Chapter = 2
Human Settlements
INTRODUCTION
Human settlement means cluster of any type or size where
human being live for their survival .Settlement range from a
hamlet to a metropolitan cities . These can be different from
economical and social structure with different ecology and
technology .
The sparsely located small settlement are called Rural
Settlements which are specialised in primary or agricultural
sector .
There are large settlement which are specialised in secondary
and tertiary sector are known as urban settlement .
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN RURAL
AND URBAN
SETTLEMENT .
There are various factors and condition for having
different types of rural settlement in India .
A. Physical factors : B. Cultural and C. Security factor :
ethnic factor :
1. Terrain 1. Defence against
1. Social structure . theft and
2. Altitude robberies .
2. Caste and
3. Climate religion .
4. Availability of
water .
IN THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS :
1. Clustered , Agglomerated or Nucleated .
2. Semi - Clustered or Fragmented .
3. Hamlet .
4. Dispersed or Isolated .
1. Clustered : 2. Semi - Clustered :
These settlements has These settlement are
houses built close together clustered in restricted area
and compact . of dispersed settlement .
Farms and barns of this In these type of settlements
settlement is in distinct some sections of the society
area from living area. choose or force to live a little
away from the main cluster .
Closely built area and
streets creates some Such as dominant
specific pattern of community occupies the
settlement such as central part of village and
rectangular , radial and lower community has to live
linear etc . in outer area of the village .
These are found in fertile Ex : Gujarat and Rajasthan .
alluvial soil (FAP) and north
eastern states of India .
3. Hamlet : 4. Dispersed :
It is made of separate ate These are small huts in
parts spread out , but all forest or hills built apart
shows a common need .
because the land is
These units are locally called uneven and has limited
Para , Palli , Panna and Dhani farming space .
.
Ex : Meghalaya ,
This fragmented of a large Uttarakhand , Himachal .
village is often based on
social and economic factors .
These are found in middle
and lower Ganga plains ,
Chattisgarh and lower
valleys of Himalaya .
URBAN SETTLEMENTS :
Area with high population density and developed infrastructure ,
primarily engaged in non - agricultural activities .
Exchange of goods and services is performed sometimes directly
and sometimes through a series of market towns and cities .
EVOLUTION OF TOWNS IN INDIA :
The history of towns in India since prehistoric times such as Indus
Valley Civilisation . During that period Harappa and Mohanjodaro
were the oldest towns .
After that a series of towns were evolved after the arrival of
Europeans in India in the 18th century .
On the basis of 1. Ancient Town : Those towns which are flourished
their evolutions in 2000 years ago are known as ancient town . These
different period towns were famous for their cultural and religious
India towns are into town .
three categories :
Among them Varanasi is one of the imported towns of
1. Ancient Town
India and many more such as Madhubani ,
2. Medieval Town Pataliputra .
3. Modern Town
2. Medieval Town : Those towns 3. Modern Town : The towns which was
which flourished 500 - 1000 years developed by britishers and europeans
are called modern town .
ago were known as medieval town .
After taking control of the coastal areas
These towns are known for their of India, the British moved into the
forts and headquarters of kingdoms central part of the country. They built
. many towns there for their
administration. These towns were built in
Ex : Agra , Jaipur , Delhi , Lucknow , British style .
Hyderabad . Ex : Bombay , Madras , Kolkata .
IMPORTANT FACTS :
Jamshedpur was setup as an industrial town after 1850 and
Durgapur , Bhilai etc …
Many towns were setup as administrative towns such as
Chandigarh and Dispur .
Some towns were established as satellite towns near metropolitan
cities such as Noida , Gurugram , Rohtak , Ghaziabad around Delhi .
FUNCTIONS CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS :
In india many towns and cities perform specialised services
activities and functions with there best , thats why they are known
as functional town .
1. Administrative Towns : 2. Industrial Town : Towns 3. Transport Town : Towns
Towns which perform which are known for which provide better means
works for their people are industrial production are of transport for development
known as administrative called industrial town . of country . This towns is
town . known as transport town .
Ex : Mumbai , Jamshedpur
Ex : Visakhapatnam , Kochi
Ex : New Delhi , Jaipur , etc. etc .
etc
4. Commercial Town : The Mining Town : Towns which 6. Garrison Cantonment
towns settlements primarily are known for their mining Town : These town are famous
specialising in trade and activities for extracting for their activities related to
commerce . These towns are resources is called mining arm force or soldiers are
called commercial town . town . known as garrison
cantonment town .
Ex : Kolkata , Saharanpur , Ex : Raiganj , Jharkhand ,
Satna . Ex : Ambala , Jalandhar ,
Bilaspur . Mhow .
7. Educational Town : These 9. Tourist Town : Town
towns are famous for there 8. Religious and Cultural which are famous for
educational background Town : These towns which their tourist places are
are known as educational have their significance for called tourist town .
town . the religion and cultural
activities .
Ex : Shimla ,
Ex : Kota , Bangalore ,
Madras .
Ex : Varanasi , Mathura , Mussoorie , Nainital .
Ajmer .
SMART CITIES : The objective of the smart cities mission is :
1. To promote cities that period core infrastructure , a clear and sustainable
environment and gives a decent quality of life to its citizens .
2. The govt. Should focus on making area less vulnerable to disasters , using fever
resources and providing cheaper services .
3. The govt. Should create smart solutions to infrastructure and wide variety of
services to give better life standard to the citizens .
4. That would be replicable model , which will act like a light-out to other aspiring cities
.
