LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.How did the First world war help in the growth of national movement in India?
OR State the implications of the first world war on India’s freedom struggle?
OR How the post first world war scenario in India was responsible in instigating (उकसाना) the Anti-
British feelings among Indians?
ANS.:- Implications of World War first
1.World war created a new economic and political situation all around the world.
2. Britain was under a huge war expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes.
3. Custom duty were raised and Income Tax was introduced.
4. The price rise was double during the war years. It lead to extreme hardship for the common people.
5. Forced recruitment of soldiers in the rural areas caused widespread anger.
6. At the same time failure of crops in many parts of India.
7. Same time, influenza epidemic broke out.
All the factors together were responsible to the growth of anti-British feeling among the Indians.

2. What is meant by the idea of ‘Satyagraha’?

OR ‘A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.’ Explain with examples.
ANS.:- The idea of Satyagraha
1.The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
2. If the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight
the oppressor.
3. A satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence.
4. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
5. People, including the oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept
truth through use of violence.
6. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

3. Mention some of the early political agitations of Mahatma Gandhi in India.

ANS.:- Early political movements of Mahatma Gandhi in India
1. After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized Satyagraha movements in various places.
2. In 1916, he traveled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.
3. In 1917, He organized a Satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat.
they were affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic so the peasants of Kheda could not pay the
revenue and they were demanding for relaxation in revenue collection.
4. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a Satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill
workers.

4. Write a note on the Rowlatt Act.

OR Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
ANS.:- The Rowlatt Act
1. British government hurriedly passed an act in respect to Gandhiji's idea of Satyagraha.
2. This act gave the government enormous power to repress political activities.
3. It also allowed detention of political Prisoners without trial for 2 years.
*Protest of Rowlatt Act/Rowlatt Satyagraha :- Gandhi ji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha
against the proposed act in 1919.

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He wanted nonviolent civil disobedience against search unjust laws.
Which would start with hartal on 6 April.
*Steps taken in Rowlatt Satyagraha
1. Rallies were organized in various cities.
2. Workers went on strike in railway workshop.
3. Shops closed down.
4. Afraid of this moment, the British administration decided to start repression on Nationalists.
5. Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi and Martial Law was imposed.

5. Write a note on Jallianwala Bagh incident. ( 13 April 1919)

OR What were the circumstances that led to the the Jallianwala Bagh mascare?
OR Why was the the Rowlatt Satyagraha launched? Why was it called off?
ANS.:- I. Hartal was started in Amritsar on 6th April.
II. Most of the local leaders of Amritsar were arrested on 10th April and Martial Law was imposed.
III. General Dyer took command of law and order.
IV. Jallianwala Bagh is a small bag outside of Amritsar.
V. On 13th April, villagers were gathered to celebrate Baisakhi and some were present to protest against
Rowlatt Act.
VI. villagers were au aware of the Martial that had been imposed in Amritsar.
VII. General Dyer entered the area, block the exit points and ordered fire on the crowd.
VIII. Hundreds of people were killed and thousands were injured.
IX. Later dyer’s remark was that it was all done to produce terror among Indians.
Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

6. What was Khilafat issue? How did it become part of the Nationalist movement?
ANS.:- I. Turkey was under Ottoman Empire.
II. The ruler of Turkey was called Khalifa.
III. He was the spiritual leader of Muslims all around the world.
IV. Britain defeated Turkey in world war.
V. Britain deththroned the existing Khalifa and appointed A new Khalifa in his place.
VI. It caused the wide spread anger among the Muslims all over the world.
VII. In India also Muslims started protesting against the British by forming Khilafat committee under the
leadership of Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
VIII. Gandhiji saw this as golden opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified struggle
against British. IX. Gandhiji convinced all Congress leader to support Khilafat movement in support of
Swaraj.

7. What were the reasons for the launching of the Non-cooperation movement?
OR What was Gandhiji's idea behind launching it as stated in his book Hind Swaraj?
OR Why Gandhiji decided to launch non co-operation movement?
ANS.:- I. Gandhi ji declared in his book “Hind Swaraj” in 1909.
II. He believed that British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived
only because of this cooperation.
III. If Indian refused to co-operate British rule in India, it would collapse within a year.
IV. And finally we would achieve Swaraj.

8. How did the non-cooperation movement unfold? Who participated in it? How did different social
group conceive of the idea of Non-Cooperation?

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OR How did non co-operation movement become a mass movement?
OR How did different social groups conceive the idea of non- cooperation?
ANS.:-Movement in towns steps taken for the success of non cooperation movement
I. In towns, the moment started with middle class participation in the cities.
II. Thousands of students left their government controlled schools and colleges.
III. Headmaster and teachers resigned.
IV. Lawyers give up their legal practices.
V. Foreign goods were boycotted.
VI. Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfire.
VII. Liquor shops were picketed.
VIII. The Council elections were boycotted.

9. Why the non-cooperation movement failed early in towns?

OR Why was the non-cooperation movement slowed down in cities?
ANS.:- The non-cooperation movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons.
I. Khadi was too much expensive than the British produced mill cloth.
II. Poor people could not afford to wear Khadi.
III. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be opened but its process was
very slow.
IV. Teachers and children started going back to their schools.
V. Lawyers started going back to their courts.

Movement in countryside (villages)

10. What were the causes for the peasants movement in Awadh? How did they organize it?
ANS.:- I. The movement in Awadh was against talukdars and landlords.
II. They demanded high amount of revenue from the peasants.
III. The movement was led by Sanyasi Baba Ramchandra.
IV. Peasants had to do begaar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
V. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begaar and social boycott of
oppressive landlords.
VI. In many places 'Nai-dhobi bandhs' were organized by panchayats.

11. Give an example to prove that the tribal peasants interpreted the message of non-cooperation
Movement in different way.
OR How did the non-cooperation Movement unfold in hills or among the tribals?
ANS.:- Movement among tribals-
I. NCM among the tribals was started in gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
II. Started in the form of militant guerrilla movement against the British .
III. British had closed large area of forest land and they also prevented the tribals to enter into it.
IV. This caused the wide spread anger among the tribals against the British .
V. Not only the livelihood was affected But the tribal saw it as the attack on their traditional right.
VI. Hence, tribals joined the non-cooperation movement.

12. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju?

OR Write a short note on Raju's contribution in the NCM among the tribals.
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ANS.:-I. Alluri sitarama Raju was an interesting character.
II. He led the NCM among the tribals in gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
III. He claimed that he had a variety of special power.
IV. He could make correct astrological predictions.
V. He could Heal treat the people he could even survive Bullet shots.
VI. Raju was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and his non-cooperation movement.
VII. He told the hill people to wear Khadi and give up drinking.
VIII. But, Raju believe that Swaraj could be achieved only through the use of violence.
IX. Raju was captured and executed in 1924.

13. How did the plantation workers conceived the idea of non-cooperation movement?
OR What did Swaraj mean for the workers of plantation?
ANS.:- I. Under the inland emigration act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea
gardens without permission & they were rarely given such permission .
II. When the heard of non-cooperation, they believed that Gandhi raj is coming and everyone would given
land in their own villages.
III. Thousands of workers disobeyed the owners, left the plantations and went home.
IV. They never reached their homes. They were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

14. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the non-cooperation movement?
OR Why was non-cooperation movement called off by Gandhi ji ?
ANS.:- Non-cooperation movement was called off by Gandhi ji because of the following reason-
I. He felt that the moment was turning violent in many places.
II. Gandhi ji was firm believer of peaceful opposing the British.
III. Gandhiji believed that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for
mass struggle.
IV. Mahatma Gandhi called off the non-cooperation movement because of the Chauri-Chaura incident in
February 1922.

15. With what aim was the Swaraj Party setup? Who formed Swaraj Party?
ANS.:- I. Swaraj Party was setup by Motilal Nehru and CR Das in 1923.
II. They wanted to participate in election to the provincial Council.
III. They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the Council.

16. What was Simon Commission? Why Indians opposed it?

OR Why did Simon Commission visit India? Why was it boycotted?
ANS.:- I. Britain constituted a statutory commission under John Simon.
II. It was set up in response to the Nationalist movement.
III. The main objective of this Commission was to review the constitutional system of India and suggest
changes.
III. The problem was that there was no single Indian member in the commission. They were all British.
IV. So Indians started to oppose this Simon Commission.

17. What were the two important decisions taken at Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in
1929?
OR Discuss the significance of the congress session in 1929 in the freedom struggle of India.
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ANS,:- I. The congress session of Lahore was held under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929.
II. In the session, the Indian National Congress demanded for Purna Swaraj or full Independence for India.
III. It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day.
IV. People would take a pledge to struggle for complete Independence.

18. Why did Gandhi ji start the civil disobedience movement?

OR Why did Gandhi ji considered salt as a powerful symbol of national movement against the British?
OR What was the Salt Satyagraha ( The Dandi March)
ANS.:- I.Congress declared full Independence at the Lahore session in 1929.
II. Congress decided to launch civil disobedience movement to get complete Independence.
III. Gandhiji send the letter to Lord Irwin stating 11 demands on 31 January 1930.
IV. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax.
V. Salt was consumed by the rich and the poor and it was one of the most essential items of food.
VI. Mahatma Gandhi found salt as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
VII. The government imposed tax on salt and monopoly over its production.
VIII. Mahatma Gandhi declared it as the most oppressive face of British rule.
IX. Gandhiji give an ultimatum to the British that if the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March Congress
would launch a civil disobedience campaign.
X. Since the demands were not accepted, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Dandi March accompanied
by 38 of his trusted volunteers.
XI. The march was over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi.
XII. The volunteers walked for 24 days about 10 miles a day.
XIII. Gandhiji reached Dandi and violated the law producing salt by boiling sea water on 6 April.
XIV. This marked the beginning of the civil disobedience movement.
(Point no. VII to XIV are answer for the salt Satyagraha or Dandi March)

19. How was civil disobedience movement different from the non-cooperation movement?
ANS.:- I. The Non-cooperation movement was started to support the Khilafat movement in 1920 while
the civil disobedience movement was started to get complete Independence in 1930.
II. The non-cooperation movement was the first mass Movement in which large number of peasants
participated where as in civil disobedience movement a large number of women participated.
III. People were asked not to co-operate with British during the non-cooperation movement, whereas
people were asked not to co-operate and to violate colonial laws in civil disobedience movement.

20. Describe the civil disobedience movement. How did it become a mass movement?
ANS.:-I. The Dandi March marked the beginning of the civil disobedience movement.
II. People asked not only to refuse co-operation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
III. Thousands people broke the salt law and manufactured salt in different part of the country.
IV. They also demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
V. As the movement spread, foreign clothes were boycotted.
VI. Liquor shops were picketed.
VII. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari Taxes.
VIII. Village officials resigned in many places.
IX. Forest people violated forest laws by going into reserved forest to collect wood and graze cattles.

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