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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my profound thanks and gratitude to my teacher Sanjay chaudhary
sir who provided me not only motivation but also valuable guidance to complete the
detailed project on 'THE CLAUSE'
I am also grateful to T.U for giving the golden opportunity to making this project which
enhance my knowledge and gave us practical knowledge about this subject.
I am equally grateful to the chief sir , professor and friends who helped in making our
report writing successful.
In the end, I extend my thanks to my friends and classmates as their ideas were of immense
help and without their kind support,it would not be possible for me to complete this
project with success.
Introduction
The foundation of language and linguistics is the subject of 'major English 'for the B.E.D first year students have to collect
different types of write book prepare Report on 'THE CLAUSE' from the different writer.The student for this report
writing find book .After finding The clause define diffe A clause is words put together within a sentence that has both a
subject and a predicate. The subject, often a noun or a pronoun, carries out the action discussed within the sentence. The
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predicate comprises the verb and any additional information that tells us more about the action or state of the subject.
Together, the subject and the predicate give sentences meaning.
Clauses primarily belong to two categories: independent and dependent. For effective sentence construction, learning
what areclauses, including their types, is crucial.
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate (verb). It may express a
complete thought (independent clause) or rely on another clause to complete its meaning
(dependent clause).
2. Types of Clauses:
A. Main Clause (Independent Clause) A clause that can stand alone as a complete
sentence. Example: She likes reading.
B. Coordinate Clause Two or more main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so). Example: She likes reading, but he prefers writing
.
C. Noun Clause A dependent clause that functions as a noun. Example: I believe that
she is honest.
D. Subordinate Clause (Dependent Clause) A clause that cannot stand alone and
depends on the main clause. Example: Because she was late, she missed the bus.
E. Adjective Clause (Relative Clause) A subordinate clause that functions as an
adjective to describe a noun. Example: The book that I borrowed is interesting
.
F. Adverbial Clause A subordinate clause that functions as an adverb to modify a
verb, adjective, or another adverb. Example: She left because she was tired.
3. Functions of Subordinate Clauses:
Subordinate clauses serve different functions in a sentence, including: Acting as a
subject or object (Noun Clause) Modifying a noun (Adjective Clause) Expressing
conditions, reasons, or time relationships (Adverbial Clause) --- Would you like me to
add more details or examples on any specific point? Different linguists and grammarians
have defined and classified clauses in various ways based on their theoretical
perspectives. Here’s how some notable writers view clau Traditional Grammar (P.C. Wren &
Martin, H.W. Fowler, Otto Jespersen)
Traditional grammarians classify clauses mainly into main clauses and subordinate clauses.
They emphasize the functional role of clauses in sentence construction.
Main Clause (Independent Clause): A complete sentence that expresses a full idea.
Subordinate Clause (Dependent Clause): Needs a main clause to complete its meaning.
Further subdivisions:
Noun Clause (She believes that he is honest.)
Adjective Clause (The book that I borrowed is interesting.)
Adverbial Clause (She left because she was tired.)
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Jesperson’s View: He further divided subordinate clauses based on how they modify words in
the main clause, highlighting their importance in sentence structure.
Structuralist Approach (Leonard Bloomfield, Charles C. Fries)
Structuralists focus on how clauses are formed based on their syntactic structure rather than
meaning.
Finite Clause: Contains a subject and a verb with tense. (She runs every day.)
Non-Finite Clause: Uses an infinitive, gerund, or participle without tense. (Reading books
helps improve knowledge.)
Bloomfield also introduced the idea that clauses are hierarchical units in sentence formation.
Transformational Grammar (Noam Chomsky)
Chomsky’s Generative Grammar explains how clauses are structured through deep and
surface transformations.
Deep Structure: The underlying logical meaning of a clause.
Surface Structure: How the clause appears in a sentence.
He also classified clauses into transformations:
Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses) modify nouns. (The person who called you is outside.)
Complement Clauses (Noun Clauses) function as objects or subjects. (I know that she is
coming.)
Adverbial Clauses modify verbs, adjectives, or sentences. (She left because she was tired.)
Functional Grammar (Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech)These writers
classified clauses based on their pragmatic function in communication:
Declarative Clause: Makes a statement. (She is a teacher.)
Interrogative Clause: Asks a question. (Where does she work?)
Imperative Clause: Gives a command. (Close the door!)
Exclamatory Clause: Expresses strong emotions. (What a beautiful place this is!)
Quirk and Greenbaum also analyzed subordinate clauses by function:
Content Clauses (e.g., noun clauses)
Relative Clauses (e.g., adjective clauses)
Adverbial Clauses (e.g., time, reason, condition clauses)
Pragmatic Approach (David Crystal)
David Crystal studied clauses in spoken vs. written English and real-life communication.
He focused on:Elliptical Clauses: Clauses that omit certain elements (If possible, come
early. → "It iomitted.)Disjunctive Clauses: Short, disconnected clauses used in
conversation (Nice weather, isn’t it?Conditionals: If-clauses that express possibilities (If
it rains, we will stay inside.)
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