MODEL ANS SWM 2
( 2 Marks Question)
Q1 Answer the following Questions Marks
1 Define biomedical waste. State components of Biomedical Waste
(BMW).
The waste generated by hospitals, nursing or maternity homes, clinics,
dispensary, veterinary institutions, pathological labs, blood banks which is 01
potentially infectious to human health and environment is called as
"Biomedical waste".
Components of Biomedical waste:
i) Human anatomical waste (Tissues, organ, body parts etc.)
ii) Animal waste (Tissues, organ, body parts etc.)
iii) Microbiology and biotechnology waste.
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iv) Waste sharps
v) Discarded medicines and cyto toxic drugs.
vi) Infectious waste
vii) Chemical waste
viii) Cytotoxic waste
ix) Radioactive
2 Enlist sources of Biomedical waste
Following are the sources of biomedical waste.
1) Hospitals
2) Health Clinics
3) Nursing Homes
4) Medical Research Laboratories 02
5) Pharmacies
6) Blood Banks
7) Funeral Homes
8) Veterinary Homes
3 Define communicable and non-communicable diseases.
1. Communicable diseases- Houseflies may be important in the transmission of 01
enteric infections, particularly responsible for infant diarrhea and dysentery.
2. Non-Communicable diseases- Solid waste during its segregation,
reuse/recovery/recycling may cause eye irritation, respiratory diseases, hand/leg 01
injuries, poisoning, hearing defects etc.
4 State the factors affecting generation of MSW
Factors affecting generation of MSW:
1. Living standard
2. Rate of generation of waste
3. Population growth
4. Improper guidance 02
5. Lack of awareness
6. Industrialization growth etc.
5 How is the leachate management done?
1) Keep the waste as dry as possible, and do not introduce any liquid wastes
to minimize leachate.
2) Leachate is carefully collected and shall be treated before its release on 02
ground if possible.
3) Prevention of migration of leachate from landfill sides and landfill base
to the sub-soil by a suitable liner system should be provided.
4) Using leachate treatment methods like Natural system, Biological
treatment & Using Physicochemical treatment
6 Define landfill. 02
It is the disposal of waste material by burying it, especially as a method of
filling in and reclaiming excavated pits.
7 Describe the principles of composting
Decomposition and stabilization of organic waste matter is a natural phenomenon.
Composting can be carried out in two ways i.e. aerobic composting and anaerobic
composting.
1. Aerobic Composting- 01
In an aerobic composting aerobic micro-organism oxidize organic
Compounds to Carbon dioxide, Nitrite and Nitrate.
2. Anaerobic composting- In an anaerobic composting the anaerobic
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microorganisms while metabolizing the nutrients, break down the organic
compounds through a process of reduction. A very small amount of energy is
released during the process. The end result of composting is an accumulation of
partially decayed organic matter called humus.
8 Explain advantages of vermicomposting method
1 Increase moisture and nutrient retention of the soil.
2. It provides efficient conversion of organic wastes. 01
3. Improves aeration and root penetration.
4. Reduces crusting of soil surface.
5. Micro-nutrients are added.
6. Increases the number of beneficial soil microorganisms 01
( 4 Marks Question)
Q2 Answer the following Questions
1 Enlist methods of landfills for solid waste and explain any one
Following are the methods of landfilling.
i) Area method
ii) Trench method
iii) Ramp or slope method
Area method
The area method is best suited for flat or gently sloping areas where some land
depressions may exist. The wastes are spread, compacted and then covered with
material which may need to be hauled in from adjacent areas. 02
Trench method
The trench method consists of an excavated trench into which the solid wastes are
spread, compacted and covered. The trench method is best suited for nearly level land
where the water table is not near the surface. Usually the soil excavated from the
trench is used for cover material. 02
Ramp or slope method
The slope or ramp is sometimes used in combination with the other two methods. The
wastes are spread on an existing slope, compacted and covered. This variation may
be suitable for most areas. The cover materials usually come from just ahead of the
working face.
2 Define biomedical waste and list its sources of generations.
3 Describe by processs from incineration process and state their uses
Process of incineration
Incineration is a chemical reaction in which carbon, hydrogesn and other elements
in the waste, mix with oxygen in the combustion zone and generates heat.
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excess air is supplied to the incinerator to ensure complete mixing and combustion
and to regulate operating temperature and control emissions.
values and the type of combustion technology employed. 01
inerators are designed to operate in the combustion zone of 900°C –
1100°C. This temperature is selected to ensure good combustion, complete
elimination of odours and protection of the walls of the incinerator.
se waste burn out and heat output, while
minimising emissions by balancing the oxygen (air) and the three “Ts”, i.e., time,
temperature and turbulence. 01
constitutes about 10% of the initial weight and perhaps a larger reduction in volume.
combustion of waste emits air pollutants (i.e., fine particulate and toxic gases), 01
which are an environmental concern, and, therefore, their control is necessary.
Product with their use
1. After the incineration process the left out products can be used as aggregate for
Preparation of low grade concrete or even sometimes it can also be used as Road
metal.
2. The incineration ash is used for making bricks or block manufacturing.
3. Also the steam generated during incineration can be used for electricity
generation by running the turbines.
4. The products of incineration can also be used as filler material or blending in
cement.
4 Enlist methods of disposal of biomedical waste and explain any one.
1. Autoclaving
Thermal treatment is typically used for sharps and certain other types of infectious
waste. An autoclave is like a large pressure cooker that uses high temperatures and
steam to deeply penetrate all materials and kill any microorganisms. Depending on 01
the type and amount of waste you will need to sterilize. Modern autoclaves are also
automated to minimize human involvement and therefore reduce needle-stick injuries
and contamination.
2. Chemical Treatment
Often used to deactivate liquid waste, chemical treatment is designed to
decontaminate or deactivate certain wastes on site rather than packaging and sending
them to a separate facility. Chemical treatment can also be applied to some non-
liquid infectious wastes, but they would typically need to be shredded first to ensure 01
that all portions of the waste are exposed to the chemicals. Depending on the type of
waste, chemicals like chlorine, sodium hydroxide or calcium oxide can be used.
Chemical treatment has to be executed carefully and by knowledgeable staff.
3. Microwave Treatment
A microwave treatment system, similar to an autoclave, also uses heat to
decontaminate medical waste. These systems work best for waste that is not 100%
dry or solid, as the moisture allows the heat to penetrate deeper, and the steam
sterilizes. 01
4. Incineration
Incineration is typically used for pathological and pharmaceutical waste.
Incineration of medical waste should be performed in a controlled facility to ensure
complete combustion and minimize any negative effects for the environment.
5. Land Disposal
Land disposal is typically used for shredded, treated and decontaminated waste. In
certain cases, it can also be used for hazardous waste or other untreated waste that 01
can not be decontaminated by other means. Specialized sanitary landfill sites exit to
reduce the risk of soil and water contamination and provide a safe space for medical
waste disposal.
6. Deep Burial
A pit or trench is excavated about 2m deep. It is half filled with waste, and then
covered with lime within 50 cm of the surface, then filling the remaining portion with
soil. Cover is provided at top with lock facility
5 Diff Between Indore and Banglore Method.
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6 State the factors affecting selection of site for land filling of solid waste
i) Site should be easily approachable. 04
ii) It should be located away from community area.
iii) Sufficient quantity of soil should be available nearby the site.
iv) Waterlogged and flood prone areas should be avoided.
v) Ground water should be very deep, it should not be less than 5m.
7 State factors affecting composting process. Explain any one factor.
i) Organism
ii) Moisture content
iii) Temperature
iv) Aeration
v) Addition of sewage and sewage sludge
vi) Use of cultures 02
vii) C/N ratio
viii) Particle size
ix) pH
x) Blending and seeding 02
xi) Air circulation.
8 State biomedical waste rules having six schedules and their content
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9 Explain the methods of collection and segregation of biomedical waste
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10 Describe any two methods of collection of waste from the following: (i) Collection
of bio-medical waste. (ii) Collection of waste from vegetable, fruits, meat and
fish markets. (iii) Collection of construction and Demolition waste.
Methods of collection of waste from the following:
1) Collection of bio-medical waste.
i) The collection of biomedical waste involves use of different types of container from 01
various sources of biomedical wastes like Operation Theatre, laboratory, wards,
kitchen, corridor etc. The containers/ bins should be placed in such a way that 100 %
collection is achieved.
ii) Sharps must always be kept in puncture-proof containers to avoid injuries and
infection to the workers handling them. 01
(*Note - Student may write the information about bins/ bags, their colour code
and specific use. Give credit accordingly.)
2) Collection of waste from vegetable, fruits, meat and fish markets.
i) Simple emptying method – Containers placed at consumer or at central location
just emptied in municipal collecting vehicles.
ii) Exchange method – In this method, full containers are exchanged with empty
containers at their location. 01
3) Collection of construction and Demolition waste.
i) Containers containing construction and demolition waste are collected and
transported to landfill site via truck.
ii) Light and medium duty trucks are most commonly used for this purpose. Materials
are typically handled with equipment specifically designed to support heavy loads 01
and resist abrasion
11 Explain the working of biogas plant with the help of neat sketch
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Working of Biogas Plant -
1. The various forms of biomass are mixed with an equal quantity of water in the
mixing tank. This forms the slurry.
2. The slurry is fed into the digester through the inlet chamber. 01
3. When the digester is partially filled with the slurry, the introduction of slurry is
stopped and the plant is left unused for about two months.
4. During these two months, anaerobic bacteria present in the slurry decompose or
ferments the biomass in the presence of water.
5. As a result of anaerobic fermentation, biogas is formed, which starts collecting in
the dome of the digester.
6. As more and more biogas starts collecting, the pressure exerted by the biogas forces
the spent slurry into the outlet chamber. 01
7. From the outlet chamber, the spent slurry overflows into the overflow tank.
8. The spent slurry is manually removed from the overflow tank and used as manure
for plants.
9. The gas valve connected to a system of pipelines is opened when a supply of biogas
is required.
10. To obtain a continuous supply of biogas, a functioning plant can be fed
continuously with the prepared slurry
