»¢ COLLOCATIONSS '§ What Are Collocations * Collocations are natural word combinations that sound ‘right! to native speakers. They help learners produce language that sounds fluent and natural ~ For example, we say 'make a decision not ‘do a decision’ because ‘make’ naturally collocates with ‘decision’. ‘§ What Are Collocations WORD + WORD = Collocations * Example: I missed the bus’, ‘A heavy smoker! We say ‘heavy rain’, not ‘strong rain’ ‘Natural vs. Unnatural English ¢ ‘© Some combinations sound natural and unnatural Examples: * Cortect: heavy rain, high temperature, discharged from hospital, have an experience * Incorrect: thick rain, tall temperature, released from hospital, dofmake an experience Fast or Quick? “) © Correct: fast train, fast food, quick shower, quick meal * Incorrect: quick train, quick food, fast shower, fast meal @note: ‘Fast! and ‘quick’ are synonyms but not always interchangeable.Some collocations are fixed expressions, and changing one word can make the phrase sound aukward of incorrect. {Wbo These Go Together? # © Correct: strong coffee, tall tree, heavy rain, rich taste * Incorrect: powerful coffee, high tree, weighty rain, deep taste * English has preferred word poirings that form collocations. Using incorrect poirings like ‘deep taste’ instead of 'rich taste’ makes the sentence sound odd or even confusing. ‘Shy Learn Collocations?™ Make your language more natural Easier to be understood Helps with memory Adds richness to vocabulary * Collocations improve your fluency by allowing you to speak in chunks. it's more efficient to remember 'make a mistake' than to construct it from scratch each time. How to Learn Collocations * Be aware and recognize them ‘Treat them as one block * Note collocations when learning new words * Read and revise regularly * Practice in context “P Effective collocation learning includes exposure to natural English, repetition, and usage. Reading widely helps you internalize these word pairings 1. Adverb + Adjective highly controversial deeply offended bitterly disappointed Example: ‘Utterly stupid thing to do" 2. Adjective + Noun excruciating pain regular exercise maiden voyage bright color 3. Noun + Noun surge of anger round of applause bars of soap eg,, teapot, post office's roar © snow falls ‘© bomb goes off take a bath make an effort commit @ crime crack a joke © burst into tears: ‘© runout of money © drive someone to crime © wave frantically ‘© whisper softly ‘© smile proudlyDIEGESIS IN LITERATURE * © For narratologists, all parts of narratives- characters, narrators, existents, actors-are characterized in terms of diegesis. * For definitions of diegesis, one should consult Aristotle's Poetics; Gerard Genette's Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method (Cornell University Press, 1980); or (for a readable introduction) H. Porter Abbott's ‘The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative (Cambridge University Press 2002). In literature, discussions of diegesis tend to concern discourse/sjuzet (vs. story/fabula). %3 Diegetic Levels. 1. The extradiegetic level (the level of the narrative's telling) is, according to Prince, "external to (not part of) any diegesis. 2. The diegetic level is understood as the level, of the characters, their thoughts and actions. 3. The metadiegetic level or hypodiegetic level is that part of a diegesis that is embedded in another one and is often understood as a story within a story, as when a diegetic narrator himselffherself tells a story. GExtradiegetic Levee ‘© refers to anything that exists outside the story world something the characters cannot see, hear; or experience, but the audience can, Basic Breakdown: * Diegetic = inside the story world (what characters seeJhear) © Extro-diegetic = Outside the story world (only for the audience) ©The extra-diegetic level adds information, ‘mood, or commentary just for the viewer, shaping how we understand or feel about the diegetic (story) world, ‘@ Examples of extradiegetic level + 1. Narration/Voice-over * fa narrator speaks over the film but the characters can't hear it, that's extra- diegetic. © Example: In The Shawshank Redemption, Red's voice narrates, but he's not speaking to anyone in the story. ‘@ 2. Background Music * dramatic music plays during a scene to create emotion, but n haracter hears it, that's extra-diegetic & 3. Text on Screen * Titles, subtitles, or date/time stamps that inform the audience. © Example. "10 years later" text on screen ODiegetic level * refers to everything that exists inside the story world-—anything the characters can see, hear, touch, or experience @ Basic Breakdown: ‘© Diegetic = Part of the story world (real for the characters) * It includes sounds, objects, people, places, ‘and events that the characters are aware of. Understanding the diegetic level helps us separate what the characters know From what only the audience knows, which is useful in film, literature, and games. MsExamples of diegetic level @ #1. Characters talking to each other ‘* Their dialogue is part of the story world. ‘Example: A conversation between Harry ‘and Hermione in Harry Potter. ® 2. Music from a radio or band in a scene If the characters can hear it too, it's diegetic. ‘© Example: A character turns on a car radio, ‘and both they and the audience hear the music. 3. Actions and events Anything that happens in the plot that characters’ witness.‘© Example: A fight scene, a wedding, a car crash. @reta-diegetic level * * also called as hypo-diegetic + refers to. story within a story—a secondary narrative that a character inside the main story tells, imagines, or dreams. WBasic Breakdown: *® Diegetic = Main story world (what the characters experience). © Metadiegetic/Hypo-diegetic = A sub-story within that main story, often told by a character, © The metadiegetic level helps storytellers ‘add depth, show character thoughts or pasts, or create creative narrative layers. Examples of metadiegetic level. A Character Telling @ Story or Flashback © When a character starts telling a past event, and we see it play out. * Example: In The Princess Bride, the grandfather reads a fantasy story to his grandson. The fantasy tale is metadiegetic. 2. A Dream or Hallucination © Ifa character dreams and we see the dream, that’s a hypo-diegetic level. © Example: In Inception, the dreams within dreams are hypo-diegetic layers. 3. A Movie Within a Movi + If characters are watching a movie and we see that movie, it's a metadiegetic level. BDIEGESTS IN FILM© + Diegesis is « Greek word which means narration or narrative + Diegesis in film comes from the idea that, there are certain elements. ‘# Diegesis isa style of story telling which presents an interior view of world and that the world is experience by characters in situations and events of the narrative. ‘+ Examples would be telling, recounting and enacting. Such as fictional time, place, characters, and events which make up the Universe or fictional world in which the story is set. ELEMENTS OF DIEGESIS IN FILM. 1. DIEGETIC@® * Asound that originates from within the video or film's world, It can come either from on-screen or off-screen but it always hoppens at the same time that the action takes ploce. Examples of diegetic sound * Character Dialogue © Object Sounds ‘* Music emanating from within in the film, NON- DIEGETIC (ig) ‘+ Sometimes called commentary or non-literal sound, non-diegetic sound is any type of sound that does not specifically exist within the world of the film itself. In other words, it's the type of sound that characters in a film are not able to hear, but that we can. Also the non-diegetic sound is added by sound editors in post-production. ‘+ Examples of Non Diegetic Sound © The films musical score © Sound effects © Narration or voice over TRANS-DIEGETIC SOUND & ‘* When diegetic and non-diegetic sound are combined, it's called trans-diegetic. Trans- diegetic sound refers to any sound that ‘moves in between non-diegetic and Giegetic, or vice versa. Trans-diegetic sound helps bridge or link two things, like transitions between scenes. EXAMPLE OF TRANS-DIEGETIC SOUND 1. Acharacter hums a tune (diegetic sound) and that humming sound turns into an orchestral version of the same tune (non-diegetic sound), which carries over into the next scene. 2, Music plays over the opening credits of a film (non-diegetic sound), but once the title sequence ends, that same music becomes a song heard on someone's radio in the opening scene (diegetic sound). This example links the credit sequence with the opening scene to ease the audience into. the movie-going experience.DIEGESIS IN MUSIC THEATRE. Diegetic and Non -Diegetic Sound Music emanating from within in the film helps the audience become absorbed in a scene. Source Music, also known as diegetic music, is ‘truth in television. ‘As with film, the term ‘diegetic' refers to the function of the music within a work's theatrical narrative, with particular relevance to the role of song Within the typical format of operajoperetta, characters are not ‘aware’ that they are singing. This is a non-diegetic use of song. If however the song is presented as a musical occurrence within the plot, then the number may. be described as ‘diegetic. Examples: ‘The Sound of Music Do-Re-Mi Onstage Pesfrmed Music Vienalld Music mind backend usc ditsten——_inerncton est souloeape tater er Diegesis in Role-Playing Games * Inrole-playing games diegesis includes all the “in-game” parts of the story, both those that are and aren't actually played out. How Diegesis exists in game? ‘The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past below. What parts of the screen do you think are diegetic? Zo what's non-diegetic? & . © The term "meta-concept" is also used for some non-diegetic elements. GMeta-concept * For reasonable deduction or conceptualization, a presumptive idea is, necessary,