MARKING SCHEME

1. (b) bombay 1

2. (c) Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel 1

3. (c) Junagarh, Hyderabad, Travancore 1

4. (b) Manipur 1

5. (b) 1953 1

6. (b) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel 1

7. (a) It was a blueprint for India's economic future 1

8. (b) Liberalisation 1

9. (iv) All the above 1

10. (d) Midnight 14th - 15th August 1

11. (b) 1st January 2015 1

12. (d) (i), (ii) 1

13. What were the three challenges that independent India faced? 2

Ans. After getting independence India immediately faced three kinds of

challenges like:
• Nation-building
• Establishment of Democracy
• Ensure the development and well being of the society.

14. What was the main provision of the Agreement "the Instrument of 2
Accession"?

Ans. The Agreement "Instrument of Accession" was signed between the

Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, and Indian government before
independence.
• The main provision of the agreement was the "Indian assurance that the
internal autonomy of Manipur would be maintained."
• Manipur was the first part of India to hold an election based on Universal
Adult Franchise.

15. "Independence for India was not the path of roses." Examine. 2

Ans. Tragically India got independence in very difficult circumstances perhaps

no other country by then was born in a situation more difficult than that of India
in 1947.
 • Freedom came with the partition of the country.
• The year 1947 was a year of unprecedented violence and trauma of
displacement.
• Yet the turmoil that accompanied independence did not make our leaders
lose sight of the multiple challenges that faced the new nation.

16. Which are the two models of development? Which model of development 2
was adopted by India?

Ans. At the time of Independence, India had come across two models of
modern development i.e.
• the Liberal-Capitalist model like in Europe and US and
• the Socialist model like in USSR.
India did not follow any of the two known path to development rather elements
from both these models were taken and mixed together called mixed economy
i.e. the mixed model of development.

17. Define the term "Mixed Economy". 2

Ans. Mixed Economy is an economy where both the public and private sectors
coexist.
(i) In this system both the sectors work within the invisible hand of the market
and the visible hand of planning.
(ii) "Mixed Economy" states that state owned means of production are to aim at
social welfare and private owned means of production are to be regulated by
the state.
Thus, the aim of such an economy was to attain rapid economic development
and ensure that no exploitative and restrictive tendencies emerged in the
economy.

18. Why did India opt for more emphasis on the public sector? 2

Ans. India emphasised more on the public sector not due to its tilt towards the
socialist ideology but due to historical necessity to speed up India's
development in a capitalist framework.
• This was as the private enterprises had neither the resources that is money,
nor the skill or technical personnel, nor the inclination to invest heavily in areas
where returns would come much later due to long gestation periods.

19. Which methods were to be followed to implement the development 4

process in a mixed economy?

Ans. The methods and instruments to implement the process of development

in a mixed economy were:
(i) Political Democracy
(ii) Planning and governmental regulation and control of economy.
(iii) Significant place and role of public sector.
(iv) Licensing, subsidies, progressive taxing, assistance to private sector,
 labour welfare, price control, land reforms, etc.
In general planned economic development was to be implemented through the
Planning Commission.

20. Assess the outcomes of the early phase of planned development in India. 4

Ans. The major outcomes were not favourable:

(i) Land reforms did not take place effectively in most parts of the country.
(ii) Political power remained in the hands of the landowning classes.
(iii) Big industrialists continued to benefit and thrive, while poverty did not
reduce much.
(iv) The early initiatives for planned development were at best realising the
goals of economic development of the country and well being of all its citizens.
But the inability to take significant steps in this direction in the very first stage
was to become a political problem.

21. How was Manipur merged with the Indian Union? 4

Ans. As part of Integration of Princely States, a few days before independence

the Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of
Accession with the Indian Government on the assurance that internal
autonomy of Manipur would be maintained.
• To follow up the Maharaja held elections in Manipur in June 1948 and the
state became a "Constitutional Monarchy". Thus Manipur became the first state
to hold an election based on "Universal Adult Franchise".
• But in the Legislative Assembly there were sharp differences over the
question of merger of Manipur with India. While the state Congress wanted the
merger, other political parties were opposed to this.
• Ultimately the Government of India succeeded in pressurising the Maharaja
into signing 'a Merger Agreement" in September 1949 without consulting the
popularly elected Legislative Assembly of Manipur.

22. Examine the significance of linguistic reorganisation of Indian states to 4

nation-building.

Ans. In the early years of reorganisation of states it was felt that linguistic
states may foster separatism and create pressures on newly founded nation.
But the leadership, under popular pressure, finally made a choice in favour of
linguistic states.
• Actually linguistic states and the movements for the formation of these states
changed the nature of democratic politics and leadership in some basic ways.
• This division also reduced the threat of division and separatist attitude among
the states as it accepted the regional and linguistic claims of all regions.

• Linguistic reorganisation also gave some uniform basis to the drawing of state
boundaries and thus strengthened national unity.
• Above all, the linguistic states underlined the acceptance of the principle of
 diversity, i.e., the plural nature of democracy.

23. Explain the process and basis of the reorganisation of states of Indian 4
union.

Ans. The formation of Andhra Pradesh spurred the struggle for making of other
states on linguistic basis in other parts of the country. These struggles forced
the Central
Government into appointing a States Reorganization Commission in 1953 to
look into this issue. Recommendations of State Reorganization Commission
were:
(a) To look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of states.
(b) This commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state
should reflect the boundaries of different languages. On the basis of its report
the States Reorganization Act was passed in 1956.
Process and the basis of Reorganization of States of Indian Union: After
partition the challenge was to draw the internal boundaries of the Indian states.
The boundaries had to be drawn in a way so that the linguistic and cultural
plurality of the country could be reflected without affecting the unity of the
nation. Indian National Congress and many leaders recognised the linguistic
principle as reorganization of new states' boundaries. But our leader further felt
that carving out states on the basis of language might lead to disruption and
disintegration and would draw attention away from other social and economic
challenges that the country faced. Thus, protests began in the Telugu speaking
areas of the old Madras province. The Visalandhra Movement (the movement
for a separate Andhra) demanded that the Telugu speaking areas should be
separated from the Madras province and be made into a separate Andhra
province. As the movement gathered momentum, Potti Sriramulu, a Congress
leader and a Veteran Gandhian, went on an indefinite fast that led to his death
after 56 days. This caused great unrest and resulted in violent outbursts in
Andhra region. Finally, the Prime Minister announced the formation of a
separate Andhra State in December 1952.

24. We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, 6
even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which
there can be no argument. Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and
whatever the indignities and horrors Inflicted on non-muslims there, we
have got to deal with this minority in a civilised manner. We must give
them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. If we fail to
do so, we shall have a festering sore which will eventually poison the
whole body politic and probably destroy it.
(a) Who quoted the above lines?
(i) Sardar Patel (ii) B.R. Ambedkar
(iii) Maulana Azad (iv) Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Which of the following statements are correct about the partition of
British India?
1. Partition was based on Religious lines.
 2. Minorities on both sides of the border were affected badly.
3. Congress approved the Two Nation theory.
4. Princely states were also included in the partition.
Option
(i) 1 and 2 (ii) 3 and 4 (iii) 2 and 3 (iv) 1 and 4
(c) What were the consequences of the Partition of India in 1947?
1. Problem of Minorities 2. Refugee Problem
3. Transfer of Population 4. Integration of Princely states
Option
(i) 1, 2 and 4 (ii) 1, 2 and 3 (iii) 1 and 4 (iv) 1, 3 and 4
(d) The main reason for India's partition is:
(i) Adamant attitude of Jinnah (ii) Communal riots and
disorder
(iii) Failure of the Interim Government (iv) All of the above

Ans. (a) (iv) Jawaharlal Nehru

(b) (i) 1 and 2
(c) (ii) 1, 2 and 3
(d) (iv) All of the above

25. Cartoon/ Map Based Question 6

Ans. (a) The leader shown on the right in the cartoon is Sardar Patel, very
instrumental in the integration of Princely states.
(b) The above cartoon indicates the oppressive rule of the princely states
where king used to suppress the people, their freedom and right. This is very
visible in the cartoon as king Bodhachandra of Manipur symbolically sitting on
the people as his throne.
(c) • In our opinion Sardar Patel the leader shown in the cartoon successfully
solved the issue of princely states. He played a very diplomatic and firm role to
integrate all the princely states especially Manipur and Hyderabad.
• His democratic approach was based on the Merger Agreement and
Instrument of Accession which showed skillful persuasion of Sardar Patel.

26. Below, At last 6

27. Explain the circumstances that led to the accession of Hyderabad to 6

India.

Ans. 'Hyderabad' was the largest Princely State of Indian territory. Its ruler was
titled as Nizam and he was one of the world's richest men. Regarding joining
Indian Union the Nizam wanted an independent status for Hyderabad and
entered into Standstill Agreement with India. But the people of Hyderabad were
not happy with the non-democratic rule of Nizam, so in the meantime a
movement of the people of Hyderabad state against the Nizam rule gathered
force.
Various sections of society participated in the movement
• The peasantry - the Telangana region in particular, was the victim of Nizam's
 oppressive rule and rose against him.
• Women who had seen the worst of this oppression joined the movement in
large number.
• The Communists and the Hyderabad Congress were in the forefront of the
movement.
• Hyderabad town was the nerve centre of this movement.
• In retaliation the Nizam responded by unleashing a paramilitary force known
as the Razakars on the people.
• Ultimately the central government had to order the army to tackle the
situation. And in September 1948, Indian army moved in to control the Nizam's
forces.
All this led to the accession of Hyderabad to India.

28. Examine the role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as Iron man of India. 6

Ans. Ans. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the first Deputy Prime Minister and
first Home Minister of India. He became or emerged as a major leader of the
freedom movement after the kheda Satyagraha and the Bardoli Satyagraha of
(1928).
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played very challenging role for the national unity and
integration of 565 princely states. For which he is popularly known as the Iron
man of India.
• Sardar Patel's approach to the integration or the merger of princely states into
independent India was very clear. He was not in favour of any compromise with
the territorial integrity of India.
• It was his political experience, diplomatic prowess and farsightedness, due to
which, out of 565 princely states many had already given their consent to
merge with India even before achieving the Independence.
• At the same time Sardar Patel had to play a very firm and challenging role
towards three states- Hyderabad, Junagadh and Kashmir. It was only under his
leadership that Indian forces compelled Hyderabad and Junagadh to merge
with India.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's opinion was very different regarding Kashmir.
Keeping in mind Md. Ali Jinnah's 'Two-Nation Theory', Sardar Patel wanted to
integrate Kashmir with India through military operations like Hyderabad. But
due to political decisions of some prominent leaders, Sardar Patel could not
succeed in integrating Kashmir fully with India and this was the biggest
Historical blunder for which India had to pay a big cost.
Thus, because of his versatile personality Sardar Patel will remain considered
as an astounding leader who combined in himself the characteristic of a true
"Nationalist, catalysis and Realist also known as NCR in Indian History.

29. Examine the main areas of thrust of the second five year plan. 6
Ans. The second five year plan was drafted by economists and planners under
the leadership of P.C. Mahalanobis for the years 1956-1961.
(i) The main aim of the Second Five Year Plan was to bring about quick
structural transformation by making changes simultaneously in all possible
 directions.
(ii) Second plan was based on the 'socialist pattern of society'.
(iii) In this plan the government imposed substantial tariffs on imports in order
to protect domestic industries.
(iv) The Second Five Year Plan stressed on heavy industries.
(v) A bulk of industries like electricity, railways, steel, machineries and
communication could be developed in the public sector.
(vi) Thus, such a push for industrialisation marked a turning point in India's
development.
Drawbacks
But the second five year plan had its problems as well.
(i) India was technologically backward, so it had to spend precious foreign
exchange to buy technology from the global market.
(ii) Apart from this as industry attracted more investment than agriculture, so
the possibility of food shortage loomed large.
(iii) Critics also pointed out that the second plan strategies from this time
around displayed an unmistakable "urban bias".

30. Explain the food crisis in Bihar. 6

Ans. In the 1960s the agricultural situation of our country went from bad to
worse. Between 1965 and 1967, severe droughts occurred in many parts of the
country.
(i) And it was in Bihar that the food crisis was most acutely felt as the state
faced a near famine situation. The food shortage was significant in all districts
of Bihar.
(ii) The food deprivation subsequently led to acute and widespread
malnutrition.
(iii) Death rate in Bihar in 1967 was 34% higher than the number of deaths that
occurred in the following year.
(iv) Food prices also hit a high in Bihar during the year. At the same time the
government had "zoning" policies that prohibited trade of food across states;
this reduced the availability of food in Bihar dramatically. In such a situation the
poorest sections of the society suffered the most.
Q.26