LAXMIKANT PART-1 MIND MAPS

Part 1: The Union and Its Territory (Articles 1-4)

 Article 1 – Name and territory of the Union

 Article 2 – Admission or establishment of new States

 Article 3 – Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names

 Article 4 – Laws made under Articles 2 & 3 to provide for amendment of the First and Fourth
Schedule

Part 2: Citizenship (Articles 5-11)

 Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution

 Article 6 – Rights of citizenship of persons migrating from Pakistan

 Article 7 – Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan

 Article 8 – Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India

 Article 9 – Persons voluntarily acquiring foreign citizenship not to be Indian citizens

 Article 10 – Continuance of the rights of citizenship

 Article 11 – Parliament's power to regulate citizenship by law

Part 3: Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35)

General Provisions

 Article 12 – Definition of 'State'

 Article 13 – Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights

Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)

 Article 14 – Equality before law

 Article 15 – Prohibition of discrimination

 Article 16 – Equality of opportunity in public employment

 Article 17 – Abolition of untouchability

 Article 18 – Abolition of titles

Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)

 Article 19 – Protection of six freedoms (speech, assembly, association, movement, residence,

profession)

 Article 20 – Protection in respect of conviction for offenses

 Article 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty

 Article 21A – Right to education

  Article 22 – Protection against arbitrary arrest and detention

Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)

 Article 23 – Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labor

 Article 24 – Prohibition of child labor in factories

Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)

 Article 25 – Freedom of conscience and religion

 Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious affairs

 Article 27 – Freedom from taxation for religious purposes

 Article 28 – Freedom in religious education in educational institutions

Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)

 Article 29 – Protection of interests of minorities

 Article 30 – Right of minorities to establish educational institutions

Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32-35)

 Article 32 – Right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights

 Article 33 – Parliament’s power to modify Fundamental Rights for armed forces

 Article 34 – Restriction of rights during martial law

 Article 35 – Legislation to give effect to Fundamental Rights

Part 4: Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51)

General Provisions

 Article 36 – Definition of ‘State’

 Article 37 – Application of DPSPs

Socialistic Principles

 Article 38 – Promotion of the welfare state

 Article 39 – Directive for adequate means of livelihood, equal pay, etc.

 Article 39A – Free legal aid

 Article 41 – Right to work, education, and public assistance

 Article 42 – Just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief

 Article 43 – Living wage and decent standard of life for workers

 Article 43A – Participation of workers in management

 Article 47 – Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and public health

Gandhian Principles
  Article 40 – Organization of village panchayats

 Article 43 – Promotion of cottage industries

 Article 46 – Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and OBCs

 Article 47 – Prohibition of intoxicating drinks and drugs

 Article 48 – Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry

Liberal-Intellectual Principles

 Article 44 – Uniform Civil Code

 Article 45 – Early childhood care and education

 Article 48 – Protection of environment and wildlife

 Article 49 – Protection of monuments and heritage sites

 Article 50 – Separation of judiciary from the executive

 Article 51 – Promotion of international peace and security

Mindmap: Part 1 – The Union and Its Territory

(Articles 1 to 4 – UPSC Prelims 2025 Focus)

1⃣ Constitutional Provisions

📌 Article 1: Name & Territory of the Union

 "India, that is Bharat"

 Indestructible Union, but states can be reorganized

 Territory of India includes:

o States

o Union Territories

o Acquired Territories (e.g., Goa, Daman & Diu - 1961)

📌 Article 2: Admission & Establishment of New States

 Parliament can admit or establish new states

 Example: Sikkim became a state in 1975 (36th Amendment)

📌 Article 3: Formation & Alteration of States

 Parliament can create, alter, or rename states

 Requires:

o President’s recommendation

o Consultation (not consent) of the state legislature

  Not a Constitutional Amendment under Article 368

 Used for:

o Telangana (2014) from Andhra Pradesh

o Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand (2000)

📌 Article 4: Laws under Articles 2 & 3

 Changes in First & Fourth Schedule do not require a constitutional amendment

2⃣ Evolution of Indian States & UTs

🟢 Phases of Reorganization

 1947-1950 – Princely states integration

 1956 – Linguistic reorganization (States Reorganization Act)

 2000 – Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand

 2014 – Telangana (from Andhra Pradesh)

 2019 – J&K Reorganization Act (J&K → UT, Ladakh → UT)

🟢 Difference: States vs Union Territories

 States – Own government, CM & Legislature

 UTs – Directly controlled by Central Govt (Except Delhi, Puducherry, J&K)

3⃣ Important Committees & Commissions

📌 Dhar Commission (1948) – Opposed linguistic states

📌 JVP Committee (1949) – Favored unity over language-based states
📌 States Reorganization Commission (1953) – Led by Fazl Ali, recommended linguistic states

4⃣ Special Cases in State Formation

🔹 Sikkim (1975) – Became the 22nd state via 36th Amendment

🔹 Goa, Daman & Diu (1961) – Annexed from Portuguese rule
🔹 Pondicherry (1954) – French transferred it to India

5⃣ Quick Revision Pointers

✅ Article 3 allows Parliament to alter states without amendment

✅ Jammu & Kashmir became a UT in 2019
✅ 1956, 2000, 2014, 2019 – Key years for reorganization
✅ States Reorganization Act, 1956 → Based on Linguistic principle

UPSC Prelims 2025 Focus Areas

🔴 Statement-based MCQs on Articles 1-4

🔴 Timeline of State formation (1956, 2000, 2014, 2019)
🔴 Committees & Reports (Dhar, JVP, Fazl Ali)
🔴 Union Territories & their governance

Mindmap: Citizenship (Part 2 – Articles 5 to 11)

(Optimized for UPSC Prelims 2025 – Quick Revision)

1⃣ Constitutional Provisions on Citizenship

📌 Article 5: Citizenship at Commencement of the Constitution

 Persons domiciled in India + Born in India OR

 Either parent born in India OR

 Resided in India for 5 years before 26 Jan 1950

📌 Article 6: Citizenship for Migrants from Pakistan

 Came before 19 July 1948 → Automatically Indian citizen

 Came after 19 July 1948 → Needed registration

📌 Article 7: Citizenship for Those Who Migrated to Pakistan and Returned

 If migrated to Pakistan, lost Indian citizenship

 Could regain via resettlement & registration

📌 Article 8: Citizenship for Indians Abroad

 Indians residing abroad (before 1950) could register as citizens

📌 Article 9: No Dual Citizenship

 If acquired foreign citizenship, Indian citizenship automatically terminated

📌 Article 10: Continuance of Rights

 Parliament has power to regulate citizenship even after Constitution’s commencement

📌 Article 11: Parliament’s Power to Regulate Citizenship

  Citizenship Act, 1955 derives power from here

 Parliament can amend, add or remove citizenship laws

2⃣ Citizenship Act, 1955 & Amendments

🔹 Ways to Acquire Indian Citizenship

1. By Birth – If born in India (conditions apply)

2. By Descent – If born outside India & parents are Indian

3. By Registration – Foreigners of Indian origin, spouse of Indian citizen

4. By Naturalization – Foreigners residing in India for 11 years (exceptions exist)

5. By Incorporation of Territory – When a foreign territory is added (e.g., Sikkim, 1975)

🔹 Ways to Lose Indian Citizenship

 Renunciation – If voluntarily giving it up

 Termination – If acquiring foreign citizenship

 Deprivation – Govt can revoke citizenship if obtained fraudulently

🔹 Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA)

 Fast-tracks citizenship for persecuted Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis & Christians
from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan

 Cut-off date: 31 Dec 2014

 Excludes Muslims from these countries

 Does not apply to tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura

3⃣ Important Concepts

🔹 Single Citizenship – Unlike the USA, India has only one citizenship for entire country
🔹 No Dual Citizenship – Holding foreign citizenship terminates Indian citizenship
🔹 Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) & Person of Indian Origin (PIO)

 OCI – For foreign nationals of Indian origin

 PIO (merged with OCI in 2015)

4⃣ UPSC Prelims 2025 Focus Areas

🔴 Articles 5-11 – Citizenship provisions

🔴 Citizenship Act, 1955 & its amendments
🔴 Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA)
🔴 Ways of acquiring & losing citizenship
🔴 OCI vs PIO differences

5⃣ Quick Revision Pointers

✅ Article 5-11 cover citizenship rules at the commencement of the Constitution

✅ Citizenship Act, 1955 provides ways to acquire & lose citizenship
✅ No Dual Citizenship in India
✅ CAA 2019 – Fast-track for persecuted minorities
✅ Naturalization = 11 years residency rule

Mindmap: Fundamental Rights (Part 3 – Articles 12 to 35)

(Optimized for UPSC Prelims 2025 – Quick Revision)

1⃣ Key Features of Fundamental Rights

✅ Guaranteed by the Constitution (Justiciable – Enforceable by Courts)

✅ Not Absolute – Reasonable Restrictions Apply
✅ Some Rights Available Only to Citizens (e.g., Article 19)
✅ Can be Amended but Not Destroyed (Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973)
✅ Suspension Possible During Emergency (Except Articles 20 & 21)

2⃣ Articles 12-13: Definition & Protection of Fundamental Rights

📌 Article 12 – Definition of 'State'

 Includes Government, Parliament, State Legislatures, Local Authorities, and Bodies under
Government Control

 Important for enforcing Fundamental Rights against State actions

📌 Article 13 – Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights are Void

 Doctrine of Judicial Review – SC & HC can strike down unconstitutional laws

 Doctrine of Eclipse – Pre-constitutional laws inconsistent with FRs remain dormant

 Doctrine of Severability – Only unconstitutional parts of a law are struck down

3⃣ Fundamental Rights Categories (Articles 14-35)

I. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)

📌 Article 14 – Equality Before Law & Equal Protection of Laws

  Rule of Law (A.V. Dicey) – No arbitrary power

 Applies to citizens & non-citizens

📌 Article 15 – Prohibition of Discrimination

 No discrimination based on Religion, Race, Caste, Sex, or Place of Birth

 Allows special provisions for women, children, SCs, STs, OBCs

📌 Article 16 – Equal Opportunity in Public Employment

 No discrimination in government jobs based on religion, caste, sex, etc.

 Reservations allowed for SC/ST/OBCs & economically weaker sections (EWS)

📌 Article 17 – Abolition of Untouchability

 Untouchability (Offenses) Act, 1955 → Renamed as Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1976

📌 Article 18 – Abolition of Titles

 No hereditary titles allowed (except military & academic distinctions)

II. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)

📌 Article 19 – Six Freedoms (Available Only to Citizens)

1. Freedom of Speech & Expression

2. Freedom to Assemble Peacefully

3. Freedom to Form Associations

4. Freedom of Movement within India

5. Freedom of Residence & Settlement

6. Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade, or Business

🔹 Reasonable Restrictions on Each Freedom (Security, Public Order, Decency, etc.)

📌 Article 20 – Protection in Conviction Cases

 No Ex-Post Facto Law – Can't be punished for an act that was not a crime when committed

 No Double Jeopardy – Can't be punished twice for the same offense

 No Self-Incrimination – No one can be forced to be a witness against themselves

📌 Article 21 – Right to Life & Personal Liberty

 Expanded Interpretation by SC (Includes Right to Privacy, Right to Clean Air, etc.)

 Maneka Gandhi Case (1978) – Due process is required for deprivation of life & liberty

📌 Article 21A – Right to Education (86th Amendment, 2002)

 Free & compulsory education for children (6-14 years)

📌 Article 22 – Protection Against Arbitrary Arrest & Detention

 Rights of arrested persons

 Preventive Detention allowed but with safeguards

III. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)

📌 Article 23 – Prohibition of Human Trafficking & Forced Labor

 Exception – Compulsory public service (e.g., Military service)

📌 Article 24 – Prohibition of Child Labor

 No child below 14 years to work in hazardous industries

IV. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)

📌 Article 25 – Freedom of Religion (Subject to Public Order, Morality & Health)

📌 Article 26 – Right to Manage Religious Affairs
📌 Article 27 – No Religious Taxation
📌 Article 28 – No Religious Instruction in Govt. Schools

V. Cultural & Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)

📌 Article 29 – Protection of Language, Culture & Script of Minorities

📌 Article 30 – Right of Minorities to Establish & Administer Educational Institutions

VI. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32-35)

📌 Article 32 – Right to Approach SC for Fundamental Rights Violation

 Called the “Heart & Soul of the Constitution” – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

 SC can issue Five Writs:

1. Habeas Corpus – Release from illegal detention

2. Mandamus – Order govt. to perform its duty

3. Prohibition – Stop lower court from exceeding jurisdiction

4. Certiorari – Quash illegal orders of lower courts

5. Quo Warranto – Challenge a person’s right to hold public office

📌 Article 33 – Parliament Can Restrict FRs for Armed Forces

📌 Article 34 – Restriction of Rights During Martial Law
📌 Article 35 – Parliament’s Power to Make Laws on FRs
4⃣ Important Supreme Court Cases for UPSC

📌 A.K. Gopalan Case (1950) – Article 21 was not about natural justice
📌 Maneka Gandhi Case (1978) – Expanded Right to Life & Liberty (Article 21)
📌 Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) – FRs cannot be destroyed but can be amended
📌 Minerva Mills Case (1980) – FRs & DPSPs must be balanced

5⃣ Quick Revision Pointers

✅ Articles 12-35 cover Fundamental Rights

✅ Article 32 → Writs → Directly enforceable FRs
✅ Article 21 (Right to Life) → Expanded Interpretation
✅ Six Freedoms under Article 19 (Only for Citizens)
✅ No Absolute Rights → Reasonable Restrictions Apply
✅ Key SC Cases – Maneka Gandhi, Kesavananda Bharati, Minerva Mills

6⃣ UPSC Prelims 2025 Focus Areas

🔴 Statement-based MCQs on Fundamental Rights & Restrictions

🔴 Match the Articles with Rights
🔴 SC Case Law Precedents
🔴 Writs and Their Purpose
🔴 Fundamental Rights vs DPSPs Questions

Mindmap: Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) – Part IV (Articles 36-51)

(Optimized for UPSC Prelims 2025 – Quick Revision)

1⃣ Key Features of DPSP

✅ Not Justiciable (Cannot be enforced by courts)

✅ Aim: Establish Social & Economic Democracy
✅ Derived from Irish Constitution (inspired by Spanish Constitution)
✅ Help in achieving Welfare State
✅ Can be amended, but should not violate Fundamental Rights (Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973)
✅ Fundamental Rights vs. DPSPs Balance (Minerva Mills Case, 1980)

2⃣ Articles 36-51: Classification of DPSPs

I. Socialist Principles (Promote Socio-Economic Justice & Reduce Inequality)

📌 Article 38 – Promote welfare state, reduce inequalities
📌 Article 39 – Secure adequate livelihood, equal pay, health for workers
📌 Article 39A – Free Legal Aid to poor (Added by 42nd Amendment, 1976)
📌 Article 41 – Right to work, education, public assistance
📌 Article 42 – Maternity Relief & Humane Work Conditions
📌 Article 43 – Living Wage for workers
📌 Article 43A – Workers’ Participation in Management (Added by 42nd Amendment)
📌 Article 47 – Improve Public Health, ban alcohol, improve nutrition

II. Gandhian Principles (Promote Rural Welfare & Gandhian Ideals)

📌 Article 40 – Panchayati Raj (Local self-government)

📌 Article 43 – Cottage Industries to be promoted
📌 Article 46 – Promote education & welfare of SCs, STs, & weaker sections
📌 Article 47 – Prohibit Consumption of intoxicating drinks & drugs
📌 Article 48 – Organized agriculture & animal husbandry, ban cow slaughter

III. Liberal-Intellectual Principles (Promote International Peace & Scientific Thinking)

📌 Article 44 – Uniform Civil Code (UCC) for citizens

📌 Article 45 – Early childhood care & education for children below 6 years (Revised by 86th
Amendment, 2002)
📌 Article 48 – Modernize Agriculture & Animal Husbandry
📌 Article 48A – Protect Environment, Forests & Wildlife (Added by 42nd Amendment)
📌 Article 49 – Protect Monuments & Heritage
📌 Article 50 – Separation of Judiciary from Executive
📌 Article 51 – Promote International Peace & Cooperation

3⃣ Important Amendments Related to DPSP

📌 42nd Amendment (1976) – Added Articles 39A, 43A, 48A (Legal Aid, Workers’ Management,
Environment)
📌 44th Amendment (1978) – Shifted Right to Property (Article 31) from FRs to Article 300A
📌 86th Amendment (2002) – Modified Article 45 (Early childhood care & education)

4⃣ Important Supreme Court Cases for UPSC

📌 Champakam Dorairajan Case (1951) – FRs prevail over DPSPs if conflict arises
📌 Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) – DPSPs are fundamental for governance but cannot destroy
FRs
📌 Minerva Mills Case (1980) – FRs & DPSPs should be balanced
5⃣ Quick Revision Pointers

✅ DPSPs aim at socio-economic justice & welfare state

✅ Not enforceable, but fundamental to governance
✅ 42nd Amendment added Articles 39A, 43A, 48A
✅ Article 44 → Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
✅ Article 50 → Separation of Judiciary from Executive
✅ Minerva Mills Case (1980) – FRs & DPSPs must be harmonized

6⃣ UPSC Prelims 2025 Focus Areas

🔴 Statement-based MCQs on DPSP Articles

🔴 Match Articles with DPSP Classification (Socialist, Gandhian, Liberal-Intellectual)
🔴 FRs vs DPSPs Conflict – Important SC Cases
🔴 Recent debates on UCC (Article 44) & Environmental Protection (Article 48A)
🔴 Amendments (42nd, 44th, 86th) and their impact on DPSPs

Mindmap: Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A – Article 51A)

(Optimized for UPSC Prelims 2025 – Quick Revision)

1⃣ Key Features of Fundamental Duties

✅ Not Justiciable (Cannot be enforced by courts)

✅ **Added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (Based on Soviet Constitution)
✅ **Recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee (1976)
✅ **Applies only to Citizens, not foreigners
✅ Help interpret Fundamental Rights & DPSPs
✅ Courts can consider them while interpreting laws

2⃣ Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations (1976)

📌 Formed by Congress Government to suggest constitutional reforms

📌 Recommended Fundamental Duties to be included in the Constitution
📌 Proposed 8 Fundamental Duties (But 10 were added in 1976)
📌 Recommended Punishment for Non-Compliance, but this was rejected
📌 Criticism – Duties were made non-enforceable, reducing their effectiveness

3⃣ List of Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)

📌 Article 51A(a) – Respect National Flag & National Anthem
📌 Article 51A(b) – Follow ideals of the freedom struggle
📌 Article 51A(c) – Uphold sovereignty, unity & integrity
📌 Article 51A(d) – Defend the nation & render national service
📌 Article 51A(e) – Promote harmony & brotherhood (especially among different religions &
linguistic groups)
📌 Article 51A(f) – Value & preserve rich heritage & culture
📌 Article 51A(g) – Protect & improve natural environment (forests, lakes, wildlife)
📌 Article 51A(h) – Develop scientific temper, humanism & spirit of inquiry
📌 Article 51A(i) – Safeguard public property & abjure violence
📌 Article 51A(j) – Strive for excellence in all spheres
📌 Article 51A(k) – (Added by 86th Amendment, 2002) – Provide education to children (6-14 years)

4⃣ Important Amendments & Cases

📌 42nd Amendment (1976) – Added 10 Fundamental Duties

📌 86th Amendment (2002) – Added Article 51A(k) (Education Duty for Parents/Guardians)
📌 SC Cases:

 AIIMS Students Union Case (2001) – FDs are important for national discipline

 Ranganath Mishra Case (2003) – FDs should be enforceable

5⃣ Significance of Fundamental Duties

✅ Reinforce patriotism & national unity

✅ Help in interpretation of laws & FRs
✅ Ensure responsibility along with rights
✅ Assist in environment & cultural protection

6⃣ Quick Revision Pointers

✅ Swaran Singh Committee (1976) recommended Fundamental Duties

✅ 42nd Amendment added them; 86th Amendment added duty on education
✅ Only Citizens have Fundamental Duties
✅ Non-justiciable but courts can consider them
✅ Article 51A(g) → Protect environment, Article 51A(h) → Scientific temper

7⃣ UPSC Prelims 2025 Focus Areas

🔴 Match the Fundamental Duties with Article 51A

🔴 Swaran Singh Committee & its Recommendations
🔴 FDs vs FRs vs DPSPs
🔴 Amendments affecting Fundamental Duties
🔴 Court cases on enforceability of Fundamental Duties

Mindmap: Amendment of the Constitution (Article 368)

(Optimized for UPSC Prelims 2025 – Quick Revision)

1⃣ Key Features of Constitutional Amendments

✅ Article 368 – Provides the procedure to amend the Constitution

✅ India follows a "Flexible + Rigid" model (Borrowed from South Africa)
✅ Ensures balance between continuity & change
✅ Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) – Amendment power cannot violate the
"Basic Structure"

2⃣ Types of Amendments (Article 368)

I. Simple Majority Amendments (Outside Article 368)

📌 Passed by a simple majority of Parliament (50% of members present & voting)

📌 Used for:
✅ Admission/Creation of new states (Article 3)
✅ Second Schedule (Salaries of Judges, President, etc.)
✅ Quorum in Parliament
✅ Privileges of MPs & MLAs

II. Special Majority Amendments (Within Article 368)

📌 Passed by (i) Majority of total membership + (ii) 2/3rd of members present & voting in both
Houses
📌 Used for:
✅ Fundamental Rights (Part III)
✅ DPSPs (Part IV)
✅ Parliamentary & State Legislature Powers

III. Special Majority + State Ratification

📌 Requires approval by half of the State Legislatures (Along with Special Majority in Parliament)
📌 Used for:
✅ Election of President (Article 54, 55)
✅ Powers of Supreme Court & High Courts
✅ Distribution of legislative powers (Union-State List changes)
✅ Representation of states in Parliament
3⃣ Important Amendments & Cases

🔹 Shankari Prasad Case (1951)

📌 Upheld Parliament’s power to amend Fundamental Rights

🔹 Golaknath Case (1967)

📌 Parliament cannot amend Fundamental Rights

🔹 Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)

📌 "Basic Structure Doctrine" introduced – Amendments cannot destroy Basic Structure

🔹 42nd Amendment (1976)

📌 Known as "Mini Constitution"

📌 Gave unlimited power to Parliament (But later curtailed in 44th Amendment)

🔹 Minerva Mills Case (1980)

📌 Reaffirmed Basic Structure Doctrine

📌 Limited Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution

🔹 44th Amendment (1978)

📌 Restored judicial & democratic safeguards removed by 42nd Amendment

4⃣ Important Amendments for UPSC Prelims

Amendment Key Provisions

1st (1951) Added 9th Schedule (Laws immune from Judicial Review)

7th (1956) Reorganized states & UTs

24th (1971) Parliament can amend Fundamental Rights

42nd (1976) Added Socialist, Secular, Integrity in Preamble; Strengthened DPSPs

44th (1978) Removed Right to Property as FR (Now Article 300A)

52nd (1985) Anti-Defection Law (10th Schedule)

61st (1989) Reduced voting age from 21 to 18

73rd & 74th (1992) Gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj & Municipalities

86th (2002) Made Right to Education (Article 21A) a Fundamental Right

101st (2016) Introduced GST (One Nation, One Tax)

Amendment Key Provisions

103rd (2019) 10% EWS Reservation

5⃣ Quick Revision Pointers

✅ 3 Types of Amendments – Simple, Special, Special + State Ratification

✅ Basic Structure Doctrine (Kesavananda Bharati Case, 1973)
✅ 42nd Amendment = Mini Constitution
✅ 44th Amendment = Restored democracy post-Emergency
✅ Important Amendments like 1st, 7th, 42nd, 73rd, 101st, 103rd

6⃣ UPSC Prelims 2025 Focus Areas

🔴 Match Amendments with their Provisions

🔴 Basic Structure Doctrine & Important SC Cases
🔴 Types of Amendment Procedures
🔴 Emergency-related amendments (42nd & 44th Amendments)
🔴 GST, EWS Reservation, Right to Education Amendments

Mindmap: Basic Structure of the Constitution

(Optimized for UPSC Prelims 2025 – Quick Revision)

1⃣ What is the Basic Structure Doctrine?

✅ Doctrine evolved through judicial interpretation

✅ Ensures Parliament cannot alter the “basic identity” of the Constitution
✅ Derived from Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
✅ Not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution

2⃣ Evolution of Basic Structure Doctrine (Key SC Cases)

🔹 Shankari Prasad Case (1951)

📌 Upheld Parliament’s power to amend Fundamental Rights

🔹 Golaknath Case (1967)

📌 Fundamental Rights cannot be amended

🔹 Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) – Landmark Judgment

📌 Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot alter its Basic Structure
🔹 Indira Gandhi Case (1975) & Minerva Mills Case (1980)

📌 Strengthened the doctrine & reaffirmed judicial review

3⃣ Components of Basic Structure (Evolved through SC Judgments)

📌 Supremacy of the Constitution

📌 Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic
📌 Judicial Review & Separation of Powers
📌 Parliamentary System
📌 Rule of Law & Free & Fair Elections
📌 Fundamental Rights & DPSPs Harmony
📌 Federalism & Unity and Integrity of India
📌 Independence of Judiciary

4⃣ Important Amendments & Basic Structure

Amendment Impact on Basic Structure

24th (1971) Parliament can amend Fundamental Rights

42nd (1976) Tried to reduce Judicial Review (Partly overturned in Minerva Mills Case)

44th (1978) Restored Judicial Review & Fundamental Rights post-Emergency

99th (2014) NJAC (Judicial Appointments) – Struck down as unconstitutional (2015)

5⃣ Quick Revision Pointers

✅ Basic Structure Doctrine = Judicially evolved, not written in Constitution

✅ Kesavananda Bharati (1973) – Defined Basic Structure
✅ Minerva Mills (1980) – Strengthened Judicial Review
✅ 42nd Amendment (1976) – Tried to alter it, 44th Amendment restored balance

6⃣ UPSC Prelims 2025 Focus Areas

🔴 Match Supreme Court Cases with their Judgments

🔴 Key Features of Basic Structure
🔴 Amendments that challenged Basic Structure
🔴 Judicial Review & Its Role in Protecting Basic Structure