Mental Health in Queer Adolescents:

Challenges, Resilience, and Support Strategies

By: Rowan Ryan-Kratky

Zarrow School of Social Work

SWK-2113 : Into to Social Work

Prof. Kirby Cannon

September 26, 2024

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I. Introduction

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among children and adolescents in the United

States, a sobering statistic that underscores the critical importance of mental wellness,

particularly among minority groups. Research highlights that nearly 20% of children and

adolescents, aged 3 to 17, experience some form of mental, emotional, developmental, or

behavioral disorder. Alarmingly, suicidal behaviors among high school students increased by

more than 40% in the decade leading up to 2019. Mental health challenges have now

emerged as the leading cause of death and disability in this age group, a trend that was

further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic (The Trevor Project, n.d.). This paper will

explore The queer adolescent experience and how they may navigate mental health, Social

interactions, Family dynamics, Media, Intersectionality, and education policies. Despite the

significant mental health challenges faced by queer adolescents, resilience can be built

through targeted interventions such as LGBTQ+ support groups, school policies, and parental

education, offering hope for improved mental health outcomes in this vulnerable population.

To further understand the complexities of mental health in queer adolescents, this paper has

compiled over 10+ interviews

II. Defining Queer Adolescence and Mental Health

The Acronym LGBTQ+ has expanded over the years to retain more identities and foster

inclusivity within by changing to what we now know as the 2SLBTQIA+ community. Each

letter represents an aspect of gender and sexual orientations. “2S” stands for Two Spiritied,

this term is rooted in indigenous culture, which refers to the idea of an individual possessing
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a masculine present spirit and a feminine presenting spirit reflecting a fluid gender

orientation and sexuality. The “L” stands for Lesbian, Women who are attracted to other

Women. The “G” stands for Gay, meaning men who are attracted to other Men. “T” stands

for Transgender, Referring as a broader term to the individuals who are not

Cis-Gendered(people who do not agree with their assigned sex at birth). “I” Stands for

Intersex , unlike other identities in the acronym, which primarily focus on sexual orientation

or gender identity, intersex refers to biological and physical variations. Mental health support

is so imperative to adolescents because this is some of the most vulnerable times for them.

The brain is still developing and this is when mental illness is most likely to show itself.

III. Mental Health Challenges Faced by Queer Adolescents

According to the conducted interviews, almost all participants chose to repress their sexual

and gender identity while in school/college due to a fear of bullying, or Hate-Crimed in

response to being proud and out with their sexuality. This led to feeling emotions like

Depression, Isolation, and the idea that heteronormativity was the only “normal” that should

exist.

Other participants reported that in the process of coming out they experienced isolation from

social groups within their schools as well as homophobia motivated violence or verbal

degradation. One specific individual relayed that they were denied employment in a rural

Oklahoma town based on prejudiced homophobic statements. This incident happened after

the period of adolescence. This shows how the children of rural Oklahoma who identify as

LGBTQIA+ are raised and how they hear their peers talk about the community.
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This researcher has encountered similar challenges to those described by interviewees,

including the personal experience of facing temporary housing instability due to identifying

as part of the queer community. Unfortunately, this situation is all too common for

LGBTQIA+ youth. “LGBTQ youth are among the most at-risk subpopulations for

homelessness. Young adults (18-25) who identify as LGBTQ experienced homelessness at

more than twice the rate of their non-LGBTQ peers. Black LGBTQ youth, especially young

men, had the highest rates of homelessness” (Chapin Hall, 2018).

The disproportionate risk of Homelessness in LGBTQIA+ individuals stems from a

multitude of factors including: parental rejection, Social Stigma, and Discrimination.

Research and lived experience shows that nearly all of the queer individuals experiencing

homelessness is due to parental rejection of the sexual or gender expression. Homelessness

as well as the parental rejection can cause severe trauma to the adolescents as well as cause

unnecessary hardships due to prejudice and discrimination.

Substance abuse among LGBTQ youth remains a significant concern, reflecting the unique

challenges faced by this population. Recent surveys indicate that 56% of LGBTQ youth

reported using alcohol in the past year, with 47% of those under the age of 21 engaging in

alcohol consumption (The Trevor Project, 2023). Additionally, 34% of LGBTQ youth

admitted to using marijuana, which includes 29% of individuals in the same age group.

These findings illustrate a troubling trend, highlighting the pressures and stressors LGBTQ

youth face, often leading to substance use as a coping mechanism for their experiences of

discrimination, bullying, and societal rejection (Institute of Medicine, 2011).

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Prescription drug misuse is a growing issue among LGBTQ youth, with 11% reporting the

use of prescription medications that were not prescribed to them. This statistic is consistent

across both younger and older LGBTQ populations, emphasizing a widespread problem that

necessitates urgent attention (The Trevor Project, 2023). Such data underscores the

importance of implementing targeted interventions and support systems to mitigate the risks

associated with substance abuse in LGBTQ youth.

IV. Community and Social Adversity in Queer Adolescents’ Mental Health

The resources available to queer adolescents play a vital role in fostering mental health,

community connection, and self-expression. The Trevor Project serves as a crucial support

system, offering educational literature aimed at parents of LGBTQ individuals, thereby

helping to create understanding and acceptance within families. Furthermore, it operates a

24/7 suicide hotline specifically for LGBTQ youth, providing immediate assistance to those

in crisis and significantly contributing to suicide prevention efforts within this vulnerable

demographic.

PFLAG OKC, the local chapter of the national advocacy organization PFLAG, amplifies the

voices of LGBTQ individuals by promoting acceptance and support. It creates a safe space

for queer adolescents and their families to share experiences and access resources, fostering a

sense of community and belonging. Through educational programs and advocacy initiatives,

PFLAG encourages dialogue around LGBTQ issues, which can lead to increased visibility

and acceptance in both local and national contexts.

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Additionally, Rural Oklahoma Pride brings a unique focus to queer expression in more

isolated communities. By organizing events that celebrate LGBTQ identities and featuring

artistic performances, such as drag shows, this group helps individuals in rural areas express

themselves creatively and connect with others who share similar experiences. These events

not only provide a platform for self-expression but also help to combat the isolation often felt

by LGBTQ youth in less urban environments.

V. Resilience and Coping Strategies in Queer Adolescents

Queer adolescents frequently encounter significant obstacles, including societal

discrimination and mental health issues. However, many exhibit remarkable resilience

through identity exploration and self-acceptance. Research highlights that engaging in

identity-affirming activities—such as participating in LGBTQ+ events and connecting

with supportive communities—can enhance self-esteem and coping mechanisms (The

Trevor Project, n.d.). Safe spaces, whether in educational settings, community centers,

or online platforms, allow queer youth to express themselves without fear of

judgment, fostering belonging and acceptance (The Trevor Project, n.d.). Such

environments encourage adolescents to engage authentically with peers, helping them

cultivate coping strategies that strengthen their resilience against challenges (The

Trevor Project, n.d.).

Coping with discrimination and negative experiences related to queerness involves a variety

of personal strategies as shared by participants. For some, the coping mechanism in

childhood was to "stay in the closet and pretend to be normal," a response that reflects the
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pressure to conform to societal expectations. However, many noted a shift in their approach

as they matured. One participant expressed a newfound indifference, stating, "I no longer

care what anyone thinks and I prefer not to have much social interactions with the general

public," indicating a move towards self-acceptance and reducing the impact of external

judgment.

Participants also discussed the importance of emotional processing in their coping strategies.

One mentioned, “I typically just talk it out or write about it in a journal in order to get my

negative feelings out,” highlighting the therapeutic benefits of expressing emotions. Another

person remarked, “I always tell Myles it’s not my problem; it is theirs and they are having a

bad day,” demonstrating a healthy re-framing of negative experiences that allows individuals

to dissociate from the hate they encounter.

Some strategies involved maintaining a positive demeanor in the face of adversity, with one

participant stating, "Be pleasant at all times even when being thrown negativity. I do not need

to stoop so low." This reflects a commitment to rising above negativity rather than engaging

with it. Additionally, a few participants chose to embrace their identity more openly by being

"extra queer" with friends, showing that solidarity and self-expression can serve as powerful

forms of resistance against discrimination.

VI. Barriers to Mental Health Care for Queer Adolescents

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Experiences with mental health professionals among queer individuals vary significantly,

often influenced by the professionals’ understanding of LGBTQ+ issues. Some participants

expressed discomfort with therapy, noting that they had been "forced" to speak with

counselors, which created a sense of distrust. One individual articulated a reluctance to share

personal vulnerabilities with a "total stranger," reflecting a common barrier to seeking mental

health support within the queer community.

Conversely, several participants reported positive experiences, particularly with therapists

who demonstrated awareness and sensitivity to queer-specific issues. One individual

highlighted the effectiveness of their current therapist, who is knowledgeable about queer

challenges, while another noted the benefit of having a lesbian therapist familiar with their

small town's dynamics, emphasizing the importance of relatable experiences. However, past

negative encounters, such as disparaging comments made by a professor with a mental health

background, point to the reality that not all professionals are educated about LGBTQ+ issues.

Some participants had therapists who lacked the necessary understanding or, in some cases,

were actively opposed to queer identities, leading to feelings of invalidation.

VII. Mental Health Interventions for Queer Adolescents

Participants shared various coping strategies for managing discrimination and negative

experiences related to their queerness. One individual recounted that as a child, they opted to

"stay in the closet and pretend to be normal," although they no longer feel the need to hide

their identity. They expressed a preference for minimal social interaction outside of their
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supportive work environment. Another participant emphasized the importance of knowledge,

stating that they have learned when it’s appropriate to be open about their identity and when

to simply be themselves.

Several individuals reported that they often shut down in response to discrimination,

indicating a tendency to tune out negative experiences due to past traumas. A participant

highlighted the importance of reframing negativity, asserting, "it’s not my problem; it is

theirs," and recognizing that such reactions often stem from the other person's bad day.

Others mentioned coping mechanisms like journaling to process negative feelings or

maintaining a pleasant demeanor, regardless of external negativity. A few even noted playful

responses, such as kissing same-sex friends as a form of reclaiming their identity. Overall,

while some relied on avoidance or emotional suppression, others focused on self-affirmation

and the support of friends.

Individuals share a variety of activities that help improve their mental health. Many

respondents emphasized the positive effects of outdoor activities, such as fishing, camping,

and walking, highlighting that being in nature and getting sunlight significantly boosts their

mood. Creative pursuits also play a vital role, with participants mentioning art-related

activities like drawing, painting, and crafting as beneficial for self-expression and relaxation.

Additionally, some noted that playing musical instruments and engaging in hobbies like

reading and video games serve as valuable outlets for stress relief. Social interactions were

also highlighted, with friends and community events providing support and positivity. For
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others, simple activities like napping, driving, or spending time with pets contribute to their

mental well-being, demonstrating a diverse range of practices that promote resilience and

emotional health.

VIII. Social work and its impact

The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) plays a pivotal role in advocating for

the rights and well-being of LGBTQ+ adolescents through its National Committee on

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer+ Issues (NCLGBTQ+). This committee is

dedicated to developing, reviewing, and monitoring programs that significantly affect the

lives of LGBTQ+ individuals, ensuring that their specific needs are addressed within social

work practices and policies.

The NASW's stance on LGBTQ+ issues emphasizes inclusivity, equity, and social justice. It

recognizes the unique challenges faced by LGBTQ+ adolescents, including discrimination,

mental health issues, and a higher risk of homelessness and suicide compared to their

heterosexual peers. The committee aims to provide social workers with the tools, knowledge,

and resources necessary to support LGBTQ+ youth effectively. This includes advocating for

policies that promote safe environments in schools, healthcare, and community settings, and

offering training for social workers to understand the complexities of LGBTQ+ identities and

the specific issues faced by these young people (National Association of Social Workers,

2021).
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Conclusion

the mental health challenges faced by queer adolescents are multifaceted and deeply rooted

in societal stigma, discrimination, and familial rejection. The alarming rates of suicide,

homelessness, and substance abuse among LGBTQ+ youth underscore the urgency for

comprehensive mental health support tailored to their unique experiences. As this paper has

illustrated, resources like The Trevor Project and local organizations such as PFLAG OKC

and Rural Oklahoma Pride play crucial roles in providing support, education, and community

connections. These resources not only facilitate resilience through identity exploration and

self-acceptance but also foster safe environments where queer adolescents can thrive.

the significance of trained mental health professionals who understand LGBTQ+ issues

cannot be overstated. The National Association of Social Workers, through its dedicated

committee for LGBTQ+ issues, emphasizes the need for advocacy and education to ensure

that social workers are equipped to address the specific challenges faced by queer youth. By

prioritizing inclusivity, equity, and social justice, these organizations can help mitigate the

negative impacts of discrimination and promote positive mental health outcomes.

enhancing support systems, advocating for policy changes, and fostering inclusive

environments are essential steps toward improving the mental health and overall well-being

of queer adolescents. As society progresses towards greater acceptance and understanding, it

is imperative to continue amplifying queer voices and ensuring access to the necessary

resources for mental health support.

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IX. Bibliography

References

The Trevor Project. (2023a). Mental health and access to care for LGBTQ girls and young

women. Retrieved from

https://www.thetrevorproject.org/research-briefs/mental-health-and-access-to-care-for-lgbtq-

girls-and-young-women/

The Trevor Project. (2023b). Sexual violence and suicide risk among LGBTQ young people.

Retrieved from

https://www.thetrevorproject.org/research-briefs/sexual-violence-and-suicide-risk-among-lgb

tq-young-people/

The Trevor Project. (2023c). Perceived life expectancy and life purpose in LGBTQ young

people. Retrieved from

https://www.thetrevorproject.org/research-briefs/perceived-life-expectancy-and-life-purpose-

in-lgbtq-young-people/

The Trevor Project. (2023d). The mental health of LGBTQ young people with disabilities.

Retrieved from

https://www.thetrevorproject.org/research-briefs/the-mental-health-of-lgbtq-young-people-wi

th-disabilities/

The Trevor Project. (2023e). The mental health and well-being of Indigenous LGBTQ young

people. Retrieved from

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https://www.thetrevorproject.org/research-briefs/the-mental-health-and-well-being-of-indige

nous-lgbtq-young-people/

The Trevor Project. (2023f). The mental health and well-being of Latinx LGBTQ young

people. Retrieved from

https://www.thetrevorproject.org/research-briefs/the-mental-health-and-well-being-of-latinx-l

gbtq-young-people/

The Trevor Project. (2023g). Acceptance from adults is associated with lower rates of suicide

attempts among LGBTQ young people. Retrieved from

https://www.thetrevorproject.org/research-briefs/acceptance-from-adults-is-associated-with-l

ower-rates-of-suicide-attempts-among-lgbtq-young-people-sep-2023/

National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2019). LGBTQ health: A guide for LGBTQ

patients. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK587174/

UChicago News. (2023). LGBTQ young adults experience homelessness more than twice the

rate of their peers. Retrieved from

https://news.uchicago.edu/story/lgbtq-young-adults-experience-homelessness-more-twice-rat

e-their-peers

National Association of Social Workers. (n.d.). Committee on LGBTQ issues. Retrieved from

https://www.socialworkers.org/about/governance/national-appointments/national-committees

/committee-on-lgbt-issues
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Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2023). SAMHSA releases new

data on lesbian, gay, and bisexual behavioral health. Retrieved from

https://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/20230613/samhsa-releases-new-da

ta-lesbian-gay-bisexual-behavioral-health