TOPIC: NIGERIAN TRADITIONAL ARTS AND CULTURE

INTRODUCTION: Traditional art emerged after the period of prehistoric arts.

Traditional artists in Nigeria engaged in creation of traditional artworks using various
materials or media. Various traditional arts in Nigeria are discussed under the
following headings:
1. Period
2. Location/Site
3. Media used
4. Characteristics or features style and functions.

1. NOK ART CULTURE: Nok art culture is the oldest of all the art cultures in
Nigeria. It has a rich historical and cultural background which makes it still relevant
till today.

PERIOD: Nok art culture dated conservatively to between 500BC and 200 AD.

LOCATION: Nok art got its name from a small village ‘Nok’ near Jemma in Kaduna
state
which is equally close to Jos in plateau state.

MEDIA USED: Nok art works were executed from clay.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NOK ART

1. Nok sculptural figures are in terracotta (baked clay).
2. Animal figures are more represented (detailed) than the human figures.
3. The terracotta animal figures are more naturalistic while the terracotta human
figures are
represented in stylish manner.
4. Terracotta human figures possess perforated eye pupils, nostrils and lips,
triangular eyes
andeyes equally in segment of a sphere.
5. Terracotta human figures possess oval, cylindrical and spherical shaped heads.
6. Terracotta animal and human figures are free standing(three dimensional).
7. Terracotta human heads possess varying head dress well formed.

2. IFE ART CULTURE:IFE is believed to be the ancestral home of the

Yorubas,with the Ooni of Ife being a traditional ruler.

PERIOD: Ife traditional arts dated back to the 9th century A.D or 900 AD.

LOCATION: Ife art culture dominated the Western part of Nigeria, precisely Osun
state.

MEDIA USED: Ife artworks were made from clay and metal.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IFE ART

1. Sculptural works in animal forms are only in terracotta (burnt clay).
2. Ife figures possess scarifications and are heavily beaded.
3. Ife figures are symbolic as many of them represent human beings in nearly life
size,
although the head is in life size.
4. Ife works are mainly in three dimensional appearance.
5. Ife art is a court art like the art of Benin. The Ooni of Ife controlled the arts and
artists.
6. The hair and beard are not added in the modeled figure but rather are shown with
serial holes which probably act as channel for weaving hairs to make it look real.
7. Ife works are naturalistic in appearance.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Write a brief account on Nok Art Culture.
2. Discuss briefly on the history of the art of Ife.

3. BENIN ART: The people of Benin in ancient times suffered in the hands of
theBritish during an invasion in 1897,in which most of their relief plaques and
figurines were taken away by the British, including the Benin Ivory Mask, which is
used as a symbol of

FESTAC 77.Benin art comprises of folk art and court art.

PERIOD:Benin art dated back to the14th and 18th century AD. This is between 1440
to 1897.
LOCATION:Benin is located in the capital of Edo state known as Benin.

MEDIA USED: Traditional artists of Benin used wood, bronze, ivory, clay and stone
in creating artworks.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BENIN ART

1. Works of Benin are in wood, bronze,ivory, clay and stone.
2. Bronze head of the Oba of Benin is heavily beaded around the neck. It equally
possesses thick vertical marks on the forehead, bogus cheek, beaded crown and three
dimensional forms.
3. The bronze head of Queen Mother Iyeobu equally possesses similar features with
the bronze head of the Oba of Benin.
4. Bronze plaque is a relief or two dimensional work characterized with three
traditional chiefs of Benin possessing the Benin traditional costume, accessories and a
staff in their hands.

4. ESIE ART
PERIOD:The art tradition dated back to about 1100 AD.

LOCATION: Esieis located in an Igbomina Yoruba town, South East of Ilorin and
near Offa in Kwara state.

MEDIUM USED: The Esie figures were carved from soapstone.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ESIE ART

1. Esie men and women statues have beads,bracelets and anklets.
2. Esie men and women figures are seated on a stool.
3. All Esie figures havethree horizontal straight lines between the eyes and ear and
some
figures have vertical lines on the chin and a host of scarification or striated
lines on the face.
4. Esie men and women statues are semi naturalistic.

5. IGBO UKWU ART

PERIOD: Igbo Ukwu art dates back to the 9th to 13th century A.D

LOCATION: Igbo Ukwu is located in Anambra state.

MEDIUM USED: Bronze

CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBO UKWU ART

1. Works of Igbo Ukwu were made from clay and metal, precisely bronze.
2. Igbo Ukwu bronze works are naturalistic and symbolic.
3. Bronze pendant represents a ram’s head.
4. Bronze snail shell is precisely 20.1cm in length which is the shape of a snail shell,
a decorated vessel surmounted by a leopard.

6. TSEODE BRONZES / NUPE ART (Tada figures): Tsoede art is basically all
about monumental bronze figures.Tsoedeis the son to the Atta of Idahwho was
banished from Idah. He laterboarded a bronze canoe and took some bronze works
along.He traveledalong the river Nile in search of the Nupekingdom.He highlighted at
three villages and kept bronze works there namely Jebba and Tada in theIsland of
Giragi. The villages are now occupied by the Nupepeople in Kogi state.Tsoede, the
son to the Atta of Idah whotraveled along the River Niger to find theNupe kingdom in
the 13thcentury.He eventually found the Nupe kingdom and settled there.The Tsoede
sculptural works in bronze are seated human figures,bronze animal figures like
ostriches and elephant and are equally figures that are naturalistic .Most of the figures
are meant for fertility.

PERIOD:Bronze works dated back to 13th and 14th century AD and flourished
around 1100 AD.

LOCATION: Nupe is located around the middle belt of Nigeria. Bronze works of art
were found in the Tada and Jebbavillage in the present Kogi State of Nigeria.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TSEODE ART

1. The seated Tada bronze figure possesses broken arms and leg.
2. The standing Tada bronze figure possesses a complex dress and a disc.
3. Animal and human figures of Tada are naturalistic and symbolic.
4. Works of Tada are formed in bronze.

EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. State the art tradition that is oldest of other art traditions in Nigeria.
2. Write short notes on any two art traditions you know.

GENERAL EVALUATION / REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Highlight the three properties of colour.
2. Mention five classes of colour and give a detailed explanation respectively.
3. Mention one contribution of Pa AinaOnabolu towards art development in Nigeria.
4. State three elements of art and design and explain.
5. What is music?

READING ASSIGNMENT
Proper Approach to Cultural and Creative Art by Peter Akinyemi(Book 3).
REFERENCE PAGE: Pages 1 – 9. Attempt the revision questions.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. …..is a dominant raw material or medium of Esie art culture. (a) Wood (b)
Soapstone (c) Bronze (d) Brass
2. Bronze traditional works of Benin were formed through the……(a) saved wax
method (b) cireperdue lost wax process (c) etching method (d) modeling method
3. Which of these art traditions in Nigeria is the oldest? (a) Nok art (b) Igbo Ukwu
art (c) Tsoede art (d) Benin art
4. Clay works of Nok were fired which suggest what term in art. (a) Green ware (b)
Terracotta (c) Slip (d) Glaze
5. Benin art and Ife art are both called …………………..….(a) royal art (b) court
art (c) symbolic art (d) folk art

THEORY
1. State two features of Nok Art Culture.
2. Why is Ife art referred to as court art?

TOPIC: TRADITIONAL NIGERIAN ART CULTURE

Content Summary:

A. Esie Stone Figures

- Location: Esie, Ijumu Local Government Area, Kwara State.
- Origin: Unknown, but believed to date back to the 11th century.
- Features: Over 800 soapstone (steatite) figures, mostly human statues, found in a
shrine.
- Purpose: Religious or ancestral worship; some may have been protective charms.
- Style: Smooth, stylized features; seated or standing postures.

B. Igbo-Ukwu Bronzes
- Location: Igbo-Ukwu, Anambra State.
- Origin: 9th century (pre-Igbo).
- Features: Elaborate bronze artifacts, including ceremonial objects, regalia, and
ornamental items.
- Technique: Lost-wax casting method.
- Significance: Shows advanced metalworking skills; associated with royalty and
spiritual rites.

C. Tsoede (Nupe) Carvings

- Location: Niger State (Nupe land).
- Origin: Associated with the legendary warrior King Tsoede (Vide) who founded the
Nupe kingdom.
- Features: Wooden masks, staffs, and statues often used in festivals and rituals.
- Style: Abstract and symbolic; often represent animals or deities.
- Purpose: Used in coronation ceremonies and royal dances.

D. Ibeji Figures
- Location: Yoruba land (southwest Nigeria).
-Origin: Yoruba people.
- Features: Small wooden twin figures carved to honor deceased twins.
- Belief: Twins (ibeji) are spiritually powerful; if one dies, a figure is made to house
the spirit.
- Function: Families care for the figures as they would a living child.

Evaluation:

Oral Questions:
1. Where is Esie located and what is special about its art?
2. What material were the Igbo-Ukwu artifacts made from?
3. Who is Tsoede and how is he related to Nupe art?
4. What are Ibeji figures and why are they made?

Written Exercise:
Complete the table below:

Assignment:
Draw and label one artwork from any of the four traditional art cultures discussed
today. Write two sentences explaining where it comes from and what it was used for.
Conclusion
Summarize the main points:
- Each of these art cultures reflects the beliefs, values, and skills of their respective
communities.
- Traditional Nigerian art is diverse and deeply rooted in religion, royalty, and social
customs.

TOPIC: CONTEMPORARY / MODERN ART IN NIGERIA

I. Definition of Contemporary Art

- Contemporary art refers to creative works made by living artists today.
- It includes new ideas, styles, materials, and techniques.
- Unlike traditional art, it is experimental, diverse, and often reflects current social
issues, technology, and global trends.

> Note: “Modern art” sometimes refers to art from the late 19th to mid-20th
century, while “contemporary art” refers to art made now or recently.

II. Contemporary Art in Nigeria

- Began gaining recognition in the 20th century.
- Influenced by Western styles but still rooted in African traditions.
- Artists use both local and foreign materials and techniques.
- Popular in galleries, museums, exhibitions, and public spaces.
- Notable institutions that promote modern art include:
- National Gallery of Art (Abuja)
- Nike Art Gallery (Lagos & Abuja)
- Centre for Contemporary Art (Lagos)

III. Areas of Specialization of the Contemporary Artist

Contemporary artists may specialize in one or more of the following:

S/N Area of Specialization Description

Use of oil acrylic water color etc. on

1 Painting
canvas or other surfaces

Made from wood metal plastic or

2 Sculpture
recycled materials

Creation using computers and design

3 Graphic Design / Digital Art
software

Large-scale setups in public or gallery

4 Installation Art
spaces

Live performances that express ideas or

5 Performance Art
emotions

Digital storytelling and visual

6 Photography & Video Art
expression
IV. Artworks Produced / Location

Some famous contemporary artworks and where they are located:

Artwork Locati
Artist
Name on

Ben
Zuma
Enwonw Abuja
Memorial
u

Bruce
The Benin Benin
Onobrak
Moise City
peya

Murals at
Yusuf
National
Grunewa Lagos
Arts
ld
Theatre

Nike Lagos
Nike Art
Davies- &amp
Gallery
Okunday ;
Collection
e Abuja

Aso Rock Various

Abuja
Sculptures artists

Unknow
University
n / Oyo
of Ibadan
Group of State
Murals
Artists

Oral Questions:
1. What is contemporary art?
2. Name two Nigerian contemporary artists.
3. Mention three areas of specialization in contemporary art.
4. Where can you find the Zuma Memorial?
5. How is contemporary art different from traditional art?

Written Exercise:

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of these best describes contemporary art?

a) Art made long ago b) Art made by living artists today
c) Only paintings d) Art made only in Europe

2. Which of these is NOT an area of specialization in contemporary art?

a) Painting b) Cooking c) Sculpture d) Digital Art
3. Who is the artist of the Zuma Memorial?
a) Yinka Shonibare b) Ben Enwonwu c) El Anatsui d) Wole Soyinka

4. Which city has the Nike Art Gallery?

a) Kano b) Lagos c) Port Harcourt d) Maiduguri

5. What material is commonly used in sculpture by contemporary artists?

a) Watercolor b) Oil paint c) Recycled materials d) Pencil

Section B: Fill in the Blanks

1. Contemporary art is made by ____________ artists. (living)

2. Performance art involves ____________. (live performance)
3. The Zuma Memorial is located in ____________. (Abuja)
4. Artists who work with computers are involved in ____________. (digital art)
5. Another name for modern art is ____________. (contemporary art)

---

Assignment:
Draw and label your own idea of a contemporary artwork. Write 3 sentences
describing what it represents and where it would be displayed.

---

Conclusion:
Summarize the main points:
- Contemporary art is modern and ever-changing.
- Nigerian contemporary artists explore various fields and use innovative methods.
- Their artworks reflect our culture, environment, and current issues.

TOPIC: STAGE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT IN DRAMA

Subtopics:
1. Stage Design
2. Activities in Stage Management
- a. Control of cast and crew
- b. Managing rehearsal schedules
- c. Maintenance of stage materials
3. Duties of the Stage Manager
- a. Assists the director
- b. Maintains discipline among cast and crew
- c. Stages a design model

Content Summary:

1. Stage Design

- Definition: Stage design refers to the visual appearance of the performance space in
a drama or play.
- It includes:
 - The arrangement of scenery
- Lighting setup
- Placement of props
- Costume coordination

- Purpose:
- To create the right atmosphere for the story
- To support actors’ movements
- To help the audience understand the setting (time, place, mood)

- Types of Stage Designs:

- Proscenium stage (theatre-style)
- Thrust stage (audience on three sides)
- Arena stage (audience all around)
- Black box stage (flexible, small space)

2. Activities in Stage Management

a. Control of Cast and Crew

- Ensuring that actors and technical crew know their roles and follow instructions.
- Coordinating between departments like costume, lighting, sound, and props.

b. Managing Rehearsal Schedules

- Planning when and where rehearsals will take place.
- Making sure everyone knows the time and is punctual.
- Keeping rehearsals organized and productive.

c. Maintenance of Stage Materials

- Taking care of props, costumes, lights, and other equipment.
- Repairing or replacing damaged items.
- Storing materials properly after use.

3. Duties of the Stage Manager

The stage manager is like the team leader during a drama production. Their duties
include:

a. Assists the Director

- Helps the director communicate ideas to the cast and crew.
- Takes notes during rehearsals and ensures they are followed.

b. Maintains Discipline Among Cast and Crew

- Makes sure everyone behaves well and follows rules.
- Encourages teamwork and punctuality.

c. Stages a Design Model

- Works with designers to create or present a model of the stage set before the actual
performance.
- This helps visualize how the stage will look and function.

Evaluation:

Oral Questions:
1. What is stage design?
2. Mention two types of stages used in drama.
3. What does managing rehearsal schedules involve?
4. Who is responsible for maintaining discipline during a drama production?
5. Why is it important to maintain stage materials?

Written Exercise:

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of these is NOT part of stage design?

a) Lighting b) Costumes c) Singing d) Props

2. Who helps the director during a drama production?

a) Actor b) Audience c) Stage manager d) Teacher

3. One duty of the stage manager is to:

a) Act in the play b) Write the script c) Maintain discipline d) Sell tickets

4. Which of the following is an example of stage management activity?

a) Writing exams b) Managing rehearsal schedules
c) Cooking food d) Cleaning the classroom

5. A stage model helps to:

a) Decorate the classroom b) Show what the stage will look like
c) Make noise d) Play music

Section B: Fill in the Blanks

1. Stage design involves the arrangement of ___________ and props. (scenery)

2. The person who manages the stage crew is the ___________. (stage manager)
3. A rehearsal schedule helps to organize ___________. (actors/crew)
4. The stage manager must ensure ___________ among the cast and crew. (discipline)
5. A stage model shows the ___________ of the performance space. (design/layout)

Assignment:
Draw and label a simple stage design model showing the stage, actors, props, and
audience area. Write 3 sentences explaining your drawing.

Conclusion:
Summarize the key points:
- Stage design makes drama more realistic and interesting.
- Good stage management ensures smooth rehearsals and performances.
- The stage manager plays a vital role in coordinating the cast and crew and
supporting the director.

TOPIC: REHEARSAL
CONTENT
DEFINITION: Rehearsal is a session of exercise, drill or practice of a play and any
other event in preparation for a later public performance.

PURPOSE OF DRAMA REHEARSAL: Rehearsal facilitates perfection among the

members or players expected to perform theactual play, dance and song on stage at a
later day and time before the audience.
ACTIVITIES OF REHEARSAL
1. READING: Activity 1: The players read and memorize their lines from the script
without movement or demonstration.
2. MOVEMENT: Activity 2: The players put in some body movement to conform
with their respective lines read previously.
3. ACTING:Activity 3: The players show the real attitude of the character.
4. EXPRESSION, COMMUNICATION ANDVOICE PRODUCTION: Activity
4: The players are trained in the right expressions that match their lines in the
script and well trained in terms of voice production. They are also exposed to
various cues or signals like action which means begin, cut which means stop ,
standing by LQ38 (A lighting cue or signal). ’Go’ as a command language comes
at the end of a cue call with the light board operator replying standing or standing
by.

STAGES OF REHEARSAL
1. READING:Stage 1: Reading is done from the script. Compare reading as activity
of rehearsal.
2. BLOCKING:Stage 2: The precise staging of the actors in order to facilitate a
play, song,ballet and opera. It is also the physical arrangement of the players on
the stage or film set before reading and movement are done simultaneously. From
another perspective, blocking is the process of matching words with appropriate
actions simultaneously.
3. POLISHING OR RUN THROUGH:Stage 3: The players fine their
performance by quickly running through their lines from the script when scenes
are not yet perfected, which is done selectively.
4. COMPLETE DRESS AND TECHNICAL:Stage 4: All the necessary costumes,
make ups, set(stage),props, lighting effect and other technical equipment are put
into use during the final rehearsal. All the items are used in complete dress and
technical usually a day to the final production. Complete dress and technical is
necessary to enable members of the technical crew test run their equipment and
put faulty equipment in order before they are introduced to the targeted audience.

EVALUATION
1. What is rehearsal?
2. Mention the four activities and stages of rehearsal respectively.
3. Explain any two activities and stages of rehearsal you know.

READING ASSIGNMENT
Proper Approach toCultural and Creative Art by Peter Akinyemi and other Co
Authors.(Book 1, 2 and 3)

REFERENCE PAGE:Pages 79 – 81. Attempt the revision questions on page

82.Modern Approach to Cultural and Creative Art by G.F. Ibrahim, Book 2, pages 93-
96.

GENERAL EVALUATION
1. State the notes on the keyboard and their values.
2. Show the difference between the treble and bass clef in diagrams.
3. Identify these names of musical sign and their functions. (i) Sharp (ii) Flat
(iii) Natural sign (iv) Double flat (v) Double sharp
4. How many lines and spaces make up a musical staff?
5. Mention the seven English alphabets in music.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
 1. ………is the main reason why the players rehearse a play before the actual
public performance. (a) Perfection (b) Imperfection (c) Entertainment (d)
Skill acquisition
2. Another word for polishing in drama rehearsal is (a) run in (b) run through
(c)run off line (d) on call
3. Which one these crew members in drama rehearsal pays keen attention to each
player as he or she reads the lines from the script and makes instant correction
when an error is made? (a) Cameraman (b) Make- up artist (c) Prompter (d)
Director
4. What stage of drama rehearsal involves a precise staging of the actors and
actresses in order to facilitate a play? (a) Blocking (b) Dress and technical (c)
Reading (d) Polishing
5. On what material do the actors and actresses read and memorize their lines
from. (a) Manuscript (b) Script (c) Newspaper (d) Journal

THEORY
1. Define rehearsal.
2. State the four stages of rehearsal.

TOPIC: COSTUME IN DRAMA

MEANING OF COSTUME
Costume refers to the clothes, accessories and hairdos worn by the players who are
trying to look like a different person. Costumes add beauty to the entire outward
appearance of the actors and actresses. Costumes also enable the players fit the
targeted character perfectly. Costumes are sewn, designed and provided by the
costumier or costume designer.

TYPES OF COSTUME
There two types of costume. They are as follows.
1. REAL COSTUME
2. REHEARSAL COSTUME
1. REAL OR AUTHENTIC COSTUME: This refers to the actual dresses and
accessories
intended to be worn by the players for the main drama presentation.
2. REHEARSAL COSTUME: This refers to the dresses and accessories meant
to be worn by the players for the main purpose of rehearsing a play.

CLOTHING AND ACCESSORIES

They include traditional dresses, caps, shoes, jewelries, hand bag, wrist watch etc.

EVALUATION
1. Define costume.
2. List the two types of costume in drama.
3. State three accessories also known as costume.

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Define ‘sense of belonging’.
2. State five one can achieve a sense of belonging.
3. What is teamwork?
4. Define drama and theatre respectively.
5. Mention the three groups of people involved in drama and theatre.

READING ASSIGNMENT
A Proper Approach to Cultural and Creative Art Book 1 by Peter Akinyemi and other
authors. Pages 94 – 95.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ____ refers to the characters’ garments and accessories meant to be worn by
the players who are to come on stage. (a) Costume (b) Hand bag (c) Shoe (d)
Cap
2. Which one of these members of the drama crew sews ,designs the costumes
and makes the costumes available for the players? (a) Costumier (b)
Cameraman (c) Make - up artist (d) Director
3. Greek costumes are worn by players to present a live drama piece on stage so
as to entertain the seated guests in the ____ (a) Greek theatre (b) Roman
theatre (c) Mosque (d) Church
4. Which one of the following is NOT an accessory in drama?(a) Cap (b) Jewelry
(c) Shoe (d) Clothing
5. Costume portrays the role to be played by the players in a drama piece. (a)
True (b) False (c) Maybe (d) Not sure
THEORY
1. List the two types of costume.
2. Explain the two types of costume.

TOPIC: MAKE -UP IN DRAMA

MEANING OF MAKE-UP
Make-up refers to cosmetics such as lipstick or powder applied to face which are used
to enhance or alter the appearance. Make - up refers to the artificial substances like
paint and powder applied on the face and body of the character to enhance or change
his or her outward appearance. Make - up can either beautify or alter the player’s
outward appearance to look like another person expected to be impersonated and
imitated.

TYPES OF MAKE - UP
There are two types of make - up namely;
1. Straight or foundation make - up: This type of make - up reveals the normal
facial appearance of the character through painting for distinctiveness and
visibility.The make-up artist applies cosmetic materials like paint on the face
of the character for beautification purpose.
2. Character or stage make - up: This type of make - up changes the facial
appearance of the character in order to look like the targeted character
intended to be imitated and impersonated. Artificial make-up kits like
wig,moustache,false nose, eye brow,eye lashes etc.are fixed on the character’s
face to change his or her normal facial appearance. A young actress in her
early thirties can be made to look like an old woman in the late nineties
through stage or character make - up.

EVALUATION
1. (a) What is make-up? (b) Define making - up.
2. List the types of make-up.

USES OF MAKE-UP
1. It enhances one’s facial outlook.
2. It alters one’s facial appearance.
3. It depicts special characters like ghost.
4. It shows or portrays the role being played by the actor and actress.

ITEMS OF MAKE-UP: They include:

1. Lipstick
2. Wig
3. Eye brow
4. Mascara
5. Pan cake
6. Powder etc.
EVALUATION
1. State two functions of make- up.
2. Mention two make-up items.

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISON QUESTION

1. List five media that can be used for mosaic.
2. List functions of mosaic work.
3. Differentiate between stave and clef.
4. Construct grand stave.
5. What is grand stave?

READING ASSIGNMENT
A Proper Approach to Cultural and Creative Art Book 1 by Peter Akinyemi and other
authors.Pages 95 – 97.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ____ refers to the paint and powder applied on the face of the character to
enhance and change his or her appearance. (a) Make –up (b) Costume (c)
Grease (d) None of the above.
2. The facial and body make-up of the character are the sole duty of the ____(a)
costumier (b) make-up artist (c) prompter (d) set designer
3. What type of make-up reveals the normal facial appearance of the character?
(a) Stage make-up (b) Straight make-up (c) Character make-up (d) None of the
above.
4. What type of make-up changes the facial appearance of the character to look
like another person? (a) Foundation make-up (b) Straight make-up (c)
character make-up (d) None of the above.
5. Which one of these is NOT a make-up item in drama? (a) Mascara (b)
Pancake
(c) Jewelries (d) Lip stick

THEORY
1. State two functions of make-up.
2. List three items of make -up.

TOPIC: TIE-DYE
DEFINITION OF TIE-DYE
Tie-dye is a textile craft which in a plain cotton fabric is tied at various points with
raffia and dipped into a dye solution. The tied fabric takes the colour of the dye stuff
after completing the dyeing process and when untied has beautiful designs formed on
it. In tie-dye, the resist material is raffia and waxed thread, which prevent the dye
solution from penetrating certain areas of the firmly tied fabric.

METHODS OF TYING FABRIC

1. Circle tying: Pick the fabric away from the middle point and tie it tightly with
raffia at regular intervals. This tying process can be done repeatedly all over the
fabric.
2. Clumb tying: Solid materials like pebbles, bottle tops and pieces of wood cut into
different shapes and sizes are placed on fabric, wrapped and tied at various areas
firmly with raffia.
3. Marbling: Fabric is rolled into a ball like shape and tied randomly or in no
specific order after it has been first straightened out and gathered together
casually..
4. Stitching: It involves the use of needle and thread to make stitches of intricate
designs on fabric.
5. Knotting: Pick the fabric at the edges and free areas then knot it firmly.
6. Pleating: Fabric is folded systematically in accordion style. After successfully
folding the fabric, twine or raffia is used to tie the fabric at intervals.

LOCATION OF TIE-DYE
Tie-dye is practiced in Sokotoand Abeokuta in Ogun state.

EVALUATION
1. What is tie and dye?
2. List four tying techniques in tie and dye.

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTION

1. What are elements of art and design?
2. Mention seven elements of art and design.
3. Explain each element of art and design.
4. What is value?
5. List four types of line.
6. Explain space.
7. List four functions of line.
8. What is the importance of line to an artist?

READING ASSIGNMENT
Cultural and Creative Art Book 1, Peter Akinyemi and other authors.Pages 21 – 24.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ____ is a local craft in textile in which areas of a plain fabric not intended to be
dyed are
2. tied tightly with raffia to prevent penetration when fabric is dipped into a dye
solution.
(a) Tie and dye (b) Batik (c) Serigraphy (d) Fabric designing
3. Which one of the following is a resist material in tie and dye? (a) Dye stuff (b)
Raffia
(c) Wax (d) Caustic soda
4. Which one of the following is NOT a tying method in tie and dye?(a) Circle tying
(b) Serigraphy (c) Marbling (d) Pleating
5. A popular area in the Western part of Nigeria where tie and dye is practiced is
____
(a) Abeokuta (b) Oyo (c) Ogbomoso (d) Iseyin
6. Caustic soda and ____ are the chemicals involved in tie and dye. (a)hydrosulphite
(b) tannic acid (c) dye stuff (d) None of the above
THEORY
1. What is circle tying?
2. State any two tying methods.