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UGC NET 2023

COMMUNICATION
CLASS-04
BY SHEFALI MISHRA
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Our Time Table for Paper 1
GYANADDA YT Channel FREE CLASS
1) Communication + DCS+ MCQ’s 7) Teaching Aptitude + DCS+ MCQ’s
2) Research Aptitude + DCS+ MCQ’s 8) ICT + DCS+ MCQ’s
3) Higher Education + DCS+ MCQ’s 9) PDE + DCS+ MCQ’s
4) Logical Reasoning- W.L + DCS+ MCQ’s 10) Logical Reasoning- I.l + DCS+ MCQ’s
5) Reasoning + DCS+ MCQ’s 11) R.C + DCS+ MCQ’s

6) Maths + DCS+ MCQ’s

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Our Time Table for Paper 2 COMMERCE

1) Business Environment and 6) BM & HRM

International Business
7) Marketing Management
2) Banking and Financial Institutions
8) Legal Aspect
3) Business Finance
9) Business Environment
4) BS & RM
10) Income Tax & Corporate Tax
5) Accounting & Auditing
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PAPER 2
COMMERCE
COURSE FEE- 2999/- FOR 3 MONTHS
COURSE FEATURE-  MCQ’S
 Unit Wise & Topic Wise Class  PYQ’S
 Structured Content  Practice sessions
 PDF of all Class  Previous year Exam Analysis
 Updated Content  Personal Guidance/Mentorship
 DCS
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 For commerce course enquiry on 8299208953

 G PAY, PhonePe, Paytm on same number
 Enquiry time 11AM to 6 Pm
 QR code shared on telegram
 Admission closure date 30 Nov 2022
 Class will start form 1st Dec
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Communication Syllabus
 Communication: Meaning, types and
characteristics of communication
 Effective communication: Verbal and non-verbal,
inter-cultural and group communications,
classroom communication
 Barriers to effective communication
 Mass-media and society
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Classification On The Basis Of Relationship Element

Intrapersonal communication / अंतर्वैयक्तिक संचार

1. It is communication within an individual almost all the times, including
talking to oneself, listening to oneself and relating one to oneself.
2. It includes individual reflection, meditation, contemplation and even praying
to God.
3. We conceptualize and formulate our thoughts or ideas before we actually
indulge in overt communication. Muttering ‘Oh My God’, ‘Oh No’ (when in
trouble), ‘Wow’ and ‘Thank God’ are few common examples of
intrapersonal communication.
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Interpersonal Communication / पारस्पररक संचार

1. It is also termed as dyadic communication.
2. It is universal form of face-to-face routine communication between two
people, both sending and receiving messages.
3. It may be formal or informal, verbal or non-verbal.
4. It takes place anywhere by means of words, sounds, facial expression,
gestures and postures.
5. It is an effective communication situation because you can get immediate
feedback.
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Group Communication / समूह संचार

 Group communication situations are quite common in day-to-day life.
 Our educational background, profession, economic status, religious
affiliation, etc., distinguish us and make us belong to one or more groups
at the same time.
 A group is a number of people that has a common goal, interact with one
another to attain the goal, recognize one another’s existence, and see
themselves as part of the group
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Mass Media/Communication/ मास मीडिया / संचार:
a) It is also termed as ‘mediated communication’.
b) It is a special kind of communication with mass audiences and hence, the name mass
communication.
c) Channels for mass communication are termed as mass media.
d) It uses mechanical devices that multiply messages and convey information to a large
number of people simultaneously.
e) Examples of mass media include radio, TV, newspapers, magazines and films (both
electronic and print media).
f) The audience is large and heterogeneous: Radio and television is assumed to have larger
audience in comparison to newspaper.
g) The source is an institution or a group of people: For example, the Ministry of Information
and Broadcasting, Government of India, is engaged in broadcasting television and radio
programmes all over the country.
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Communication Types On The Basis Of Channel

1) Verbal communication / मौखिक संवाद
2) Non-verbal communication/ अनकहा संचार

Verbal Communication:
– It means communicating with words, written or spoken. Verbal
communication consists of speaking, listening, writing, reading, and
thinking. It may further be classified as Oral or Written
Communication.
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• Non-verbal communication:
– It includes using of pictures, signs, gestures, and facial expressions for
exchanging information between persons.
– It is done through sign language, action language, or object language.
– Non-verbal communication flows through all acts of speaking or writing.
– It is a wordless message conveyed through gestures (sign), movements
(action language), and object language (pictures/clothes) and so on.
– Further non-verbal communication can be identified by personal space
(proxemics), sense of smell (olfactics) and time (chronemics), touch
(haptics), eye contact (oculesics), tone (paralinguistics).
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(oculesics)
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Meta Communication-
 Here the speaker’s choice of words unintentionally communicates something more
than what the actual words state.
 For example, a flattering remark like “I’ve never seen you so smartly dressed”
could also mean that the regular attire of the listener needed improvement.
 Psychologists define metacommunication as the sum of your verbal and non-
verbal communication. For example, if you say “Glad to see you” to someone and
roll your eyes at the same time, they will not feel that you are actually glad to see
them.
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Classification Based On Purpose And Style

Formal Communication
 In formal communication, certain rules, regulations, conventions and protocols are
followed while formulating and communicating message.
 It follows an organizational structure.
 It can be upwards or downwards across hierarchy or authority lines.
 In formal communication, the use of right language and correct pronunciation is
required.
 For example, in case an Assistant Professor has to communicate with College
Principal, it is usually through the Head of Department (HoD).
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Informal Communication
 Informal communication channels exist along with formal communication
channels in any organization.
 It mainly addresses the social needs of the employees.
 It is interpersonal and mainly face-to-face and with use of body gestures. It
happens among friends and family.
 In informal communication, there are no formal rules and regulations for
communication.
 A lot of distortion or filtering may take place in informal communication and it is
termed as grapevine.
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Classification On The Basis Of Direction

Vertical Communication

1. This is basically formal communication.

2. This can be upwards (bottom up) and downwards (top bottom).
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Lateral Or Horizontal Communication

1. Communication with people at same level in hierarchy that are peers and
colleagues is termed as lateral communication.
2. This may combine both formal and informal communications. This is the most
effective communication, as it is generally not stalled by a chain of command
methods. This can help in building teams in an organization.
3. The amount of horizontal communication depends upon the interdependence of
different departments.
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Diagonal Communication

1. Diagonal communication is effective as hierarchical bindings are removed and there

is a free flow of information, cutting across positions or status.
2. It facilitates in building relationships and bonding between the superior and the
subordinate.
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Personal communication व्यक्तिगत संचार

Personal communications may be private letters, memos, emails, personal interviews or

telephone conversations. Personal communications are only cited in text and are not
included in the reference list, as the information is unable to be retrieved by others.
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Impersonal communication अवैयखिक संचार

 Impersonal communication is the opposite of personal communication. In this type of communication you
do not personally know the person you are speaking to.
 You are not at all intimately familiar with the person on the opposite side of the conversation.
 This type of conversation is probably with someone who you've just met or someone who you will not
meet again.
 An example of an impersonal conversation is asking someone on the train what the next station is.
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Mnemonics
• This is somewhat in different context, mainly about learning and recalling of
words, numbers, facts, etc.
• Mnemonics are memory devices that help learners recall larger pieces of
information, especially in the form of lists, like characteristics, steps, stages, parts,
phases, etc.
• A study conducted by Gerald R. Miller in 1967 found that mnemonics increased
recall.
• Mnemonics can even be used to recall words or remember numbers.
• For example, BRASS is an acronym for how to shoot a rifle—Breath, Relax, Aim,
Sight, Squeeze. They help in taking notes also.
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Adjacency Pairs/ आसन्न जोड़े

• One way in which meanings are communicated and interpreted in conversation is through the use of what
have been called adjacency pairs.
• Adjacency pairs are utterances produced by two successive speakers such that the second utterance is
identified as related to the first as an expected follow-up.
• The two form a pair, the first utterance constituting a first pair part and the next utterance constituting a
second pair part.
• Adjacency pair is described as the basic structural unit in conversation, consider the following examples of
adjacency pairs.
(a) Greeting-Greeting
A: Hi
B: Hi
(b) Compliment-Acceptance
A: That’s a nice cap.
B: Thanks.
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Characteristics Of Communication
1. It Involves at Least Two Persons:
 Communication involves at least two persons, a sender and a receiver.
 The sender is called communicator and the receiver of the message is known as
communicate.
 A person who speaks, writes or issues some instructions is the sender and the person
for whom the communication is meant or who receives the message is the receiver or
communicates.
2. The message is a Must:
 A message is the subject matter of communication. e.g., the contents of the letter or
speech, order, instructions or suggestions.
 Communication must convey some message.
 If there is no message there is no communication.
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3. Communication Maybe Written, Oral or Gestural:

 Communication is generally understood as spoken or written words. But in reality,
it is more than that.
 It includes everything that may be used to convey meanings from one person to
another, e.g., movement of lips or the wink of an eye or the wave of hands may
convey more meaning than even written or spoken words.
4. Communication is a Two Way Process:
 It involves both information and understanding.
 Communication is not complete unless the receiver has understood the message
properly and his reaction or response is known to the sender.
 Understanding is the end result of communication but it does not imply
agreement.
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5. Its Primary Purpose is to Motivate a Response:

• The primary purpose of communication is to motivate response or influence human
behaviour.
• There is no doubt that motivation comes from within but communicator can also motivate
people by good drafting of the message, proper timing of communication, etc.
• To create understanding, communication should be relevant to the situation. It must always
be remembered that communication is a means of motivating and not an end itself.
6. Communication may be Formal or Informal:
• Formal communication follows the formal channels provided in the organisation structure.
• For example, the Managing Director communicates with the departmental heads, says
Finance Manager, finance manager communicates to the deputy finance manager, the
deputy finance manager with accounts officer and so on.
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7. It Flows Up and Down and also from Side to Side:

 Communication flows downward from a superior to subordinate and upward from
subordinate to a superior.
 It also flows between two or more persons operating at the same level of
authority.

8. It is an Integral Part of the Process of Exchange:

It refers to the exchange of ideas, feelings, emotions and knowledge and information
are between two or more persons.
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CLASS 04
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7 Cs of Effective Communication
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Inter-cultural And Group Communications

Inter-Cultural Communication अंतर - संस्कृडत संचार–
• Intercultural communication refers to communication between
people from two different cultures.

• Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive,

transactional, contextual process, in which people from different
cultures create shared meanings.

• Intercultural communication refers to the effects on

communication behaviour when different cultures interact
together.
• Hence, one way of viewing intercultural communication is as
communication that unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces.
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Group Communication Mass Communication

It can be among small or large It occurs when the message is sent
groups, like an organization, club to large groups of people, for
or classroom, in which all example, by newspaper, radio,
individuals retain their individual or television. In this process,
identity. each person becomes a faceless
individual with almost no
opportunity for personal
response or feedback.
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Classroom Communication

In the classroom, the spoken word is the most

effective medium of communication
because it enables the teacher to use voice
inflection and tone to underline and
emphasize the meaning of the message.

Voice communication also enables the teacher

to make use of direct feedback from the
students, so that the teacher can know
what the students are hearing and what
they are failing to hear.
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Effective Classroom Communication

For effective classroom communication, there must be focused on the
following factors:

Proper Amount of
Listening Simplicity
Redundancy

Feedback Empathy Timing

Consistency of
actions
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1) Listening:
 To improve your abilities as a classroom communicator,
you must first understand your students.
 In other words, seek not only to be understood but to
understand.
 This can best be done by listening actively to what the
students have to say.
 Then you must cultivate the ability to think on your feet
and form accurate sentences while speaking.
 The guiding rule for effective classroom communication
is: Know your students and suit your expression to
them.
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2) Simplicity:
Simplicity is the best policy during classroom communication.
Should follow:
 Prefer words whose meanings are familiar to the students.
 Make special meanings of familiar words clear the first time
you use them.
 If you use a word likely to be unfamiliar to the students, define
that word.
A teacher needs to have:
a) A fairly accurate impression of the vocabulary of the students.
b) Accurate knowledge of the accepted meanings of words.
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3) Proper Amount of Redundancy:

 Redundancy in communication roughly means
the amount of repetition a message contains.
 Teachers should ensure that they include an
appropriate amount of redundancy in their
instructions to students.
 Then, if any phrase is misunderstood, other
elements of the communication will carry the
point.
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4) Feedback:
 The importance of paying attention to feedback in the
classroom cannot be over-emphasized.
 Two-way communication has the advantage of bringing from
the listener an immediate response which we call “feedback”.
 Often this is not verbal in nature, so the teacher should note
facial expressions, observe actions, and finally ask questions to
see whether the instruction has been understood.
 Do not assume that every “message” you send will be received
by the students in the form you intend.
 The teacher should also make use of feedback to adjust the
pace of the instruction to suit the students and repeat or
explain any parts indicated as confusing by feedback signals.
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5) Empathy:
 Teachers who enjoy a good relationship with their
students have much less difficulty in communicating
with them.
 If you can remember what it was like to be a student at
the levels you are teaching, and to understand their
interests, it will be much easier for you to communicate
with your class.
 Take every opportunity that arises to convey something
of help or value to individual students.
 Let your students know that you enjoy teaching not
only your subject but also that particular class.
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6) Timing:
 Time the giving of instructions so
that the best conditions are
present.
 Do not talk over noise or permit
students to call out or talk while
you are speaking.
 Do not overload the students but
give sufficient information to
ensure adequate understanding.
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7) Consistency of actions:
 It is poor communication to say one thing
and to contradict it by your actions.
 If a teacher is “sloppy” in setting out and
writing on the blackboard, that teacher can
hardly expect his students to keep their
exercise books neat and tidy merely because
he tells them to do so.
 A teacher’s actions are under constant
scrutiny and criticism by students.
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Classroom Communication Process – Cole And Chan Model

According to Cole and Chan, a typical process of

classroom communication (and communication in
general as well) includes the following five distinct
stages.
1. Formulation of message
2. Message encoding
3. Message transmission
4. Message decoding and interpretation
5. Feedback and evaluation
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Classroom Communication
Process – Cole And Chan
Model
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1. Formulation of message

 All communication starts with an idea or a message that is to

be transmitted to the target audience (individual) with a
motive to get a positive response.
 Communicator (sender or encoder) is the one who initiates the
communication process.
 A message is a set of verbal or non-verbal cues sent by a
source
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2. Message Encoding

 The internal shaping, sorting and sifting of ideas for clarification and
organization is called message formulation.
 Its purpose is to create a clear and meaningful message.
 Encoding involves converting an idea into a form that can be transmitted
to receivers
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3. Message transmission

 It is a critical stage in the communication process and it

answers how a message is delivered.
 The sender selects an appropriate channel or mode of
presentation.
 A ‘channel’ is the vehicle or means through which a
message or stimulus is carried from the communicator to
the receiver.
 There are various options available as channels, like
written, spoken, verbal, non-verbal, mass media, etc.
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4.Message decoding and interpretation

 Decoding is interpretation of the message

by the receiver.
 Actually, the receiver looks for meaning in
the message that is common to both the
receiver and the communicator
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5. Feedback

 Feedback is the response or acknowledgement of the receiver to the

communicator’s message.
 The exchange is possible only if the receiver responds.
 It involves the receiver reacting to the transmitted messages and
conveying the response to the sender.
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6. Noise

• Noise is an interruption that can creep in at any point of time in the

communication process and make it ineffective.
• Environment is one major cause that interferes with message reception like noises
from the roadside, constant chattering of individuals, blaring loudspeaker, faulty
transmission, etc
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1. Physiological noise: It is the distraction caused by hunger, fatigue,

headache, medication, etc.
2. Physical noise: It is the most direct form of interference in our physical
environment, for example, traffic horns and poor lighting.
3. Psychological noise: It refers to the qualities in us that affect how we
communicate and interpret others. For instance, if a manager is
preoccupied with a very intense problem, then he/she may be inattentive
in the meeting
4. Semantic noise: It occurs when words themselves are not mutually
understood. Authors sometimes create semantic noise by using jargon or
avoidable technical language.