago ng direksyon ng kwento
4.ELLIPSIP
- Pag aalis ng ilang yugto ng kwento
5.COMIC BOOK DEATH
- Pinapatay ang mahahalagang karakter
PARAAN SA PAGSULAT ng isang bagay, kagamitan o makina o di kaya ay
1. BRAINSTORMING mga pagtataya kung nakamit ang kaayusan na
layunin ng prosidyur.
2. PANANALIKSIK HINGIL SA PAKSA
3. PAGBUO NG THESIS O PAHAYAG
MGA DAPAT TANDAAN SA PAGSULAT NG
4. PAGSULAT NG PANIMULA
TEKSTONG PROSIDYURAL
5. PAGSULAT NG KATAWAN
• MAY MALAWAK NA KAALAMAN SA PAKSANG
6. PAGSULAT NG KONKLUSYON
TATALAKAYIN
• MALINAW AT TAMA ANG PAGKAKASUNOD-
TEKSTONG PROSIDYURAL
SUNOD NG DAPAT GAWIN
• PAYAK NGUNIT ANGKOP ANG MGA SALITANG
TEKSTONG PROSIDYURAL
GAGAMITIN
- ay ang paglalahad na kadalasang
• GAWING SIMPLE AT NAIINTINDIHAN
nagbibigay ng impormasyon at
• MAKATUTULONG ANG PAGLALAGAY NG
instruksyon kung paano isinasagawa ang
ILUSTRASYON O LARAWAN
isang tiyak na bagay.
MGA TIYAK NA KATANGIAN NG WIKANG
LAYUNIN NG TEKSTONG PROSIDYURAL:
MADALAS GAMITIN SA TEKSTONG
- Makapagbigay ng sunod-sunod na
PROSIDYURAL
direksyon at impormasyon sa mga tao
1. Nasusulat sa KASALUKUYANG PANAHUNAN.
upang matagumpayan na maisagawa
2. Nakapokus sa PANGKALAHATANG
ang mga gawain ng ligtas, episyente at
mambabasa at hindi sa iisang tao lamang.
angkop sa paraan.
3. Gumamit ng TIYAK NA PANDIWA para sa
- Mahusay na pag unawa sa tekstong
instruksyon.
prosidyural at pagpapanatili ng maayos
4. Gumamit ng malinaw na PANG-UGNAY AT
na pagsasagawa sa pamamagitan ng
COHESIVE DEVICE upang ipakita ang
mga protocol
pagkakasunod-sunod at ugnayan ng mga bahagi
PROTOCOL
ng teksto tulad ng UNA,IKALAWA,SA
- Uri ng prosidyural nagbibigay ng gabay
HULI,PAGKATAPOS, ANG SUSUNOD, KASUNOD.
at mga paalala.
5. Mahalaga ng detalyado at tiyak na
deskripsyon. (HUGIS, LAKI, KULAY, DAMI ATBP.)
ANG TEKSTONG PROSIDYURAL AY MAY APAT
NA NILALAMAN:
KATANGIAN NG TEKSTONG PROSIDYURAL
1. LAYUNIN
1.SISTEMATIKO AT METODIKAL ANG
2. KAGAMITAN
PAGKAKALAHAD
3. METODO
- Organisado at may tiyak na ayos at
4. EBALWASYON
plano
- Nasuri at napatunayang epektobo
MGA BAHAGI O NILALAMAN NG TEKSTONG
2.MAY MALINAW NA INSTRUKSYON O PANUTO
PROSIDYURAL
- Kawastuhang panggramatika at
1. INAASAHAN O TARGET NA AWPUT
pangwika
- kung ano ang kakalabasan o
3.MAY MALINAW NA TARGET NA AWTPUT
kakahantungan ng proyekto ng
- Layunin o inaasahang awtput
prosidyur. Maaring ilarawan ang mga
- Nais niyang mabuo kapag sinunod ang
tiyak na katangian ng isang bagay o kaya
mga hakbang
katangian ng isang uri ng trabaho o
ugaling inaasahan sa isang mag-aaral
TEKSTONG ARGUMENTATIBO
kung susundin ang gabay.
- Uri ng teksto na naglalahad at
2. MGA KAGAMITAN
nagpapaliwanag ng ideya sa isang paksa
- ang mga kasangkapan at kagamitan na
- Kailangang ipagtanggol ng manunulat
kainakailangan upang makumpleto ang
ang kanyang posisyon o panig sa isang
isinagawang proyekto. Nakalista sa
tiyak na paksa o usapin.
pamamagitan ng pagkkasunod- sunod
- TINATAWAG DIN ITONG TEKSTONG
kung kailan ito gagamitin. Maaaring
NANGANGATUWIRAN.
hindi makita ang bahaging ito sa mga uri
- Obhetibo ang tono ng manunulat ng
ng tekstong prosidyural na hindi
tekstong argumentatibo dahil nakabatay
gagamit ng anumang kagamitan.
ito sa mga ilalahad na katibayan at
3. METODO
ebidensiya ng manunulat sa bawat
- serye ng mga hakbang na isinagawa
argumento.
upang mabuo ang proyekto.
4. EBALWASYON
- naglalaman ng mga pamamaraan kung
paano masusukat ang tagumpay na
prosidyur na isinagawa. Ito ay sa
pamamagitan ng mahusay na paggana
MGA PARAAN UPANG MAKAKUHA NG MGA 4. MAAYOS NA PAGKAKASUNOD-SUNOD NG
EBIDENSIYA O KATIBAYAN SA PAGSULAT NG TALATANG NAGLALAMAN NG MGA EBIDENSYA
TEKSTONG NG ARGUMENTO
ARGUMENTATIBO - Angbawattalataaykailangang tumalakay
1. SARBEY sa iisang pangkalahatang ideya
- Binubuo ito ng mga tanong na may lamang.Ito ang magbibigay- linaw at
kaugnayan sa paksang pag-aaralan direksyon sa buong teksto.
2. PAGMAMASID 5. MATIBAY NA EBIDENSYA PARA SA
- Panonood at pagtingin sa isang bagay, ARGUMENTO
tao at mga pangyayaring kaugnay sa - Angtekstongargumentatiboay
paksang pinag- aaralan at itinatala ang nangangailangan ng detalyado, tumpak,
mga bagay na naobserbahan. at napapanahong mga impormasyon
3. PAGGAMIT NG OPINYON mula sa pananaliksik na susuporta sa
- Maaring gamitin ang opinyon o kabuuang tesis.
pananaw ng isang eksperto sa
pamamagitan ng tuwirang sipi at MGA HAKBANG SA PAGSULAT NG TEKSTONG
paglalagay ng panipi para sa eksaktong ARGUMENTATIBO
sinabi.
4. LOHIKAL NA PANGANGATWIRAN 1. Pumili ng paksang isusulat na angkop para sa
- Lohika ang ginagamit sa pagbibigay ng tekstong argumentatibo.
makatuwirang kongklusyon 2. Itanong sa sarili kung ano ang panig na nais
mong panindigan at ano ang mga dahilan mo sa
ELEMENTO NG PANGANGATUWIRAN pagpanig dito.
1. PROPOSISYON 3. Mangalap ng ebidensiya.Ito ay ang mga
- Ayon kay Melania L. Abad(2004), ang impormasyon o datos na susuporta sa iyong
proposisyon ay ang pahayag na posisyon.
inilalahad upang pagtalunan o pag- 4. Gumawa ng borador (draft) - Narito ang mga
usapan. halimbawa ng bahagi ng pagsulat ng borador.
2.ARGUMENTATIBO 5. Isulat na ang draft o borador ng iyong
- Ang paglalatag ng mga dahilan at tekstong argumentatibo.
ebidensya upang maging makatwiran 6. Basahing muli ang isinulat upang maiwasto
ang isang panig. ang mga pagkakamali sa gamit ng wika at
- Kinakailangan ang malalim na mekaniks.
pananaliksik at talas ng pagsusuri sa 7. Muling isulat ang iyong teksto taglay ang
proposisyon upang makapagbigay ng anumang pagwawasto.Ito ang magiging pinal na
mahusay na argumento. kopya.

MGA KATANGIAN AT NILALAMAN NG

MAHUSAY NA TEKSTONG ARGUMENTATIBO
1. MAHALAGA AT NAPAPANAHONG PAKSA
- Upang makapili ng angkop na paksa,
pag-isipan ang iba’t ibang napapanahon
at mahahalagang isyu na may bigat at
kabuluhan.
2. MAIKLI NGUNIT MALAMAN AT MALINAW
NA PAGTUKOY SA TESIS SA UNANG TALATA NG
TEKSTO
- Sa unang talata, ipinaliliwanag ng
manunulat ang konteksto ng paksa sa
pamamagitan ng pagtalakay nito sa
pangkalahatan.
- Tinatalakay din dito kung bakit
mahalaga ang paksa at kung bakit
kailangang makialam sa isyu ng mga
mambabasa.
3. MALINAW AT LOHIKAL NA TRANSISYON SA
PAGITAN NG MGA BAHAGI NG TEKSTO
- Transisyon ang magpapatatag ng
pundasyon ng teksto.
- Nakatutulong ang transisyon upang
ibuod ang ideya sa nakaraang bahagi ng
teksto at magbigay ng introduksiyon sa
susunod na bahagi.
PR 1 ETHICS OF RESEARCH
WEEK 1 ❖ researchers are held accountable or liable to
NATURE OF INQUIRY the public.
- is a learning process that motivates you ❖ Helps build support quality and integrity of
to obtain knowledge or information research.
about the people, things, places, or
events. ETHICS OF RESEARCH
- Inquiry is a problem-solving technique. THREE REQUIREMENTS OF INFORMED
- Inquiry elevates your thinking power. CONSENT IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. DISCLOSURE - requires the researcher to be
RESEARCH IS THE HALLMARK OF A UNIVERSITY sincere in supplying the human subjects with
OR COLLEGE EDUCATION. Your research the information necessary in a language
abilities reflect the quality of your school. 2. CAPACITY - pertains to the comprehension
and ability of the human subjects to understand
WHAT IS RESEARCH?] the information provided and form a reasonable
- Is a process of executing various mental judgment based on the potential consequences
acts for discovering and examining facts of the decision to participate in the study.
information to prove the accuracy and 3. VOLUNTARINESS - refers to the free will of
truthfulness of your claims or human subjects in decision making without
conclusions about the topic of your being subjected to external pressure such
research. (Litchman 2013) ascoercion,manipulation,or undueinfluence.
- Research is the systematic investigation
and study of materials and sources to PURPOSES OF RESEARCH:
establish facts and reach new 1.TO LEARN HOW TO WORK INDEPENDENTLY
conclusions.(Walker, 2010) 2.TO LEARN HOW TO WORK SCIENTIFICALLY OR
SYSTEMATICALLY
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 3.TO HAVE AN IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF
SOMETHING
Significance of Research 4.TO ELEVATE YOUR MENTAL ABILITIES BY
1.To gather necessary information LETTING YOU THINK IN HIGHER ORDER
2.To improve standard of living THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) OF INFERRING,
3.To have a safer life EVALUATING, SYNTHESIZING, APPRECIATING,
4. To know the truth APPLYING, AND CREATING
5.To explore our history 5.TO BE FAMILIAR WITH THE BASIC TOOLS OF
6.To understand arts RESEARCH AND THE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF
GATHERING DATA AND OF PRESENTING
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESS, AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
RESEARCH 6.TO FREE YOURSELF, TO A CERTAIN EXTENT,
FROM THE DOMINATION OR STRONG
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH INFLUENCE OF A SINGLE TEXTBOOK OR OF THE
❖ACCURACY TEACHER’S LONE POINT OF VIEW
- Each step in the research process is
followed carefully and accurately; TYPES OF RESEARCH
- Terms are definined accurately; and 1. BASIC RESEARCH Fundamental or Pure
- References are precisely documented. Research
❖OBJECTIVENESS - Theoretical work undertaken primarily to
- It must deal with facts. acquire new knowledge of the underlying
❖TIMELINESS foundations of phenomena and observable
- It must work on a topic that is fresh, facts, without any particular application or use
new, and interesting to the present in view. Is data collected to enhance knowledge.
society. 2. APPLIED RESEARCH
❖ RELEVANCE -focuses on analyzing and solving real-life
- Topic must be instrumental in improving problems.
society or in solving problems afftecting -helps solve practical problems using scientific
the lives of people in a community. methods, rather than to acquire knowledge for
❖ CLARITY knowledge's sake.
- Simple, direct, and concise. 3. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
- Shows relationship or connectedness of two
❖ SYSTEMATIC
factors, circumstances, or agents called
- Follows an orderly and sequential
procedure. variables that affect the research. Indicates
existence of a relationship, not the causes.
4. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH 6.Diversified data in real-life situations- natural
- This types of research aims at defining or setting, genuine, observtion 7. Abounds with
giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, words and visuals-pictures,videos
things, event, group, situation, etc. 8.Internal analysis- yielded internal traits,
5. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH perceptions, underlying theories or principles
- It refers to the investigation of the culture
through anin- depth study the members of the TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
community. PHENOMENON
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH - an observable fact or event
- It is an objective, systematic, controlled - It refers to the study of individuals’
investigation, for the purpose of predicting and “lived experiences” within the world.
controlling phenomena and examining ETHNOGRAPHY
probability and causality among selected - The study of a particular cultural group
variables. to get a clear understanding of its
7. HISTORICAL RESEARCH organizational set-up, internal
- It is one involving analysis of events that operation, and lifestyle
occurred in the remote or recent past. CASE STUDY
8. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH - This involves a long-time study of a
- It is concerned with the study of experience person, group, organization or situation
from the perspective of the individual. Kind of analysis of persons, events,
9.ACTION RESEARCH decisions, periods, projects, policies,
- Studies ongoing practice of a school, institutions, or other system.
organization, community, or institution for the GROUNDED THEORY
purpose of obtaining results that will bring - It takes place when you discover a new
improvements in the system. theory to underlie your study at the
time of data collection and analysis. The
WHAT IS A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH? data gathering techniques for this type
- It helps create in-depth understanding of research are interview, observation
of problems or issues in their natural and documentary analysis.
settings. CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- This is a non-statistical method- It deals - Content analysis is a method of
with phenomena that are difficult or qualitative research that requires an
impossible to quantify mathematically, analysis or examination of the
such as beliefs, meanings, attributes substance or content of the mode of
and symbols. communication (letters, books, journals,
- Locke, Spirduso and Silverman (1987) photos, video recordings, SMS, online
emphasize that the intent of qualitative messages, e-mails, audio-visual
research is to understand a particular materials, etc.) used by a person, group,
social situation, event, role, group or - Organization or any institution in
interaction. communicating. A study of language
- Franenkel and Wallen (1990) stress that structures used in the medium of
researchers are interested in communication to the effects of
understanding how things occur. sociological, cultural, institutional and
- Cresswell(1994)defines qualitative ideological factors on the content makes
research as “an inquiry process of it a discourse analysis.
understanding a social o r human HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
problem based on buildin g a complex - Test the authenticity of the reports or
holistic picture forme d with words, observations made by othert.
reporting detailed views of informants
and conducted in a natural setting.” When to use discourse analysis?
- Discourse analysis is the perfect method
Characteristics of Qualitative Research for looking at the relationship between
1.Human understanding and interpretation- language and broader social issues, such
worldviews, kind of human being as language and power, language and
2.Active, powerful and forceful- inclined to gender, language and inequality, and
discover; gradually unfolds itself language in the media.
3.Multiple research approaches and methods-
varied ways, eclectic (combined) List of language features that are commonly
4.Specificity to generalization- inductive, lead analysed as they can impart meaning.
you to more complex ideas Vocabulary - e.g. word choice, jargon, special
5.Contextualization- context or situation, lexicon. Grammar - e.g. type of sentences,
affecting his/her way of life grammatical voice, use of affixes.
Punctuation - e.g. use of exclamation marks, 4. Limitations on the subject
capital letters etc. Genre - Is it a newspaper, - Sometimes, topic is limited to what the
song, novel, etc. teacher suggests.
Non-verbals - e.g. facial expressions, body 5. Personal resources
language, pauses. Paralinguistic features - e.g. - Consider also if you can finish the research in
tone, pitch, intonation. terms of your intellectual and financial physical
Pragmatics - what are the extended or hidden capabilities.
meanings? Images and colour - how do they add
to the meaning of the discourse? Formulating a Research Title
Relationship between the discourse and the ➢Research title is the most important element
wider social context of your research as it clearly expresses the
problem to be explored.
WEEK 2 ➢ A research title capsulizes the main thought
NON NUMERICAL DATA or idea of the whole research paper. It also
- • INTERVIEWS reflects the variables under study.
- • FOCUS GROUPS ➢ It is expressed in few words possible and
- • DOCUMENTS just enough to describe the contents and the
- • PERSONAL ACCOUNTS OR PAPERS purpose of your research.
- • CULTURAL RECORDS ➢ It needs to be informative.
- • OBSERVATION
NUMERICAL DATA
A research title contains the:
- • EXPERIMENTS ● What: the subject matter or topic to be
- • QUESTIONNAIRES
investigated
- • SURVEYS ● Where: place or locale where the research is
- • DATABASE REPORTS to be conducted
● Who: the participants of respondents of the
OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS
study
- encourage numerous and allow ● When: the time period of the conduct of the
participants to provide their thoughts study
and opinions. “What,” “How,” or “Why”
are some of the words used to phrase WEEK 4
open-ended questions and are designed
to elicit more detailed and expansive
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH QUESTIONS
answers.
A research question should be (from the
CLOSED-ENDED QUESTIONS Writing Center of George Mason University):
- only allow for a limited set of responses CLEAR
and are typically answered with a “Yes”
- It provides enough specifics that one’s
or “No” or a specific option from a list audience can easily understand its
of multiple choices. purpose without needing additional
explanation.
VARIABLE FOCUSED
- Refers to a person, thing, idea, situation or - It is narrow enough that it can be
phenomenon being measured in a Quantitative answered thoroughly in the space the
research or being observed in a Qualitative
writing task allows.
research CONCISE
- It is expressed in the fewest possible
Phenomenon
words.
- Refers to a concept, fact or event being COMPLEX
observed in a Qualitative research - It is not answerable with a simple ‘yes’
or ‘no’, but rather requires synthesis
WEEK 3
and analysis of ideas and sources prior
to composition of an answer.
WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE ARGUABLE
Guidelines in Choosing a Topic
- Its potential answers are open to debate
1. Interest in the subject matter rather than accepted facts.
- You are interested about the topic because you
have experienced it.
2. Availability of information
- It is important that when you decide on a
topic, sources of information are available.
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
- The topic you have chosen can be of
significance to the community.
 SCOPE and DELIMITATION TIPS AND WARNINGS
THE SCOPE OF YOUR STUDY 1. USE THE “5WS AND 1H” AS YOUR GUIDE IN
- The scope of study in your research UNDERSTANDING YOUR STUDY’S COVERAGE
paper contains the explanation of what • WHY – did you write your study
information or subject is being • WHAT – variables are Included
analyzed. It is followed by an • WHO – are your study subjects
explanation of the limitation of the • WHERE – did you conduct the study
research. •WHEN – did your study start and end
- • HOW – did you conduct this study
SCOPE and DELIMITATION
SCOPE WEEK 5
- by sample size, time and geographic
area; LITERATURE REVIEW
DELIMITATION OF STUDY - A literature review follows an essay
- is the description of the scope of study. format (Introduction, Body,
It will explain why definite aspects of a Conclusion), but if the literature itself
subject were chosen and why others is the topic of the essay, your essay will
were excluded. need to consider the literature in terms
of the key topics/themes you are
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DELIMITATIONS AND examining. Example:
LIMITATIONS INTRODUCTION
DELIMITATIONS - Topic sentence that states the broad
- refer to the boundaries of the research topic of your thesis Following
study, based on the researcher’s sentence/s that state what is
decision of what to include and what to included/excluded (parameters)
exclude. - Final sentence/s that signals list of key
topics that will be used to discuss the
THE STUDY’S “SCOPE” – concepts and variables selected sources
you have explored in your study and; BODY
THE STUDY’S “DELIMITATION” – the - Divide up your text into sections/topics
“boundaries” of your study’s scope. It sets apart as indicated in the last sentence of
the things included in your analysis from those your introduction. Each paragraph will
excluded. be a synthesis of the many texts that
you have chosen for your literature
LIMITATIONS review.
- relate to the validity and reliability of CONCLUSION
the study. They are characteristics of the - This is summary of all the related
research design or methodology that literature and studies. It may be
are out of your control but influence composed of 5 to 10 sentences.
your research findings.
GUIDE IN WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW:
LIMITATIONS - are what the researcher cannot 1. CHOOSE A TOPIC - Your literature review
do (elements outside of their control) should be guided by a central research question.
DELIMITATIONS - are what the researcher will Remember, it is not a collection of loosely
not do (elements outside of the boundaries related studies in a field but instead represents
they have set). background and research developments related
to a specific research question, interpreted and
EXAMPLES OF LIMITATIONS INCLUDE: analyzed by you in a synthesized way.
▪ ISSUES WITH SAMPLE AND SELECTION, 2. DECIDE ON THE SCOPE OF REVIEW - How
▪ INSUFFICIENT SAMPLE SIZE, POPULATION many studies do you need to look at? How
TRAITS OR SPECIFIC PARTICIPANTS FOR comprehensive should it be? How many years
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE, should it cover?
▪ LACK OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH STUDIES ON
THE TOPIC WHICH HAS ALLOWED FOR 3. SELECT THE DATABASES YOU WILL USE TO
FURTHER ANALYSIS, CONDUCT YOUR SEARCHES - Make a list of the
▪ LIMITATIONS IN THE databases you will search.
TECHNOLOGY/INSTRUMENTS USED TO 4. CONDUCT YOUR SEARCH AND FIND THE
COLLECT YOUR DATA, LITERATURE - Review the abstracts of research
▪ LIMITED FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND/OR studies carefully. This will save you time.
FUNDING CONSTRAINTS. 5. REVIEW THE LITERATURE – What was the
research question of the study you are
reviewing? What were the authors trying to
discover?
 CITING RELATED LITERATURES USING STRATEGIES IN PARAPHRASING:
STANDARD STYLE A. READ THE ORIGINAL TEXT OR ABSTRACT.
(AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Understand it as a whole, then, set aside.
(APA), B. USING YOUR OWN MEMORY, write down the
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA), main points or concepts.
OR CHICAGO MANUAL STYLE C. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, summarize the text/
abstract that helps make your point (University
CITATION of Texas, 2016)
- A citation is a formal reference to a
published or unpublished source that APA
you consulted and obtained information One study by Manalo (2015) reveals that.....
from while writing your research paper. The latest work by (Lee, 2015) asserts.....
According to Abad et al. (2015) context is...
ACCORDING TO THIS AUTHOR, THE MLA
FOLLOWING ARE THE PURPOSES OF CITATION. One study by (Manalo 70) The latest work by
1. TO GIVE IMPORTANCE AND RESPECT to (Lee 123) According to (Abad et al.: 54)
other people for what they know about the
field CITING A BOOK
2. TO GIVE AUTHORITY, validity and credibility - APA FORMAT STRUCTURE:
to other people’s claim, conclusions and - AUTHOR, A. (YEAR OF PUBLICATION).
arguments TITLE OF WORK. PLACE OF
3. TO PROVE YOUR BROAD and extensive PUBLICATION: PUBLISHER.
reading of authentic and relevant materials
about your topic
4. TO HELP READERS FIND CONTACT OF THE CITING A MAGAZINE ARTICLE IN PRINT
SOURCES OF IDEAS EASILY - AUTHOR, A. (YEAR, MONTH OF
5. TO PERMIT READERS TO CHECK THE PUBLICATION). ARTICLE TITLE
ACCURACY OF YOUR WORK AND MAGAZINE TITLE, VOLUME (ISSUE) . PP.-
6. TO SAVE YOURSELF FROM PLAGIARISM PP.
CITING A MAGAZINE ARTICLE FOUND ONLINE
Styles in Related Literature Citations or - AUTHOR, A. (YEAR, MONTH OF
References PUBLICATION). ARTICLE TITLE
1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT MAGAZINE TITLE, VOLUME (ISSUE),
- the beginning portion of the work that RETRIEVED FROM
identifies individuals who have contributed CITING A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FOUND ONLINE
something to produce the paper - AUTHOR, A. (YEAR, MONTH DATE OF
2. REFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY PUBLICATION). ARTICLE TITLE.
- a complete list of all reading materials NEWSPAPER TITLE, RETRIEVED FROM
including books, journals, periodical, etc. from NEWSPAPER HOMEPAGE URL
where the borrowed ideas came from. CITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE IN PRINT
3. CITATION OR IN-TEXT- CITATION - AUTHOR, A. ( PUBLICATION YEAR).
- references within the main body of the text, ARTICLE TITLE. PERIODICAL TITLE,
especially in Review of Related Literature VOLUME (ISSUE), PP.-PP
CITING A GENERAL WEBSITE ARTICLE WITH AN
PATTERNS OF CITATION AUTHOR
1.SUMMARY - AUTHOR, A. (YEAR, MONTH DATE OF
- The citation in this case is shortened version of PUBLICATION). ARTICLE TITLE,
the original text that is expressed in your own RETRIEVED FROM URL
language. Making the text short, you have to
pick out only the most important ideas or WEEK 6
aspect of the text.
2. PARAPHRASE STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
- This is the antithesis of the first one because, INCLUDES
here, instead of shortening the form of the text, - RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND
you explain what the text means to you using OBJECTIVES
your own words. In doing so, it is possible that - SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE
your explanations may decrease or exceed the STUDY
number of words of the original text (Baraceros, - JUSTIFICATION OR REASON FOR
2016). CONDUCTING THE RESEARCH
3. SHORT DIRECT QUOTATION. - BENEFITS/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- Only a part of the author’s sentence, the
whole sentence, or several sentences, not
exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or
repeat in writing through this citation pattern.
COMMONLY USED VERBS FOR QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
- IDENTIFY
- EXPLORE
- DESCRIBE
- UNDERSTAND
- EXPLAIN

SAMPLING
- Word that refers to your method or
process of selecting
participants/respondents to answer
questions meant to yield data for a
research study.

TYPES OF SAMPLING USED IN QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH
1. QUOTA SAMPLING
- Used when you know the characteristics
of the target population very well
2. VOLUNTARY SAMPLING
- Subject you expect to participate in the
sample selection are ones volunteering
to constitute the sample
3. PURPOSIVE OR JUDGMENTAL
SAMPLING
- You choose people whom you are sure
could correspond to the objectives of
your study.
4. AVAILABILITY SAMPLING
- Willingness of a person as your subjects
to interact with you counts a lot in this
type of sampling.
5. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
- Similar to snow expanding widely or
rolling rapidly this sampling method
does not give a specific set of samples.

WEEK 7

PLAGIARISM
- is not considered a crime under
Philippine law but it is punishable under
the Cybercrime Prevention Act if it
equates to copyright infringement.

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT UNDER SECTION

217 OF R.A. NO. 8293 OR THE INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY CODE (IPC)
- can be punishable by one to three
years imprisonment and a fine ranging
from P50,000-P150,000 for the first
offense;
- three years and one day to six years
imprisonment and a fine ranging from
P150,000-P500,000 for the second
offense;
- and six years and one day to nine years
imprisonment and a fine ranging from
P500,000 to P1,500,000 for the third
and subsequent offenses.
FABM USER OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
WEEK 1 - Financial information is prepared, not
THE BASIC OF ACCOUNTING: ITS NATURE just because it is required by
AND ORIGIN management, but because various
stakeholders use the information for the
ACCOUNTING IS CALLED THE LANGUAGE OF purpose of making decisions.
BUSINESS.
RESOURCES, OBLIGATION – FINANCIAL
ACCOUNTING POSITION
- Accounting is service activity. Its PROFITABILITY – FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
function is to provide quantitative CAPITAL – EQUITY
information, primarily financial in CASH IN/OUT FLOWS – CASH FLOW
nature, about economic entities that is
intended to be useful in making INTERNAL USER AND EXTERNAL USERS OF
economic decisions. ACCOUNTING
(AICPA) INTERNAL USERS
- Accounting is an art of recording, OWNERS
classifying, summarizing in a significant - They provide capital to the business and
manners, in terms of money, they assess if it needs funding.
transactions or events which are in MANAGERS
part at least of a financial character - They need financial information
and interpreting the results thereof. because they plan and organize the
firm.
NATURE OF ACCOUNTING EMPLOYEES
ACCOUNTING AS SCIENCE AND ART - “Is the company I am working for
- Accounting is a social science with a stable?”
body of knowledge which has been EXTERNAL USER
systematically gathered, classified , and INVESTORS
organized. It is influenced by, and - “ Should I invest in this company or
interacts with economic, social and not.”
political environment. Creditors
- Accounting is a practical art which - “Can they pay their obligations when
requires the use of creative skill and they fall due?”
judgment. Customers
- Those dependent in the firm are curious
Accounting as an Information System about business continuity.
- Accounting identifies and measure Suppliers
economic activities, processes - “Can they pay for the goods and
information into financial reports and services I provided?”
communicates These reports to decision Tax Authorities
makers. - “Are they compliant? Do they pay the
right amount of taxes?”
FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTING Government
A. IDENTIFICATION - The accounting process of - “Do they follow rules and regulations?”
recognition or non-recognition of business General Public
activities as “accountable events” or whether - “What are the new business trend?”
they have accounting relevance.
B.MEASUREMENT - the accounting process of ACCOUNTING CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES
assigning peso amounts or numbers to the
economic transactions and events. The unit of GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING
measure of accounting is money, expressed in PRINCIPLES (GAAP)
prices. - refer to a common set of accounting
C. Communication - the accounting process of principles, standards, and procedures
preparing and distributing accounting reports to issued by the Financial Accounting
potential users of accounting information and Standards Board (FASB)
interpreting the significance of this processed GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING
information. PRINCIPLES (GAAP)
..... AS APPLIED IN THE PHILIPPINES
THREE ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION PHILIPPINE FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS
PROCESS OF ACCOUNTING: (PRFS)
1. RECORDING PHILIPPINE ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (PAS)
2. CLASSIFYING
3. SUMMARIZING
BUSINESS ENTITY PRINCIPLE
- The personal transactions of the owner 1. ASSET
are separate from that of the business - are resources controlled by the entity as
he/she owns. a result of past events and from which
ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE future economic benefits are expected
- Revenue is recorded when earned. to flow to the entity
Expenses are recorded when it - cash, accounts receivable, supplies and
happens. more
- Regardless of when cash is received or 2.LIABILITY
paid. - is a present obligation of the entity
GOING CONCERN PRINCIPLE arising from past events, the settlement
- The company will continue operating of which is expected to result in an
indefinitely until the foreseeable future, outflow from the entity of resources
and that company closure is not embodying economic benefits.
imminent. - Examples: loans and accounts payable
MONETARY UNIT PRINCIPLE 3.EQUITY
- Transactions are express in a monetary - is the residual interest in the assets of
unit of measure the entity after deducting all its
TIME PERIOD liabilities.
- Transactions are summarized and - Four elements that affect equity:
reported at regular time intervals. - a. Investment
- Calendar Year ( January 1 – December - b. Withdrawal
31) • Fiscal Year (Any starting point + - c. Revenue
12 months) - d. Expenses
COST PRINCIPLE
- Amount shown in financial reports are ^A = L +^OE
historical costs. INITIAL INVESTMENT OF THE OWNER
DISCLOSURE PRINCIPLE ^A = ^L+OE
- Sufficient information for informed ACQUISITION OF EQUIPMENT ON ACCOUNT
judgment ^A DOWN A = L + OE
MATCHING PRINCIPLE Advance payment of office rental. Acquisition
- Matching revenues with expenses to of equipment / property on cash.
know the profit of the business. DOWN A = DOWNL + OE
MATERIALITY Payment of equipment acquired on account.
- In accounting, materiality refers to the DOWN A = L + DOWN OE
impact of an omission or misstatement PAYMENT OF EXPENSES FOR THE MONTH
of information in a company’s financial A = ^L + DOWN OE
statements on the user of those Expenses incurred for the month but not yet
statements. If it is probable that users of paid.
the financial statements would have
altered their actions if the information A–L=
had not been omitted or misstated, L+C=
then the item is considered to be A–C=
material
CONSERVATISM PRINCIPLE TYPES OF MAJOR ACCOUNTING
- If there are two acceptable alternatives
in a situation, choose the alternative A = L + OE – CAPITAL – WITHDRAWAL –
that will result in lesser income or REVENUE – EXPENSES
resource.
OBJECTIVITY PRINCIPLE ASSET
- Recording and reporting process should CURRENT ASSET
be performed with independence which - WITHIN 1 YEAR
is free from bias. NON-CURRENT ASSET
- AFTER 1 YEAR
THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION
- The accounting equation is composed
of asset, liabilities and owner’s equity.
The asset is the sum of liabilities and
owner’s equity, while liability is the
difference after the owner’s equity is
deducted to asset.
A = L + OE
ASSETS
- CASH
- ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
- OFFICE SUPPLIES
- Merchandise Inventory
- Prepayments covering less than 1 year
- Accrued Income
- Short-term Investments
- Long-term receivables
- Land
- Building
- Equipment and Machineries
- Furniture & fixtures
- Investments in equity securities
- Intangible Assets
- Investment Properties
- Prepayments extending more than 1 year
LIABILITIES
- Accounts Payable
- Long-term Notes Payable
- Short-term Notes Payable
- Bonds Payable
- Unearned Revenue
- Deferred Tax Liabilities
- Accruals
- Mortgage Payable
- Other short-term liabilities
- Other long-term liabilities
CAPITAL
- Owner’s Equity
- Partners’ Equity
- Share Capital
- Owner’s Drawings
- (There are as many capital accounts based
on the number of partners)
- Share premium
- Partners’ Drawing
- Retained earnings
REVENUE
- Service Revenue
- Sales Revenue
EXPENSES
- Salaries
- Representation
- Rent
- Transportation
- Utilities
- Communication
- Depreciation
- Repairs and Maintenance
- Gas and Oil

CHART OF ACCOUNTS
- A Chart of Accounts is a listing of the
names of the accounts that a company
has identified and made available for
recording transactions.

1000 – ASSETS
2000 – LIABILITIES
3000 – OWNERS EQUITY
4000 – REVENUE
5000 – EXPENSES
MARKETING
TRADITIONAL MARKETING
MARKETING - Any type of promotion advertising or
- Total system of business activities campaign that been use by company
designed to plan, promote and for years
distribute, satisfy product services - Print advertisement
(pagoso and dela cruz 2001)
- Process of continuously and profitable 1.BUILDING BRAND AWARENESS
satisfying the target customer needs, - influence what the product or services is trying
expectation superior that competitor to project in the mind of consumers relate to
(JOSIAH GO AND CHIGUI ESCAREAL – brand.
GO 2011) - increases the retention of the product.
- Activity set of institute and process for BRAND
creating communication delivering and - A symbol, logo, words that company use
exchanging offerings that have value to distinguish its product or service
customer ( American marketing
association approved July 2013) 2.SUPPORTING HIGH SALES LEAD VOLUME
- intense promotion will prompt customers that
PHILIP KOLTER ON MARKETING buy the product or avail of the services
UTILITY CONCEPT OF MARKETING LEAD VOLUME
- Volume of sales leads that ultimately be
UTILITY converted into customer
- Power of good service to satisfy also SALES LEAD
term benefits that customers,using - Potential customer who is interested to
particular goods the product.
1.FORM UTILITY
- raw materials into products, do not have to 3.ESTABLISHING THOUGHT LEADERSHIP (JOEL
create their desired products themselves KUSTMAN)
TASK UTILITY – may not to be capable of doing - new important ideas that are worth sharing
or may not like doing to do themselves and real application
2.PLACE UTILITY - technique that uses the expertise of people
- refers to the availability of the product or can provide best answers to customers
services at accessible location 4.BOOSTING SALES
3.TIME UTILITY - production efforts by conducting marketing
- satisfaction derived by customers in activating strategies will increase sale and profits
of product or services on time
4.POSSESION UTILITY 5.INCREASE BRAND ENGAGEMENT
- ensuring full possession of the product at the - goal to build and maintain lasting relation to
right time through fast payment processing customers

MARKETING PHILOSOPHIES TRADITIONAL APPROACH > ONE WAY

1. PRODUCT CONCEPT - Print magazine marketing
- PRODUCT PERFORMANCE IS GIVEN CONTEMPORARY APPROACH> INTERACTIVE
PRIORITY - Important of customers satisfaction and
2. PRODUCT PHILOSOPHY great support
- Company value importance of the MARKETING CONCEPT
availability of products at all time with - Needs both customer and market
reasonable price offerings
3. SELLING PHILOSOPHY
- Firms hire marketers or sales people to SEM – SEARCH ENGINE MANAGEMENT
do aggressive marketing for the product - Paid search marketing to gain visibility
or services in search engine
4. SOCIETAL MARKETING CONCEPT SEO – SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION
- Look first into the welfare to societal in - Natural way to gain visibility result in
general deliver their offerings that search engine
satisfy the market. RMC – RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
5. MARKETING CONCEPT - Company create connection with their
- Determine the needs and wants of their customers by keeping main goal
potential markets customers satisfaction
SMC – SOCIETAL MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
SELLING CONCEPT - more customer well being and societal
- Market customer integrated profits
through needs marketing customer
satisfaction
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT A – ACHIEVABLE
- form of marketing developed from R – REALISTIC
direct response T – TIME-BOUND
- marketing campaign, emphasize
customer satisfaction that sales transfer SPECIFIC
CUSTOMER - details exactly what need to be done
- person or organization that transacts MEASURABLE
with a business person or business - achievement or progress can be
organization to buy goods for monetary measured
consideration ACHIEVABLE
CUSTOMER SERVICE - objective is accepted by those
- process of ensuring customer responsible for achieving it
satisfaction with a product REALISTIC
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT - objective is possible to attain
- all of strategies, activities and TIME-BOUND
technologies that companies use to - time period for achievement is clearly
manage their interactions with their - stated
current and potential customer
- CUSTOMER IS KING MARKETING PLANNING PROCESS
SITUATION ANALYSIS
STRATEGIC AND MARKETING PLANNING - identifying business capabilities
customers and business environment
MARKETING MIX MARKETING OBJECTIVES
- PROMOTION - goal set by a business when promoting
- PRODUCT its products or services to its customers
- PLACE that should be achieved within given
- PRICE time frame
- PACKAGING MARKETING STRATEGY
- POSITIONING - business overall game plan for reaching
prospective consumers and turning
STRATEGIC MARKETING them into customers of the products or
- Defined as a designing a way for services
business to achieve its objectives. MARKETING TACTICS
- Seeks establish a clear and concerted - strategies action that direct the
direction for all marketing activities of promotion of the product or service to
an organization influence specifics marketing goals.
MISSION, OBJECTIVES AND TARGET -
- Statement that explain the CONTEMPORARY MARKETING
organizations business value and its - theories that stress the importance of
purpose customer orientation versus the
ENVIRONMENTAL SCAN traditional market orientation.
- cover both the macro and micro CO-CREATION
internal and external environment to
- process where brands and consumers
evaluate current and future business
work together to create better ideas.
positioning
LOYALTY
- SWOT ANALYSIS
ACTION PLAN - a feeling of strong support for someone
- List of task that you need to finish to or something
meet an objective
STRATEGY FORMULATION Customer service tools in the Philippine
- process by which an organization business enterprise
chooses the most appropriate action to Customer Hotline
achieve its desired goals - Customer can call for inquiries,
concerns and technical support.
MARKETING PLANNING - Example customer can call PLDT to ask
- process that consists of analyzing for assistance
current situation and information about
Email and SMS
marketing opportunities, forecasting
and establishing planning premises, - Business communicate with their
selecting target market and determining clientele more easily as most consumers
market objectives regularly check their inbox.
SMART
S – SPECIFIC
M – MEASURABLE
Social Networking Sites 3. Reseller Market-buys a product for reselling
- Primary function of connecting people, at a profit.
have become a channel for netizen to 4. GovernmentMarket- government agencies
ask for customer service. that buy product to provide public services.
- Example: Facebook, twitter, messenger 5. Global Market-customers from other
and Yahoo. countries.
Live Chat Support
- Facilitates real-time correspondence 4. INTERMEDIARIES
between the customer and the - are the entities that assist in the distribution
company representative. and selling of goods to customer.
- Examples: Online shops
Mobile Application
Types of Marketing Intermediaries
- People spend on using their smart
Wholesalers
phones.
- Examples: Online Banking - entities that buy goods from
(Landbank,BDO,BPI, etc.) manufacturers or producers and resell
them to retailers and other
organization.
Strategic Intelligence
Distributors
- Deals with primarily with planning for
- entities selected by manufacturers to
the future direction and growth of the
buy goods for resale to retailers.
company, in accordance with its stated
Retailers
mission and goals.
- carry a wide range of goods which are
Tactical Intelligence
bought from wholesalers or distributors
- In contrast to strategic intelligence, It
and then sold directly to consumers
deals with the here and now, involve
Agents and Brokers
physically carrying out the plan.
- sell products for certain commission or
percentage of sales. They are
Marketing Environment
authorized by their companies to act
- is the sum of all the internal and and decide on their behalf
external forces that affect the way firm
5. COMPETITORS
operates, particularly to build and
- are rival firms that offer similar goods or
maintain relationships with its target
services as the organization, they are either
customers.
direct or indirect.

MARKETING ENVIRONMENT
TYPES OF COMPETITORS
1. Microenvironment
a.Direct-brands
2. Macroenvironment
- competing in the same industry, offering the
same goods or services.
MICROENVIRONMENT
b.Indirect-offer goods and services that differ
- refers to the forces closely influencing slightly but with the same benefits.
the company and directly affect the
organization.
THE MACROENVIRONMENT
consists of the various factors which affect not
1. COMPANY
only the firm itself, but also the entire industry
- consist of the owners, investors and of the region or country.
employees who are all considered members of
the organization
1. DEMOGRAPHICS
2. SUPPLIERS
-refers to characteristics of population such as
provide the resources that the organization
age, gender, religion, education, civil status,
needs to produce goods and services.
geographic location, lifestyle, and race.
3. CUSTOMERS
2. ECONOMICS
they are the people who are willing and able to
-refers to the influence of the purchasing power
buy the organization’s products and services.
of the peso on spending patterns in the context
of inflation and other economic forces that may
TYPES OF CUSTOMERS affect the economy.
1. Consumer Market-individual and households 3. SOCIOCULTURAL
that buys a product for personal use. -refers to the belief, practices, norms, customs,
2. Business Market-buy material for production and traditions that may affect business
use. operations.
 4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR - After the purchase, the consumer will
-refers to development in technology which may make an evaluation of the product or
affect consumers, businesses and society at services.
large. - If there is dissatisfaction, the
5. POLITICAL FORCES marketers must identify what feature of
the product has fallen short of
-refers to groups of people which may influence
consumers expectations.
the stability of a country and affect the
production, promotion and selling of goods and
sevices. Marketing
6. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS - is defined as the performance of all activities
-refers to groups of people which may influence necessary for the conception, pricing,
the stability of a country and affect the promotion and distribution of idea, goods and
production, promotion and selling of goods and services to create changes that satisfy
sevices individuals and organization objective

Consumer Market Marketing Research Assists Decision Making

- A system composed of all individuals Business Management decision making
or consumers who purchase goods and Strategic decision making
services for personal consumption or -Corporate -mission/image -Corporate resource
use. allocation
- Consumers make a lot of purchasing -Market segmentation -Target Market selection
decision everyday as they choose to -Corporate relationship -Competitive
avail of certain products or services. orientation

Consumer Purchase Decision Process Tactical Marketing decision

1. Recognizing a need. -Product design -Service option -Branding
- The consumer thinks of brands and products -Product benefit mix -Product Quality -Price
that he or she would purchase to satisfy his or -Distribution -Promotional Activity
her need or want.
- Marketers of different brands also think of Marketing Research
ways to show how their products would satisfy
Marketing Research-is the process of:
the needs and wants of their customer.
Designing
2. Searching for information about a
Gathering
product/service.
Analyzing
- The consumer then searches for information
about the product or service that he or she Reporting information that may be used to
considers purchasing. solve a specific marketing problems.
- This information comes from various sources
such as advertisements, which in turn may Marketing Research Process
utilize different approaches to convince a
consumer to purchase a certain product. The Role of Marketing Research The Role of
Evaluating the different products/services Marketing Research
available. - • is to provide information that
- After gathering information about the facilitates marketing decisions
products, consumers may again review - • Without research it is hard for the
their options and evaluate them for management to make sound marketing
their strong points before making their decisions or to implement marketing
final choice. concept
- The selection of brands may be aided Marketing Research is used by management to:
by advertisements or reviews from 1. Identify and define marketing opportunities
friends, peers, or relatives. 2. Generate and refine marketing actions
Making a final purchase decision. 3. Monitoring of marketing strategies
- In the actual purchase decision, 4. Toimproveourunderstandingofthe marketing
consumers will avail of their preferred process
services or products.
- The final choice of the consumer is THE MARKET RESEARCH PROCESS: 6 STEPS TO
based on his or her evaluation of the SUCCESS
products or services beforehand.
- The market research process is a
Making an after-purchase evaluation. systematic methodology for informing
business decisions.
Market Research chart implementing your field test, etc. The
answers, choices, and observations are
Three classifications to consider: all being collected and recorded, usually
in spreadsheet.
• Exploratory Research
Step 5. Analyze Your Data
- This form of research is used when the
topic is not well defined or understood, - After data collection, Analysis has drawn
your hypothesis is not well defined, and to a close and you have heaps of raw
your knowledgeofatopicisvague. data sitting in your lap. If it’s already in
Exploratory research insights, narrow spreadsheet form, it’s
your focus, and learn the basics timetomakesureyou’vegotitstructuredpr
necessary to go deeper. operly. Oncethat’sall done, the fun
- Ex: murder investigation, product begins.
research Step 6. Visualize Your Data and Communicate
• Descriptive Research Results
- If your research objective calls for more - You’ve spent hours pouring through
detailed data on a specific topic, you’ll your raw data, building useful summary
be conducting quantitative descriptive tables, charts and graphs. Now is the
research. time to compile the most meaningful
- The goal of this form of market research take-away into a digestible report or
is to measure specific presentation.
topicsofinterest,usuallyinaquantitativew
ay. Surveys are the most common Organizational Markets?
research instrument for descriptive - are those that buy goods for production
research. purposes or for reselling.
• Causal Research Industrial Markets
- The most specific type of research is - organization requires goods and
causal research, which usually comes in services for the purpose of producing
the form of a field test or experiment. In goods or services. The production
this case, you are trying to determine a output of the industrial firms are sold
causal relationship between variables. for profit.
For example, does the music I play in my - E.g. textile firms that need chemicals for
restaurant increase dessert sales (i.e. is dyeing may be referred to as part of the
there a causal relationship between industrial market for chemicals.
music and sales?). Reseller Markets
- are organization that buy goods services
Steps in Marketing Research which they later sell at a profit.
Step 1. Define the Objective & Your “Problem” Wholesalers and retailers of drugs will
- Perhaps the most important step in the qualify as the reseller market of drug
market research process is defining the manufacturing companies. E.g. Mercury
goals of the project. At the core of this Drug sells drugs manufactured by
is understanding the root question that United Laboratories.
needs to be informed by market Government Markets
research. - government agencies that buy products
Step 2. Determine Your “Research Design” and services for use in the production of
- Now that you know your research public goods and services. These
object, it is time to plan out the type of include the national, regional, provincial
research that will best obtain the and municipal governments
necessary data. E.g. of Government Markets:
Step 3. Design & Prepare Your “Research 1. National Food Authority (NFA) which buys
Instrument” palay from farmers;
- In this step of the market research 2. State Universities and colleges which buy
process, it’s time to design your books, office supplies and computers from
research tool. If a survey is the most various manufactures and dealers; and
appropriate tool (as determined in step 3. The Armed Forces which buy in bulk
2), you’ll begin by writing your uniforms, insignias, arms, and transport
questions and designing your equipment.
questionnaires.
Step 4. Collect Your Data
- the time when you are administering
your survey, running your focus groups,
conducting your interviews,
Nonprofit Organizations 7. The Buying Center
- are nongovernmental organizations that - a group consisting of several people
serve their customers but do not have from different departments who
profits as organizational goals. E.g. Girls participate in the decision process of
Scouts, the Red Cross, and the Knights buying.
of Columbus at the national level.
PURCHASE DECISION- MAKING PROCESS IN
ORGANIZATION BUYING AND ITS ORGANIZATION
CHARACTERISTICS
- Organizations and individual consumers 1. RECOGNITION OF A PROBLEM OR NEED
differ in many ways including those - When someone in the business firm recognizes
related to buying. Although a need that can be satisfied by buying the
organizations, like consumers, buy to appropriate product or service, the purchasing
satisfy needs, there are considerations process has begun.
that the organizations impose on their Factors:
buyers. 1. Organizational purchasing is a result of
product and operational needs.
CHARACTERISTICS: 2. An organization’s need can be identified by
1. Demand different employees of the firm.
- the demand and services as required by 3. Progressive firms are engaged in
organizations are derived from the requirements planning.
demand of consumer products and 4. The firms needs to determine product
services. specifications.
2. Potential Buyers-
- firms that sell to organizations have to
deal with only a few customers. E.g. 2. SEARCH FOR INFORMATION ABOUT
producers of selected vegetable crops in PRODUCTS AND SUPPLIERS
Tagaytay who sell their produce only to - If the problem or need has been recognized,
selected hotels in Manila. the next logical step is to find possible solutions.
3. Buying Objectives The following must be undertaken:
- organizations buy for the purpose of 1. A listing of products or services that will solve
making profits and this is done through the problem.
increasing sales and reducing costs. 2. Make or buy analysis.
4. Buying Criteria- 3.Information must be gathered about potential
- organizations are concerned not only suppliers.
with short-term profits but also with the
attainment of long-term objectives.
Surveysarethemost common research
Criteria:
instrument for
1. Price;
descriptive research.• Causal Research – The
2. Ability of the seller to meet the quality most specific
specifications required for the item;
3. Ability of the seller to meet required delivery
3. EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF
schedules;
- Both the consumers and organizations
4. Technically capability of the seller;
evaluate alternative suppliers and their products
5. Warranties and claim policies in the event of or services
poor performance;
The criteria used and the importance of each
6. Past performance of the seller on previous vary according to the following:
contracts; and
1. The quality of goods or services being
7. Production facilities and capacity of the seller. considered for purchased;
2. The characteristics and needs of the buyer;
5. Size of Order or Purchase 3. The suppliers’ ability to meet quality
- the size of goods purchased by an standards;
organization is typically larger than
4. The supplier’s ability to meet delivery
those purchased by an individual
schedules;
consumer.
6. Buyer-Seller Interaction 5. The price;
- interaction between buyer and seller in 6. The technical capability of the supplier.
consumer buying is different from those 4. THE PURCHASE
in organizational buying. - In support of the efficiency objective,
organizations prefer to routinize their
purchases.
 5. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND FEEBACK - Markets are divided into groups based
- The efficiency objective of the organization is on personality, lifestyle and values
carried through all activities of the firm variables
including purchasing.
Targeting
The following steps are undertaken: - Deciding stage on how many and which
1. The buyer inspects the delivered products to customer groups/segments to target
determine whether it meets the required using
specifications; Mass marketing strategy
2. The user will determine if the purchased Single segment strategy
product performs according to expectations; Multi-segment strategy
and
3. The buyer evaluates the supplier’s Positioning
performance on:
- To decide on what position it wants to
a. promptness of delivery; occupy in the identified segments
b. product quality; and - Concerned with how the customers
c. after sales service. perceive the products and how they are
defined by the customers
Market Segments Prepared by: Market Positioning
- An effort to influence consumer
What is a Market? perception of a brand or product
relative to the perception of competing
- It is a place which allows the purchaser
brands or products
and the seller to invent and gather
- Its objective is to occupy a clear, unique,
information and carry out exchange of
and advantageous position in the
products and services.
consumers’ minds.
Market Segments
- part of a market that contains a group
Target Market Segment Analysis
of buyers with similar buying habits
- The way a business segments its market 1. High knowledge of its market segment
depends on the product being sold and 2. Picture Pose Concentrated advantage
the customer 3. One product fits all
4. Sing Undifferentiated advantage
Why Segment?
5. Increases business cost
- All buyers are not the same 6. Top Dance Differentiated disadvantage
- It allows you to choose which buyers to 7. High risk
target
UNDIFFERENTIATED STRATEGIES
- Creates significant competitive
advantage Advantages
➢One product fits all
Segmentation Strategies ➢Great number of customers
◼ Geographic Segmentation Disadvantage
◼ Demographic Segmentation ➢Difficult to satisfy customers
◼ Pyscho-demographic Segmentation ➢Less profitable business operations
◼ Behavioural Segmentation ➢Less satisfying the demand of the smaller
segment
Geographic Segmentation DIFFERENTIATED STRATEGIES
- Provides quick overview of differences Advantages
and similarities between consumers ➢Customers loyalty
according to geographical unit
➢Build strong product positioning
- Can identify cultural differences
- Recognise language differences Disadvantage
Demographic Segmentation ➢Increase business cost
- Determining the age, Life-cycle stage, CONCENTRATED STRATEGIES
Income and social class Advantages
Psycho-demographic Segmentation High knowledge of its market segment
- Attempts to answer the ‘WHY’s High sales
regarding consumer’s purchasing Disadvantage
behavior. High risk
Introduction to Earth System WAVE LENGTH THAT IS SMALLER THAN RADIO
WAVE AND BIGGER THAN INFRARED RAYS WE
Big Bang Theory CALLED THAT – MICROWAVE
Evidences:
1. Vesto Slipher (1910) Modern astronomy
2. Georges Lemaitre (1927) - Universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion
3. Edwin Hubble (1929) years old with 5% of its composition
4. Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias (1965) existing as ordinary matter.
5. Modern astronomy (2014) Cosmology
- is the body of science that studies the
VESTO MELVIN SLIPHER (1910 Spiral nebulae) origin, evolution and eventual fate of
- He was the first to discover that distant the universe.
galaxies are redshifted, thus providing
the first empirical basis for the expans Big Bang Theory
ion of the universe 1. The universe began as a singularity or a point
GEORGES LEMAITRE 1927 containing all space, time, matter and energy
- Belgian astronomer and cosmologist 2. It expanded rapidly in nothingness through a
who formulated the modern big-bang rapid yet peaceful
theory according to the Big Bang theory, process called inflation
the expansion of the observable 3. The universe cooled down as it expanded
universe began with the explosion of a 4. A soup of matter in the form of subatomic
single particle at a definite point in particles was formed and nuclei of light atoms
time.. were created via nucleosynthesis or nuclear
EDWIN HUBBLE 1929 fusion between protons and neutrons
- Hubble's law, also known as the 5. Electrons interacted with these nuclei to form
Hubble–Lemaître law, is the actual, primordia atoms via the process of
observation in physical cosmology that recombination
galaxies are moving away from Earth at - vast of universe grew up of something where all
matters and energy were compressed to infinite
speeds proportional to their distance.
density and heated to trillions of degrees.
In other words, the farther they are, the - Approximately after few seconds the universe
faster they are moving away from Earth. was filled with QUARKES that combined to form
EDWIN HUBBLE - In 1929 PROTONS, ELECTRONS AND NEUTRONS
- Edwin Hubble provided the first - Moments later protons and neutrons combine
matters begun to take form and light elements
observational evidence for the universe was such as HYDROGEN, HELIUM,LITHIUM AND
having a finite age. Using the largest BERELLIUM was formed thru the process of
telescope of the time, he discovered BIGBANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS
that the more distant a galaxy is from
us, the faster it appears to be receding
into space. This means that the The BIGBANG theory
universe is expanding uniformly in all - predicts that the early universes is a
directions. very hot place that even the protons
GEORGES LEMAITRE and neutron are destroyed during
- 1937 instead of the concept of the collision. Since Bigbang is an expansion
singularity, Georges Lemaitre first of space,,
proposed that the universe was small - Few seconds after the explosion the
and densely packed in the “PRIMEVAL temperature slowly decreases to a point
ATOM." Introduction to Earth System that is enough for the protons and
- He further proposed that the atom neutrons to combine.
disintegrated from an explosion and
formed the stars and galaxies today.. Nucleosynthesis - occurs when proton and
ARNO PENZIAS ROBERT WILSON neutron combine.
- Robert Woodrow Wilson is an American Isotope of hydrogen
astronomer who, along with Arno Allan proton + neutron = deuterium/ deuteron
Penzias, discovered COSMIC Protons + 2 Neutrons = Tritonn
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND radiation - This IS STILL Hydrogen since it has only I
in 1964. The pair won the 1978 Nobel proton regardless of how many
Prize in Physics for its discovery. neutrons in it
- This means that no elements or atoms
What is COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND? have the same number of protons, if
LIGHT IS A WAVE you are going to look in the periodic
LONGEST WAVE - RADIO WAVE table the elements are arranged
SMALLEST ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE – according to increasing number of
GAMMA RAYS protons and we call it.... ATOMIC
NUMBER
Helium(HE) = 2 protons, 2 neurons (2 - subatomic particles; pro+ons, neutrons, and
deuterons) electrons
Lithium(LI) = 2 protons, 2 nuerons + triton Elements – a pure substance that represent the
Beryllium(HE) = 4 protons,4 neurons (2 helium) species ( variety ) of a specific atom
- Since and lithium heavier it requires a - isotopes – atoms of the same element but
lot of energies to form. That is the with different atomic mass (different number
reason why there are a portion of these of neutrons)
elements compared to hydrogen and
helium in the universe POLARITY OF MOLECULES
BE IS ATOMIC SYMBOL
9.01218 IS ATOMIC MASS MOLECULES
9 – 4 = 5 (THERE ARE 5 - Is a group of two or moew atoms held
NEUTRONS INSIDE THE BERYLLIUM together by a chemical bond
Li IS ATOMIC SYMBOL EXAMPLE OF MOLECULES
6.941 IS ATOMIC MASS - Oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen,ozone,
7–3=4 (THEREARE4NEUTRONS methane, ammonia, glucose, caffine
INSIDE THE BERYLLIUM - Water, salt, ozone, nitrogen
H IS ATOMIC SYMBOL - Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, sugar,
1.008 IS ATOMIC MASS coffee
1-1 = 0 NO NEUTRONS
POLARITY
NEBULA - Distribution of electric charge around
- Birthplace of star atoms, chemical groups, or molecules.
- The Orion nebula situated in as Galaxy 2 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE POLARITY OF
the Milky Way is the one of the MOLECULES
brightest nebulae that can be observed 1. POLARITY OF BONDS
in night - Based of electronegativity difference of
PROTOSTAR the atoms involved
- When thor CORE temperature reaches 2. GEOMETRICAL SHAPE OF THE
about 10 million Kelvin nuclear as a MOLECULES
result of contraction it stops and - Can predicted via valence shell
gravitational arabicum is attained the electroon pair repulsion (VSEPR)
protostar becomes the main sequence POLARITY OF MOLECULES
star - All compounds can be classified based
STAR on what type of chemical bond formed
- Ball of gas Strongly held together by its when the atoms combined
own gravitational force the sun are very - Classification of compound can be
own star is the closest star to the earth determined whether a molecule is polar
and has been used by astronomers as or non polar.
the model are in studying stars in the - Two classification of compounds are
detail covalent and ionic
- A stars life starts as a clouds of dust and gas gravity COVALENT AND IONIC
pulls the clouds together various nuclear fusion
reaction take place and drive the formation and - COVALENT COMPOUND
develop of stars stars with different masses grow and - Atoms share one or more pairs of
evolve or change throughout the different stages of
valence electrons
their lives
- Star is formed around 4.5 billion years ago - IONIC COMPOUND
- Powder space like about vacuum it contains very thinly - Atoms transfer electrons from one atom
spread of gas and dust called interstellar medium
- Star the accumulation referred as molecular clouds
to other to form an ionic bond.
- Referred as molecular cloud BOND POLARITY
- Gravitational energy pulls together the clouds and thus ELECTRONEGATIVITY
causing it to collapse as the clouds and the dust
collapse they become more denser and this paves the - Measure of relative tendancy of an
way the formation of star the dancer the clouds it atom to attract electrons to itself when
Red giant > white dwarf > Black dwarf chemically combined with another
Red super giant supernova nneutron sta atom
Collapsed due to the action of gravity - Higher electronegativity more tends to
attract toward itself
STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS – process by which
elements are fomed within the star ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE
STELLAR MEANS STAR GRAEATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 1.7 – IONIC
NUCLEAR FUSION – process by which multiple 0.5 – 1.6 – POLAR
nuclei joined together to form a heavier nucleus LESS THAN 0.5 – NON POLAR
- Atom is the smallest unit that makes up all
matter
ELECTRONEGATIVITY INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - VAN DER WALLS
- Helps to understand the difference - May be attractive or repulsive.
between ionic and covalent bonding -
- Measure of the ability of an atom in a JOHANNES D VAN DER WAALS
- Dutch, was the first to postulate
bond to attract electrons
intermolecular forces in developing a theory
to account for properties of real gases.
IONIC
- TRANSFER ELECTRON Types of Intermolecular forces of attraction:
- Between an atom of high 1. LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
electronegativity and an atom of low 2. DIPOLE - DIPOLE FORCES
electronegativity 3. HYDROGEN BONDING
COVALENT
- SHARE ELECTRONS 1. LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
- Between two atoms of equal or very FRITZ LONDON
- is the only force present in non polar
close electronegativities
molecules very weak and acts in a very
small distances it is formed due to the
ELECTRONEGATIVITY DEFFERENCE attraction of a positively charged nucleus of
MORE THAN 1.8 – IONIC BONDING an atom with the negatively charged
0.5 – 1.7 = POLAR COVALENT BOND electron cloud of a nearby atom.
0.4 = NON POLAR COVALENT BOND - This interaction creates an induced dipole
and no bond or sharing of electrons
NA- ELECTRONEGATIVITY IS 0.9 between the two molecules
CL – ELECTRONEGATIVITY IS 3.0 Example: there are 2 equal atoms with equal numbers of
protons and neutrons inside and electrons around it
- - = 2.1 = IONIC BOND - Since they are both neutral,
H – 2.1 - How do they develop an attraction to each other
CL – 3.0 even though they are both not dipole?
= 0.9 – POLAR COVALENT COMPOUND
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
- The London dispersion force is the weakest
POLARITY – EQUAL OR UNEQUAL SHARING OF
intermolecular force of attraction because
ELECTRONS its instantaneous dipole is not permanent
POLAR MOLECULE – THERE IS UNEQUAL OR and the strength of the London dispersion
ASMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION force depends on the number of its
electrons
POLARITY OF MOLECULES - due to the behavior of electrons, most of
- Molecules are made up of one or more them end up on one side .....
atoms. If they contain more than one
atom, the atoms can be the same (an INSTANTANEOUS DIPOLE
oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) - when that happens, one side becomes
slightly positive and the other side becomes
or different (a water molecule has two
negative and we called that
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). - when that happens, other electrons think to
Biological molecules, such as proteins move away from the adjacent molecules,
and DNA, can be made up of many and because of that reaction, the other
thousands of atoms. molecules also have instantaneous dipole
- LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - And the positive side attracts to negative
- Are the attractive forces present between side ... the force that attracts them to each
MOLECULES other called now ....LONDON DISPERSION
- A single drop of water is made up of FORCES
thousands or even millions of water - In assessing the relative strengths of London
MOLECULES. Dispersion forces between two different
- As approach to each other 2 MOLECULES substances, compare their molecular weight
the 1 molecule are attracted to the and size
positively charged nuclei in the other - Larger and more massive molecules are
molecule At the same time the, electrons in more polarized (example they have a
the other molecule repel this electrons greater tendency to have distorted electron
DISPERSION FORCE clouds) and have stronger intermolecular
- This complex combination of ATTRACTION forces of attraction
and temporary distortion of the electron
cloud around one molecule, so that weak 2. DIPOLE – DIPOLE FORCES
overall attraction exists between the - Occurs between polar molecules
MOLECULES - This is due to the partial positive pole and
the partial negative pole of the molecules,
they acts as little magnets
- EX: WATER MOLECULES/POLAR MOLECULES
- Example: H2O
 - That’s why it has a positive and negative 2. PHASES OF MOLECULES IN A ROOM
part and because of that it is called A TEMPERATURE
DIPOLE ITS ELECTRONS ARE NOT EVENLY - when molecules have STRONG IMFA are
DISTRIBUTED packed closed together
- So the portion with a slight NEGATIVE is - they often exists as condensed phase SOLID
attracted to the portion with a slight OR LIQUID at room temperature
POSITIVE - when molecules have WEAK IMFA they are
- This DIPOLE DIPOLE DISPERSION is the reason far apart from each other.
behind the special properties of water and - They often exist as GAS at room temperatur
SURFACE TENSION is one of it. YES DUE TO
SURFACE TENSION 3. MELTING POINT
- temperature at which the substance
3. HYDROGEN BONDING
changes from solid to liquid .
- is a very strong DIPOLE – DIPOLE
- stronger IMFA means greater amount of
interaction.
energy is needed to break the attractive
- it occurs in polar molecules containing
forces between
HYDROGEN and any one of the highly
molecules
electronegativity elements in particular
- substances with strong IMFA have a higher
....FLOURINE OXYGEN NITROGEN
melting point compared to those with
- HYDROGEN tends to be strongly positive
weaker IMFA.
due to the strong tendencies of FLOURINE,
- example: Melting SUGAR and SALT at the same
OXYGEN and NITROGEN to attract electron time with the same amount of heat.
towards it. - SUGAR melt faster since it has a weaker IMFA
- The highly electronegativity elements make compared to SALT
HYDROGEN strongly positive .
- Ex: AMMONIA (NH3) which is a POLAR 4. BOILING POINT
MOLECULES AMMONIA is composed of 3 - temperature at which the substance
HYDROGEN and 1 NITROGEN changes from solid to liquid
- SINCE IT IS A POLAR MOLECULES IT IS SLIGHTLY
- Similar to MELTING POINT it has stronger
NEGATIVE TO NITROGEN AND SLIGHTLY POSITIVE
IMFA means greater amount of energy is
TO HYDROGEN
- AND BECAUSE OF THIS HYDROGENS WILL BE needed to break the attractive forces
ATTRACTED TO NITROGEN AND it is CALLED between molecules
NOW....... - Substance with stronger IMFA have higher
boiling point compared to those with
THE EFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES ON weaker IMFA
PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCE - Try to put water and oil in an open container and
Properties of molecules exposed it under the heat of the sun, then
- Depend on the type and strength of their observe what happens to the water and oil.
WHICH DO YOU THINK WILL EVAPORATE? WATER
intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA)
OR OIL?
- ANSWER:THE WATER, WATER will evaporate
1. SOLUBILITY ( SOLUTE > SOLVENT > SOLUTION) faster since it has weaker IMFA compared to OIL
– is the ability of a substance to be dissolved in a
given amount of solvent 5. SURFACE TENSION
“like dissolves like” - is the tendency of a fluid to acquire the
SOLUTE least possible surface area.
- substance that is dissolved in a solution - Molecules with stronger IMFA will exert
SOLVENT greater cohesive forces and acquire less
- a substance that dissolves a solute,resulting surface area or higher surface tension than
in a solution. those With weaker IMFA
SOLUTION - What happens to the paper clip and needles
- a liquid mixture in which the minor - THE paper clip and needle will float because of
component (the solute) is uniformly the high surface tension of the water molecules.
distributed within the major component
(the solvent). 6. VISCOSITY
Example: - is the measure of fluid’s resistance to flow.
- Water and Caffeine are both Polar Molecules Molecules with stronger IMFA have greater
- They both exhibit London dispersion forces resistance to flow and thus higher viscosity
- Dipole Dipole Forces and
compared to those with weaker IMFA
- Hydrogen Bonding when they mix together they
- When you put OIL and WATER on an inclined
form a SOLUTION
plain, which will flow faster? The OIL or WATER?
- However Gasoline and Water do not have similar
- Answer: the WATER, because it has higher
IMFA
viscosity or resistance to flow than OIL
- The only attractive forces present in gasoline are
the relatively weak London dispersion forces
and this forces cannot significantly disrupt the 7. VAPOR PRESSURE
strong hydrogen bonding among water - is the pressure exerted by a vapor in
molecules equilibrium with its liquid phase in a closed
- Therefore, gasoline and water formed a system
heterogeneous mixture or they - Molecules with stronger IMFA have lesstendency
- DO NOT FORM A SOLUTION to escape as GAS and thus lower vapor pressure
compared to those with a weaker IMFA
EXTRAORDINARY PROPERTIES OF WATER Biological Macromolecules
1. Cohesion
- Causes to be attractive to itself Organic Compounds
2. Adhesion - Organic compounds are composed of
- Attraction between molecules of different hundreds to thousands of individual
substance molecules.
CAPILLARITY – water will tow each other - The single molecules in a polymer are called
along when in a thin glass tube monomers.
3. High specific heat - The long molecules formed by repeating
4. High heat of vaporization patterns of monomers are called polymers.
5. Less fence as a solid
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
- the tendency of two or more different - Biomolecules are essential molecules for all
molecules to bond with each other is known living organisms
as adhesion, whereas the force of attraction - Unique characteristics and properties that
between the same molecules is known as show how they contribute to the structure
cohesion and function of the cells and how essential
they are in maintaining life
SOLUBILITY
- like dissolves like 4 TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OR
- When solute and solvent both exhibit the MICROMOLECULES
same imfa they from a solution 1. CARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDS
PHASE OF MOLECULES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 3. PROTEINS
- When molecule have strong intermolecular 4. NUCLEIC ACID
forces of attraction they are packed close - Essential to maintaining life processes: cell function,
together storage, energy, homeostasis, and genetic
- Exist in condensed phase information.

MELTING POINT Types of biological macromolecules

- Temperature at which the substance Biological macromolecule Building blocks
changes from solos to liquid Carbohydrates ------------------------------
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
BOILING POINT Lipids --------------------------------------------Fatty acids
- Substance changes from liquid to gas and glycerol
- Substance with stronger IMFA have higher Proteins------------------------------------------ Amino acids
boiling point compared to those with Nucleic acids -----------------------------------Nucleotides
weaker IMFA
1. Carbohydrates
SURFACE TENSION • Make up sugars and starches
- The tendency of a fluid to acquire the least • Contain a hydroxyl (OH) group
possible surface area • Contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Stronger IMFA will exert greater cohesive • The ratio of the atoms is 1C:2H:1O
forces and acquire less surface area of • Provide energy to the cells.
higher surface tension than those with • Dissolve in water (hydrophilic)
weaker IMFA
TWO TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
VISCOSITY 1. SIMPLE
- Measure of the fluid resistance to flow a. MONOSACCHARIDES
- Stronger IMFA greater resistance higher b. DISACCHARIDES
viscosity compared to those with weaker 2. COMPLEX
IMFA a. POLYSACCHARIDES

VAPOR PRESSURE Carbohydrates are classified according to size.

- The pressure exerted by vapor in • One sugar is a monosaccharide (monomer).
equilibrium with its liquid phase in a closed • Two sugars make a disaccharide.
system • Many sugar molecules linked together form a
- Stronger IMFA less tendency to escape as polysaccharide (polymer).
gas lower vapor pressure compared to
those with weaker IMFA SIMPLE SUGAR
a. MONOSACCHARIDES – the simplest form of
How to compare the strengths of intermolecular forces carbohydrates
check the difference in molecular weight All the monosaccharides have the formula of
the molecule with greater molecular weight has the (CH2O)H. Here, the two hydrogen atoms and one
stronger intermolecular forces
oxygen atom associate themselves with the central
1 check which molecule exhibit with hydrogen bonding
carbon molecule. A hydroxyl group is formed when
2 check with molecule is polar
3 compared Londo dispersion forces oxygen will bond with hydrogen. Several carbon
molecules bond together because 4 bonds can form
on carbon.
a. MONOSACCHARIDES (1 saccharide) CARBOHYDRATES PLANTS
CARBOHYDRATES CONTAIN ONLY 1 SUGAR CELLULOSE
MOLECULES - Providenstructure to plant cell wall
Glucose > used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form
utilized by the human body Ex: corn, honey and fruits POLYSACCHARIDE
Galactose > found in milk and milk products STARCH - is straight chain of glucose molecules with
Fructose > found in fruits and honey few side branches.

A. MONOSACCHARIDES- SIMPLE SUGARS REMEMBER!

Carbohydrates: They are made from carbon,
MONOMERS hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monomers are atoms or small molecules Monomer: saccharides
that bond together to form more complex Examples: rice, cereal, potatoes, fruits, pasta
structures such as polymers. There are four Function: main energy source of the body
main types of monomers, including sugars,
amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides. 2. Lipids or Fats
MONOMERS - a molecule that can react with - Lipids or fats are important nutrients in your
another molecule to form very large molecules or body but eating too many especially
polymers unhealthy fats such as saturated fats and
trans fats can lead to heart disease, cancer,
1. SIMPLE SUGAR and obesity. Lipids also serve other
b. DISACCHARIDES – (2 saccharides) functions such as material for cell
Maltose > glucose +glucose > found in molasses - is membrane, insulation to maintain body
a thick, dark syrup made during the sugar-making temperature, aid in digestion, and as signal
process. molecules.
Sucrose > glucose + fructose > found in regular table
sugar, found in sugar cane, sugar beets, fruits, and There are different classifications of lipids:
vegetables 1. triglyceride,
Lactose > glucose+galactose > found in milk and 2. phospholipid,
milk products 3. wax, and
4. steroid.
DISACCHARIDES - The lipid family is one of the most varied in terms of
- 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration structure but they share the common property of
synthesis being insoluble in water.

Maltose Lipids
- is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive - They are made from carbon, hydrogen, and
tract of humans during starch digestion. oxygen
- They are soluble (dissolve) in oil but are
SIMPLE TYPES OF SUGAR insoluble (don’t dissolve) in water.
MONOSACCHARIDES Examples: fats and oils
• GLUCOSE Function: long-term storage of energy in the body
• FRUCTOSE Monomer: fatty acid
• GALACTOSE
DISACCHARIDES TRIGLYCERIDES
• SUCROSE - Fat and oil are the most common examples
• LACTOSE of lipids. They are under because they are
• MALTOSE composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

2. COMPLEX SUGAR PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Polysaccharides (many saccharides) - contain glycerol, two-fatty acids, and a
BEST EXAMPLE IS CHITININ ANIMALS AND phosphate group
CELLULOSE IN PLANTS) - Phospholipids are major membrane lipids
Starch / Amylose > storage form of glucose in plants that consist of lipid bilayers. This basic
> EX: RICE /POTATOE cellular structure acts as a barrier to protect
Amylopectin > storage form of glucose in plants the cell against various environmental
Glycogen > storage form of glucose animal; stored insults and more importantly, enables
in the liver andmuscles multiple cellular processes to occur in
Cellulose > structural material in plants--cell wall in subcellular compartments.
wood, wood fiber cannot be digested by humans
3. PROTEINS
COMPLEX CARBO/ COMPLEX SUGAR - Proteins are composed of four elements,
- Polymers made up of many monomers namely: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen. Sulfur and other metals are
CARBOHYDRATES ANIMAL sometimes also found in proteins. If
CHITIN carbohydrates are made up of saccharides,
- The hard outer shell of shrimp, lobsters, and proteins are made up of amino acids.
many insects is made up of chinptin - They are major structural molecules in living
things for growth and repair
AMINO ACIDS 1. Saturated fats have two carbons attached to each
- organic compounds that combined to form carbon (except the oneat the end). Saturated fats are
proteins unhealthy fats like butter.
- Amino acids are molecules that combine to
form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are 2. Unsaturated fats are missing at least one
the building blocks of life. When proteins hydrogen and are curled in shape. The unsaturated
are digested or broken down, amino acids fats are healthy and include oils.
are left. The human body uses amino acids
to make proteins to help the body: Break 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
down food NUCLEIC ACIDS
- Examples of proteins and their functions - play an essential role in the storage,
are: transfer, and expression of genetic
- 1. Keratin is a structural protein found in information. Nucleic acid was discovered by
hair, skin, and nails. a 24-year old Swiss physician named
- 2. Fibroin / Silk protein - Fibroin is found in Friedrich Miescher in 1868. He was puzzled
silk. Silk has a smooth and soft texture. It is that an unknown substance in white blood
one of the strongest natural fibers that have cells did not resemble carbohydrates,
high resistance to deformation. It is also a proteins, or lipids. He was able to isolate the
good insulating material. substance from the nucleus and initially
- 3. Collagen is a major insoluble fibrous called it nuclein. He eventually was able to
protein found in connective tissues such as break down nuclein into protein and nucleic
tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage and the acids. He found out that nucleic acids
cornea of the eye. It comprises as much as contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
30% of proteins in animals. and phosphorus.
- The most common examples of nucleic
MAIN FUNCTIONS acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and
4. ENZYMES RNA(ribonucleic acid). DNA is a nucleic acid
- function to catalyze chemical reactions. that carries the genetic code of organisms.
They either speed up a reaction, lower the It is fondly termed as the blueprint of life.
needed energy for a reaction to take place, RNA, on another hand, carries the
or bind substances totheir specific partners. information from the DNA to the cellular
EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES factories for the synthesis of proteins. If
a. LIPASE - help in digestion of fats carbohydrates are composed of saccharide
b. PEPSIN - help in breaking down proteins into units, proteins of amino acids, and lipids of
peptides (smaller units) fatty acids, nucleic acids are composed of
c. SUCRASE - also called invertase; help in the nucleotides. Nucleic acids are also known as
digestion of sugars and starches polynucleotides.

5. MYOGLOBIN THREE PARTS OF NUCLEOTIDE:

- is a polypeptide that stores oxygen in 1. NITROGENOUS BASE
muscles. It contains a heme group which 2. FIVE-CARBON CARBOHYDRATE OR SUGAR
has an iron where the oxygen is stored. 3. PHOSPHATE GROUP

ENZYMES
- proteins which make the bio chemical
reaction fast NUCLEOTIDE
- Enzymes are proteins that help speed up - made up of three components: nitrogen-
metabolism, or the chemical reactions in containing base, five-carbon sugar, and a
our bodies. They build some substances and phosphate group
break others down. All living things have - A nucleotide is the basic building block of
enzymes. Our bodies naturally produce nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). A nucleotide
enzymes consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in
RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a
PEPTIDE phosphate group and a nitrogen- containing
- short chain of amino acid monomer link by base. The bases used in DNA are adenine
peptide bonds (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine
- is a short chain of amino acids (typically 2 to 50) (T).
linked by chemical bonds (called peptide bonds).
A longer chain of linked amino acids (51 or more) REMEMBER!
is a polypeptide. The proteins manufactured
NUCLEIC ACIDS: THEY ARE MADE FROM CARBON,
inside cells are made from one or more
HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, AND
polypeptides.
PHOSPHORUS.
REMEMBER! MONOMER: NUCLEOTIDE
- They are made from carbon, hydrogen, EXAMPLES: DNA AND RNA
oxygen, and nitrogen Proteins are made up FUNCTION: INVOLVES THE GENETIC MATERIALS,
of amino acids combined through a DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) AND RIBONUCLEIC
dehydration linkcalled a peptide bond. ACID (RNA). DNA IS THE BLUEPRINT OF LIFE
- Monomer: amino acid BECAUSE IT CONTAINS INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO
- Two classes: MAKE PROTEINS IN THE BODY.
REMEMBER! REMEMBER!
MACROMOLECULE – a very very large molecule • protein and lipids are biomolecules that are
significant features of the cell membrane.
REMEMBER! • NUCLEIC ACID is a biomolecular group that carries
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULE – large molecules and passes on the hereditary information of the
that is necessary for life organism
• Collagen is a major insoluble fibrous protein found
REMEMBER! in
MACROMOLECULES connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin,
- there are four classes of biological cartilage, and the cornea of the eye.
macromolecules • The excessive consumption of carbohydrates is
- protein converted
- lipids into which a polysaccharide that is stored in the
- Carbohydrates liver and in
- nucleic acids muscles
• Myoglobin is a polypeptide that stores oxygen in
1. CHO stands for Carbohydrate (chemical formula muscles
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen)
2. Lipids contain the same elements as
carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
(C, H, and O).CHO
3. PROTEINS Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and
Nitrogen. CHON
4. NUCLEIC ACID carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen; plus phosphorous ( (CHON and P)

REMEMBER!
Structures of the Different Biomolecules
Remember this mnemonic device of biomolecules:
CHO CHO CHON CHONP(PROTEIN)
C stands for the element Carbon
N stands for the element Nitrogen
H stands for the element Hydrogen
P stands for theelement Phosphorus
O stands for the element Oxygen

REMEMBER!
Again, say the mnemonic device.
CHO CHO CHON CHONP!

REMEMBER!
Carbohydrates – main source of energy for the body

Remember!
Hormones
- special chemical messengers that are
created in the endocrine gland
- Hormones are your body's chemical
messengers. They travel in your
bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work
slowly, over time, and affect many different
processes, including Growth and
development. Metabolism - how your body
gets energy from the foods you eat