1.

Attempt any FIVE (2 marks each):

(a) Describe the advantages of PHP.

For 2 marks, focus on two key advantages with brief explanations:

* Open Source: PHP is open-source, meaning it’s free to use, which reduces
development costs.

* Easy to Learn: PHP has a relatively simple syntax, making it easier for
beginners to learn and use for web development.

(b) What is an array? How to store data in an array?

* What is an array? An array is a data structure that stores multiple values

under a single variable name.

* How to store data? Data can be stored using the array() function or square
bracket [] syntax: $colors = array(“red”, “blue”); or $colors[] = “red”;
$colors[] = “blue”;

© List types of inheritance.

For 2 marks, list two types:

* Single inheritance

* Multiple inheritance

(d) How can we destroy cookies?

Cookies are destroyed by setting their expiration time to a past date using
the setcookie() function.

€ List any four data types in MySQL.

For 2 marks, list four:

* INT

* VARCHAR

* TEXT

* DATE

(f) Write syntax of PHP.

PHP code is embedded within HTML using <?php ?> tags. Variables are
declared using a dollar sign ($), e.g., $myVar = “Hello”;

(g) How to create a session variable in PHP?

Session variables are created using the $_SESSION superglobal array after
starting a session with session_start();.

2. Attempt any THREE (4 marks each):

(a) Write down rules for declaring PHP variables.

For 4 marks, provide four rules:

* Variables start with a dollar sign ($).

* Variables must start with a letter or an underscore.

* Variables are case-sensitive.

* Variables can contain alphanumeric characters and underscores.

(b) Write a program to create an associative array in PHP.

For 4 marks, provide the code and a brief explanation:

<?php

$age = array(“Peter”=>”35”, “Ben”=>”37”, “Joe”=>”43”); // Creates an

associative array with names as keys and ages as values.

Echo “Peter is “ . $age[‘Peter’] . “ years old.”; // Accesses and prints a value

using its key.

?>

An associative array uses names as keys.

© Define Introspection and explain it with a suitable example.

For 4 marks:

* Define Introspection: Introspection is the ability of a program to examine

its own structure or the properties of objects during runtime.

* Example:

<?php
Class MyClass {

Public $myProperty = “Test”;

$obj = new MyClass();

Echo get_class($obj); // Example of introspection function to get class name

?>

Get_class() is used to get the class name of an object.

(d) Write the difference between the get() & post() methods of form (Any four
points).

For 4 marks, provide a table with four differences:

| Feature | GET | POST |

| Data in URL | Visible | Not visible |

| Data Length | Limited | Larger data |

| Security | Less secure | More secure |

| Bookmarking | Can be bookmarked | Cannot be bookmarked |

3. Attempt any THREE (4 marks each):

(a) Define function. How to define user-defined function in PHP? Give

example.

For 4 marks:

* Define function: A function is a block of code that performs a specific task

and can be reused.

* How to define: User-defined functions are defined using the function

keyword: function myFunction() { //code }

* Example:

<?php

Function greet($name) {
 Echo “Hello, “ . $name;

Greet(“World”);

?>

This defines and calls a function to display a greeting.

(b) Explain method overloading with example.

For 4 marks:

* Explain: Method overloading is the ability to define multiple methods with

the same name but different parameters within a class. PHP doesn’t directly
support traditional method overloading.

* Example (Conceptual – PHP doesn’t do this directly):

<?php

Class Calc {

Function add($x, $y) {}

Function add($x, $y, $z) {} //PHP would only keep this one

?>

PHP would only recognize the last defined add function.

© Define session & cookie. Explain the use of session start.

For 4 marks:

* Define session: A session is a way to store information about a user across

multiple pages.

* Define cookie: A cookie is a small text file that a website stores on the
user’s computer.

* Explain session_start: session_start() begins a new session or resumes an

existing one, and it must be called before any output.
(d) Explain delete operation of PHP on table data.

For 4 marks:

The DELETE operation removes rows from a table in a database. In PHP, this
is done using the SQL DELETE statement.

<?php

// Example (simplified):

$query = “DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 1”;

// …code to connect to database and execute the query…

?>

It involves constructing a DELETE query and executing it using PHP’s

database functions.

4. Attempt any THREE (4 marks each):

(a) Write PHP script to sort any five numbers using array function.

For 4 marks, provide the code:

<?php

$numbers = array(5, 2, 8, 1, 9);

Sort($numbers); // Sorts the array in ascending order

Foreach ($numbers as $n) {

Echo $n . “ “;

?>

Sort() function is used to sort arrays.

(b) Write PHP program for cloning of an object.

For 4 marks, provide the code:

<?php
Class MyClass {

Public $prop;

Function __construct($val) { $this->prop = $val; }

$obj1 = new MyClass(“Hello”);

$obj2 = clone $obj1; // Creates a copy of $obj1

$obj2->prop = “World”;

Echo $obj1->prop; // Outputs Hello

?>

The clone keyword is used to create a copy of an object.

© Create a customer form like customer name, address, mobile no, date of
birth using different form of input elements & display user inserted values in
new PHP form.

For 4 marks, provide the HTML form (or a simplified version) and the PHP to
display the data:

<form action=”display.php” method=”post”>

Name: <input type=”text” name=”name”><br>

<input type=”submit”>

</form>

// display.php

<?php

Echo “Name: “ . $_POST[‘name’];

?>

This shows a basic form and how to access the submitted data.

(d) Inserting and retrieving the query result operations.

For 4 marks:

* Inserting: Adding new data to a database table using the SQL INSERT
statement.

* Retrieving: Fetching data from a database table using the SQL SELECT
statement.

These operations involve constructing SQL queries in PHP and using

database functions to execute them.

€ How do you validate user inputs in PHP?

For 4 marks, mention key validation techniques:

* Checking for required fields.

* Validating data types (e.g., is it an integer?).

* Sanitizing input to prevent security risks (e.g., using htmlspecialchars()).

Validation ensures data quality and security.

5. Attempt any TWO (6 marks each):

(a) Explain different loops in PHP with example.

For 6 marks, explain three loops with examples:

 For loop: Executes a block of code a specified number of times.

<?php

For ($i = 0; $i < 3; $i++) {

Echo $i;

} // Outputs 012

?>

 While loop: Executes a block as long as a condition is true.

<?php

$i = 0;

While ($i < 3) {

Echo $i;
 $i++;

} // Outputs 012

?>

 Foreach loop: Iterates over arrays.

<?php

$arr = array(“a”, “b”, “c”);

Foreach ($arr as $x) {

Echo $x;

} // Outputs abc

?>

Explain the basic syntax and purpose of each loop.

(b) How do you connect MySQL database with PHP.

For 6 marks, outline the connection process:

* Establish a connection: Use mysqli_connect() or PDO to connect to the

MySQL server, providing hostname, username, password, and database
name.

* Check the connection: Verify if the connection was successful.

* Execute a query: Use mysqli_query() or PDO’s query() or

prepare()/execute() to send SQL queries to the database.

* Process the result: If it’s a SELECT query, fetch the results using functions
like mysqli_fetch_assoc() or PDO’s fetch() methods.

* Close the connection: Use mysqli_close() or set the PDO object to null to
close the connection (though PHP usually closes it automatically at the end
of the script).

Provide a simplified code example using mysqli_connect():

<?php

$conn = mysqli_connect(“host”, “user”, “pass”, “db”);

If (!$conn) {

Die(“Connection failed: “ . mysqli_connect_error());

$result = mysqli_query($conn, “SELECT * FROM table”);

//…process result…

Mysqli_close($conn);

?>

© Create a class as “Percentage” with two properties length & width.

Calculate the area of the rectangle for two objects.

For 6 marks, provide the class definition and object creation:

<?php

Class Rectangle { // Corrected class name

Public $length;

Public $width;

Function __construct($l, $w) {

$this->length = $l;

$this->width = $w;

Function area() {

Return $this->length * $this->width;

$rect1 = new Rectangle(10, 5);

$rect2 = new Rectangle(20, 3);

Echo “Area 1: “ . $rect1->area() . “<br>”; // Outputs 50

Echo “Area 2: “ . $rect2->area(); // Outputs 60

?>

Define the class, its properties, a constructor, an area calculation method,

and demonstrate creating and using two objects.

6. Attempt any TWO (6 marks each):

(a) Write a PHP program to demonstrate the use of cookies.

For 6 marks, provide a complete example:

<?php

$cookie_name = “user”;

$cookie_value = “JohnDoe”;

Setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + (86400 * 30), “/”); // Set

cookie for 30 days

If(isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {

Echo “Cookie ‘” . $cookie_name . “’ is set!<br>”;

Echo “Value: “ . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];

} else {

Echo “Cookie ‘” . $cookie_name . “’ is not set!”;

?>

Explain setting the cookie with setcookie() (name, value, expiration), and
then retrieving it with $_COOKIE.
(b) Explain any four string functions in PHP with example.

For 6 marks, explain four string functions with examples:

 Strlen(): Returns the length of a string.

<?php echo strlen(“Hello”); // Outputs 5 ?>

 Strpos(): Finds the position of the first occurrence of a substring.

<?php echo strpos(“abc”, “b”); // Outputs 1 ?>

 Str_replace(): Replaces occurrences of a substring with another string.

<?php echo str_replace(“a”, “b”, “abc”); // Outputs bbc ?>

 Strtolower(): Converts a string to lowercase.

<?php echo strtolower(“ABC”); // Outputs abc ?>

Explain the function’s purpose and show its usage.

© (i) What is inheritance? (ii) Write update operation on table data.

For 6 marks:

* (i) What is inheritance? Inheritance is an OOP concept where a class

(child/subclass) derives properties and methods from another class
(parent/superclass), promoting code reuse and hierarchy.

* (ii) Write update operation on table data.

* The SQL UPDATE statement modifies existing data in a table.

* Example:

UPDATE employees

SET salary = 50000

WHERE employee_id = 100;

This query updates the salary of the employee with ID 100.