Biological Evolution
It refers to the changes ,
modifications and variations
in the genetics and
inherited traits of biological
populations from one
generation to another.
Biological Evolution
It refers to the changes ,
modifications and variations
in the genetics and
inherited traits of biological
populations from one
generation to another.
PHYSICAL BODY
HUMAN BONES
DENTITION
FINGERS
CHANGES IN POSTURES
MOVEMENTS
BIPEDALISM
Cultural Evolution
It refers to the changes
or development in
cultures from a simple
form to a more complex
form of human culture.
Cultural Evolution
It refers to the changes
or development in
cultures from a simple
form to a more complex
form of human culture.
Reasons of
Cultural Evolution
HUMAN POPULATION
CLIMATE CHANGE
He is a famous English
naturalist and geologist
who conducted numerous
studies regarding the
changes that occur among
plants, fossil animals, and
different breed of pigeons,
concluded that each
Charles Darwin
species was not created at
(1809-1882) one time in a fixed form.
(Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2002, p. 32)
He introduced the concept of
evolution to explain the origins
of modern humans. In his
published work entitled “On the
Origins of Species by Means of
Natural Selection (1859), Darwin
wrote:
“Species are not immutable, but
that those belonging to what are
called the same genera are lineal
descendants of some other and
generally extinct species, in the
same manner as the acknowledged
varieties of any one species.”
(Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2002, p. 33)
Darwin hypothesized that
the evolution of species
happens through the
process of natural selection
and natural selection was
the reason for the
occurrence of evolution.
Natural Selection
It is the outcome of processes
that affect the frequencies of
traits in a particular
environment. Traits that
enhance survival and
reproductive success increase in
frequency over time.
HOMINIDS
• It is general term used by
scientist to categorize the
group of early humans.
• It refers to other humanlike
creatures that can walk erect
during the pre-historic times.
CATEGORIES
OF HOMINIDS
SAHELANTHROPUS
TCHADENSIS
• 6-7 million years ago
• Characteristics: apelike and humanlike
features
• Height: Almost similar w/ Chimpanzee
• Brain Size: about 320-380 cubic cm
• Teeth Small
• Walk upright
SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS
ARDIPITHECUS
• 4-5 million years ago
• Characteristics: skull similar to an ape
• Height: 4 feet
• Weight: about 120 pounds
• Small Brain
• Walk upright
• Lived in jungles and forest like
chimpanzees
ARDIPITHECUS
AUSTRALOPITHECUS OR
SOUTHERN APE
• 5-1 million years ago
• Used sticks and stones for digging
• Tool users but not tool makers
• Lived in small social groups
• Brain: 500 cubic cm or 1/3 of the size
of human brain
AUSTRALOPITHECUS OR
SOUTHERN APE
• Walk upright: estimated 15km
distance of movement to search for
stones
• Food scavengers: Ate insects, eggs,
plants, fruits, and sometimes meat
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
GRACILE
(GRACILE AUSTRALOPITHECINE)
SMALL TEETH AND JAW
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
ROBUST
(ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECUS)
LARGE TEETH & JAWS
Australopithecus aethiopicus
Australopithecus robustus
Australopithecus boisei
(MUSCULAR BUILT)
LUCY
3.2 million years old
Australopithecus Afarensis
one of the modern human’s earliest
ancestors and remains as the most
famous hominid fossil discovered. Lucy
was discovered in Hadar, Ethiopia in
November 1974 by
paleoanthropologists led by Dr. Donald
Johanson.
LUCY
HOMO HABILIS
• Handy Man
• Direct ancestor of the modern
human because of its ability to
produce tools.
HOMO HABILIS
Characteristics:
• Height: 3-4 feet
• Brain: half of the size of modern
human brain (700 cc)
• Oldowan tools (used as cutting tools
and made from volcanic stones (found
in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)
• used tools for hunting and gathering
HOMO HABILIS
HOMO ERGASTER
“Homo Erectus came from”
existed 1.8 million years ago, and was the
next homo species to flourish.
HOMO ERECTUS
• “Upright man & Skillful
Hunters”
• Lived from 1.8 million to
300,000 years ago. More
intelligent and adaptable to
Homo Habilis.
HOMO ERECTUS
Characteristics:
• Brain: 1,000 cc or about 2/3 of
modern human brain
• Height: about 5 feet
• Walks upright
• Complex tools (digging, cutting,
scraping)
• Hand axe (slicing, chopping, digging)
HOMO ERECTUS
Characteristics:
• use fire
• live in caves and small houses made in
tree branches
• spoken language
• leave Africa and travel to other
continent (they were able to survive in
Asia.)
HOMO ERECTUS
HOMO SAPIENS
• “Wise Man & Modern Humans”
• Sophistically and smoothened
tools and had more developed
shelters and advanced
technology.
HOMO SAPIENS
Characteristics:
• large brain (1,400 cc)
• almost similar to modern humans
• lived in shelters
• Food gatherers: ate plants and
fruits
HOMO SAPIENS
Characteristics:
• Hunted animals
• learned to gather and cooked
shellfish (164, 000 years ago)
• used fire
• crafted metals
HOMO SAPIENS
• Humans developed and modifies their
culture through time as a response to the
threats and challenges posed by their
environment.
• It led to the transformation of different
societies and political systems, a process
called sociopolitical evolution which
happens when societies develop new forms
of economic subsistence acquire
knowledge, and apply technology.
• According to Gerhard Lenski
(1924-2015), an American
Sociologist, argued that human
society undergoes
transformation and evolution
and in the process develops
technological advancement.
HUNTING & GATHERING
SOCIETIES
HORTICULTURAL &
PASTORAL SOCIETIES
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
(NEOLITHIC)
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Social Class
Political leader and
highest social class
Other Social Classes
SUMER
• Priests and Royalty
• Wealthy Merchants and Ordinary
Workers
EGYPT
• Pharaoh
• Government officials, soldiers, scribes,
merchants, craftsmen, peasants, slaves
INDUS VALLEY
• Brahmin
• Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Sudras, and
Pariah
SHANG
• King Priest
• Working Class (farmers, craftsmen,
soldiers)
