NAME ABDULLAHI MUSA MUA

COURSE NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS

CLASS SUMMER
ID NO JSIIT/21/NDCS/0003
CODE COM221
Q1. Differences between OSI and TCP/IP models (10 Marks):
• The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and the TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model are both
conceptual frameworks that standardize network communication, but
they differ in several ways:
1. Number of Layers:
• OSI has seven layers (Physical, Data Link, Network,
Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application).
• TCP/IP has four layers (Link, Internet, Transport, and
Application).
2. Layer Functions:
• The functions of corresponding layers in OSI and TCP/IP
models may differ.
• For example, OSI's Session, Presentation, and Application
layers are roughly equivalent to TCP/IP's Application layer.
3. Developing Organizations:
• OSI was developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
• TCP/IP was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense.
4. Adoption:
• TCP/IP is widely used in practice, especially on the internet.
• OSI is not as commonly implemented but is used as a
reference model.
Q2. Definition of Virtual LAN (VLAN) (10 Marks):
• A Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a logically segmented network within a physical
network that allows devices to communicate with each other as if they
are on the same physical network, regardless of their actual physical
location. Key points include:
1. Logical Segmentation:
• VLANs provide logical segmentation of a network, allowing
administrators to group devices based on factors like
department, function, or team.
2. Isolation:
• Devices in different VLANs are isolated from each other, even
though they may share the same physical network
infrastructure.
3. Broadcast Control:
• VLANs help control the broadcast domain, reducing
unnecessary traffic on the network.

4. Managed through Switches:

 • VLANs are typically configured and managed through
network switches.
Q2. Definition of Virtual LAN (VLAN) (10 Marks):
• A Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a logically segmented network within a physical
network that allows devices to communicate with each other as if they
are on the same physical network, regardless of their actual physical
location. Key points include:
1. Logical Segmentation:
• VLANs provide logical segmentation of a network, allowing
administrators to group devices based on factors like
department, function, or team.
2. Isolation:
• Devices in different VLANs are isolated from each other, even
though they may share the same physical network
infrastructure.
3. Broadcast Control:
• VLANs help control the broadcast domain, reducing
unnecessary traffic on the network.
4. Managed through Switches:
• VLANs are typically configured and managed through
network switches.
Q3. Half-duplex and Full-duplex in a Network (10 Marks):
• Half-Duplex:
• In a half-duplex communication, data can be transmitted in both
directions, but not simultaneously.
• A common example is a walkie-talkie system where only one party
can speak at a time.
• Half-duplex communication introduces the possibility of collisions,
especially in shared communication mediums like Ethernet.
• Full-Duplex:
• In full-duplex communication, data can be transmitted in both
directions simultaneously.
• It allows for faster and more efficient communication compared to
half-duplex.
• Full-duplex is common in technologies like modern Ethernet, where
dedicated communication paths are established for both sending
and receiving.

Q4. Client-Server LAN Architecture and Explanation (10 Marks):

• Client-Server LAN Architecture:
 • The client-server architecture is a model where client devices
request services or resources, and server devices provide those
services or resources. In a LAN (Local Area Network) setting, this
architecture typically involves multiple clients connected to a
central server.
• Steps and Explanation:
• Client Devices:
• These are the end-user devices like computers or terminals
that request services.
• Network Infrastructure:
• The devices are connected through a LAN infrastructure,
usually comprising switches, routers, and cables.
• Server:
• The server is a powerful computer or dedicated device that
provides services, resources, or data to the clients.
• Client Requests:
• Clients send requests to the server, asking for specific
services or resources.
• Server Processes Requests:
• The server processes client requests and provides the
requested services or resources.
• Data Transmission:
• Data is transmitted between clients and the server over the
LAN infrastructure.
• Response to Clients:
• The server responds to client requests, providing the
necessary data or completing the requested operations.
• This architecture promotes centralized management, efficient resource
utilization, and easier scalability in network environments.