GRAMMATHON

VERBS
BY- SUMAN SHARMA
VERBS
WHAT IS VERB?
Verbs tell you what the subject of a sentence or clause is doing (or
being). Verbs are conjugated according to person, number, gender,
tense, aspect, mood, or voice.
HOW TO RECOGNIZE A VERB?
Verbs almost always come after a noun or pronoun. These nouns and
pronouns are referred to as the subject.
 Mark eats his dinner quickly.
 We went to the market.
 You write neatly in your notebook

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KINDS OF VERB
There are four kinds of verbs :
1. Finite Verbs
2. Non-finite Verbs
a). Infinitive
b). Gerund
c). Participle
3. Transitive Verbs
4. Intransitive Verbs

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CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS
The verbs can be classified into two categories :
1. Helping Verbs
a). Modals
b). Primary auxiliary verbs
2. Main Verbs

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FINITE VERBS

Finite Verbs are the real verbs that construct a sentence coming with the
subjects.
 We spend a great amount of time together and we want to do it forever.
 Don’t just sit there idly when you should take the first move.
 Don’t lie when someone asks you a serious question.
 He did not show me the chocolate until I begged him to do so.
 I could not believe that he could bring chocolates for me.

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NON FINITE VERBS

Non-finite verbs do not work as the actual verbs in the formation of

the sentence.
They have the forms of verbs but they do not work as them.
They work as adjectives, gerunds, and adverbs in the sentence.
 It is dangerous to drive on this slippery road.
 We are ready to play now.
 I felt it difficult to comprehend.
 I needed a sound sleep to calm my mind.
 It is good to know that you can cook as well.
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INFINITIVE
Infinitives are non-inflected verbs that are often preceded by to.
They may function as:
Adverbs: I struggle to understand.
Nouns: To read is good for the mind.
Adjectives: I don’t have time to eat.
GERUND
A gerund is an -ing verb that functions as:
Noun: Are you into reading?
Sailing is my favorite sport.
When the same words are used as adjectives, they are participles.
PARTICIPLE
Participles are -ed and -ing verbs that function as adjectives.
The sleeping cat is brown.
The freshly picked tomatoes look delicious. 6
TRANSITIVE VERBS

A transitive verb is one that only makes sense if it exerts its action on an
object.
Transitive verbs are not just verbs that can take an object; they demand
objects. Without an object to affect, the sentence that a transitive verb
inhabits will not seem complete.
 Please bring coffee.
 The girls carry water to their village.
 Ruhan threw the ball.
 Could you phone the neighbors?

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INTRANSITIVE VERBS

An intransitive verb will make sense without one. Some verbs may be used
both ways.
An intransitive verb is the opposite of a transitive verb: it does not require
an object to act upon.
 They jumped.
 The dog ran.
 She sang.
 A light was shining.

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HELPING VERB
They are used in addition to other verbs. These are also called auxiliary
verbs. Auxiliary (or Helping) verbs are used together with a main verb to
show the verb’s tense or to form a negative or question. The most common
auxiliary verbs are have, be, and do.
 Does Sam write all his own reports?
 The secretaries haven’t written all the letters yet.
 Terry is writing an e-mail to a client at the moment.

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 FUNCTIONS OF HELPING VERB
They perform their functions in several different ways:
 By expressing tense ( providing a time reference, i.e. past, present, or
future)
 Grammatical aspect (expresses how verb relates to the flow of time)
 Modality (quantifies verbs)
 Voice (describes the relationship between the action expressed by the
verb and the participants identified by the verb’s subject, object, etc.)
 Adds emphasis to a sentence

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 MODAL AUXILIARY VERB
 They are called modal auxiliary verbs because they are used to form
certain moods or to express certain conceptions of the mind like ability
(I can do it), possibility (It might rain), permission (May I go), obligation
(You must do your duty), etc.
 Modal auxiliary verbs cannot function as Main verbs except in a few
cases.
 Can, could, may, might, shall, will, would, should, must and ought to are
some examples.

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 PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERB
 They change their forms according to the Number and Person of
subject.
 They Primary Auxiliaries are : be, do and have.
 The forms of ‘be’ are : am, is, are, was, were. (Be has other two forms
– being and been).
 The forms of ‘do’ are : do, does, did.
 The forms of ‘have’ are : have, has, had.

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 IMPORTANT POINTS ON
AUXILIARY VERBS
 Modal auxiliary verbs are not used as main verbs. They are only used
as helping verbs.
I can lift this box.
 Modal auxiliary verbs are not used in V1, V2, V3, ing or s/es form.
Their forms do not change with subject, person or number.
She can help you.
 ‘Ought’ and ‘used’ is always followed by Infinitive ‘to + V1’.
We ought to respect our parents.
He used to come late.

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MAIN VERB

 The main verb is also called the lexical verb or the principal verb.
This term refers to the important verb in the sentence, the one
that typically shows the action or state of being of the subject.
 Main verbs can stand alone, or they can be used with a helping
verb, also called an auxiliary verb.

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 FORMS OF VERBS
The forms of verbs are :
 Present (1st form)
 Past (2nd form)
 3rd form
 Ing form
 s/es form
The forms of Main verbs will change if the tense of the sentence
changes.

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TYPE 1
PRESENT PAST PAST -ING FORM S/ES FORM
(1ST FORM) (2ND
FORM) PARTICIPLE
(3RD FORM)
ARISE AROSE ARISEN ARISING ARISES

BEAR (to BORE BORNE BEARING BEARS

tolerate)
CHOOSE CHOSE CHOSEN CHOOSING CHOOSES

DO DID DONE DOING DOES

EAT ATE EATEN EATING EATS

FALL FELL FALLEN FALLING FALLS

GROW GREW GROWN GROWING GROWS

HANG HUNG HUNG HANGING HANGS

SHRINK SHRANK SHRUNK/ SHRINKING SHRINKS 16

SHRUNKEN
TYPE 2 :HAVE SAME 2ND AND 3RD FORM
PRESENT PAST PAST -ING FORM S/ES FORM
(1ST FORM) (2ND
FORM) PARTICIPLE
(3RD FORM)
ABUSE ABUSED ABUSED ABUSING ABUSES

BURN BURNT BURNT BURNING BURNS

CREEP CREPT CREPT CREEPING CREEPS

DRY DRIED DRIED DRYING DRIES

EMPLOY EMPLOYED EMPLOYED EMPLOYING EMPLOYS

FEED FED FED FEEDING FEEDS

LIE LIED LIED LYING LIES

LAY LAID LAID LAYING LAYS

MEAN MEANT MEANT MEANING MEANS

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TYPE 3 :HAVE SAME 1ST , 2ND AND 3RD FORM
PRESENT PAST PAST -ING FORM S/ES FORM
(1ST FORM) (2ND
FORM) PARTICIPLE
(3RD FORM)
BID BID BID BIDDING BIDS

BET BET BET BETTING BETS

CUT CUT CUT CUTTING CUTS

HURT HURT HURT HURTING HURTS

PUT PUT PUT PUTTING PUTS

READ READ READ READING READS

SPREAD SPREAD SPREAD SPREADING SPREADS

THRUST THRUST THRUST THRUSTING THRUSTS

QUIT QUIT QUIT QUITTING QUITS

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“ “The only place where success
comes before work is in the
dictionary.”
― Vidal Sassoon

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