MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION, MUMBAI

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“Energy Efficient Smart City”

Submitted By
Ms. Lendave Priti Soudagar [Enrollment No. 2210710254]
Ms. Bhosle Vishakha Dattatray [Enrollment No. 2210710275]
Ms. Patil Rutuja Yauraj [Enrollment No. 2210710250]
Ms. Mali Gitanjali Jagannath [Enrollment No. 2210710253]

Under The Guidance of

Prof. R.S. Salunkhe

Shri Pandurang Pratishthan Pandharpur’s

KARMAYOGI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC),
SHELVE-PANDHARPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25
 Shri Pandurang Pratishthan Pandharpur’s

KARMAYOGI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC),

SHELVE-PANDHARPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that,

Ms. Lendave Priti Soudagar [Enrollment No. 2210710254]

Ms. Bhosale Vishakha Dattatry [Enrollment No. 2210710275]
Ms.sss Patil Rutuja Yauraj [Enrollment No. 2210710250]
Ms. Mali Gitanjali Jagannath [Enrollment No.2210710253]

of Final Year (Electrical Engineering) have satisfactorily and successfully completed their
Project Report entitled “Energy Efficient Smart City” and have submitted this project report
in partial fulfillment of the award of “Diploma in Electrical Engineering” as per the curriculum
laid down by M.S.B.T.E. Mumbai, during the academic year 2024-25.

Date: / / .

Prof. R.S. Salunkhe Prof. G.A. Korake Prof. V.V. Palimkar

Project Guide Project Coordinator H.O.D.

Dr. A.B. Kanase

External Examiner Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is pleasure to get this opportunity to thank beloved and respected

Guide Prof. R.S. Salunkhe, she imparted valuable knowledge of
“Energy Efficient Smart City” She was also kind enough to spare his
valuable time to guide us in making our Project report.

We sincerely thank to Project Coordinator Prof. G.A. Korake, for his

consistent guidance and motivation during project work, which will surely help
us in our life.

We owe our sincere thanks more than what we can express towards our
Head of Electrical Engineering Department Prof. V.V. Palimkar, for
his constant inspiration and assistance throughout the course.

We are grateful to, Principal Dr. A.B. Kanase, for his encouragement
and strong support throughout the course.

We express our sincere thanks to all the faculties and classmates of

Electrical Engineering Department of Karmayogi Institute of Technology
(Polytechnic)- Shelve, who have helped us directly or indirectly to
complete this project report.

We would also like to be grateful to our parents for their wishes and
moral support during the preparation and to all concerned persons for
helping and encouraging us.

Ms. Lendave Priti Soudagar [Enrollment No. 2210710254]

Ms. Bhosle Vishakha Dattatry [Enrollment No. 2210710275]
Ms. Patil Rutuja Yauraj [Enrollment No. 2210710250]
Ms. Mali Gitanjali Jagannath [Enrollment No. 2210710253]
 INDEX

Chapter Page
No. Contents No.
Abstract

List of figures i

List of Photo ii

List of abbreviations iii

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
SCOPE OF PROJECT 4

3.1 Importance of Project 4

3
3.2 Problem Statement 6

3.3 Objective of the Project 7

METHODOLOGY 9
4
4.1 Block Diagram 9

DESIGN WORKING AND PROCESSES 10

5.1 Circuit Diagram 10

5.2 Component Used 11

5 5.3 Explanation of Circuit Diagram 12

5.3.1 Arduino UNO 12

5.3.2 GSM 13

5.3.3 Servo motor 14

 5.3.4 IR Sensor 15

5.3.5 LED 16

5.3.6 LDR 17

5.3.7 Solar Panel 18

5.3.8 Transistor 19

5.3.9 Resistor 21

RESULTS AND APPLICATION 22

6.1 Results 22

6 6.2 Advantages 23

6.3 Applications 23

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 24

7 7.1 Conclusion 24

7.2 Future Scope 25

COST ESTIMATION AND HARDWARE 26

Cost Estimation 26

Hardware Design 27

REFERENCES 28

Papers 28

Websites 28

APPENDIX
 ABSTRACT

In energy efficient smart city integrates advanced technologies and data analytics to
enhance urban living, with a primary focus on improving sustainability, efficacy and
quality of life. Energy- efficient smart cities aim to minimize energy consumption while
ensuring optimal performance of urban system. By leveraging internet of thing (IOT)
devices, sensor, renewable energy sources, and smart grid technologies, these cities can
monitor and control energy use across various sectors, such as transportation, building
management, and public infrastructure. The application of real-time data and AI-based
predictive analytics enables dynamic energy optimization, reducing waste, improving
resource management and lowering carbon emission. This approach not only promotes
environmental sustainability but also enhance the resilience of cities against energy
shortages and environmental challenges, driving a transition toward greener, more
sustainable urban environment. An energy efficient smart city leverages technology and
data to optimize resource use, reduce environmental impact, and improve the quality of
life for citizens, focusing on sustainable practices and innovative solutions.
 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Page
Name of Figure
No. No.

4.1 Fig Energy Efficient Smart City 8

5.2 Circuit diagram of Energy Efficient Smart City 9

5.3.1 Arduino UNO 11

5.3.2 GSM 12

5.3.3 Servo Motor 13

5.3.4 IR Sensor 14

5.3.5 LED 15

5.3.6 LDR 16

5.3.7 Solar Panel 17

5.3.8 Transistor 18

5.3.9 Resistor 20

i
 LIST OF TABLE

Table Title Page

No. No.

5.2 Component List 10

Cost Estimation 25

LIST OF PHOTO

Photo Page
No. Title No.

Hardware Design 26

ii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IOT Internet of Things

SDG Sustainable development goals

LED Light emitting diode

IR Infrared sensor

LDR Light dependent resistor

GSM Global system for mobile communication

DC Direct current

AC Alternating current

PV Photovoltaic

iii
 CHAPTER NO.1
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER NO.2
LITERATURE SURVEY
 CHAPTER NO.3
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
 CHAPTER NO.4
METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER NO.5
DESIGN, WORKING AND PROCESSES
 CHAPTER NO.6
RESULT AND APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER NO.7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
COST ESTIMATION AND HARDWARE
 “Energy Efficient smart city”

CHAPTER NO.1

INTRODUCTION
Energy efficient smart cities, use technology to reduce energy consumption and improve the
quality of life for citizens. A smart city is one that uses technology and innovative solutions to
improve the quality of life of its citizens and reduce its environmental impact. However, to
create truly intelligent and sustainable cities, it is essential to improve the energy efficiency of
buildings, infrastructures, and urban system. Energy has been, since the start of the industrial
revolution, at the center stage when it came to the development and growth of countries.

Countries have not only been exploring alternative renewable resources of energy but also
developing technologies, inventing processes and equipment that consume energy efficient
and do not compromise on performance. The unite nations as also placed access to energy and
efficiency under sustainable development goals (SDG), urging governments to sync their
policies and program for sustainability and inclusivity of processes and system of a
prototypical city In June 2015, the government of India launched the smart cities mission to
develop our cities on sustainability and inclusivity of processes and systems of a prototypical
city.

A smart city, is one that provides core infrastructure and quality of life to its citizens with a
clean and sustainable environment. A smart city is driven by smart devices, machines and
methods and includes energy conservation and efficiency processes as well. Assessment of
our cities and their sustainability of energy consumption needs to be analyses from several
perspectives. Energy efficiency, in addition to the generation of energy from several sources, is
one of the critical aspects to provide energy access to a vast population of our country. Energy
demand patterns are complex and distinct for different countries. The building sector, for
instance, is one of the most dominant sectors accounting for 40 percent of the primary energy
requirement of a developed country .out of this 40-50 percent goes into driving the
technologies, equipment and process to make ambient life inside buildings conducive inability
to access energy sometimes forces countries to go volatile and default on their payments.

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CHAPTER NO.2

LITERATURE SURVEY
1.1 Energy –Efficient Smart Cities with Green Internet of Things.

Cities are dynamic structures that require numerous different systems which consist of
stakeholders, residents, physical infrastructure, economic activities, housing, facilities, and
amenities. To build an ambitious smart urban ecosystem, identifying ideas and effective
approaches for operation over crowd contribution and corporation is important. The improved
and larger image of all situations, monitored by elevated visibility through different mediums,
that is audio visual, acoustic, text, and imageries’ information sharing is the core-idea of a
smart city. However, owing to limited resources like excessive consumption of power along
with restricted battery life characteristics of these small devices that are the building blocks of
smart city, which handles huge volume of information, going green with IoT will be the best
that can be done today for environmental sustainability. G- IoT is anticipated to bring major
advances in our everyday lives, and it will help to realize the “green ambient intelligence”
vision. We will be surrounded by many sensors, computers, and devices in the coming years,
which will be able to communicate via 5G, behave “intelligently,” “extend green help in task
management IoT is a budding technology for the development of smart cities, which connects
several digital devices over the internet, therefore offering numerous innovative amenities
from academic world to industry and health care to professional for providing better services
to consumers with a sustainable future.

1.2 Energy Efficient Smart Street Light For Smart City:

Smart Street light is an intelligent control of street light to optimize the problem of power
consumption of the street, the let in night. conventional street light are being replace the by
light emitting diode (LED) street lighting system, which reduces the power consumption the
focus of this project is to design system of street light controller to provide a reducing in

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power consumption the prototype was designed by using light dependent resistor (LDR),
infrared sensor (IR), battery and LED. The brightness of the lamp is being controlled in this
project to reduce power consumption. The dimming of the lamp depend on the speed of object
motion detected such as pedestrians, cyclists and cars. The higher speed of moving object, the
greater the level of intensity. for this idea the innovation of street light is not quite the same as
conventional street light that are controlled by timer switch or light sensor which automatically
turn light on during sunset and of during sunrise.

1.3 Automated Solar Tracking System For Energy Efficient Smart City:

Solar energy is a clean energy source available in abundance throughout the world. The
energy can be converted to electrical form by means of solar panel. The conversion
efficiency of solar panel is above 20% the use of solar tracker raise the efficiency to around
35% - 40% there by providing more output power. Solar trackers are device, which align the
panel almost perpendicular to the direction of filling sun rays. This is done because of the fact
that solar panel give out maximum output only when incident rays are perpendicular. The
basic type of solar tracking system include single axis and dule axis. single axis system
provide movement only in one direction i.e. either horizontal or vertical. Dual axis system
provide movement in both the direction and are hence more efficient and reliable. Solar
energy provide suitable solution to meet the growing need of electricity.

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CHAPTER NO.3

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

3.1 Importance of Project:

Energy efficient smart city through Arduino projects represents a significant advancement in
the realm of electrical engineering, offering numerous benefits in terms of energy efficiency,
cost savings, improve quality of life, system reliability, smart resources management, and
environmental sustainability. In a world where energy consumption is continuously increasing
and concerns about environmental impact are growing, Energy Efficient Smart City have
emerged as a crucial solution to address these challenges. Let's delve deeper into the importance
of Energy Efficient smart City projects:

1. Environmental sustainability:

In Energy efficient smart city implement technologies like smart grids, IOT sensors, advanced
building management systems, and promote renewable energy sources, allowing for real time
monitoring and optimization of energy consumption across buildings, transportation, and
public infrastructure, ultimately reducing energy waste and carbon footprint through data-
driven decision making.

2. Sustainable Development:
These projects promote sustainable urban development by optimizing the use of resources,
reducing energy consumption, and minimizing environmental impact, it helps cities grow
without depleting natural resources or harming ecosystems.

3. Climate Change Mitigation:

As cities are responsible for a large share of global carbon emissions, implementing energy
efficient system is vital in reducing the urban carbon footprint and combating climate change. By
relying on renewable energy sources and energy-efficient infrastructure, such projects can
significantly cut down on greenhouse gas emission.

4. Improve infrastructure:

Smart city involves upgrading city infrastructure with advanced technologies that enhance
performance, reduce waste, and improve service delivery. This include systems for managing
traffic, water waste disposal, and energy distribution, creating a more efficient

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5. Economic Benefits:

Energy efficient technologies and smart solution, like smart grids LED lighting, and energy
efficient building, lead to long term cost savings. Reduced energy consumption lowers
operating costs for city utilities, businesses, and resident, while stimulating the green economy
with the creation of new jobs industries.

6. Enhanced Quality Of Life:

Energy efficient smart city project provide citizens with a better quality of life by improving
air pollution, and responsive services. For real time traffic monitoring can reduce congestion
and pollution, and smart lighting can improve safety in public spaces.

7. Energy Independence:

By investing in renewable energy sources, energy efficiency smart city projects help reduce
dependency on non-renewable energy resources. This improves energy security and makes
cities more resilient to fluctuations in energy prices or shortages.

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3.2 Problem Statement:

The problem statement for Energy Efficient Smart City project is the rapid urbanization and
population growth in cities worldwide have led to increased energy consumption, resource
depletion and environmental degradation. Traditional urban infrastructure are often in-
efficient, contributing to high energy use, waste generation, and carbon emission. Cities are
facing challenges in managing resources effectively. Providing sustainable public services,
and mitigating the adverse effect of climate change. There is pressing need for urban
environments to transition toward more energy –efficient and sustainable solution. In our
traditional system, we find some disadvantages like: To complete any task manually it takes
lots of time, we did not get the things on time. Even through it takes lots of time to complete
our task: lots of errors are found in us work. In our traditional system there is lot of use of
nonrenewable energy. Ultimately it effect on our environment /nature. So, to reduce all these
we are moving towards the smart city.

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3.3 Objective of the Project:

The objective of project includes:

1. Improving the Quality of life :

The objective of smart city is to enhance the quality of life for their residents. This is achieved
by providing better public services, such as efficient public transportation, energy and water
conservation, improved safety, and healthcare access. Smart cities aim to make urban life more
convenient and comfortable for everyone.

2. Environmental Sustainability:

Smart cities aim to reduce their environmental footprint. By implementing sustainable

practices like green infrastructure, the use of renewable energy, and efficient waste
management, the goal is to reduce carbon emission and preserve environmental resources.

3. Technology and Innovation :

Smart city encourages the use of technology and innovation in urban management. this
includes employing artificial intelligence system to improve traffic management, developing
smart applications for government services, and enhancing high speed internet connectivity
throughout the city.

4. Boosting Local Economy :

Smart cities contribute to economic growth by supporting local businesses and creating new
job opportunities, particularly in technology and innovation sectors. This leads to stimulating
the local economy and increasing government revenue.

5. Community Engagement :

Smart cities promote citizen participation in decision –making processes and sustainable
development. Through dialogue and community engagement platforms, citizens can express
their needs and concerns, thereby shaping a city that aligns with their priorities.

6. Control and Security :

Smart cities enhance security levels through technology, monitoring accidents and crime. This
is achieved by developing disaster management systems and improving readiness to handle
nature disasters and emergencies.

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7. Social Inclusion :

Smart Cities work towards promoting social inclusion among diverse community segments.
This is accomplished by providing equal opportunities for education, healthcare, and cultural
services, regardless of individuals’ background or origins.

8. Resilience and Adaptation :

Smart cities aim to enhance the city’s resilience and its ability to adapt to future
challenges such as climate change and population growth.

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CHAPTER NO.4

METHODOLOGY
4.1 Block Diagram:

The smart cities mission of the government is a bold ,new initiative. It is meant to set example
that can be replicated both within and outside the smart city, catalyzing the creation of similar
smart cities in various regions and parts of the country .for example solar treaking system ,
water level indicator , smart dustbin, wireless car charging due this concept we create city is
more economical ,better infrastructure, improve the reliability also with the help of smart
dustbin manage the waste in the surrounding area , also improve the public safety with the
security alarms or camera. Also by

Fig. Block Diagram of Energy Efficient Smart City.

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CHAPTER NO.5

DESIGN, WORKING AND PROCESSES

5.1 Circuit Diagram:

In an Energy Efficient Smart City, the circuit diagram typically includes components like IR
sensor, servo motor, solar panel, Resistor, LDR, Transistor, GSM and an Arduino
microcontroller.

Fig. 5.1 Circuit Diagram of Energy Efficient Smart Diagram.

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5.2 Component Used:

Table 5.2 Component List

Sr. No. Component Rating

1 Arduino UNO ATmega 328

GSM
2 RS232

3 Servo motor SG90

4 IR Sensor -

5 LED -

6 LDR -

7 Solar panel _

8 Transistor 0.1to 50 amp

9 Plywood 3x3ft

10 Resistor 100k

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5.3 Explanation of Circuit Diagram:

5.3.1 Arduino UNO:

Arduino is a single -board microcontroller that can read inputs from sensors, buttons, and other
sources, and outputs like activating motors or turning on light. Arduino For the compact build,
I choose Arduino Nano despite Arduino UNO. Arduino Uno is a small, flexible
microcontroller board using an Atmega328p chip. It can also use as a substitute for UNO. All
the functions are the same in these two boards. The size of its PCB is 18×45mm. The clock
speed is 16 MHz its input voltage is 5-12V. There are 30 pins including power, data,
analogue, and serial pins on this board. The most commonly used microcontroller in Arduino
boards is the Atmel AVR series although other microcontroller architectures like ARM are also
supported. Arduino boards typically include digital input/output pins, analog input pins,
power pins, a USB interface for programming and communication, and additional features
such as built-in LEDs, buttons, and voltage regulators. Arduino programming is based on a
subset of C and C++ languages, with a few additional libraries and conventions specific to
Arduino. and communicating with other devices. The sketches are then compiled into
machine code and uploaded to the Arduino board for execution. Arduino is used in a wide
range of applications, including robotics, home automation, IoT, wearable technology art
installations, educational projects, and prototyping.

Fig 5.3.1 Arduino UNO

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5.3.2 GSM :

A GSM module is a device that allows electronic devices to communicate with each other
over the GSM network. GSM is a standard for digital cellular communications, which means
that it provides a platform for mobile devices to communicate with each other wirelessly. The
GSM module is a specialized device that enables a device to send and receive data over the
GSM network.

The GSM network is an essential component of modern communication systems. It is a

standard used by mobile devices to communicate with each other wirelessly. The GSM
network provides a reliable and secure platform for communication, which makes it a
preferred choice for many applications.

The history of the GSM module dates back to the 1980s when the GSM network was first
introduced. The first GSM module was designed to work with analogue phones, and it was not
until the late 1990s that digital GSM modules were introduced. Today, the GSM module is an
essential component used in various communication systems.

Fig 5.3.2 GSM

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5.3.3 Servo Motor :

Servomotors are generally used as a high-performance alternative to the stepper motor.

Stepper motors have some inherent ability to control position, as they have built-in output
steps. This often allows them to be used as an open-loop position control, without any
feedback encoder, as their drive signal specifies the number of steps of movement to rotate,
but for this, the controller needs to 'know' the position of the stepper motor on power up.
Therefore, on the first power-up, the controller will have to activate the stepper motor and turn
it to a known position, e.g. until it activates an end limit switch. This can be observed when
switching on an inkjet printer; the controller will move the ink jet carrier to the extreme left and
right to establish the end positions. A servomotor can immediately turn to whatever angle the
controller instructs it to, regardless of the initial position at power up if an absolute encoder is
used.

Fig 5.3.3 Servo Motor

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5.3.4 IR Sensor :

IR sensor is an electronic device that emits the light in order to sense some object of the
surroundings. An IR Sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiation. These
types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, but infrared sensor can detect these radiations.

The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light emitting diode) and the detector is simply an IR
photodiode. Photodiode is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength which is emitted by the
IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will
change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared source, a
transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and signal processing.
Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength used as infrared sources.

The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere and
optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the spectral
response.

Fig 5.3.4 IR Sensor

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5.3.5 LED :
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric
current flows through it. When current passes through an LED, the electrons recombine with
holes emitting light in the process. LEDs allow the current to flow in the forward direction
and blocks the current in the reverse direction. Light-emitting diodes are heavily doped p-n
junctions. Based on the semiconductor material used and the amount of doping, an LED will
emit colored light at a particular spectral wavelength when forward biased. As shown in the
figure, an LED is encapsulated with a transparent cover so that emitted light can come out.

The energy is released in the form of photons on recombination. In standard diodes, the
energy is released in the form of heat. But in light-emitting diodes, the energy is released in the
form of photons. We call this phenomenon electroluminescence. Electroluminescence is an
optical phenomenon, and electrical phenomenon where a material emits light in response to an
electric current passed through it. As the forward voltage increases, the intensity of the light
increases and reaches a maximum.

LEDs find applications in various fields, including optical communication, alarm and security
systems, remote-controlled operations, robotics, etc. It finds usage in many areas because of
its long-lasting capability, low power requirements, swift response time, and fast switching
capabilities.

Fig 5.3.5 LED

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5.3.6 LDR:
An LDR sensor, also known as a Light Dependent Resistor, is a passive electronic component
that detects light in its environment. This remarkable device plays a crucial role in various
applications by changing its electrical resistance based on the intensity of light it's exposed to.
The LDR sensor working principle relies on photoconductivity, which allows it to convert
changes in illumination into electrical signals that can be measured and interpreted.

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) as the name states is a special type of resistor that works on
the photoconductivity principle means that resistance changes according to the intensity of
light. Its resistance decreases with an increase in the intensity of light. It is often used as a light
sensor, light meter, Automatic Street light, and in areas where we need to have light
sensitivity. LDR is also known as a Light Sensor. LDR are usually available in 5mm, 8mm,
12mm, and 25mm dimensions.

It works on the principle of photoconductivity whenever the light falls on its photoconductive
material, it absorbs its energy and the electrons of that photoconductive material in the
valence band get excited and go to the conduction band and thus increasing the conductivity
as per the increase in light intensity. Also, the energy in incident light should be greater than
the bandgap gap energy so that the electrons from the valence band got excited and go to the
conduction band. The Light-dependent resistors made with photosensitive semiconductor
materials like Cadmium Sulphides (Cods), lead sulfide, lead selenide, indium antimonide, or
cadmium selenide.

Fig 5.3.6 LDR

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5.3.7 Solar panel:

A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic (PV)
cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce excited electrons when exposed to light.
These electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct current (DC) electricity, which can
be used to power various devices or be stored in batteries. Solar panels are also known as
solar cell panels, solar electric panels, or PV modules. Solar panels are usually arranged in
groups called arrays or systems. A photovoltaic system consists of one or more solar
panels, an inverter that converts DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity, and
sometimes other components such as controllers, meters, and trackers. Most panels are in solar
farms or rooftop solar panels which supply the electricity grid.

Some advantages of solar panels are that they use a renewable and clean source of energy,
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and lower electricity bills. Some disadvantages are that they
depend on the availability and intensity of sunlight, require cleaning, and have high initial
costs.

Solar panels are widely used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes, as well as in
space, often together with batteries. A photovoltaic system consists of one or more solar
panels, an inverter that converts DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity, and
sometimes other components such as controllers, meters, and trackers.

Fig 5.3.7 Solar panel

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5.3.8 Transistor :
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It
is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor
material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic
circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the
controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged
individually, but many more in miniature form are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Because transistors are the key active components in practically all modern electronics, many
people consider them one of the 20th century's greatest inventions.

Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, but certain other
semiconductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge
carrier in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction
transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller and
require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very
high operating frequencies or high operating voltages, such as Traveling-wave tubes and
Gyrations. Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple
manufacturers.

Fig 5.3.8 Transistor

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Transistors are commonly used in digital circuits as electronic switches which can be either in
an "on" or "off" state, both for high-power applications such as switched-mode power supplies
and for low-power applications such as logic gates. Important parameters for this application
include the current switched, the voltage handled, and the switching speed, characterized by
the rise and fall times.

In a switching circuit, the goal is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the
properties of an open circuit when off, the short circuit when on, and an instantaneous
transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to
leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry, the resistance of the transistor in the
"on" state is too small to affect circuitry, and the transition between the two states is fast
enough not to have a detrimental effect.

The use of bipolar transistors for switching applications requires biasing the transistor so that
it operates between its cut-off region in the off-state and the saturation region (on). This
requires sufficient base drive current. As the transistor provides current gain, it facilitates the
switching of a relatively large current in the collector by a much smaller current into the base
terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a
particular type, varies depending on the collector current. In the example of a light-switch
circuit, as shown, the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor is
saturated. The base resistor value is calculated from the supply voltage, transistor C-E
junction voltage drop, collector current, and amplification factor beta.

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5.3.9 Resistor:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among
other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may
be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating
voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a
lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits. The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal
value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

A resistor limits the electric current that flows through a circuit. Resistance is the restriction of
current. In a resistor the energy of the electrons that pass through the resistor are changed to
heat and/or light. For example, in a light bulb, the tungsten filament acts as a resistor that heats
up because of the current going through it, causing it to glow.

Fig. 5.3.9 Resistor

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 “Energy Efficient smart city”

CHAPTER NO.6

RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS

6.1 Results:

The energy efficient smart cities leverage technology and data to optimize resource use,
reduce emission, and improve sustainability, leading to benefits like reduce energy
consumption, improved air quality, and enhanced citizen wellbeing. also due to this project we
can improve the quality of life, cost saving, enhanced public service, economic development,
sustainable development, renewable energy, smart grids, reduce environmental impact. By
using the renewable sources electricity is generated.

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 “Energy Efficient smart city”

6.1 Advantages:

1. Reduced energy consumption.

2. Improve quality of life.
3. Sustainability.
4. Economic growth and innovation.
5. More responsive city services.
6. Less crime.
7. Improve Public safety.
8. safer streets and highways.

6.2 Applications:

1. Street light.
2. Energy storage system.
3. Waste management.
4. Improve safety due to Automatic Street light.
5. Reduce the light pollution.
6. Solar heating.
7. Solar pump irrigation.
8. Generation of solar power.
9. Smart grid.

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 “Energy Efficient smart city”

CHAPTER NO.7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 Conclusion:

Energy efficient smart cities are the future of urban living, where technology is used to save
energy, reduce waste, and make life better for everyone. These cities use smart systems to
manage things like energy, water and transportation in the most efficient way possible by
doing so, they help protect the environment, cut down on pollution, and save money in the
long run. As technology improves, these cities will continue to grow and provide more
sustainable, comfortable, and affordable living spaces for people. Ultimately, energy efficient
smart cities will help us create cleaner, safer, and more sustainable communities for the
future.

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 “Energy Efficient smart city”

7.2 Future Scope:

The future scope of the Energy Efficient Smart City project is vast and dynamic, as
technological advancements, growing concerns about climate change, and the increasing
demand for urban development will continue to drive innovation. Smart cities looks like
promising, with the potential to reduce energy consumption, lower pollution and improve
efficiency. Smart cities is expected to be connected, sustainable and improve the quality of life
for citizen like a connectivity, sustainability, quality of life, healthcare, transportation, energy
etc. smart cities of future will use technology to more efficiently facilities services such as
transportation, water, waste disposal utilities, and crime detection.

The rise of home solar power system, electric vehicles hardware, and software technology will
allow better grid management for smart cities. Buildings and homes can monitor energy usage
actively and homes can monitor energy usages actively and report this data to utilities to
reduce their costs leading to lower pollution and better efficiency. Sustainable smart cities are
those which can preserve a healthy urban environment for present and future generation.
Aside from reducing emissions and increasing efficiency, regrowth cities also focus on social,
economic, and environmental goals.

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 “Energy Efficient smart city”

COST ESTIMATION AND HARDWARE

Cost Estimation:

Table of Cost Estimation

Quantity Cost (Rs)

Sr. No. Name

1 Arduino UNO 2 800

GSM
2 1 900

3 IR sensor 1 150

4 Servo motor 1 150

5 LED 10 15

6 LDR 5 20

7 Transistor 5 15

8 Solar panel 1 150

9 Plywood 1 450

10 Battery 1 400

Total Rs. 3050

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 “Energy Efficient smart city”

Hardware Design:

Photo of Energy Efficient smart city

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 “Energy Efficient smart city”

REFERENCES
Papers:

1. Gapchup A, Wani A, Wadghule A, Jadhav S (2017) Emerging trends of green IoT for smart
world. Int J Innov Res Comput Commun Eng 5(2):2139–2148

2. IoT and Smart Cities Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M.
(2014). Internet of Things for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 22-
32.DOI:10.1109/JIOT.2014.2306328

3. ESP32 Microcontroller: Espressif Systems. (2023). ESP32 Technical Reference Manual.

Available:https://www.espressif.com/en/products/socs/esp32

4. M. Premkumar and R. Sowmya, “An effective maximum power point tracker for partially
shaded solar photovoltaic systems,” Energy Reports, vol. 5, pp. 1445–1462, 2019.

5. M. Premkumar and R. Sowmya, “An effective maximum power point tracker for partially
shaded solar photovoltaic systems,” Energy Reports, vol. 5, pp.1445–1462, 2019.

Website:
1. www.IEEE Explore Digital Library.com
2. www.electrical 4u.com
3. www.IJNRD.com

Karmayogi Institute of Technology (Poly), Shelve Page 28

APPENDIX
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (6), Issue (3), March (2025), Page – 9921-9925

International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews

Journal homepage: www.ijrpr.com ISSN 2582-7421

ENERGY EFFICIENT SMART CITY

Prof. Salunkhe Rutuja S.1, Prof. Korake Ganesh A.2, Patil Rutuja Y.3, Lendave P. S.4, Mali G.J.5
1
Dept.:- Electrical Engineering Karmyogi Institute of Technology Shelve, Pandharpur, Solapur Maharashtra, India
E-mail:-salunkherutuja177@gmail.com
2
Dept.:- Electrical Engineering Karmayogi Institute of Technology Shelve, Pandharpur, Solapur Maharashtra, India
E-mail:- ganesh.korake55@gmail.com
3
Dept.: Electrical Engineering Karmayogi Institute of Technology Shelve, Pandharpur, Solapur Maharashtra, India
E-mail:-@gmail.com
4
Dept.:- Electrical Engineering Karmayogi Institute of Technology Shelve, Pandharpur, Solapur Maharashtra, India
E-mail:-priti.lendave0306@gmail.com
5
Dept.:- Electrical Engineering Karmayogi Institute of Technology Shelve, Pandharpur, Solapur Maharashtra, India
E-mail:-maligitanjali402@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The smart city is a place where traditional network and service are made more efficient with the use of digital solution for the benefit of its in habitant and
business. A smart city goes beyond the use of digital technologies for better resources use and less emissions. There is no universally accepted definition of a
smart city, the conceptualization varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform,
resources and aspirations of the residents.

Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a wish
list of infrastructure and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco- system, which is represented by the four pillars of
comprehensive development- institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. In smart cities, efficient transportation such as electrical trams and trains
can relieve urban congestion and reduce carbon emission. Furthermore, clean and efficient public transportation encourages more usage of public transport,
further relieving congestion and air pollution.

I. INTRODUCTION

Energy efficient smart cities, apply technology to lower energy use and enhance people's quality of life. A smart city is one that technology and creative
ideas to enhance the quality of life of its people and lower its environmental effect. Increasing the energy efficiency of buildings, infrastructure, and
urban systems is absolutely vital if we are to build really smart and sustainable cities. Countries have hot only been investigating renewable energy
sources but also creating technologies, inventing processes and equipment that use energy efficiently and do not compromise performance. The unite
nation as also set under sustainable develop goals (SDG) access to energy and efficiency. Urging governments to harmonize their policies and programs
for sustainable sustainability and inclusiveness of processes and systems of a prototypical metropolis. A smart cities is one that offers cores
infrastructure and quality of life to its people with a clean and sustainable environment. Driven by smart devices, machine and techniques, a smart city
is also one that prioritizes energy conservation efficiency processes.

II. OBJECTIVE

A smart city also includes energy conservation efficiency processes driven by smart devices, machine and methods.
Reflecting a futuristic vision for urban expansion, smart cities aim to improve the quality of life for their residents. A smart city is not only a technical
term; it is also a push toward the application of data and technology to attain genuine and important objectives. Smart cities want to improve the quality
of life, boost service efficiency, promote citizen safety and security, and attain environmental and economic sustainability in the long run. This article
will examine more closely the goals of smart cities and how they might shape sustainable and advanced urban future
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (6), Issue (3), March (2025), Page – 9921-9925 9922

III. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DISCRIPTION

Solar tracking system:-

A solar tracking system aims to maximize the amount of sunlight it absorbs by keeping a solar panel perpendicular to the sun's rays; this converts more
energy into power.
Smart dustbin:-
A smart dustbin system enhances waste management by monitoring the contents of a bin using sensor and technology. Smart bins have sensors that can
monitor the bin's fill level. Often sent wirelessly over Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, this data helps waste management companies to optimize collection routes
and minimize needless pickup.
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (6), Issue (3), March (2025), Page – 9921-9925 9923

Smart street light :-

The main objective of this project is to develop an embedded an system which switches or turn ON the light by detecting the vehicles on the road for
energy saving of street light.

Buzzer:-

Fig. Buzzer
A beeper buzzer might be a mechanical type, piezoelectric, or electromechanical audio sign ling device. Its primary purpose is to turn the audio signal
into sound. Usually, it runs on DC voltage and in timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc. Depending on the various designs, it may
produce different sounds including alarm, music, bell and siren. It is defined by two pins called positive negative. .

Motor drive:-

Fig. Motor drive

A motor IC is an integrated circuit chip that runs motor in embedded circuit and autonomous robots For basic robots and RC cars, motor drive ICs most
usually are L293D and ULN2003. A motor drive is definitely so thing that makes the motor run according to the specified input or command.

IR Sensor:-

Fig. IR Sensor
An electronic device called an IR sensor finds certain objects in its environment by means of light emission.
An IR sensor can identify motion as well as measure an object's heat. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects emit some kind of thermal
radiation. Though infrared sensors can pick up these radiations, our eyes cannot.

LDR Module:-
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (6), Issue (3), March (2025), Page – 9921-9925 9924

One kind of variable resistance is LDR or Light Dependent Resistance. Others call it a photo resistor as well. Working on the concept of "photo
conductivity," the Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) The LDR resistance changes with the light intensity striking the LDR. The LDR resistance will
drop and the element conductivity will rise when the light intensity on the LDR surface increases.

Arduino:-

Fig. Arduino
Arduino is a single-board microcontroller that can read input from sensor, buttons, and other sources, and output like activating motor or turning on
light.

GSM:-

Fig. GSM
A GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) with a mobile network using a SIM card. GSM module establish and maintain a communication
link between a device and a GSM network. They also handle data encryption and decryption.

Advantages

1. Reduce energy consumption

2. Improve quality of life
3. Sustainability
4. Economic growth and innovation
5. Less crime
6. Improve public safety
7. More responsive city services
8. Save Electrical energy

Application

1. Street light
2. Energy storage system
3. Waste management
4. Solar heating
5. Smart grid
6. Reduce the light pollution
7. Generation of solar power
 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (6), Issue (3), March (2025), Page – 9921-9925 9925

Feature and specification:-

Feature Specification
GSM -
Buzzer 6V

Motor Drive L298N

LDR Module -
Arduino
Atmega328p

Conclusion

In the energy smart city leverages advanced technology like smart grids, data analytics, and IOT sensor to optimize energy consumption across
building, infrastructure, and transportation system, significantly reducing carbon emission while enhancing citizen quality of life by promoting
sustainable energy sources like by promoting sustainable energy source like solar and wind power, ultimately paving the way for a more resilient and
environmentally friendly urban environment.
In the energy efficient smart city discuss the concept of utilizing advanced technology and data analytics within urban environment to optimize energy
consumption across various sectors like buildings, transportation,and infrastructure, aiming to minimize environmental impact while maximizing
citizen quality o life through efficient resources management and renewable energy integration, ultimately creating a sustainable urban landscape. In the
smart city we can reduce the crime, improve the life of energy.

REFERENCES

1. www.Google com.
2. Smart Energy in Smart City-Rocco Papa
3. Renewable energy for smart and sustainable cities-Mustapha Hatti.
4. Verma R, Jain S, Chhabra N, Lakhena R, Aravind A,(2019) Internet of thing in smart city, New Delhi.
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.32286
5. Ali T, Irfan M, Alwadie AS, Glowacz A (2020) IOT-based smart waste bin monitoring and municipal solid waste management system for
smart cities. Arab J Sci Eng 45(12):10185- 10198. htt://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020- 04637-w