+ 定语从句

现在分词
状语从句
PTE黑科技--- 语法打卡团

过去分词 不定式

Linda@PTE黑科技
+ Lesson Five 过去分词
过去分词在PTE的使用
+
过去分词
+
考生作文：

◼ In addition, we can get access to more trustworthy and valuable information from the well-
established website if we pay membership fees. It is because the internet is awash with fake
news and ambitious advertisements to draw pubic attention . If web founders can be
sufficiently sponsored by subscribers, they are more likely to reduce reliance on advertisers,
thereby making the management of content more organized and efficient. Therefore, the public
who are customers can get tangible benefits from the internet.

过去分词除了表示被动，还可以充当形容词，表示特征、状态
+ 过去分词
过去分词属于非谓语动词的一种。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，在句中可以
充当表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语

◼ 1. 过去分词做表语

过去分词做表语表示主语的特征或者所处的状态，主语通常是人。作表语用的过去分
词很大一部分都来自于与人的情绪有关的动词
Amused 开心 Astonished 惊讶的 Broken破碎的
Crowded 拥挤的 Delighted 欣喜的 Discouraged 气馁的
Excited 兴奋的 Finished 完成的 Frightened 受惊的
Hurt 受伤的 Injured 受伤的 inspired 有灵感的
Retired 退休的 Interested 有趣的 Satisfied 感到满意的
Pleased 高兴的 Tired 疲劳的 Worried 烦恼的
Relaxed 轻松的

可以理解为，和人有关的形容词为 过去分词形式 （ed形式）

+
◼ The news sounds exciting

这个新闻听起来很振奋人心（新闻是物，用Ing 的形容词）

◼I was very excited when I heard the news

当我听到这个消息时，感到很鼓舞（I 是人，人作为主体时使用带有ed形式的
形容词）

◼ Diaspora consciousness is on the rise diasporas are becoming more interested in

their origins （来自SWT：Diasporas/侨民）

Diaspora 是人，使用interested 来修饰

+
◼ 2. 过去分词的被动语态 （是整个过去分词部分中最基础的语法）

由“be + 动词的过去分词”

The blackboard is broken

◼ 这块黑板坏了

The blackboard was broken / has been broken by li Ming

◼ 这块黑板是李明弄坏的 （by+承受者）

◼ 3. 过去分词作定语

当单个的过去分词作定语时，一般位于所修饰的名词之前，但有时为了强调动作，也可放在它缩
修饰的词后面

I have a radio made in China

= I have a radio that is made in China

第一句话为什么不用 is made ?

因为一个句子只能有一个谓语动词
+
◼ That is a picture painted by my father

= That is a picture that was painted by my father

那是一副由我父亲画的画（画和父亲是被动关系）

◼ People like the Great Wall built about two thousand years ago

= people like the great wall that is built about two thousand years ago

人们喜欢大约两千年前建造的长城 （长城和建造是被动关系）

◼ Researchers have identified previously logged forests as an overlooked source of refuge for mammals.
（SWT： mammals/ 哺乳动物）
+ ◼ 4. 过去分词作状语

过去分词和过去分词短语可以在句子中作状语，充当修饰谓语动词的成分，表示动作发生的
时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或者伴随等情况

◼ Given more water, the fish couldn’t die

◼ = The fish couldn’t die if it is given more water

如果给多点水，鱼就不会死

◼ Compared with plane, the price of car is cheaper

◼ = The price of car is cheaper when （ it is ） compared with plane

当和飞机价格相比时，汽车更便宜

考生作文：

◼ As a result, planes are a great tool compare with cars.

+ 在PTE 写作中可以不采取以下语法，但在阅读里面，要对这个知识点有所了解

动词ING 动词ed
动名词作主语直接放在句首，体现一般时态 表示被动
Having done 体现完成时(句首用ing 形式，句 可以放在句首充当被动语态，也可以放在句中
中用have done ）
Being done 体现被动进行时
Have been done 体现完成被动语态 （句首为
having been done）
Have been doing 体现一直在做某事
+

• Doing exercise is good for health (常见的动名词作主语放句首）

• Having finished the homework, I went to the library

=I went to the library after I have finished my homework
完成作业后，我去图书馆 （having done 放句首表示完成时）

• The question that is being discussed is very important

正在被讨论的这个问题很重要 (being done 的被动进行时态）

• Having been discussed by the group, the problem became easier （have been done 的完成被动语态）
被小组讨论以后，这个问题变得简单了

• Researchers have been discussing this problem for a long time （have been doing 一直在做某事）
研究人员一直在讨论这个问题
+
过去分词在PTE的使用
+
FIB： Financial Institutions

◼ Economic dimension of globalization involves the international financial institutions i.e. the
IMF & WB. Stabilization and adjustment are sponsored by the two respectively and
are___rooting / rooted/ being rooted / roots in the ideology of free market. At the other end of
the spectrum, protesters see globalization in a very different light than the treasury secretary of
the United States, or the finance or trade ministers of most of the ___advancement / advanced/
advancing / advances industrial countries. The difference in is so great that one wonders, are
the protestors and the policymakers talking about the same___ phenomenon/ situation /
features / fact ? Are they looking at the same data? Are the visions of those in___ power
/energy/ source / interests are so clouded by special and particular interests ?

◼ Answer: rooted advanced phenomenon power

+
FIB： Ideas

◼ People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the___modifying /
modified/ modify/ modification versions. Inevitably, there are unintentional modifications as well,
partly because of straightforward error, and partly because explicit ideas are hard to___convey/
transform/transfer /talk accurately: there is no way to download them directly from one brain to
another like computer programs. native speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of
every word. So it can be only rarely, if , that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in
their minds. That is why, when the founder of a political or philosophical movement or a religion
dies, or even before , schisms typically happen. The movement's most ___devoted/ devote /
devoting / devotes followers are often shocked to discover that they disagree about what its
doctrines really are.

◼ Answer: modified / convey / devoted

+

FIB: The United Nations

◼ The United Nations is an international organization __ founded/ founded / found/ founding in 1945. Due to its
unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the organization can
take___action / ways / behaviors / movement on a wide range of issues and provide a forum for its 193
Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and
Social Council and other bodies and committees. The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the
globe. Although best__knew / known/ is known/ know for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention ,
and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its system (specialized agencies,
funds, and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place.

◼ Answer: founded / action / known /

+ 现在分词 过去分词

修饰物品的特征或者带给人的感觉：exciting 修饰人对物品的感觉： excited

表示主动 表示被动

表示正在进行的动作 表示已经完成的动作

介词+现在分词 Am/is /are/ was/ were+过去分词： 表示被动

Am/is /are /was/ were+现在分词：表示进行时

1. This is an exciting movie.

The movie makes me excited

2. The government invests more to public health, hoping to improve the social welfare
More investments are made by the government to improve the social welfare

3. Falling snow (正在下的雪）

Fallen snow (落在地上的雪）
+ ◼ Coffee/咖啡

◼ Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple of our
modern life and culture. While the current body of research related to the effects of coffee consumption
on human health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food
Science and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), found that the
potential benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the majority of
major health outcomes considered.

◼ Researchers at Ulster University systematically reviewed 1,277 studies from 1970 to-date on coffee's
effect on human health and found the general scientific consensus is that regular, moderate coffee
drinking (defined as 3-4 cups per day) essentially has a neutral effect on health, or can be mildly
beneficial. The authors noted causality of risks and benefits cannot be established for either with the
research currently available as they are largely based on observational data. Further research is needed to
quantify the risk-benefit balance for coffee consumption, as well as identify which of coffee's many
active ingredients, or indeed the combination of such that could be inducing these health benefits. The
current body of research related to the effects

◼ Answer: coffee is enjoyable and the ‘coffee experience’ has become a staple of modern life and culture,
research shows that potential benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers
for the majority of major health outcomes considered, and regular, moderate coffee drinking has neutral
effects on health, besides, researches are needed to quantify the risk-benefit balance for coffee
consumption and identify which ingredients or combination of that could be inducing health benefits.
+

coffee is enjoyable and the ‘coffee experience’ has become a staple of modern life and culture,
research shows that potential benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult
consumers for the majority of major health outcomes considered, and regular, moderate coffee
drinking has neutral effects on health, besides, researches are needed to quantify the risk-benefit
balance for coffee consumption and identify which ingredients or combination of that could be
inducing health benefits.

大部分情况下，文章开头的概括性句子需要摘抄；

但是在这个SWT当中，主要强调coffee的benefits, 因此第一句可写可不写（不是内容点），
但由于它对接下来的句子具有衔接作用：先解释coffee对生活的意义，再解释研究当中
coffee的effects，我们可以对它进行适当的改写（只需说清楚具有Modern life and culture 的
意义即可，可以对原句进行精简）
+
◼ The charging car/充电汽车 #3547 2018-03

◼ Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It's what you
and many other people will drive to work in, ten years and more from now. At that time, before you
drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car - your plugin vehicle. Its big on board batteries
will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100 kilometers through
city traffic.

◼ When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that allows power to
flow form your car's batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when you bought your car
was to sign a contract with your favorite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of
power from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout, or very high
wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your car would
not only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very
expensive power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked
like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or
compressed natural gas, even bio-fuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the
batteries so you could complete your journey. Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse gas
emissions, and the likelihood that by the middle of this century there could be five times as many motor
vehicles registered worldwide as there are now, mean that the world's almost total dependence on petroleum-
based fuels for transport is, in every sense of the word, unsustainable.
+
◼ Answer: （三个版本）

◼ Plug- in vehicle or the acronym PEV is the term used to describe plugin vehicle; the features include allowing
power to flow from batteries to the electricity grid and people to sign contracts with favorite suppliers, besides,
the price is attractive to buyers and distributors, and engine can supply the batteries even though the batteries
looked like running flat; due to the concerns of ‘peak oil’, PEV should be encouraged.

◼ Plug- in vehicle, which means its batteries can be charged overnight ; the features include allowing power to
flow from batteries to the electricity grid and people to sign contracts with favorite suppliers, besides, the price
is attractive to buyers and distributors, and engine can supply the batteries even though the batteries looked like
running flat; since the world depends on petroleum based fuels for transport, PEV should be encouraged.

◼ Plug- in vehicle, which means its batteries can be charged overnight ; the features include allowing power to
flow from batteries to the electricity grid and people to sign contracts with favorite suppliers, besides, the price
is attractive to buyers and distributors, and engine can supply the batteries even though the batteries looked like
running flat ; due to the fact of unsustainable development, PEV should be encouraged.

◼ 这个SWT 需要自己归纳总结：

1.PEV是什么东西（插电式汽车或者概述出它具有充电功能）

2.PEV具有什么特征（文中提到的几个点）

3.PEV具有什么意义（解决“不可持续发展”的问题）

符合准则：物是什么（定义）、物具有什么特征、物的意义是什么
 SWT
+ 数据、数字、举例都不是重点
◼

◼ 和研究结论相关的词句是重点
⚫ Research shows that / we found that / the result is that / we decided that

◼ 通读文章，找大方向： 人/ 物/ 事
⚫ What did the person do ？人做了什么事情，事情有什么意义
⚫ What’s this ? 物是什么，物具有什么特征
⚫ What happen？发生了什么事情，事情有什么意义

◼ 零散信息，适当归类：the features/ characteristics/ the functions/

◼ 同一主体一并概括；多个主体或多个动作，只概括和文章主题直接相关的内容

◼ Now, in a detailed study led by Imperial College London that looked at mammal diversity across different small-scale
landscapes in Borneo, researchers have identified previously logged forests as an overlooked source of refuge for mammals.

◼ These ‘selectively logged’ forests, where only certain tree species are removed, are often considered to be degraded and are
frequently cleared to make way for plantations. The new results, published in the journal Ecological Applications, suggest
they should be better protected.

◼ 大多数情况下：建议直接摘抄原文原句，避免意思歧义；

◼ 信息过于零散时，可以采用general句型归类总结
+
Thank You
◼ Since we have finished our classes, I hope that
these classes can be useful for you.-----原因状
语从句

◼ Although PTE is a significant task, I believe all

of you can overcome it.----让步状语从句

◼ A lot of students do homework everyday,

lacking the awareness of making summaries for
themselves.---现在分词

◼ Making plans or schedules everyday for

yourself.----动名词

◼ You will realize that all efforts can be paid off as

long as you keep working---原因状语从句