CHAPTER

09 Planning and Sustainable Development

Introduction:
On January 1, 2015, NITI Aayog was launched. India adopted moderate planning after Independence, but later, graduated
from multi-level planning programs. The task of building the program was in the Planning Commission at Institutional,
District and district levels. But on 1 January 2015, the Planning Commission was replaced by NITI Aayog. NITI Aayog was
established with the aim of involving the provinces in formulating India's economic policy by providing strategic and
technical advice to Central and provincial governments.

1. Planning methods
There are two ways to organize it:
1. Sector Planning:

In this approach, the development of various economic sectors, e.g., agriculture, irrigation, production, energy, construction,
transportation, communications, public infrastructure and services, etc., are considered what types of programs or
programs should be developed and implemented.
2. Regional Planning:

In this approach, the emphasis is on drawing up such programs that can help reduce regional disparities and bring about
equal economic development.

3. Targeted Area Planning:

At the heart of the planning process is the promotion
of economically lagging areas. It is important that in
order to develop the economy effectively in the region,
there is a need for basic infrastructure and technology
and investment at the same time, because sometimes
resource-rich regions are also lagging behind.
After having almost 15 years of planning experience, it
is clear that our economic development is still plagued
by regional inequality. To address both regional and
social differences, the Planning Commission
introduced ‘Targeted Area’ and ‘Targeted Group’
approaches to planning.
Some of the programs aimed at developing these two
approaches are as follows:

4. Targeted Area Programs:

The target area has the following features such as:
1. Command Area Development Plan
2. Drought Area Development Plan
3. Desert Development Program
4. Hills Area Development Plan

5. Target Group Programs:

Targeted groups have the following programs as follows:
1. Smallholder Farmer Development Organization (SFDA)
2. Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA)
In the Eighth Five-Year Plan, hill areas, North-East districts, tribal areas and back areas were considered for the development
of special spatial plans.
 2. Planning Related to the Area Development Plan

1. Hill Area Development Program:

Includes 15 counties covering all the hill regions of Uttar Pradesh (now Uttarakhand), Mount Mikir and the North Cachar
hills of Assam, Darjeeling province in West Bengal and Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. It was stated in the fifth five-year plan.

2. It was recommended in 1981, by the National Background Development Committee, that hill areas that are more
than 600 meters high and that could be closed under a small international system be considered as receding areas.

3. The objectives of the Hill Area Development Programs are as follows:

1. The development of agriculture, agribusiness, animal husbandry, poultry, forestry and small and rural industries were
the main objectives of the potential exploitation of local resources.
2. Detailed plans were based on local, environmental, economic and mountainous conditions.

3. Drought Area Plan (DPAP)

The program was launched through the Fourth Five-Year Program. The main objectives of the Drought Area Plan are
as follows:
1. The program focuses on creating jobs for people in drought-stricken areas and creating productive assets.
1. In addition, irrigation schemes, land development schemes, tree planting, grassland development and rural
infrastructure such as electrification of rural areas, roads, markets, debt and utilities were also high priorities.
2. The National Background Development Committee found that the program focuses on agricultural development and
integrated sectors and restoring environmental equity.
3. The community due to the burden of population was forced to make use of undeveloped land for agriculture and as a
result led to environmental degradation.
Therefore, it was recognized that there is an urgent need to create more jobs in these regions.

4. Drought-Prone Regions

1. There are 67 districts (in whole or in part) in India identified by the planning commission (1967) as drought-affected
districts.
2. The Irrigation Commission (1972) designed the drought-affected areas and introduced 30% of irrigated land.
3. These areas are the arid and arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western Madhya Pradesh, Marathwada, Maharashtra region,
Rayalaseema and Telangana plateaus of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka plateau and Highlands and interior parts of Tamil Nadu.
Due to developments in irrigation areas, Haryana, Punjab and North Rajasthan have become protected areas.

5. Integrated International Development Project in Bharmour Region

1. The region is between 32 ° 111 N and 32 ° 41 ′ N latitudes and 76 ° 22 ′ E and 76 ° 53 ′ E longitudes. It is spread over an area
of about 1818 sq. Km. km; the region is usually between 1500 m to 3700 m above sea level.
2. Surrounded by high mountains, this area is known as the land of grass. Peer Panjal to the north and Dhauladhar to the south.
To the east, Dauladhar's extension joins Peer Panjal near Rohtang Pass.
3. The Ravi River and its tributaries, the Budhil and the Tundahen, supply water to the area and form deep ravines.
4. These rivers divide the region into four physiographic sections called Holi, Khani, Kugti and Tundah areas. Bharmour
experiences cold and snowy winters. It means that the monthly temperature in January remains 4 ° C and in July it is 26 ° C.

6. Location and People's Health in Bharmour

The location and health of the people of the Bharmour region are as follows:
1. The tribal area includes Bharmour and Holi tehsils of the Chamba region of Himachal Pradesh.
2. It is one of the most economically and socially disadvantaged places in Himachal Pradesh and is an international region that
has been declared since 21 November, 1975.
3. This area is inhabited by a national group called 'Gaddi', who used transhumance and spoke the Garhwali language.
4. According to the 2001 census, the local population was 39113, which means 21 people per sq. km.
5. The local people are facing serious problems as the economy is severely affected due to bad weather, poor resources and a
fragile environment.

7. Economy in the Bharmour area

Traditionally, cum-farming activities such as grain growing and feeding and herding like sheep and goats are the main
occupations of these people.

8. Integrated International Development Project (ITDP)

1. In the 1970s, the Gaddi were included in the list of organized tribes and at the same time the process of tribal development
of the region began.
2. Later in 1974 under the Five Year Five Program, a small national program was launched and Bharmour was designated as
one of the Five Integrated Development Plan (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh.
The objectives and priorities of the Integrated International Development Project are as follows:
1. To improve the quality of life of Gaddi.
2. To reduce the gap in the development rate between Bharmour and other regions of Himachal Pradesh.
3. The main focus was on the development of transport and communications, agriculture and integrated services and
social and social services.
The major achievements of the tribal sub-plan are as follows:
Infrastructure:

The infrastructure services of the tribal sub-plan are as follows:

1. Infrastructure development namely schools, health facilities, drinking water, roads, telecommunications and electricity
supply.
2. Villages along the Ravi River in the Holi and Khani areas are a major beneficiary of infrastructure development.

Social Benefits:
The public benefits of tribal sub-plan are as follows:
1. There is a significant increase in literacy rates, for example, the literacy rate of women in the region increased from 1.88%
in 1971 to 65% in 2011.
2. Decreased gender inequality that is between the literacy rate of men and women.
3. Improvement of sex ratio.
4. The decline in child marriage.

Economic Benefits:
Economic Benefits as the Gaddis did according to their custom; subsistence agriculture cum-pastoral economy, later in the last
three decades of the twentieth century, pulses and other cash crops became one of the main crops in the region.

Other Shortcomings in the ITDP:

1. In terms of infrastructure, remote villages in the Tundra and Kugti areas remain unaffected.
2. Technology is traditionally natural.
3. The value of shepherding has diminished day by day as about one tenth of all households live on human life without meat.
4. However, a large part of the Gaddis is migrating to Kangra and its Fring Zone to earn a living through paid labour.

9. Overview of the Planning Perspective in India

India has a medium program and the Planning Commission is assigned to administer Planning activities in India. As an official
body, the Planning Commission is headed by the Premier and consists of a Deputy Chairperson and members.
The five-year plans are responsible for making planning in India as follows:
1. The First Five Year Plan was launched in 1951 and covered the period, 1951-52 to 1955-56.
2. The Second and Third Five Year Plans covered the period from 1956-57 to 1960-61 and 1961-62 to 1965-1966, respectively.
3. Two consecutive droughts during the 60 years (1965-66 and 1966-67) and the war with Pakistan in 1965 forced the Holiday
plan in 1966-67 and 1968-69. This period is combined with annual programs also called continuous programs.
4. The Fourth Five Year Plan started in 1969-70 and ended in 1973-74.
5. Following this the Fifth Five Year Plan began in 1974-75, but was completed by the government one year earlier namely
1977-78.
6. The Sixth Five Year Plan began in 1980.
7. The Seven Year Five Year Plan covers the period between 1985 and 1990.
8. Once again, due to political instability and the introduction of a liberal policy, the Five-Year Plan was delayed. It covers the
period from 1997 to 2002.
9. The Fifth Five Year Plan started in 2002 and ended in 2007.
10. The Eleventh Five Year Plan started in 2007 and ended in 2012.
11. The Twelfth Five Year Plan in 2012 and is ongoing. It will end in 2017.

10. Sustainable Development

1. In 1960, this was a time when people around the world became increasingly concerned about environmental issues due to
the negative effects of industrial development and thus, the idea of sustainable development emerged in western countries.
2. This level of fear among naturalists and ordinary people reached its climax with the publication of Ehrlich's 1968 book The
Population and 'The Limits to Growth' by Meadows.

11. Objectives of Sustainable Development

1. The ultimate goal of sustainable development is to take care of the economic, social and environmental development sectors
of the present and to conserve all resources in a way that is reserved for future generations.
2. Thus, there is a need to change our attitude towards the environment and economic development.

12. The concept of Development

1. Development is a dynamic concept and evolved in the second half of
the twentieth century, used to describe the state of certain societies
and the process of change that they face.
2. In early human history, the main conditions for determining social
status were the process of interaction between human communities
and the biophysical environment.
3. Communities contributed to the development of various levels of
technology and institutions on which the individual process and
environment depend.
4. This has helped to accelerate the interaction of human eco-system;
therefore, the impetus created and pleased the technological progress
and the transformation and creation of institutions.
5. After World War II, the two key words namely development and economic growth were considered one concept. But
because of the widespread inequality, the rate of rapid growth in poverty is being achieved even by developed countries
with high economic growth.
6. Then, the redistribution of growth and ‘growth and equity’ expanded the term development in the 1970s. Now, the concept
of development is not only limited to the economic sector, but also includes equality and equity in terms of welfare and
quality of life, health education and other institutions, equal opportunities for all and the assurance of political and social
rights.
7. Therefore, the concept of development is multifaceted and represents a positive, irreversible transformation of the
economy, society and the environment.

13. World Environment and Development Commission (WCED)

1. The United Nations has established the Global Environment and Development Commission (WCED), after consulting a global
public opinion on environmental issues.
2. The WCED was led by the Prime Minister of Norway, Grow Harlem Brundtland. The commission released its report entitled
‘Our Common Future’ in 1987, also known as the Brundtland Report.
3. In this report, ‘sustainable development’ was considered and defined as ‘development that meets current needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs’.

14. Steps to Promote Sustainable Development

We have seen that this project has adversely affected the ecological sustainability and environment of the region. Therefore,
achieving the goal of sustainable development in the area of command requires such measures that can achieve environmental,
social and economic sustainability, at the same time. Therefore, five of the seven steps have been proposed in this regard:
1. The vigorous implementation of water management policy is a first and foremost requirement for this work. Phase I and
Phase II which include secure irrigation and extensive irrigation of plants and grazing development, respectively according
to the canal system.
2. Many water-intensive plants will be avoided and planting crops such as fruits will be encouraged by humans.
3. In order to reduce water transfer losses, a few key programs should be considered as CAD (Command Area Development)
programs i.e.
1. Waterways.
2. Land development and equity.
3. Warabandi system (means an equal distribution of ditch water at the command point).
1. Areas affected by deforestation and groundwater should be rehabilitated.
2. Environmental development is essential, especially in the fragile Phase II area, through deforestation, habitat, planting
and grazing development activities.
3. By providing decent financial support and agricultural institutions, shareholders with a poor economic background can
be a positive step towards achieving social sustainability in the region.
1. Economic recovery can be achieved by expanding the economic sector which should include agriculture and integrated
activities and other sectors of the economy as a whole. Therefore, we will experience the diversity of the economic base and
the establishment of effective communication between the underlying villages, agricultural service centers and market
centers.
Promotion of Sustainable Development in the area of Indira Gandhi Canal Command:
1. It is one of the largest canal systems in India, named after Kanwar Sain in 1948. The project was launched on March 31,
1958 which transformed the desert into a green earth.
2. The source of the canal at Harike barrage in the province of Punjab and along the Pakistan Border at a distance of about 40
km from the Thar Desert of Rajasthan (Marusthali).
3. 9060 kilometers is the planned full length of the system that takes into account the irrigation requirements of the area of
custom command of 19.63 hectares of lakh.
4. The trench has two irrigation systems such as ‘flow system’ and ‘lift system’. About 70% of the land area of the command
area is irrigated by a flow system and the rest 30% of the soil through a lifting system.
5. There are two stages in which the construction of the canal system is carried out such as:

1. The first stage (Phase I) of the Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area:
1. This area of command includes Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and the northern part of the Bikaner provinces.
2. Its cultural control area is 5.53 hectares of lakh with flexible soft topography.
3. At this stage, the irrigation system was started in the early 1960s.

2. Phase II of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area:

This section covers 14.10 hectares of arable land in the districts of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagpur and Churu.
The main features of the site are:
1. Tropical desert with moving sand dunes.
2. Summer temperatures reach 50 ° C.
The irrigation system was started at this stage in the mid-1980s. In a canal, the water is raised to allow it to flow down the
slope of the land. All lift canals of this system run from the left bank of the main canal while all the canals on the right bank
of the main canal are a flow path.

15. Results of Indira Gandhi Canal Irrigation

There are various effects of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigation on the environment and agricultural economy:

Impacts on the Environment:

The environment is influenced by this project both good and bad:
1. Positive Effect Now, there is enough soil moisture for a long time. Various deforestation and grazing development took place.
2. Significant reductions in wind erosion and soil immersion of drainage systems have also been recorded.
3. Negative effects Due to over-irrigation and excessive water use, a shocking rate of dehydration and salinity have been
recorded.

Impact on Agriculture:
There are positive or negative effects on agriculture:
1. Positive Effect This irrigation of the ditch has led to an increase in cultivated areas and the potential for planting. The main
commercial crops are wheat, rice, cotton; nuts replace drought-resistant plants such as gram, bajra, and Jowar.
2. Negative Impact Irrigated irrigation has also been the cause of dehydration and salinity of the soil. Therefore, in the near
future it may affect agricultural sustainability.
 Questions For Practice
1. When did the Fifteen Year Plan end? 10. In how many regions, drought- (a) Bhakra (b) Nangal
(a) 2005 (b) 2006 prone areas appear? (c) Harike (d) None
(c) 2007 (d) 2008 (a) 47 (b) 57 19. What is the level of education for
2. Where is it situated in the Bharmour (c) 67 (d) 77 women in the Bharmour region?
Tribal Region? 11. When did the Fifteen Year Plan end? (a) 32% (b) 35%
(a) Uttarakhand (a) 2005 (b) 2006 (c) 40% (d) 42%
(b) Jammu & Kashmir (c) 2007 (d) 2008 20. In how many regions, drought-
(c) Himachal Pradesh
12. Where is it situated in the Bharmour prone areas appear?
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Tribal Region? (a) 47 (b) 57
3. Which is the largest river in the (a) Uttarakhand (c) 67 (d) 77
Bharmour region? (b) Jammu & Kashmir
(a) Chenab (b) Beas 21. When did NITI Aayog replace the
(c) Himachal Pradesh Planning Commission?
(c) Ganga (d) Ravi (d) Uttar Pradesh
(a) 18 March 2001
4. Who wrote the report ‘Our Common 13. Which is the largest river in the (b) 1 January 2015
Future’? Bharmour region? (c) 28 June 2011
(a) Brunt land (b) Medes (a) Chenab (b) Beans (d) 9 May 2016
(c) UNO (d) None (c) Ganga (d) Ravi
22. In how many districts, drought-
5. Regional planning related to? 14. Who wrote the report ‘Our Common prone area is identified?
(a) Development of various Future’? (a) 47 (b) 57
economic sectors
(a) Brunt land (b) Medes (c) 67 (d) 77
(b) Specific development method
(c) UNDP (d) UNO 23. What does ITDP means?
(c) Location differences in
transport network 15. Regional planning related to: (a) Integrated Tribal Development
(d) Rural development. (a) Development of various Project
economic sectors (b) Indian Tribal Development
6. Where does the ITDP refer to the
(b) Specific development method Project
following?
(c) Location differences in (c) Indian Tribal Development
(a) Integrated Tourism
transport network Program
Development Program
(d) Rural development. (d) Integrated Tribal Development
(b) Integrated Travel Development
Plan 16. Where does the ITDP refer to the Programme
(c) Integrated International following? 24. What should be the height of an area
Development Plan (a) Integrated Tourism in the hill area development
(d) Integrated Transport Development Program programme?
Development Plan. (b) Integrated Travel Development (a) 500 metres (b) 600 metres
7. Which of the following is the most Plan (c) 700 metres (d) 800 meters
important factor in sustainable (c) Integrated International 25. What was the period of the First
development in the Indira Gandhi Development Plan Five Year Plan?
Canal Command Area? (d) Integrated Transport (a) 1951 – 56 (b) 1950 – 55
(a) Agricultural development Development Plan. (c) 1947 – 52 (d) 1960 – 65
(b) Environmental development 17. Which of the following is the most
(c) Transport development 26. Hill area development programme
important factor in sustainable does not include?
(d) Land restitution. development in the Indira Gandhi
(a) Horticulture
8. Where did the Barrage, Indira Canal Canal Command Area? (b) Poultry
come from? (a) Agricultural development (c) Small scale industry
(a) Bhakra (b) Nangal (d) Large scale industry
(c) Harike (d) None (b) Environmental development
(c) Transport development 27. On which factor does the economic
9. What is the level of education for development of a region depend?
(d) Land restitution.
women in the Bharmour region? (a) Relief (b) Climate
(a) 32% (b) 35% 18. Where did the Barrage, Indira Canal (c) Population (d) Resources
(c) 40% (d) 42% come from?
28. By Which name was the Indira 29. Aim of regional planning is? 30. In which state in the Bharmour
Gandhi Canal earlier known as? (a) Develop agriculture Tribal Region is situated?
(a) Gujarat Canal (b) to improve roads (a) Uttarakhand
(b) Rajasthan Canal (c) to reduce regional imbalance (b) Jammu & Kashmir
(c) Nehru Canal (d) to develop industry (c) Himachal Pradesh
(d) Bikaner Canal (d) Uttar Pradesh

Solutions
1. (c) 4. (a) 7. (a) 10. (c) 13. (d) 16. (c) 19. (d) 22. (c) 25. (a) 28. (b)
2. (c) 5. (b) 8. (c) 11. (c) 14. (a) 17. (a) 20. (c) 23. (a) 26. (d) 29. (c)
3. (d) 6. (c) 9. (d) 12. (c) 15. (b) 18. (c) 21. (b) 24. (b) 27. (d) 30. (c)