Psych 1100 Understanding the Self

MODULE 2
Topic I: Unpacking the Self
Overview
This module scrutinizes the many aspects of self and identity as seen from the
points of view of the physical, sexual, material or economic, spiritual, and digital
self. This chapter also discusses the required topics on family planning and
population education

I. Objectives: Upon completion of this module, students are expected to:

 Explore the different aspects of self and identity
 Demonstrate critical, reflective thought in integrating the various
aspects of self and identity
 Identify the different forces and institutions that impact the
development of various aspects of self and identity

II. Lecture Notes:

TOPIC I: THE PHYSICAL SELF

1. Physical Self – the self as impacted by the body

The body - the touchable part of the person which can be seen, scrutinized and
observed. One uses it to communicate, socialize or to connect with others. It is
an important aspect in the study of the person’s self and his identity. It is

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through his body that he is able to interact and make sense of the world around
him. He expresses himself through the use of his body. It is through his body
that one is able to express his gender, sexuality and others.

2. Nature Vs. Nurture

• Science explains that our parents are very much instrumental in understanding
why we look how we look.
• Gregor Mendel first figured out how genes are passed from parents to
offspring in plants, including humans.
 Plea plants experiment- showed that genes are passed intact from
generation to generation and that traits are not blended.
 It is through the genes that traits were passed from parents to off spring
through several generations.
 Our physical features are evidence that we are our parents’ children.

3. The Impact of Culture on the Body Image and Self-Esteem

Beauty – defined by Merriam-dictionary as being “physically” attractive ;

It is the qualities in a person or a thing that give pleasure to the senses or
the mind.

The importance of beauty:

a. Body image
This is how one sees himself or herself physically. The way how a person
visualizes how he/she looks, which could have either be positive or negative. And
this has connection on how others see us specifically our body. Thus a body
image can be both internal (personal) and external (social). Therefore body
image is an individual’s mental representation of his own body which is very
important to his identity.

b. Culture – is the shared patterns of thoughts, beliefs, behaviors, and habits in

both material and symbolic realm.
Pop culture or popular culture is a “culture” widely accepted and patronized by
people.
Example: The Filipino Obsession of Beauty
• In the Philippines, the construction of local standards of beauty can be traced
from our colonial influences.

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• Skin colors signifies the value of the people in society. Lighter skinned
individuals are considered higher in terms of social status.
• Our concept of “physical selves” as Filipinos is largely associated with our skin
color (Rondilla 2012).
• Historically, our people were colonized by fairer skinned races- the Spaniards, the
Americans and the Japanese.

c. Self-esteem – is an individual’s opinion of himself. On how he sees his worth as

a person, his self- respect or his over-all view of how he sees himself as person
of value and of worth. It is how one appreciates and likes himself/herself. If a
person has a low self-esteem this can set him/her back from what he/she wants
from life on the other hand, when one has a healthy self –esteem this can help
him/her achieve his/her goals in life. And also how one interacts with other
people can also have an impact on his/her self-esteem.

Along with the concept of body image is the concept of beauty.

 Beauty can be seen to a person’s nice appearance or his/her pleasing
look.
The two types of beauty are:
1. Inner beauty – the person’s “inner” characteristics or qualities.
2. External beauty – the physical characteristics of the person, his
outward appearance. It focuses on the features of his/her body
which is called the combination of qualities. Like the color of his/her
skin, the shape of the face, shape of the body etc. where it pleases
the sense of sight.
 Aesthetic capital – is defined as the privileges and wealth one gets
from his/her physical qualities.
Ex. Beautiful face, sexy body etc.
As such, aesthetic capital and body image can have an impact on one’s
sense of identity and self- esteem.

d. Gender Difference -Women have been evaluated based on their

appearance more than men (Wade, 2017).They have been valued and devalued
based on how they look. It is for this reason that many of them fall prey to even
unnecessary cosmetic surgeries due to that desire of wanting to look good, if not
perfect.

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Research Suggests that:

 Body dissatisfaction was more common and felt more strongly in women, yet
men were also clearly affected by body dissatisfaction (MacNeill, Best, Davis,
2017)

 Girls are three times more likely than boys to have negative body image.
(Konter, 2017)
 80%of children who are 10 years old are afraid of being fat. (Konter, 2017)
 More than 90% of 15-17 years old girls want to change at least one aspect of
their physical appearance. (Konter, 2017)

4. Psychological Disorders Associated with Beauty

4.1 THE FOUR D’S OF ABNORMALITY

 Dysfunctional- behaviors, thoughts and feelings are dysfunctional when they
interfere with the person’s ability to function in daily life, to hold a job or to form
close relationships.
The More dysfunctional behaviors and feelings are, the more likely they are to be
considered abnormal by mental health professionals. Inappropriate emotion and
behavior
 Distress- behaviors and feelings that cause distress to the individual or to
others around him or her.
In some cases, the person diagnosed with a disorder is not in distress but causes
others distress.
 Deviant- Highly deviant behaviors such as hearing voices when no one else is
around, lead to judgements of abnormality.
What is deviant is influenced by cultural norms.
 Dangerous- some behaviors and feelings are of potential harm to the individual
such as suicidal gestures, or to others, such as excessive aggression

4.2 Other Related Disorders

a. Body Dysmorphic Disorder – a person with BDD worry that there is something
wrong with the shape or appearance of a body part (Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, 5 th Edition)

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b. Eating Disorder
b.1 Anorexia Nervosa - People with anorexia nervosa starve themselves,
subsisting on little or no food for every long periods of time, yet they remain
convinced that they need to lose more weight. As a result, their body weight
is significantly below what is minimally normal for their age and height.
People with anorexia nervosa have a distorted image of their body, often
believing that they are disgusting fat and need to lose more weight.

BODY IMAGE DEVELOPMENT

https://www.macmh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/18_Gallivan_Teens-social-media-body-image-presentation-H-Gallivan-Spring-2014.pdf

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5. Body Shaming

(Criticizing yourself or others because of some aspect of physical appearance)

Body-shaming manifests in many ways:

1) Criticizing your own appearance, through a judgment or comparison to

another person. (i.e.: “I’m so ugly compared to her.” “Look at how broad my
shoulders are.”)

2) Criticizing another’s appearance in front of them, (i.e.: “With those

thighs, you’re never going to find a date.”)

3) Criticizing another’s appearance without their knowledge. (i.e.: “Did

you see what she’s wearing today? Not flattering.” “At least you don’t look like
her!”).

STEPS TO LESSEN BODY SHAMING

 Practice identifying why you are upset about a situation.

 Identify who in your life is body-positive – or even body-neutral.
 Confront those who perpetuate body-shaming.
 Find something you LIKE about your body.

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TOPIC II: THE SEXUAL SELF

1. The Sexual Self:

Sexual Self is defined as the individual’s evaluation of his/her sexual
feelings and actions. The totality of oneself as a sexual being.

 Puberty marks the start of sexual development in an individual. Which is also

known as the age of manhood.
- It is the time when the reproductive organs/sex
organs start to develop and function.
- Therefore once the reproductive organs start to
develop, mature and function then the individual is
now potentially capable of producing his kind.
Sex Glands (Gonads)
 Girl – ovaries
 Boy – testes

Estrogen (Girls) - Hormone that promotes physical changes/ secondary sex

characteristics.

Androgen and testosterone (Boys) – Hormones that promote physical

changes/ secondary sex characteristics.

Human sexuality – this is more than sexual feelings or sexual intercourse, this
is the capacity for sexual feelings. It is the person’s sexual orientation,
preferences or gender identity.

Gender is the psychological sense of being male or female. It is the individual’s

concept of himself or his gender identity.

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2. Sexuality

Sexuality – commonly defined as “the ways people experience and express

themselves as sexual beings.”

World Health Organization defined “sexuality” as:

The central aspect of being human throughout life encompasses sex, gender
identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy ad
reproduction.

2.1 Five Circles of Sexuality

 Sensuality - enjoyment, expression or pursuit of physical, especially

sexual pleasure.
 Sexual intimacy – relationship that exist between two people with
physical or emotional closeness.
 Sexual identity – how one thinks of oneself in terms of to whom one is
romantically or sexually attracted. May also refer to sexual orientation
identity.
 Reproduction and sexual health - person’s capacity to reproduce and
the behaviors and attitudes that makes sexual relationships healthy and
enjoyable.
 Sexualization – Aspect of sexuality in which people behave sexually to
influence, manipulate or control other people. It is known as the
“shadowy” side of human sexuality. Spans behavior that ranges from
relatively harmless to sadistically violent, cruel and criminal. Ex. Sexual
Abuse, rape etc.
 Sexual Violence Any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act,
unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or
otherwise directed, again a person’s sexuality using coercion, by
any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any
setting, including but not limited to home and work.

Forms of sexual violence

a. Rape (within marriage or dating relationships, by strangers, during armed

conflict)
b. Sexual abuse/ molestation of children

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c. Forced abortion
d. Unwanted sexual advances or sexual Harassment including demanding sex in
return for favors
e. Forced marriage or cohabitation, including the marriage of children
f. Violent acts against the sexual integrity of women: female genital
mutilation and obligatory inspects for virginity
g. Sexual abuse or mentally or physically disabled people
h. Denial of the right to use contraception or to adopt other measures to
proper against sexually transmitted diseases
i. Forced prostitution and trafficking of people for the purpose of sexual
exploitation.

2.2 Sexuality in adolescent youth (13-19 years old)

Once youth have reached puberty and beyond there is an increased interest in
romantic and sexual relationship. As one matures he/she experiences strong emotional
attachment to romantic partner and finds it natural to express his/her feelings. Once all
most adolescents explore relationship with one another, participate in sexual
intercourse before the age of 20.

3. The Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment

There are physiological and psychological aspects in being turned on, being in
love or attached to another person. The chemistry of lust, love and attachment lies in
the brain (Fisher, 2005).
- The brain is known as the human sex organ. The unexplained mechanism
responsible for sexual attraction is in the brain and not in the genital area.

Lust –Phase driven by the sex hormones. Testosterone and estrogen, male and
female. Excite the feeling of lust within the brain with a very strong sexual desire
for someone.

Attraction – this phase is said to be one of the beautiful moments of life. A

phase when a person actually starts to feel love. It’s an amazing time when you
are truly love- struck and can’t think of anything else. The three main
neurotransmitter involved: Adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin.

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Attachment-a bond helping the couple to take their relationship to the

advanced level. It instigates the feeling of bearing children and falling in love
wholeheartedly. Hormones responsible: Oxytocin and Vasopressin.

4. The diversity of Sexual Behavior

Sexual Orientation – the sexual and emotional attraction to the same and or opposite
sex. It refers to the person’s sense of identity.

Gender Identity – This is not biological sex but rather a psychological sense of being
male or female.
Ex. A woman trapped in a man’s body.
He is male but feels like a woman
1. Heterosexual – A romantic attraction or sexual attraction or sexual
behavior between people or persons of the opposite sex or gender.
2. Homosexuality - A romantic attraction or sexual attraction or sexual
behavior between members of the same sex or gender.
3. Bisexual – One is sexually attracted not exclusively to people of one
particular gender. Attracted to both male and female.
4. Transsexual - These are people who literally change sex.
Ex. Transpinay – Group of transsexual Pinays
o Transgender – one who does not have a complete sex change
o Intersexed / intersexual – an individual with mixed sexual configuration.
He/she falls outside the male/female dichotomy. One is born with a
combination of male / female characteristics
Ex. Male / female has genitals that can make doctors unable to
assign their sex as distinctly male or female.
5. Pansexual/Omnisexual – it is the sexual, romantic or emotional attraction
towards people regardless of their sex or gender identity. Pansexual people
may refer to themselves as gender blind, asserting that gender and sex are
not determining factors in their romantic or sexual attraction to others.
6. Asexual – Not sexually attracted to any sex or gender.

Sexual behavior – the process by which humans and other animals demonstrate and
or express sexuality

Solitary sex – a sexual act by a single person, usually private, often

understood to mean masturbation.

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Sexual desire is a motivational state and an interest in “sexual objects or activities, or

as a wish, or drive to seek out sexual objects or to engage in sexual activities”.
Synonyms for sexual desire are libido, sexual attraction and lust.

Influencing factors that increases sexual desires (Quadara, El-Murr, & Latham,
(2017).
o Curiosity
o Sexually abuse
o Media Influence
o Exposure to Pornographic videos or images

BAD EFFECTS OF PORNOGRAPHY

Pornography damages the minds and lives of people. Cline (2000), has
found “a near universal 4 factor Syndrome among uses of pornography”

1. There is an addicting effect. People come back for more

2. There is an escalation effect. The user wants more explicit, rougher, more
deviant kinds of sexual materials for sexual high or turn-ons.
3. There is desensitization. It renders the users morally numb and personally
insensitive to the rights and dignity of others.
4. There is acting out. The user will eventually turn their fantasies into reality. It
starts, mostly through masturbation. Other forms of release include exhibitionism,
group sex, voyeurism, child molestation and rape.

The Cycle of Addiction by Dr. Alexandra Katehakis (2011)

FANSTASY/Pre-occupation
 The person becomes a hostage of her own thoughts, and become
attracted to a sex object.

RITUALIZATION
 Giving life to sexual thoughts; Imagining; Fantasizing
Examples;
 Reading pornographic tabloids, magazines, pocketbooks
 Watching x-rated movies
 Visiting prostitution districts
 Surfing pornographic websites

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ACTING OUT
 Plans are carried out; Is the release of out-of-control aggressive or sexual
impulse
Examples: Hiring prostitutes; raping
Bringing your bf/gf to a motel, masturbating

THE CYCLE CONTINUES

When boredom creeps in or when pressures of life stress the addict, the
attraction to sex returns: the cravings becoming more intense and the shame
more unbearable. The cycle if not corrected is addictive. Hence, it is called the
Addictive Cycle. The cycle destroys even the godliest person. It must be avoided
and broken.

“We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for
the future.”

— Franklin D. Roosevelt

5. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

 Approximately 20% of individuals who have been surveyed engage in sex with
numerous partners, putting them at risk for sexually transmitted diseases such as
AIDS (Barlow & Durand, 2013).

 STDs are sexually transmitted diseases meaning they are most often but
not exclusively spread by sexual intercourse. HIV, chlamydia, genital herpes,
genital warts, gonorrhea some forms of hepatitis, syphilis and trichomonas’s are
STDs.

 What are the first signs of an STD? Or what are the symptoms of STDs?
- Bumps, sores or warts near the mouth, anus, penis or vagina
- Swelling or redness near the penis or vagina.
- Skin rash
- Painful urination
- Weight loss, loose stool, night sweats
- Aches, Pains, fever and chills
- Yellowing of the skin (Jaundice)

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- Discharge from the penis or vagina

 What are the most common sexually transmitted disease?

HPV, Chlamydia, gonorrhea (USA Feb. 25, 2015)

 What are the symptoms of an STD for a female?

-No symptoms
-Discharge (thick or thin, milky white, yellow or green leakage from the
vagina)
-Vaginal itching
-Vaginal blisters or blisters in the genital area (The region covered by the
underwear)
- Burning urination
-Painful Urination
-Pain during intercourse

 What are the symptoms of STDs in a man?

-Being asymptomatic or experiencing no symptoms at all
-Blisters on or around the penis
-Spots, bumps or lesions on the penis
-Discharge (clear, white or yellow)
-Oozing from the tip of the penis (thick or thin)
-Painful urination
-Painful ejaculation
-Itching on the tip of the penis

6. Methods of Contraception (Natural or Artificial)

6.1 Contraception is the deliberate use of artificial methods or

other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of
sexual intercourse.

Major Forms of Artificial Contraception are barrier methods, of which the most
common are: condom, the contraceptive pill, which contains synthetic sex hormones
that prevent ovulation in the female, intrauterine devices such as the coil, which
prevent the fertilized ovum from implanting in the uterus and male/ female sterilization.

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 A woman can get pregnant if a man’s sperm reaches one of her eggs
(OVA)
Contraception tries to stop this from happening by:
- Keeping the egg and sperm apart
- Stopping egg production
- Stopping the combined sperm and egg (fertilized egg) attaching to
the lining of the womb

 Condoms are forms of contraception that help to protect against both

sexually transmitted infections STIs and pregnancy.
One should use condoms to protect both his sexual health and that
of his partner, no matter what other contraception he is using to prevent
pregnancy.

6.1.2 Types of Contraception

Artificial

1. Contraceptive diaphragm or cap is a circular dome made of thin, soft silicone

that is inserted into the vagina before sex. It covers the cervix so sperm cannot
get into the womb (UTERUS) to fertilize an egg. It is 92-96% effective at
preventing pregnancy.

2. The combined or oral contraceptive pill “the Pill” – it contains artificial

versions of female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which women produce
naturally in their ovaries. It is 99% effective at preventing pregnancy.

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3. Female condoms – are made from soft, thin synthetic latex or latex. They are
worn inside the vagina to prevent semen getting to the womb. 95% effective if
used correctly.

4. Male condoms – are made from very thin latex (rubber) polyisoprene or
polyurethane and are designed to stop man’s semen from coming into contact
with his sexual partner. 98% effective.

5. Contraceptive implant (Nexplanon) – is a small flexible plastic rod that is

placed under the skin in the upper arm by a doctor or nurse. It releases the
hormone progesterone into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy and lasts for 3
years. The implant is more than 99% effective.

6. Contraceptive injection (Depo –Provera, Sayana Press or Noristerat) releases

the hormone progesterone into your bloodstream to prevent pregnancy. Depo –
vera last for 13 weeks, Noristerat lasts for 8 weeks, sayana press lasts for 13
weeks. 99% effective if used correctly.

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7. Intrauterine device (IUD) – it is a small T-shaped plastic and copper device

that is put in the womb (uterus) by a doctor or nurse. It releases copper to stop
one from getting pregnant for between 5 and 10 years. It is sometimes called
a”coil” or “coppercoil” 99% effective.

8. Intrauterine system (IUS) – it is a small T- shaped plastic device that is put

into the womb (Uterus). It releases the hormone progesterone to stop a woman
from getting pregnant and last for 3 to 5 years, depending on the brand 99%
effective when inserted correctly.

9. The progesterone-only pill. The “traditional” progesterone-only pill (POP)

prevents pregnancy by thickening the mucus in the cervix to stop sperm
reaching an egg. It is 92% effective

10. Vaginal ring (NuvaRing) is a small soft, plastic ring that is placed inside the
vagina. It releases a continuous dose of the hormone oestrogen and
progestogen into the blood stream to prevent pregnancy. 99% effective if used
correctly.

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11. Contraceptive patch is a small sticky patch that releases hormones into the
body through the skin to prevent pregnancy. Each patch lasts for 1 week. The
patch can be changed every week for 3 weeks, then have a week off without any
patch. 99% effective in preventing pregnancy when used correctly.

6.1.3 Natural

- Natural family planning (Fertility awareness)

is a method of contraception where a woman monitors and records
different fertility signals during her menstrual cycle to work out when she is likely
to get pregnant. One has to keep a daily record of her fertility signals, such as
temperature and the fluids coming from the cervix. It takes 3 to 6 menstrual
(monthly) cycles to learn the method. The fertility signal can be affected by
illness, stress and travel.

7. The menstrual cycle and ovulation.

The menstrual cycle lasts from the 1st day of one’s menstruation until the
day before the next period starts. This is 28 days on average but longer or
shorter cycles, from 21 to 40 days are normal.
During the cycle and egg is released from one of the ovaries (Ovulation)
and travels down the fallopian tube. It is usually released 10 -16 days before the
next period. Occasionally, a second egg is released, within 24 hours of the first
egg.
The egg only lives for a maximum of 24 hours after ovulation and a sperm
must meet the egg within that period for pregnancy to happen. One can get
pregnant in up to 2 days after one ovulates.
But if she had sex in the 7 days before ovulation, it is possible to get
pregnant because the sperm can live inside the woman’s body for up to 7 days
and fertilize the egg when it is released. It is 99% effective if used correctly.

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7.1 Two permanent methods of contraception

 Tubal ligation or tubal implant for female.

 Vasectomy for male.

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TOPIC III: THE MATERIAL SELF

A. Material Self is constituted by: our bodies, clothes, immediate family, and home. It
is it to these things, according to William James (1890), that we are the most deeply
affected by because of our investments of self within these things. The more we invest
of ourselves in these objects, the more attached to them we inevitably are to them.

All the material elements that mirror who a person is – possessions,

cars, home, body, clothes are part of the material self.

B. Person’s material self

Material Self can be considered as the things which he is passionate about,
something that he gains profit from or what he spends for.
- Material self does not only crave for something which is essential but
also for something which he can have to show off.
- As such material self is not only made of our bodies but also of the
clothes we wear and also our family and home. Hence, the more we
invest on things and objects the more we cannot let go of those
things.
- Therefore objects and things define a person which also shows what
the person is made of. Thus, for most people the use and display of
wealth is inevitable because showing off what they have increase
their worth in society and most of all in themselves.
 Psychologist who studies the impact of wealth and inequality on human
behaviour found that money can greatly influence man’s thoughts and actions
in ways he is not aware of, no matter what the economic circumstance is.
(Greogiore, 2014).
 The material self, according to William James primarily is about our bodies,
clothes, immediate family, and home.
i. Body -The innermost part of our material self is our body. We are
directly attached to this commodity that we cannot live without. We
strive hard to make sure that this body functions well and good.
Any ailment or disorder directly affect us.
We do have certain preferential attachment or intimate
closeness to certain body parts because of its value to us.
Ex. Mariah Carey (who was reported to have placed a huge amount
for the insurance for her vocal cords and legs).

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ii. Clothes - William James believed that clothing is an essential part of

the material self. While Lotze in his book, Microcosmus, stipulates
that “any time we bring an object into the surface of our body, we
invest that object into the consciousness of our personal existence
taking in its contours to be our own and making it part of the self”.
Clothing is a form of self-expression. We choose and wear
clothes that reflect our self.
iii. Immediate Family - We place huge investment in our immediate
family when we see them as the nearest replica of our self. What
they do or become affects us. When an immediate family member
dies, part of our self-dies too.
iv. Home - Home is the earliest nest of our selfhood.
Our experiences inside the home were recorded and marked on
particular parts and things in our home. The home thus is an
extension of self, because in it, we can directly connect our self.

I. Factors That Money Can Change People:

a. Social and business value

There are two motivations for completing a task. These are:
- Social wherein by recognizing a task’s social value, a person sees it
as a worthy investment of his time and a part of his social duty.
Therefore he is happy to be of help to someone.
- When money is offered as a motivation, a person thinks less of
the social value of the task but more about its monetary value. Or
how much he can gain from it.
b. Self-sufficiency and service
Those whose priority is to have more wealth or money works hard
and sufficiently to have them, rather than those individuals who
think otherwise.
c. Self-view
The amount of money he earns can have an impact on how he
sees himself and the world in general. The wealthiest person is
someone with an intense sense of class essentialism– it is the
idea that differences between classes are based upon identity and
genetics rather than circumstance.

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Less privileged people usually believe that social class is not associated
to genes in a sense that anyone can become poor and rich. On the other
hand, wealthy people usually believe that money or being rich is associated
with genes and identity. That they have the right to wealth based on the
situation they are in. They believe that life is fair and people get what they
deserved.

 Ethics
Those who see themselves belonging in the higher echelon of society
were the most to engage in unethical behavior. Specially, when they
believe that they are untouchables.
Self- interest maximization is the term used to imply that those
people who belong to the higher class of society usually have this “ what’s
in it for me” attitude. Where they mostly aspire for what they can gain
from the situation without thinking of other people.
 Addiction
Many addictions begin because a person experiences a positive feeling
when he does a certain behaviour. Thus a happy feeling he gets from his
action whether the consequence is good or bad as long as he gains a
feeling of exhilaration from his behaviour can trigger an addiction.
Ex. Shopping or gambling

Behavioural or Process Addiction is a compulsive behaviour not

motivated by dependency on an addictive substance, but by a process
that leads to a seemingly positive outcome.

II. Shaping the way we see ourselves. The roles of consumer

culture on our sense of self identity

1. Possessions and the extended self

It falls on the premise that people regard their possessions as part
of themselves. People tend to attach themselves to things that they love
or like the most. Whether living or non-living. Thus the loss of possession
can be regarded as a part of themselves that have been lost. Or a part of
themselves have just died.

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Special cases of extended self

 Collections (“I shop therefore I am”) a person gathers things

which are not essential to achieve distinction and self-definition.
Compulsive tendency motivates a person to collect as much as
he/she can because it gives that person a great feeling of
happiness and security and this serves in a sense the basis of
his/her self and identity. “I shop therefore I am; I have therefore I
am”.
 Pets as extended self. Pets are seen as part of extended self.
Pets are treated like humans and regarded as part of the family.
 Body parts. Body part are seen as major aspect of the extended
self. In psychoanalytic term this is known as Cathexis –which is
the investment of emotional significance in an activity, object or
ideas(dictionary.com). In this case the human body parts. When
the human body part is greatly cathected the person tends to
spend a great deal of time on that body part.

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TOPIC IV: THE SPIRITUAL SELF

Spiritual Self
- This is the most intimate, inner subjective part of the self.
It is the most intimate version of the self because of the
satisfaction experienced when thinking of one’s ability to argue
and discriminate, of one’s moral sensibility and conscience, and
of our unconquerable will is purer than all other sentiments of
satisfaction.
- The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be seen
through the expression of religion, its beliefs and practices. In the
same manner, cultural rituals and ceremonies are some
manifestations what people believe in.

I. The Concept of Spirituality:

- Subjective and most intimate self

- It is deemed as man’s way of seeking as well as expressing the meaning
of his life.
- It speaks of the Quality of one relationship with God.
- It is the deepening of faith
- Leads man to a deeper communion with God.
- It is a path directed and personal connection with God.
- It embraces all faiths, social and political ideologies

II. The spirit and the soul

- Used interchangeably, but have distinctions which need to be recognized

Spirit: Hebrew = Ruach or Pneuma in Greek means Breath (esp. the

breath life)
- Spirit is described as the disposition of an individual, persons habitual
attitudes, as man’s supernatural power which comes from God.
- Parts of us thru which all life and power of God flow
- Life: giving part of man
Soul: Hebrew= Nephesh or Psyche in Greek
 Original meaning- Throat or neck = human life, the animating principle of
human nature.

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 In modern psychology = known as the will, mind, seat of emotion,

conscience.

 Both Soul and Spirit mean life

 But soul (Nephew – Psyche), stands for natural man, while spirit
(Ruach – Pneuma) is the ethical factor which adds the new dimension of
relationship with God. Spirit enables man to serve God and to participate
in the supernatural order.
 Hebrew concept of man is holistic, not trichotomy of body (Flesh),
soul and spirit but one totality.
 Hebrew sees the distinction between the natural and the supernatural, in
respect to the soul and spirit.
 The items used by the Filipinos for spirit is a “loan world” – Espirito /
Espiritu.
 In Visayan term, ginahawa, in tagalog, hininga, Ilocano, anger.

 The concept of Soul from the Filipino

 Non-physical aspect of the person distinct from the physical body.

 It is hidden
 Spiritual part of the human being which is believed to continue to exist
after the body dies.
 The breath of only because of the spiritual soul that the body becomes
alive.

Filipino Traditional Understanding of Soul

1. The soul according to the Indigenous Filipino – kaluluwa, kararwa,

Kadkadduwa, all come from the root word “DUWA” which means turo
Because the soul has 2 existence – one physical that is connected to the human
body and its life and line other spiritualwhere it exist on its own.

 The Ilocano Kadkadduwa is further derived from kadduwa, meaning

companion. The doubling of Kad intensifies the nature of companionship –
means constant companion or an inseparable partner. Therefore an attached
companion of the living person.

 The tagalog – soul = kaluluwa

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 Bagobos = gimokod
 Bukidnon = makatu
 Ilocano = kadkaddwa or kararuon (invite the physical body);
 Ilongos= dunga (if a person is alive) andkalag (if the person is dead);
 Visayans = Dungan (Will power)
 Cebuano = kaluha
 Mindoro folks = Karadwa or kalag
 Kankanays and Cordillera = Ab.abiik – the term used for the spiritual self
which is also applicable to trees, stones, rivers etc.
 Ibanag =Ikararwa – gives direction and wholeness to man, the body can
stay align independently of the soul, while the soul itself, and then when
separate from the body, experiences materials wants and needs.
Also when the person is frightened, the ikararua learns the body while the
body remains alive. A ritual called Mangagakao is performed to invite the
soul to return to the body.

 For the Tagalogs, the kaluluwa speaks more of the soul of the dead person
than that of the living. The soul of the living person is known as kakambal (Twin
or Double) which is thought of as the MALAY or the “Tinig voice” – the capacity
of the individual to think, to reason or will power, at night the kakambal may
travel around its troublesome encounters could be the cause of nightmares (
Bangungut). The double becomes a kaluluwa after the person dies.

 For the ilonggos and Cebuanos, the Dungan (not normally seen by the
human eye), sometimes comes out of the body and takes on a visible forms
example: housefly, lizard.

 The Dungan may leave the body voluntarily as when a person is asleep.
When the person sees himself in his dream, this means that his “other
self” has left his physical body. The Dungan travel outside the body
shoved be free from accidents, because whatever happens to the Dungan
happens to the physical body as well. Only when the soul has safely
returned home would the owner be able to wake up.

4 Souls Animate The Body In Early Ilocano Belief:

1. Kararwa- the soul proper vital element in man, it can leave only after death.

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2. Karkarma – second soul can leave the body when one is frightened; or it
can be stolen from the body when the person gives to isolated places. If the
soul fails to return the owner becomes insane. Rituals and sacrifices are done
to lure it back to the person.
3. Aniwaas (Aningaas, Alingaas) – third soul can leave the body during
sleep and visit places which the person who owns its figments when awake.
If he wakes up, he may lose his aniwaas and becomes insane.
4. Ar-aria (Al-alia) – fourth soul is the liberated soul of the dead. It is the soul
that comes back to earth to visit people close to it. The howling of dogs
announces the presence of an ar-aria / Al-alia.

III. Religiosity
- Rebecca Stein (2011), works on the definition of religion “as a set of
cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes some or all of basic
characteristics. “
- An individual lives in a society where there are many practices of religion.
The choice of religious belief lies within the spiritual self. Although the
choice maybe influenced by the society and its culture. Religious beliefs,
rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the expression of the
spiritual self.
- What to believe and how to manifest the belief is entirely dependent on
the individual, to the self.

Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices:

1. Buddhism
Beliefs:
Life is not a bed of roses. Instead, there are suffering, pain, and
frustration. This reactive cycle can be broken through the practice
of mediation, acquiring more wisdom and deeper
understanding, and acceptance of things as they are.
Customs and Practices:
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MEDITATION PRACTICES:
a) Samathais practiced as mindfulness of breathing and
development of loving kindness;
b) Vipassana practices aim at developing insight into reality.
Acquiring wisdom is by studying Buddha’s teaching, the
Dharma.

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2. Christianity
Beliefs:
Christians believe in Trinitarian God, one God in three personas:
God the Father (Creator), God the Son (Savior), and God the Holy
Spirit (Sustainer). Eternal life after death will be achieved through
faith in Jesus Christ. The Holy Bible is a selection of books, which is
divided into two ‒ the Old Testament and New Testament.
Customs and Practices:
i. The Sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the birth in Christian
World.
ii. The Sacrament of Communion is an act of remembrance of
Jesus Christ’s sacrificial love.
iii. Christmas and Resurrection (Easter) are the two major
celebrations in Christianity.
3. Hinduism
Beliefs:
Hindu believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth,
governed by Karma, a concept where the reincarnated life will
depend on how the past life was spent.
Customs and Practices:
a. Diwalii is the Festival of Lights.
b. Navrati is the festival of nine nights, which celebrate the
triumph of good over evil.
c. Hindus have set dates to honor particular manifestations
of God.
4. Islam
Beliefs:
Islam means “willing submission to God.” Muslims believe in Allah,
who is their “One God”, in the unity and universality of God, that
Mohammed is the last and final prophet sent by God. The Holy
Book of Islam is called the Quran.
Customs and Practices: Muslims believe in the five pillars of
Islam, which are the foundation of Muslim life:
a. Shahadah – statement of faith: “There is no God but the one
true God and Mohammed is his messenger.
b. Salat– the prayer that is practiced five times a day.
c. Zakat – the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. It
comprises the 2.5% of a Muslim’s assets.

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d. Hajj – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims who can afford

are asked to do the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime.
e. Sawm – the fasting. Muslims do fasting, from food, drink, and
sexual act, during the celebration of Ramadan. Ramadan is the
ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. The fast is from dawn to
sunset.
- Eidul-Fitr is the celebration at the end of Ramadan, while
- Eidul-Adha is celebrated within the completion of the
Pilgrimage, the Hajj.
5. Judaism
Beliefs:
The Jews believe in the God of Abraham, in the coming of Messiah,
the Savior. The sacred scripture of the Jews is called the Torah or
the Law.
Customs and Practices:
There are five major festivals observed by the Jews:
1. Rosh Hashanah – the New Year
2. Yom Kippur – the Day of Atonement
3. Pesach – Passover
4. Shavuot – Pentecost
5. Sukkot – Tabernacles
The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday evening at sunset and
is an important time when families gather for the Shabbat meal.

IV. Finding and Creating Meaning of Life

“Meaning is something to discover rather than to invest “

– Victor Frank

Existential vacuum – life is empty, meaningless, purposeless etc. because of

this man fills his life with pleasure, example: eating too much, sex, power etc.

Ways of Discovering Meaning in life

a. Experiential Value – involves experiencing something or someone one’s

value, family etc.
b. Creative Value – becoming involved in worthy projects or task – music,
work etc.

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c. Attitudinal Value- practicing virtues – comparison, good sense and humor

etc.

1. Practice Religion
It is the way of connecting oneself with God.

a. Rituals
Patterned forms of behavior that have something to do which one supernatural
realm they are performed in a repetitive nature requires a considerable amount
of time or personal sacrifices.

b. Magic
Referred to as tricks and illusions. Make impossible things seem to happen.
Anthropological point of view; activities usually rituals by what a person can
compel the supernatural to behave in certain way. Used for healing.

 Witch Craft – Commonly known as “kulam”

Refers to the idea that certain people have an inborn power to harness
spirit or energies for specific purposes. It is an explanation of events based
on the belief that a certain individuals possess an innate psychic power
capable of causing harm, including sickness and death.

2. What is the Bible?

- The sacred scriptures of Christians comprising the Old Testament and the
New Testament
-As Filipinos of today, the Bible serves as the guide in the practice of
religion.

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TOPIC V: THE DIGITAL SELF

The Digital Self: Self and Other in Cyberspace

I. Internet identity – also called online identity or internet persona, is a social

identity that an Internet user establishes in online communities and websites. It can
also be considered as an actively constructed presentation of oneself.

Online identity is not the same as the real world identity because what you
present online may be different from who you really are or your physical
world.

II. Selective Presentation

- Process of controlling how one is perceived by other people.
- The main purpose of selective self-presentation is to put forward
certain characteristics in order to manage the social view of an individual.
Social identity deindividuation discussed the phenomena of
individually deviating behavior becoming more likely within social groups
A. Real Life Reality - Outside the cyberspace is the reality with which you
engage most frequently. Basically, this pertains to life away from digital
devices and where interaction happens on a physical level.
B. Simulation - Quite simply, simulation’s basic purpose is to copy reality
as closely as it can. Microsoft’s now-discontinued multimedia encyclopedia
Encarta offers virtual tours of historical landmarks, while Facebook’s 360-
degree view feature enables you to panoramically survey places as if you
are really there.
C. Augmented Reality - This is real-life reality spliced with the unreal.
Through rather creative ways, augmented reality permits you to
simultaneously interact with both the tangible world and various digital
add-ons for a more enhanced experience.
Ex: Pokemon Go Craze, Snapchat filters that appear to alter one’s face
(often for comedic effect) in various ways when used.

III. Virtual Space

1. Virtual Reality -type of abstraction completely detached from real-life
reality. Here you are granted relative freedom to explore and eventually

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inhabit digitally made-up worlds vicariously through a character or avatar

you can create yourself.
This is often aided by devices such as game controllers and
keyboards, and VR technologies like the Oculus Rift.
2. Hype Reality - What separates hyper reality from other abstraction is
that it is, more than anything, a state of mind. In postmodern societies
that run on technology.
Hyper reality is the inability to distinguish the real from otherwise.
In a way, it can also be seen as a more evolved from reality, a utopia of
the mind, where people exist as the best versions of themselves and are
insulated from the woes of real-life reality.

IV. The Cyberself

“Choose your self-presentation carefully, for what starts out as a mask may become
your face.” -Erving Goffman
• With the advent of the digital age, we, nowadays are termed not just simply as
“individuals” but also as “users”, slowly adjusting to the notion that multiple
realities (as manifest in various social networking sites) naturally require the
construction of multiple representations (or “digital/online selves”).
• For example, some people have different Facebook accounts to cater separately
to both their families and friends; or an Instagram account to showcase an
idealized version of their “lifestyles” while also reserving the Twitter platform for
off the cuff rants.
A. Front Stage
 Factors like the performer’s consciousness that there is an audience and their
expectations of him/her influence or impact the performance.
 In the context of social media, the front stage region is when people’s
carefully-constructed digital selves engage in online activities, such as publicly
commenting on posts, choosing which “selfie” to upload, or even deciding on
what thoughts to publish.
B. Back Stage
 This is where the performer can relax and be himself/herself, away from the
prying eyes of the crowd.
 When someone simply logs out and momentarily abstain from social media
use.
C. Off-stage
 Someone is then considered if he/she gets to meet members of the audience
completely independent or separate from the performance.

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 When people actually meet up with different people they only know on the
internet, or at least those they perform to online through various cues and
expressions.

V. Continuum of Identity Manipulation

• Social categorization, is the process by which we organize individuals into
social groups in order to understand our social world. This process enables us to
define people, including ourselves, on the basis of the groups to which we
belong.
• Social identification, is the process of identifying as a group member
• Social comparison, is the process by which people compare their group with
other groups in terms of prestige and social standing.

VI. Identity Crisis:

 Anonymity -is the act of communicating wherein the sender does not
openly reveal his/her identity.
Occasionally, taking part in online interactions sometimes require that
one’s digitally performed identity be temporarily concealed.
Example:
The question and answer websites Ask.fm and Form spring (now known
as Spring.me under new management) offer users optional anonymity
when they publish questions. One issue here is the absence of user
accountability when he/she posts, or asks about, something demeaning or
disparaging.
 Pseudonymity - lies in the middle of the identity continuum, especially
as it combines both the benefits of anonymity and the joys of assuming
some semblance of identity.
- During the Spanish times when Filipino propagandists who wrote
for the La Solidaridad and other related pubications used several
pennames (“Dimasalang” and “Laong-Laan” for Jose Rizal, “Taga-Ilog” for
Antonio Luna et al.) to protect themselves from persecution.
- Today, most online games furnish users the option of
pseudonymity through unique usernames, letting them vent against their
opponents without openly revealing who they are.

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Positive aspect:

- Social media sites when used correctly can gives information that
can empower the individual as well as the community in general.
- Can increase self-esteem when one receives many likes and shares
to his posts online
- It can boost morale and self-worth as a person,

Negative aspect:

- Extensive on line involvement is associated with personality and

brain disorders like poor sexual skills, ADHD, narcissistic tendencies,
the need for instant gratification and addictive behaviours and other
emotional distress depression and anxiety.
- The person can experience low self-esteem because of the risk of
exposure to cyber bullying and exposure to cyber pornography.
- Youth of today tend to give more importance to social media rather
than practicing and imbibing their customs and tradition

Setting boundaries to your online self:

- Stick to safer sites

- Guard your password
- Be choosy when it comes to your online friends
- Remember that anything you put on line stays there forever even if
you delete it.
- Don’t demean or embarrass other people on line
- Limit what you share

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TOPIC VI: THE POLITICAL SELF

A. The Filipino Identity
Have you ever wondered what does it mean to be a Filipino? Beyond the
legal and formal definitions of a Filipino, do you know what makes one a Filipino?
Can we consider balikbayans as Filipinos even if they have renounced their
Philippine citizenship? How about naturalized Filipinos? Foundling children? Lapu-
Lapu? Jose Rizal? What makes a person a Filipino?
The modernist approach to the question would say that a national
identity would rise from a common culture—primarily through a shared
language—developed by a universal standard of education. However, when a
country fails to foster a common culture, a national identity will fail to
materialize. This is a problem in the Philippines which has around 150 languages,
with 19 regional languages taught as mother tongue in the formative years of
education. Any effort to create a common language that is acceptable to all
ethnicities were stumped as early as the creation of the first Philippine Republic
in Malolos, Bulacan—delegates from north Luzon and the Visayas opposed the
use of Tagalog as the common language, hence the Assembly moved to adopt
Spanish as their working language. This was the same issue when Filipino was
enshrined to be the national language, people from non-Tagalog speaking areas
opposed the implementation as it sees using Filipino, a Tagalog-based language,
as imposition of power and might from Imperial Manila. Today, English is the de
facto language used for interethnic communication rather than Filipino, most
notably in the Visayas and Mindanao.

The ethno-symbolist approach proposes that a national identity rises

from a nation that has was created by state-sanctioned elites who incorporate
the population into a myth-symbol complex, or a selective ethno-history out of
pre-existing myths, symbols, and traditions found in historical record. The
argument here is that a national identity provides meaning to people’s lives and
using national myths and symbols would evoke strong emotions to people that
identify with the nation. Here, the weakness lies with the intellectual elite who
have failed to rally Filipinos around these myths. With the country having
Christianity as the dominant religion, it has effectively alienated its Muslim
minority and indigenous people that still practice their animistic faith. The
Muslims were never fully conquered by the Spanish and see American rule, and
subsequent Filipino Christian rule, as an illegal occupation of their land. The
ethnic tension also stirred up negative stereotypes against the Moros which
further deepened the divide.

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Aside from alienating the Muslim minority, the intellectual elites have also
managed to divide the population over national historic narratives. Between pro
and anti-Spanish propaganda to modern-day narratives on Philippine history,
there is a divide on how parties to historical events are portrayed. This became
painfully obvious during the 4 year celebration of the centenary of independence
from the Spaniards: 1996 which marked the centenary of the execution of Jose
Rizal, one of the few revolutionary heroes untouched by the United States; 1997
where the spread of the revolution to the Visayas and Mindanao was celebrated
while downplaying Bonifacio and Aguinaldo; and moving Independence day from
4 July to 12 June, which was met with indifference from the Muslim population
as there was no connection between 12 June to any of their ethnic history. The
elites failed to consider local narrations and revolutionary leaders, while creating
an official narrative that was incoherent and lacking in any emotion.
Finally, the sociological approach posits that a national identity naturally
comes out of social ties and processes; a national identity is a byproduct of
socialization. This translates to a social bargain among the ruling elite and
between the general population to create a functional civil society that caters to
the needs of everyone party to the bargain; the people pay taxes to the
government, in turn the government provides them with benefits (e.g. welfare,
education, healthcare). However, the very core argument of this approach also is
the weakness of it as this model opens up the political landscape to patronage
politics—the people cast their support to the candidate that is most likely to give
them what they want, at the expense of the common good. Contentious issues
would have had a different outcome if it were not for the elite trying to protect
their vested interests; hacienderos conspiring with the friars to protect their vast
farmlands, corporations and big local landowners gobbling land through
homesteading, the reluctance to implement land reform under the first Aquino
administration despite being a core piece to her campaign for presidency.
It is hard to define what it means to be a Filipino because of
mismanagement, ethnic conflict and distrust, and corruption. We mostly base
being a Filipino on more abstract manifestations that cut across cultures—
bayanihan, resilience, happiness. Attempts to attach a common identity to any
socioeconomic, cultural, or historical accounts will most likely be met with
resistance or indifference to at least one segment of the population.

B. Then what does it mean to be a Filipino?

Is it not ironic how naturalized and foreign-born Filipinos have a deeper
sense of nationalism and a better grasp of what it means to be Filipino than one
born and raised in the Philippines? We have talked earlier about the lack of
coherence and corruption that plagues our social institutions that resulted to a

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fragmented sense of identity. These social institutions either do not have a

strong presence or do not fully function outside the 300,000 km2 territory of our
country. This enables Filipinos outside of the Philippines to understand what it
means to be a Filipino without the bland lens the state enforces, nor the cultural
and ideological tensions that run rife in the country’s society; it provides a raw,
albeit unguided, view of Philippine history and culture.

A true Filipino would be one who is unafraid to explore the country and all
what it offers and hides. I do not mean wanderlusting through all 81 provinces
but exploring the messy but rich history that have been unrecognized or shunned
by the ruling elites for the longest time. We can truly understand what it means
to be a Filipino once we elect to take a neutral stance to everything our nation
can offer from its diverse culture and rich history.

Then maybe, we can move on from the stereotypical generic definition of a

Filipino—hospitable, resilient, loves bayanihan—and embrace a more impactful
identity that lasts for generations.

READ: Beyond “nosebleed” by Rica Facundo (see attached/uploaded files)

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 Psych 1100 Understanding the Self

Walther, (2007). Selective Self-Presentation in Computer Mediated Communication:

Hyperpersonal Dimension of Technology, language, and cognition. Computers
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William, J., (1890) Pp. 279-283, 287-288, and 314-316 in The Principles of Psychology,
Vol. 1. edited by Frederick Burkhardt, general ed., and Fredson Bowers, textual
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Wolfson (2010). The Chemistry and Chimera of Desire

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Department of Psychology
A.Y. 2020-2021 First Semester