International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211

Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Four Quadrant DC Motor Speed Control by Using

Arduino
G. Tejaswi1, SK. Baji2, D. Suresh Kumar2, K. Lenin2, M. Santhosh kumar2, M. Kalyani2
1
Associate Professor Department of EEE, Sree Vahini Institute of Science & Technology, Tiruvuru, A.P
2,3,4,5
UG Student, Department of EEE, SVIST, Tiruvuru, A.P

--------------------------------------------------------------*****************-------------------------------------------------------------

ABSTRACT

The goal of this project is to build a four-quadrant DC motor speed control system. The motor has four quadrants
of operation: clockwise, counter clockwise, forward brake, and reverse brake. It also features a speed control
function. The DC motor's four-quadrant operation is best suited for industries where motors are used based on
needs. They can rotate in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions, and brakes can be applied
simultaneously in both directions. When performing a certain activity in an industrial plant, the motor must be
stopped instantly. In this situation, the proposed system is ideal because it includes both forward and reverse
brakes. Instantaneous braking in both directions is performed by briefly applying a reverse voltage across the
running motor, and the motor's speed may be controlled using PWM pulses provided by the Arduino Board. This
operation is performed using an Arduino Microcontroller Board. The motor is controlled by push buttons that are
connected to the Arduino, which receives an input signal and regulates the speed of the motor with a motor driver
IC. This project also has a speed control option with a push-button operation.

Keywords: DC motor, Arduino, L293D Motor driver IC, Speed control, PWM

I. INTRODUCTION

DC machines are extremely important in both industry and everyday life. DC machines have the distinct advantage of
having easily adjustable properties. The goal of this study is to use Arduino to create a four-quadrant speed control system
for a DC motor. The notion of four quadrant speed control of a dc motor, i.e., clockwise motion, anticlockwise motion,
instantaneous forward braking, and immediate reverse braking, has been introduced in this work using Arduino and a motor
driver (L293D). The same application is used to control the rudder of an aeroplane, an electric bicycle, or an electric car,
among other things. A stationary magnet and revolving coils make up the motor. The brushes provide power to the coil
located near the motor magnet pole pieces. The rotor rotates, and the polarity of each coil is reversed, and the motor rotates
continuously. The rotational direction. Brush polarity affects the outcome. The torque applied to the rotor is determined by
the current going through it through the tangles The constant speed is determined by the current flowing through the coils
as well as the load. The motor is driving the vehicle.

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

The block diagram of the proposed circuit as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Block Diagram of Four Quadrant DC Motor Speed Control by Using Arduino

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

The circuit is powered by an ordinary power supply consisting of a step-down transformer from 230V to 12V and four
diodes forming a bridge rectifier that converts uncontrolled pulsing DC to a steady 5V DC. The Arduino and motor driver
IC are linked to the 5V output of the power source. The Arduino receives control via the switch array, which is then passed
on to the motor driver IC, which controls the DC motor's speed.

A. POWER SUPPLY

A Breadboard Power Supply Module takes a barrel jack input from a battery, a 12V adaptor, or any other source and gives
a 5V or 3.3V voltage to our circuit, according on our demands. We'll be incorporating Arduino into our circuits shortly, and
all of our Arduino circuits will be compatible with those voltage levels.

B.ARDUINO

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that uses simple hardware and software to make it easy to use. Arduino
boards can take inputs - such as light from a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and convert them to
outputs - such as turning on an LED, triggering a motor, or publishing anything online.

Fig. 2 Arduino uno

Table 1 Specifications of Arduino

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB

used by bootloader

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

C. L293D IC

Fig.3 L293D

The L293D is a 16-pin IC with eight pins dedicated to operating a motor on each side. Each motor has two INPUT pins,
two OUTPUT pins, and one ENABLE pin. L293D is made up of two H-bridges. The H-bridge is the most basic circuit for
controlling a motor with a low current rating.

Table.2 Pin description of l293D

Pin No Function Name

1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high Enable 1,2
2 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 1
3 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 1
4 Ground (0V) Ground
5 Ground (0V) Ground
6 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 2
7 Input 2 for Motor 1 Input 2
8 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V) Vcc 2
9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high Enable 3,4
10 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 3
11 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 3
12 Ground (0V) Ground
13 Ground (0V) Ground
14 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 4
15 Input2 for Motor 1 Input 4
16 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V) Vcc 1

D.PWM

PWM (pulse width modulation) is a modulation technique for representing the amplitude of an analogue input signal by
generating variable-width pulses. For a high-amplitude signal, the output switching transistor is on more of the time, and
for a low-amplitude signal, it is off more of the time.

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

E. DC MOTOR
Any rotary electrical motor that converts direct current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy is referred to as a DC
motor. The most common varieties rely on magnetic fields to produce forces. Almost all DC motors contain an internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, that changes the direction of current in a section of the motor on a
regular basis.Because they could be supplied by existing direct-current lighting power distribution networks, DC motors
were the first type of motor to become widely employed. The speed of a DC motor can be varied across a large range by
varying the supply voltage or adjusting the current intensity in the field windings. Tools, toys, and appliances all employ
small DC motors. The universal motor is capable of performing a variety of tasks.

Fig. 4 DC Motor

F. 16X2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

A 16x2 LCD can display 16 characters per line on each of its two lines. Each character is presented in a 5x7 pixel matrix on
this LCD. The 224 distinct characters and symbols can be displayed on the 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix
display. Command and Data are the two registers on this LCD.

Fig.5 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

III. Hardware Setup & Results

The practical implementation of the DC motor's four quadrant control. The hardware was designed and the operation was
performed out using an Arduino for four quadrant operation of the DC motor. The speed was also controlled using the
PWM method, which applied an instantaneous brake to the motor. The circuit gives a 230V ac supply to the project model.
The primary of the transformer receives a 230V supply and outputs 12V. The 12V ac power is delivered into a bridge
rectifier, which converts it to 12V dc. This 12V dc is supplied into a voltage regulator that outputs 5V dc. The Arduino and
motor driver IC are connected to the 5V output of the power supply. The Arduino generates a control signal from the
switch array, which is then transmitted on to the motor driver IC, which controls the DC motor's speed.

Fig. 9 Hardware Setup

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Table.3 working details

S. No
Key Name Operation

To increase the speed in steps

1
Increment key

2 To decrease the speed

Decrement key

3
Clockwise key To change the direction to clockwise

4 Anti-clockwise key To change the direction to Anti- clockwise

The following procedures are carried out for the four quadrant.DC motor speed control operation using microcontroller.
starts rotating in full speed being driven by a motor driver IC L293D that receives control signal continuously from the
microcontroller. When clockwise switch is pressed the motor rotates in forward direction as per the logic provided by the
programfrom the microcontroller to the motor driver IC.While forward brake is pressed a reverse voltage is applied to the
motor.witch is pressed the microcontrollerdeliversa logic to the motor driver IC that develops for very small time a reverse
voltage.

V. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion
The hardware for four quadrant DC motor speed control using microcontroller is designed. The prototype hardware model
for the four quadrant DC motor speed control using microcontroller is designed. A simulated model has been developed by
Proteus software and then result has been verified using a prototype hardware model. In the proposed model, the PWM
technique has been used to control the speed of DC motor. By variation in duty cycle, applied voltage varies therefore the
speed of DC motor can be controlled.The waveform of input pulse given to DC motor has been taken for different values of
duty cycle and it has been observed that speed of DC motor is directly proportional to duty cycle, i.e. as the one time duty
cycle increases the speed of DC motor also increases. The waveform of input pulse of DC motor has been taken for forward
and reverse braking mode and it has been observed that the amplitude of waveform became high for very short duration and
after that amplitude becomes zero. In the experimental result, it has been observed that some harmonics are occurring. It is
due to different nonlinear electronic components such as diodes, transistors etc. Present in the prototype developed model.

Future scope
This project is practical and highly feasible in economic point of view and has an advantage of running motors of higher
ratings. It gives a reliable, durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor. The program is found to be
simple, efficient and the results with the designed hardware are promising. The developed control and power circuit
functions properly and satisfies the application requirements. The motor is able to operate in all the four quadrants
successfully. Regenerative braking is also achieved. Simulation and experimental results tally with each other and justify
effectively the developed system. This project can be enhanced by using higher power electronic devices to operate high-
capacity DC motors.

REFERENCES

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 International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com

Microcontroller: 8051 microcontroller and embedded systems”

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[9] Snehlata Sanjay Thakare and Prof. Santosh Kompelli “Design and implementation of dc motor speed control based
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