CARPENTARY SHOP

Introduction
 A carpentry shop is a place where wood is processed and
transformed into useful items like furniture, structures, or tools.
 It involves shaping, joining, and finishing wood using various
tools and machines.
 Carpentry is a fundamental skill in many engineering and
construction disciplines, as it provides foundational knowledge
for working with materials and fabricating components.
 Advantages of Timber
Timber has the following advantages over the other
materials:
 It is cheaper and easily available.
 It is lighter and stronger than most of the materials used in
construction work.
 It is very easy to work on it by the help of different tools for
getting required shapes.
 Cost of construction and workmanship is low.
 Structural construction and joints can be easily made in
timber.
 It responds very well to polishing and painting, etc.
 It is suitable for making soundproof constructions.
 It is a nonconductor of heat and electricity.
Disadvantages
 Combustible
 Destroyed and decay due to attack of fungi, insects,
terminator, etc.
 Classification of Wood
 Wood suitable for construction and other engineering
purposes is called timber.

Softwood:
 Derived from coniferous trees like pine, cedar, and fir.
Softwoods grow quickly and are often used for
construction, furniture, and decorative items.
Hardwood:
 Derived from deciduous trees like oak, mahogany,
and teak.
 Hardwoods are durable and used in flooring, high-
end furniture, and tools.
Structure of wood
Pith
 It is the darkest part of tree. It feeds sap from root to leaves
Heart Wood
 The portion surrounding the pith is known as Heart wood. It carries
less moisture as compared to pith. This is harder, darker and stronger
than remaining wood in tree.
Annual Rings
 The concentric ring all around the pith known as ring. Every year one
such ring is added to pith.
Sap Wood
 It is the portion of wood between heart wood and cambium layer. It
contains high percentage of moisture and is not used for commercial
and engineering purposes.
Cambium layer
 It is the annual ring adjacent to bark. With passage of time, it also gets
converted into sap wood.
Bark
 It is the outer surface of the tree which acts as a cover for
inner portion.
Medullary Rays
 These are the thin radial layers between pith and cambium
layer. The sap food is supplied to the growing parts of the tree.
Defects in wood
Defects in wood can occur due to natural growth or
improper processing. Common defects include:
• Knots: Hard, circular areas where branches were
attached.
• Cracks and Splits: Gaps in the wood caused by
drying or mechanical forces.
• Warping: Twisting or bending of wood due to uneven
moisture content.
• Decay: Rotting caused by fungi or insects.
• Resin Pockets: Deposits of resin within the wood.
 Knots Cracks & Splits Decay

Rasin Pockets Wraping

 Seasoning of Wood
 A newly felled tree contains considerable moisture content.
 If this is not removed, the timber is likely to wrap, shrink, crack or
decay.
 Seasoning is the art of extracting the moisture content under
controlled conditions, at a uniform rate to improve its strength and
stability.
 Only seasoned wood should be used for all carpentry works.
 Seasoning makes the wood resilient and lighter. Further, it ensures
that the wood will not distort after it is made into an object.
Advantages of seasoning
i) Wood becomes hard and durable.
ii) It can be easily worked.
iii) It is free from defects like shrinkage and wrapping.
iv) Its resistance to fire gets increased.
v) Density of wood is reduced and becomes light.
 Method of Seasoning
 Natural Seasoning
1.Air Drying/ Seasoning
2.Water Seasoning
• Artificial Seasoning
1.Klin Seasoning
2.Chemical Seasoning
3.Electrical Seasoning
 Air Seasoning
 In this method, Timber is stacked with longitudinal and crosspieces
arranged one upon another, leaving a space of few centimeters for
free circulation of air.
 They are not directly exposed to sun or rain.
 Due to free circulation of air, moisture contents evaporated and
Timber gets dried.
 It may take 1-4 years to bring down the moisture content to 16-17
percent level.
Advantages
i) Simple and cheap
ii) Less chances of damage to timber.
Disadvantages
i) Very slow extends over years.
ii) Block the capital for a long time.
iii) Timber may get damaged by insects and fungi.
 Water Seasoning
 When the logs are placed in running water for a period of 2-3 weeks,
the sap from the cells can be easily washed out.
 In place of sap, sugar, gum, the cells get filled with ordinary water.
 When such logs are taken out and placed for air seasoning, it takes
comparatively less time to become dry.
Advantages
i) Quick process
ii) Tendency of wood to shrink or wrap gets reduced.
iii) Less liable to be eaten by worm or to decay.
Disadvantages
i) Reduces the elasticity and durability of the timber.
ii) The timber is redder brittle.
Air Seasoning Water Seasoning
 Kiln Seasoning
 It involves drying the timber in a specially designed kiln where there is
perfect control over temperature, humidity and air circulation.
 The drying of Timber at uniform rate is well maintained by circulating
hot air by fan and a certain amount of steam is added in order to
retain correct humidity.
 This is the fastest way of seasoning but quality of Timber is inferior as
compared to natural seasoning.
Advantages
i) Fastest method of seasoning as it takes only fortnight.
ii) Drying is controlled, so no chances for the attack of fungi and
insects.
Disadvantages
i) It is costly.
ii) Skilled labor is required.
 Electrical Seasoning
 The wooden planks are made to pass through an induction coil
producing very high frequency.
 Due to induction effect, moisture content in the wood is dried quickly.
 The technique involves costly equipment, and even the consumption
of electricity is so high that the process is uneconomical.
Wood Working Process
 Material selection
 Measuring and Marking
 Holding and Supporting
 Cutting or Sawing
 Planning
 Drilling and Boring
 Joining and Fitting
 Carpentry Tools
1) Measuring and Marking tools
2) Holding and Supporting Tools
3) Cutting Tools
4) Planning Tools
5) Boring and Drilling Tools
6) Striking Tools
7) Miscellaneous Tools
 Measuring and Marking tools
Steel Rule
 Used for liner measurements
 The measurement in steel rule is cm on one edge and in inches on
other edge.
 One inch = 2.54 cm
Inch Tape
• Used for large measurements such as boards and checking the overall
dimension of work.
Try-square
 Try-square is used for measuring and laying out mutually parallel and
perpendicular lines.
 For testing squareness and finishing of pain surface.
Bevel square
 It is used for checking angles.
 The blade of the bevel is adjustable and can be set to the desired
angle.
 It can be used in much the same way as a try-square.
 Marking Tools
Marking Gauge
 It is used to draw parallel lines.
 The movable portion of the gauge is adjustable to suitable position
and tighten to stem.
 The piece which slides is called stock and scribing pin is fixed in stem.
Mortise Gauge
 It is used to draw two parallel lines.
 Its working is similar to marking gauge except it has two sharp edges-
one fixed and another is adjustable.
Compass and Divider
 Compass and divider are used for marking arcs and circles on
the plane surfaces of the wood.
Scriber or marking knife
 It is used for marking on timber.
 It is made of steel, having one end pointed and the other end
formed into a sharp cutting edge.
Holding and Supporting Tools
Carpenter’s Bench
 It is a table of rigid construction made of hard wood.
Carpenter’s Vice
 Used for holding and supporting wooden piece.
 Its one jaw is fixed while other is kept movable by means of
screw and handle.

Vice
C-clamp
 Used for holding and supporting small workpiece.
Bar cramp
 It is made of steel bar of T-section, with a steel screw.
 It is used for holding wide works such as frames or tops.

C-Clamp

Bar Clamp
 Cutting Tools
Saws
 A saw is used to cut wood into pieces.
 The main parts of saw are blade and handle.
 A saw is specified by pitch of the tooth and its angle.
Cross-cut saw
 It is used to cut across the grains of the stock.
 The teeth are so set that the saw kerf (width of the material
removed) will be wider than the blade thickness.
 This allows the blade to move freely in the cut, without sticking.
Rip Saw
 It is used for cutting the stock along the grains.
 The cutting edge of this saw makes a steeper angle, i.e., about
60°, whereas that of crosscut saw makes an angle of 45° with the
surface of the stock.
Tenon saw
 It is used for cutting the stock either along or across the
grains. It is used for cutting tenons or straight lines in wood.
 However, it is used for small and thin cuts as its blade is very
thin.
Dovetail saw
 Similar to Tenon saw, except that they tend to have more
thinner blade with more teeth per inch.
 Removes less material than that of tenon saw.
 Used for precise, small cuts and when neat finish is required.
Keyhole saw
 Used for cutting internal and intricate work which is not
possible with other saw.
 Generally used to cut circles and pattern.
Cross- cut Saw Rip Saw

Tenon Saw Keyhole Saw

 Chisel
 Used to cut various shapes and cavities.
Firmer chisel
 The blade has flat rectangular design with straight sides.
 Mostly used for wider cuts and finishing flat surfaces.
Dovetail chisel
 Used for finishing v-grooves, sharp corners and to create and clean out
dovetails.
 It has beveled side edge and top cutting edge.
Mortise chisel
 It is used for cutting mortises and chipping inside holes, etc.
 Used for heavy and deep cuts.
Gauge chisel
 Used for finishing curved surfaces.
 The blade of chisel is in hollow curved shape to finish curved surfaces.
Firmer Chisel Dovetail Chisel

Mortise Chisel Gauge Chisel

 Planning Tools
 Planning is the operation used to produce flat surfaces on
wood.
 The blade of a plane is fitted in a wooden or metallic block, at
an angle.
Jack plane:
 It is the most commonly used general purpose plane.
 The cutting iron (blade) should have a cutting edge of slight
curvature.
 It is used for quick removal of material on rough work and is
also used in oblique planning.
Rebate plane:
 It is used for making a rebate.
 A rebate is a recess along the edge of a piece of wood, which
is generally used for positioning glass in frames and doors.
Plough plane:
 It is used to cut grooves, which are used to fix panels in a door.

Jack Plane Rebate Plane Plough Plane

 Drilling and Boring Tools
Ratchet brace
 It is used for rotating drill bits, counter bore bit, etc., to
produce holes in wood.
 With this, holes may be made in a corner where complete
revolution of the handle cannot be made.
Hand drill
 Rachet brace is used to make relatively large size holes,
whereas hand drill is used for drilling small holes.
 The drill bit is clamped in the chuck at its end (Fig. 1.18) and is
rotated by a handle attached to gear and pinion arrangement.
Gimlet
 It has cutting edge like a twist drill.
 It is used for drilling large diameter holes with the hand
pressure.
 Hand Drill

Ratchet Brace Gimlet

Striking tools
Mallet
 Small wooden hammer of round or rectangular cross-section.
 used to strike a chisel for heavy cutting waste wood, shaping or
bending thin metals.
Ball peen hammer
 used for metal working, punching and riveting.
 Can also be used as a general purpose hammer .
 Shape of pin is hemispherical.
Claw hammer
 Its one side is flat round and other side is curved having V-like
structure.
 The flat sided face is used for striking tasks, such as driving-in nails,
while the claw-shaped side is used to pull out nails.
Mallet Ball Peen Hammer

Claw Hammer
Straight peen hammer
 Its peen is parallel to the handle.
 Useful for metal working and blacksmithing.
Cross peen hammer
 Its peen is 90 degree from the handle.
 A cross peen hammer is for fullering, making grooves and bend sheet.
 One side of its head is flat and other side is tapered.
Carpentry Joints