FIST TERM

SOCIAL STUDIES
SCHEME OF WORK
Week 1- Meaning, scope and nature of social studies
Week 2- Objectives and importance of social studies
Week 3 - Physical Environment: Meaning types and features
Week 4-Resources in our Environment and their uses
Week 5- Environmental problems - causes, effects and solution
Week 6-Social Environment: Meaning types, role and responsibilities of members
Week 7-Friendship
Week 8-Secondary social groups
Week 9-Resources in our Environment and their uses
Week 10-Accident in the home and in School
Need for safety
Week 11-Accidents in the home and Schools
Measures for safety
WEEK ONE
TOPIC: MEANING, SCOPE AN NATURE OF SOCIAL STUDIES.
Social studies can be define as the study of man and his environment. Social studies can also be
define as the totality of man's physical and social environment.
SCOPE OF SOCIAL STUDIES.
The word "man" in the definition given above connotes human beings while man's environment
has a huge influence on mankind in all spheres of life.
Man's environment affect their language, dressing, food and every other thing one can think of in
the society.
Man also interact with two environment which are:
1. Physical environment (Natural)
2. Social environment (Artificial)
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
The grassland, mountains, rivers, deserts, seas, oceans, valleys are created by God for the benefit
of mankind and it has a great influence on man in so many ways
For example, those who live in riverine areas like the Ijaws and llaje's often take fishing and
farming as their occupation while those who are surrounded by forest like those living in the
rural area often become hunters.
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
These are man-made social ways of life which include: religion, tribe, customs, language, ways
of dressing, morals, values etc. For example, if an adult who had never spoken Hausa language
relocates from Yoruba land to Northern parts of the country in Nigeria, within few years he may
find himself unconsciously taking an Hausa culture just as the way of greeting, eating, language,
dressing etc. All these happens because of his daily interaction with the environment he finds
himself.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ΜΑΝ.
SCIENCE: This is the systematic way of acquiring knowledge through observation and
experiment.
TECHNOLOGY: This is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
The scope of social studies has a wider range in the area of science and technology. This
innovation has greatly influence man by making life more comfortable for mankind.
For example, it has helped man to be connected with happenings world-wide through internet,
television, cable, telephone etc. It has also helped to dam rivers and from that get electricity
which makes life more comfortable for man.
NATURE OF SOCIAL STUDIES
There are subjects that makes-up social studies. Such subjects includes;
1. Geography
2. History
3. Civics
4. Government
5. Sociology
6. Economics
The combination of all these subjects helps in reflecting how man uses the resources within his
environment to profound solution to his problems and improve his life generally. Moreso, social
studies as a subject studies how man live together in harmony in the society and how people
interact and make a great influence on one another.
Furthermore, social studies helps to know about conflicts and its causes in the society. It gives a
better understanding of the effects and ways of resolving such conflict in the society.
ASSIGNMENT
Define social studies
Man interact with how many environments?
Explain the concept of science and technology
Highlight the subjects that makes up social studies
State 3 importance of social studies
WEEK TWO
TOPIC: OBJECTIVES AND IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL STUDIES.
As explained earlier, social studies is the study of man and his environment.
OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL STUDIES
1. To make us useful and responsible citizens
2. To help us understand how our physical environment can be utilized for our benefit.
3. To teach us how to be patriotic (a having a great love for one's country) as a citizens.
4. To train us on how to be a good followers.
5. To inculcate in us sense of co-operation, honesty and tolerance
6. To know how to interact peacefully with other people in the society.
7. To make us understand and appreciate different cultures in our society.
8. To prepare us for future leadership role in the society.
9. To give us balanced education.
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL STUDIES
1. It helps in exposing individual student to different societies and cultures.
2. It helps in training our youths to become responsible citizens.
3. It helps in preparing the youths to become responsible future leaders.
4. It also makes students to be familiar with their social and physical environments.
5. It encourages students to be a good citizen.
6. It emphasizes the importance of peaceful co-existence and tolerance.
7. It trains us how to meaningfully contribute to the development of our nation.
Evaluation:
State five objectives of social studies
Highlight four importance of social studies
Assignment: explain as a student of social studies five importance of the subject to you
WEEK THREE
TOPIC: PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: MEANING, TYPES AND FEATURES.
An environment is a natural world in which people, animals and plant live. Generally, it refers to
everything within our surroundings.
Physical Environment therefore refers to all natural and non-natural things around us. It can also
be regarded as our immediate environment.
TYPES OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
1. Natural environment: it includes; valleys forest, desert, hills, mountains, rivers, grass-land, etc.
2. Non-natural environment or man-made: It includes; bridges, houses, hospitals, roads, vehicles,
police station, market, schools etc.
Features of physical environment.
Nigeria physical environment features includes;
1. Relief
2. Rivers
3. Lakes
4. Seasons
5. Weather
6. Vegetation.
RELIEF: This refers to land surface features above the sea level.
Relief can be classified into;
1. Highland
2. Low land
HIGHLAND: It can be described as a mountainous or hilly section of a country. Examples are;
idanre hill, Adamawa mountains udinsuka plateau mountain.
LOW LAND: Low land can be referred to as plains, the chad Basin plain etc.
IMPORTANCE OF HIGHLANDS AND LOWLANDS
Highlands
1. They serve as easy defense during war
2. They serve as tourist centers
3. They are good source of minerals like gold, tin etc.
4. Some help in construction of hydro-electric power in Nigeria
Lowlands
1. They serve as means of transportation e.g. roads, railways port.
2. They are good for agricultural purposes
3. Suitable for human habitation
4. They provide good place for rearing animals
RIVERS: The two major source of rivers in
Nigeria are River Niger and Benue. Others are; River Ogun, Osun, Zamfara, Anambara, Cross
Rivers, etc.
IMPORTANCE OR USES OF RIVERS IN NIGERIA
1. They are used for domestic purpose such as drinking, washing, cooking etc
2. They provide employment opportunities for fisher men, ship builders etc.
3. They are used for generating electricity e.g Kangi dam
4. They are used by industries for production purpose. E.g. for production of soft drinks, bottle
water etc.
5. They provide food for man kind e.g. fishes, crayfish etc.
6. They are used in construction of sea ports.
LAKES: A lake can be defined as a large area of water surrounded by land
SEASONS: There are two seasons in Nigeria
They are;
1. Wet season
2. Dry season
Wet Season: This is a period of rainfall and humidity. It falls between April and October and
sometimes to November. It is normally caused by south-west wind. This is a good period for
farming activities in Nigeria.
Dry season: It is caused by North-East wind coming from Sahara desert. It comes with
harmattan particularly in the Northern Nigeria. The dry season starts from November to April.
WEATHER: This refers to the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time. The
atmospheric condition changes from time to time.
CLIMATE: Climate refers to the average weather condition of a particular place over a period
of time.
ELEMENTS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE
1. Temperature: This refers to the degree of coldness and hotness of a place at any particular
time. Temperature is measured by "Thermometer"
2. Rainfall: It is a situation where excess condensed water vapour in the atmosphere is released
to the earth. It is measured by "rainguage".
3. Wind: This is the movement of the air at a particular direction. It is measured by "Wind vane
and Anemometer"
4. Air Pressure: Pressure can be defined as the force exerted by atmosphere on the earth surface
and other objects by air. It is measured through "Mercury barometer and aneroid barometer".
5. Relative Humidity: This is the degree or amount of moisture (water presents in the air) in the
atmosphere. It is measured with a "hygrometer".
6. Clouds: These are tiny droplets of water vapour in the atmosphere.
7. Sunshine: This is the direct light of the sun. It is the brightness of the sun.
VEGETATION: This refers to the ground cover provided by plants. It is influenced by its
climate.
There are three types of vegetation belt in Nigeria namely;
1. Forest
2. Savanna
3. Montane
Forest: It contains trees such as Mangrove swamp forest and rainforest.
Savanna: It consists of tree covered with grasses and flowers located between trees. It can be
further sub-divide into Guinea Savanna, Sudan savanna and Sahel Savanna.
Montane Vegetation: These are vegetations with tress and grasses. It can be found in Adamawa,
Jos etc.
Evaluation:
Define an environment
What is physical environment?
State the types of physical environment and explain with examples
Highlight the features of physical environment and explain with examples
WEEK FOUR.
TOPIC: RESOURCES IN OUR ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR USES
NATURAL RESOURCES: These are resources created by nature (God) for the benefit and use
of man-kind.
Natural resources in Nigeria includes; Crude oil, Gold, coal, Iron, tin, Limestone, Lead, etc.
Natural Resources and their uses

RESOURCES STATE(S) LOCATED USES

Cocoa Ondo, Ekiti, Oyo, Ogun Manufacturing of beverages and chocolates.

Cotton Kaduna, Kano, Bauchi, Production of clothes, cotton wool etc.

Kastina

Gold Sokoto, Osun, Niger Production of bangles, necklaces, wristwatches,

chains, rings etc.

Groundnut Kano Production of groundnut oil for cooking and

snacks

Crude Oil Rivers, Delta, Edo, Akwa- Production of aviation fuel, kerosene, petrol etc.
Ibom, Bayelsa, Imo, Ondo

Iron Ore Kogi, Delta Production of Iron rods, flat iron sheets,
construction of bridges, houses, rail, roads,
industry machines etc.

Limestone Ogun, Ebonyl, Benue Production of cements and paint. It is also used as
a source of calcium in supplements and food
activities.
Rubber Delta, Edo, ondo, Cross Production of tyres and other rubber products. etc.
River

Evaluation:
What are natural resources?
State five natural resources and their uses
Assignment:
write six natural resources, their uses and where they can be found
WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND SOLUTIONS.
These are problems caused by nature and man within our surroundings.
Environmental problems are of two types:-
1. Natural environmental problems
2. Man-made environmental problems
NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
1. Drought:- This refers to absence of rainfall over of period of time in a particular place. It has
a great effect of plant's life, animal life and human beings at large.
2. Earth Quake:- This is a sudden, violent shaking of the earth's surface as a result of a great
release of energy in earth crust. Earthquake causes damage to buildings and other infrastructures.
3. Erosion:- It refers to the washing away or removal of the earth surface (Soil) through
consistent flowing of water.
4. Flooding:- This is a situation where a large value of water settles on dry land meant for human
transportation.
5. Volcanic Eruption:- This is the eruption of lava, ashes and gases from the opening (cracks) in
a hill or mountain
6. Global warming:- This refers to increase in the average temperature of the atmosphere,
oceans and landmass on earth.
7. Tornado: This is a evident storm with a very strong winds which move in a circle in some
cases, there is a long cloud which is narrower at the bottom that the top as a form of narrow
funnel
8. Hurricane: This is a very powerful storm with story winds and heavy RAINS
9. Cyclone: This refers to a violent and strong storm in which strong winds rotate in a circle
Man-made environmental problems
1. Air Pollution: This is a great release of unwanted and dangerous substances like fumes,
smokes, dust into the atmosphere such dangerous substances affect heal living, it's effects are
skin cancer, eyes irritation, legs cancer, acid rain etc.
2. Water pollution: This is a release of pollutions i.e. chemicals into water-rivers oceans, seas
etc. This pollution majorly comes from industries during oil spillage, discharge of chemical into
water etc. It has effects on aquatic crenels
3. Land pollution: It wolves continuation of land with toxic substances such as oil spillage.
Niger delta area of Nigeria is a typical example of such pollution
4. Deforestation: This is the indiscriminate felling of trees and clearing of vegetation
Effects of Environmental Problems
1. Loss of lives and properties: Environmental problems like earthquake, volcano, tomato
usually cause irredeemable losses when they occur
2. Spread of diseases: Air and water pollution will cause the spread of air and water-borne
diseases
3. Destruction of animals and plants: occur rence of earthquake, tornado, hurricane, land and
water pollutions will to destruction of plants and animals
4. Low agricultural productivity: Natural and non-made environmental problems hinder
agricultural activities by formers which eventually lead to tack of food for the populace
5. Ozone depletion: It exposes people to skin cancer and cataracts. There will also be increase in
schematic natural disasters due to global warmly
Solutions to environmental problems
1. Education: Government should put move efforts at educating the populace abou the effects of
non-made environmental problems
2. Legislation: Law should be enacted to prohibit air, water and land pollution and deforestation
3. Sanction: Any citizen who fails to abide with environmental pollution land enacted by the
government should be dealt with to act as a deterrent to others
4. Tree planting exercises: Government should encourage individuals to plant trees by making
the nurseries (where young plant and animals are ground for sale or for planting somewhere else)
available at subsidized rates to people
5. Localization of industries: Industries should be sited in designated areas for easy monitoring
of their activates
6. Proper disposal of wastes aid sewage: Definite sites should be provided at strategically
located areas you dumping of refuse by the Government likewise, they should monitor the
activities of sewage transportation to ensure prope disposal to the right place
Evaluation:
what are environmental problems?
List the types and explain
State the effects of environmental problems
Highlight the solution
Assignment:
explain two environmental problems common in Nigeria in detail and profound solution to such
environmental problems
TOPIC: SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT: MEANING, TYPES, ROLE AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBER
Social environment refers to the cutting group of individuals and institutions with whom a person
interacts. Such as customs, language, norms, dressing, primary groups, secondary groups,
religious institutions, political institutions, educational institutions, economic institutions.
Social organizations
Social organizations are people in the society who are well organized with characteristic pattern
of relationship.
Types of social groups
1. Primary group
2. Secondary group
Primary group
This refers to people with closer relationship over a long period of time. Examples of primary
group are: Family age group, peer group and kinship groups.
Characteristics of primary group
1. There is always a face to - face interaction
2. It has a small size of people
3. Group member are loyal to one another
4. They are emotionally committed to one another
5. They have a permanent relationship
6. It is a multi-purpose organization
The family as a primary social group
A family is a group of people who are related by heredity or adoption. The family is the first
social group where a child is taught what is right and what his role is in the society though
examples.
Types of family
1. Nuclear family
2. Extended family
Nuclear family: This is made up of father mother and the children. It can be monogamous l.e. a
family made up of the man, his wife and the children. It can also be polygamous i.e. a family
made up of the man, more than one wife and the children.
Extended family: This is a process where family relations such as uncles, grandparents, aunties,
live with the nuclear family in the same house or compound.
Other forums of family are:
1. Foster family: This is a family in where a couple or adults are acting as parents who may or
may not be their relations. (Guardians)
2. Single parent family: This is a family in which children live with only one of their biological
parents (either the father or the mother). This often occurs due to divorce or death of one of the
couple.
Role and responsibilities of family members
A. The father:
1. He provides money for the family sustenance
2. He protects and defends the family
3. He ensures proper up-bringing of children
4. He trains the family on good believer through good exemplary life style
5. He also over sees disciplinary activities at home
6. He ensures that unity, harmony, love and peace exist between family members.
B. The mother:
1. She prepares delicious meals for the family
2. She ensures meatless and cleanliness of the home
3. Trains the children how to take care of the home, watch clothes & plaits and prepare food
4. Report every act of indiscipline at home for the husband for necessary action
5. She also supports the father in meeting family needs
6. Demon striates acceptable believer to the children through good life style
C. The children:
1. Obedience to all instruction from their parents
2. Co-operating with their parents with their parents while they are being trained
3. Attend School regularly and make their parents proud all the time
4. Taking good care of the house chores
5. Be of good behavior everywhere at all tries
6. Respect and show love to everyone in the family
7. Always report important incidents which may need their parents taking immediate action
8. Seek parents advice and percussion when necessary
Evaluation:
What are social problems?
Define social organization
List the types of social groups
Evaluation:
What are social problems?
Define social organization
List the types of social groups
State the characteristics of social groups
Define a family as one of the primary social group
Highlight the roles of each member that makes a family
WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC: FRIENDSHIP
This refers to intimate and lasting relationship between two or more people. It could be of either
sex or the same sex but does not lead to immorality.
Types of friendship
1. Intimate or best friend: This type of friend slip has the ability of greatly of greatly infecting
one's decision, character and goal in life
2. Ordinary friendship: This is a kind of friendship in which the two parties don't have so much
power to influence their behavior, decision or goal in life
3. Acquaintance: this is the kind of friendship that exist between anyone we meet while carrying
out a task, embarking on a journey or staying in a place for few days.
Factors that determine choice of friends
1. Gender
2. Age
3. Common character.
4. Common language, nationality or tribe
5. Good personality aid character.
Qualities and behaviors that enhances friendship
1. Love: Love is a gift from God and it makes friendship last long
2. Forgiveness: A forgiving sprint promotes friendship regardless the offence or mistakes
comities to each other
3. Good communication
4. Reliability
5. Support in time of need
6. Loyalty
7. Understanding
8. Respect
Factors that could destroy friendship
1. Dishonesty
2. Misunderstanding
3. Lack of respect for each other
4. Selfishness
5. Failure to help in time of need
6. Gossip
7. Suspicion
Evaluation:
Define friendship
List the types of friendship and explain
State the factors that determine the choice of friends
Highlight the qualities of a good friend
Mention the factors that can destroy friendship.
Assignment:
Explain three factors that can destroy friendship in detail
WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUPS
This is a formal organization whose member are not related to one another but come together to
achieve a common goal.
Forums/types of secondary group
1. Schools: These include primary schools secondary schools and tertiary institutions
(Universities, polytechnics, colleges of education etc).
2. Comprise: These are cooperate organizations that engages in trading and manufacturing
activities. Examples are, UNRULIER NIG. PLC, MTN, GLOBACOM, etc.
3. Trade unions: These includes workers association like;
NUJ: Nigeria Union of journalist
NUT: Nigeria Union of teachers
NASU: Non-Academic staff union of education and associated institutions
NUP: Nigeria Union of parishioners
NURTW: Nigeria Union of road transport workers
Religions groups: these includes all churches and mosques
4. Voluntary organizations: These are group of people who renders humanitarian service to the
society. Such organization include, man 'O' war, Boys Brigades, Red cross, National council of
woman societies etc.
Functions of secondary groups
1. Maintenance of law and order in the society
2. They unity in the society
3. It promotes friendliness among its members which results in peaceful relationship
4. They also encourage division of labour especially in an organization
5. They help individual members to learn new role for example, workers in an organization could
be promoted to higher post which is different from and challenges
6. They also prepare members for higher leadership roles in the larger society.
In summary, secondary society groups act as training grooms where members are nurture for
political leadership.
Conflict within social groups
Conflict refers to misunderstanding or disagreement between two or more people
Causes of conflicts
1. Selfishness: Deriving of one's right is very common is social organizations in our society and
person created or deprive will negatively react to claim his rights
2. Lack of cooperation: Failure to work as a team often result to disagreement,
misunderstanding and division
3. Bad leadership: When leaders are greedy and suffering, there will be conflict
4. Lack of religions to learn: The major role of religions groups is to promote peace in the
society. Imposition of religion on actives and physical treat over which religion is the best often
result to conflict in our social
5. Communication gap: when needed information are not supplied at the right time conflict will
set in
6. Laziness and inefficiency: Diligent workers protest when laziness and Inefficiency are notice
in some members of a group
7. Criminal activities: Such as kidnapping, murder, frond, immorality will result into serious
conflict within a social group in the society
Effects of conflicts in the society
1. Break down of law and order
2. Loss of lives and property
3. Insecurity
4. Hinders progress in the society
5. Brigs disunity
Conflict resolution
1. Dialogue: It involves the two party and a third party who will stand as a mediator of peace to
end such conflict
2. Through the law court: conflicts can also be resolved by using the legal methods
3. Through the police: conflict between individual, family members, religions group, friends
colleagues can be reported to the police for immediate intervention
4. Government intervention: Government can set up a panel to mediate between groups
unloving in conflict
5. Through family or village head: Conflict within the family are settled by the family head
while the village head settles conflict in this a village
6. Through wars: This is a negative way of resolving conflict. The move powerful side wins the
while the other side surrenders. It causes detection of levees aid properties. A typical example is
the Nigerian Civil war between 1967 and 1970. The Nigeria army over powered the Biafra side
and eventually the war ended. in favour of Nigeria.
Evaluation:
Define secondary social group
List the forms/types and explain
State the functions of secondary social group
Define conflict
State the causes of conflict
Highlight the effects of conflict
Explain five conflict resolutions
WEEK NINE
TOPIC: INFLUENCE OF MAN IN THE ENVIRONMENT
There are two major types of environment; they are;
physical environment
social environment
Influence of man in the physical environment
1. Construction activities: Some highlands have become landlords in the coves of
constructing roads. Man has been able to construct bridges on rivers for easy movement.
Example of this is the third mainland Bridge in Lagos
2. Irrigation activities: Man has been able to make water available in the desert for forming
purposes
3. Reclamation of land: Technology has greatly helped man to torn reverie areas to housing
estates. The land used in building the popular Victoria Gorden city (VGC) in Ajah, Lagos
was reclaimed from water and it is the most beautiful estates In Nigeria
4. Drainage: Water movements are been controlled through canals and drainage to prevent
floods particularly during raining seasons
5. A forestation programmes: To prevent desert environment, man has engaged in tree
planting programmes
Influence of man on social environment
1. Exposure to western education has greatly influenced people's attitude to polygamy,
family size and education of female children
2. Modern religions (Christianity and Islamic) have changed the observance certain rituals
superstitions bleeps and outstands
3. Modern political system (democracy) have changed the role of traditional rulers in our
country
4. Professionals in sport and music has greatly influence the dressing and hairstyles of
youths in air country
Evaluation:
List the types of environment
State the influence of man in the physical environment
Highlight the influence of man in its social environment
WEEK TEN
TOPIC: ACCIDENTS IN THE HOME AND IN SCHOOL; NEEDS FOR SAFETY
Accident is the sudden occurrence of an unpleasant event which causes lure on an individual or
group of people
For any individual or organization that value human lives there is always need for "Safety"
Safety is a situation which prevents any form of injury when carrying out a task
Reasons/need for safety
1. To prevent loss of life: When carrying out a task safety, ensures need to be putting place to
prevent death of an individual
2. To minimize risk: It nominee risk of been injured while carrying out a task
3. To prevent temporary or prevent disabilities: To prevent disabilities there is always need
for safety. Some loss their eyes, limbs, arms and other parts of the body because purport safety
measures are not put in place
4. To prevent damage of properties: Road and fire accident can bring great damage to many
properties
5. To prevent avoidable accident: As many accident in any form, if proper safety measures are
putting place all will be eradicated for instance, if necessary gadgets swimming pool, drowning
will be completely eliminated.
Evaluation:
Define the following:
Accident
Safety
State the reasons for safety
Assignment:
how can you prevent yourself from school accident?
WEEK ELEVEN
TOPIC: ACCIDENT IN THE HOME AND SCHOOL MEASURES FOR SAFETY
There are different accidents that occur while carrying out a task at home or in the school
environment that needs necessary safety measures such includes;
1. Fire out breaks
2. Pressing iron burns
3. Hot water burns
4. Sliding in the bathroom
5. Knife or razor blade cuts
6. Electric shocks through electrical appliances
7. Bone fractures due to letting of leg on lord objects like stares
8. Burning of skin due to smash of chemicals during experiments in the school laboratory
9. Hitting of students eyes by teachers while caning/beating
10. Falling from the school staircase
11. Drowning in the school staircase
12. Drowning in the swimming pool
13. Fracture while running or playing grounds on the pitch etc.
Safety measures at home
1. To prevent electric shocks, the house should be properly wired by professionals
2. Gas cylinders should be properly closed to prevent gas lockage
3. Petrol and kerosene should be kept for from the reach of the children
4. The use of candle, mosquito coils, baling rings etc should be avoided if possible
5. Bathroom floors should be scrubbed regularly while old bathroom tiles should be replaced
6. All electrical gadgets, sockets should be checked when going out of the house or before going
to bed in the right
7. The bush around should also be constantly cleared to prevent snakes, scorpions and other
dangerous animals and insects etc.
Safety measures in a school environment
1. The school building should be constructed properly with necessary safety measures put in
place
2. Fire extinguishers should be provided is strategic locations particularly in laboratories and
office
3. Sport masters and possibly a nurse should be available during inter-house sport or special
sporting events
4. Life guards and swinging instructors should be around alerter students are using the swimming
pools
5. Dangerous chancels used in laboratori should be kept in special rooms inaccessible to students
6. School food should be liyglcrucally prepared and served to avoid food poisoning
7. School buses should be in good condition and should be driven by professional drivers
8. First aid kits should be provided in the school clique, laboratories and all depart rants in school
environment.
Safety measures at work place
1. Fire extinguishers should be in strategies place
2. Proper wiring of the balding should been door by experts
3. Staff should ensure that all electrical gadgets are switched off after office hour
4. Smoking should be disallowed in all off and restricted to certain areas for instance restaurant
4. Smoking should be disallowed in all office and restricted to certain areas for instance
restaurant
5. Safety manager should conduct period training for staff on how to prevent forums of accidents
in the work place.
Evaluation:
List likely accident in schools, home and work places
State five measures to each
SECOND TERM
SOCIAL STUDIES
SCHEME OF WORK
1 Socialization: (a) Meaning of socialization.
(b) Significance of socialization.
2. Socialization: Processes of socialization
3. Socialization: Agents of socialization.
4. Culture - Meaning, Components and Features of culture: (a) Meaning of culture.
(b) Components of culture.
5. Culture: Feature of culture
6. Culture: Characteristics of culture.
7. Cultural similarities in Nigeria.
8. Cultural differences in Nigeria.
9. Uniqueness of Nigeria Culture
10. Revision.
11. Examination
12. Examination
WEEK ONE
TOPIC: SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is the process by which individuals acquires the languages, belief, values and
technical skills of his society. Socialization is a life-long process from which we are always
learning. The process of learning the culture of a community is called socialization.
Types of Socialization:
There are two types of socialization, they are
1. Primary socialization
2. Secondary socialization
Primary Socialization: This is when the child is born and helpless. Most of what he learns are
through the efforts of older persons.
Secondary Socialization: This is the time a person is old enough to learn by himself. He learns
new roles, new skills and new ways.
The Significance of Socialization:
1. Socialization prepares the new member to fit into his community.
2. It makes the new member know, understand and participate in the culture of his community.
3. It enables desirable values to be passed from one generation to another.
4. It promotes peaceful co-existence and social inter-action among people.
5. It prepares and teaches the people the roles in the community.
Evaluation:
1. Define socialization.
2. Mention and explain two types of socialization.
3. What are the significances of socialization?
WEEK TWO
Processes of Socialization
Individuals are socialized into their community through five main processes. They are:
1. Education (Direct Learning)
2. Apprenticeship
3. Incidental learning
4. Learning from models
5. Roles learning
Education: This is also known as direct learning. It is a conscious way of learning. It may be
formal or informal education. It may take place in the four-walls of the classroom or outside the
classroom.
Apprenticeship: This is non-formal education. Here, a person is trained under a master trainer in
a practical ways. E.g. carpentry, hair dressing, blacksmithing, tailoring. Etc.
Incidental Learning: Here, a child learns unconsciously from his parents, age group or from his
immediate environment.
Learning from Model: Children often copy the way their parents or older siblings behave some
even try to behave as their favorite artist or an admired individual does either the way they dress
or their mannerism.
Role Learning: A person learns a new role in the community through information given to him.
They learn some of these roles through indoctrination, induction and imitation.
Evaluation:
1. List five processes of socialization.
2. Explain three processes of socialization
Weekend Assignment:
Objectives Questions:
1. Socialization can be defined as_______ (A) The process of learning the culture of a
community (B) The process of working in the farm (C) The religious group (D) The process of
attending social gatherings
2. The two types of socialization are _______and ________(A) human and non-human (B) large
and small (C) primary and secondary (D) tertiary and vocational
3. One of the significances of socialization is (A) just to enjoy in the community (B) it promotes
peaceful co-existence and social interaction among people (C) to attend parties and dances (D)
none of the above.
4. These are process of socialization except. (A) education and apprenticeship (B) incidental
learning (C) individualism (D) role modeling or role learning
Theory Questions:
1. List five processes of socialization.
2. Mention types of socialization and briefly define them.
WEEK THREE
Agents of socialization
There are many agents of socialization through which the individuals are socialized into the
community. They are:
1. The family and home
2. Peer group
3. The school or educational institutions
4. Religious organizations
5. Mass media
6. Age group
7. The community
8. Voluntary organizations
1. The Family: This is the child's first experience of the world.it is the primary agent of
socialization; since we all know that every child is born into a family. The socialized adult
members of the family teach the child the language, basic values such as how to speak to elders
etc.
2. Peer Group: As a child grows up, he attends school and plays with his age group. These
playmates or peer groups have their own rules and regulations which members must obey.eg A
child learns how to behave in a group.
3. The School: The process of socialization which began at home continues at school. At school,
the child is given an all-round education in physical development(psychomotor), attitudinal
development(affective)and intellectual development(cognitive).
4. Religious Institution: Through religious institution, the members are taught desirable values
such as love, faithfulness, honesty. etc.
5. The Mass Media: This include the radio, television, newspapers, magazine, etc. .All these
increase the awareness of children an adults about what is happening around them and all over
the world.
6. Age Group: In any traditional society, age group is the most important agency of
socialization.
7. The Community: The community defines the acceptable ways by which members should
behave. It praises and honors those who obey its rules and regulations while those who
disobeyed are disgraced and punished.
8. Voluntary Organization: These include Red Cross, boy brigade, and rotary club. Etc. They
impact certain skills and values on its members.
Evaluation:
1. Explain agents of socialization
2. List five agents of socialization
Effects of Socialization
The quality of each agent of socialization such as family, peer group, the school etc, largely
determines the effects of socialization on the people. It may be of negative or positive effects.
Positive Effects or Importance of Socialization:
1. It enables the individual to play their roles. in the society.
2. It inculcates a sense of discipline on individual in the society.
3. It inculcates in Individual a sense of moral responsibility.
4. It develops a communal spirit in individual
5. It enables individual to learn and appreciate his culture and other cultures.
6. It helps us to learn from one another.
7. It ensures the transmission of our culture from one generation to another.
Negative Effects or Disadvantages of Socialization:
Displaying of negative values by the mass media has made some individual become morally
irresponsible.
1. Negative peer pressure has increased crime rate in the society.
2. Acculturation through over-dependent on western culture
3. Infiltration of negative influences such as pornography through the internet.
4. A morally backward community tends to produce immoral citizen.
Evaluation:
1. List five positive effects of socialization.
2. Mention at least three negative effects of socialization.
Weekend Assignment:
Objectives questions:
1. The ways a persons is socialized into the community are called (a)Agents of socialization (b).
social environment (c). family life. (d) religious activities
2. The primary agent of socialization is called (a)Mass media(b). family(c). school.(d)society
3. Negative peer pressure has increased crime rate in the society. TRUE OR FALSE.
4. _____________inculcates a sense of moral responsibility. (a)Responsibility(b).
socialization(c). none of the above.(d)relationship
5. Examples of voluntary organizations are the followings except: a)Red cross(b). Boys
brigade(c). Newspapers. (d) rotary club.
Theory questions:
1. Mention five importance of socialization
2. List 4 disadvantages of socialization
3. Name all the agents of socialization that you have been taught and explain 5 of them.
WEEK 7
TOPIC: CULTURE
Culture is the total way of life of a group of people that distinguishes them from others. It
includes people's beliefs, their works of art and craft, the language they speak, the tools they
make, their ways of dressing, the technology they develop and the various institutions they set up
to achieve societal goals.
Culture is not static, but dynamic. In other words, it does not remain the same forever but
changes from time to time. It is a continuous process. It is transmitted from one generation to
another. People learn their culture as they perform new roles as pupils or students in a school, a
father at home or as a president of a country.
Components of Culture:
There are two components or aspects of culture. They are:
1. Material Aspect of Culture: This consists mainly of those things that are made by a society
in order to satisfy the needs of its people. Examples are houses for shelter and protection; the
tools for agriculture; the weapons for hunting and protection; the cloth and clothes made to suit
the conditions of the environment; and the work of art and craft.
2. Non-Material Aspect of Culture: This aspect of culture consists of those things we cannot
see like religion, music, language, morals, values, folklores, literature, dancing styles,
technology, etc.
Evaluation:
1. What is culture?
2. List two components of culture.
WEEK 8
Features of Culture:
Some ways of looking at culture include:
1. Language: This is one of the most important ways of identifying a group of people. It is a
means of transmitting our culture from one generation to another. There are over 250 indigenous
languages in Nigeria. Proverbs are an important aspect of speech in Nigeria.
2. Religion: This is an important aspect of culture. Each cultural group has its own traditional
way of relating with the supernatural before the advent of Christianity and Islam.
3. Mode of Dressing: The way a group of people dress is another feature of culture. For
example, Hausa-Fulanis wrap their heads with a piece of cloth; wear 'danshiki while their women
often wear clothes that cover all parts of their bodies.
4. Legends: the belief and story of each ethnic group about the origin of man and the world is
another feature of culture.
5. Folklores: These are stories about man and animals such as tortoise and elephant. It serves as
a means of entertainment and a form of moral education.
6. Arts and crafts: Each cultural group has its unique art and craft in form of carvings, metal
works, painting, sculptures, wood work, etc. arts and Crafts are products of our physical
environment.
7. Games and Entertainment: Each cultural group has its own game such as 'Ayo and Okoto' in
Yorubaland. Entertainment is in form of singing. The Yorubas play musical instrument such as
'gangan', 'bata' and 'dundun' while 'shantu' and 'samban' sets of drums are popular among the
Hausa-Fulanis.
8. Food and Drinks: In the Nigeria traditional societies, only solid food is recognized as real
food while liquid is regarded as mere refreshment. Palm wine is popular among the Yorubas and
the Igbos. 'Burukutu' and 'sekete' are popular in Hausaland. Pounded yam and yam flour are
common solid food in Yorubaland while Tuwo' and 'Danwake are popular among Hausa-Fulanis.
9. Skills and Tools (Technology): Before the arrival of the Europeans in Nigeria, there were
small industries made up of small workshops. Making of ivory and brass wares were the
preoccupation of the Binis. The Ijaws and the Itsekiris were noted for salt-making while the
Akoko-Edos and the Iseyins produced clothes, etc.
Evaluation:
1. List five features of culture.
2. Explain the listed features of culture
Weekend Assignment:
Objective questions:
1. There are over languages in Nigeria indigenous (a) 100 (b). 250 (c) 500 (d)200
2. Tuwo' and 'Danwake' are popular among (a) Hausa-Fulanis(b).Yorubas (c). Igbos (d) Edo
3. The play musical instrument such as 'gangan', 'bata' and 'dundun' (a). Igbos (b). Hausas (c).
Yorubas. (d)Benin
4. Stories about man and animals such as tortoise and elephant are called (a). folklores (b),
fictions. (c). factions (d) culture
5. The following are features of culture except (a). rigidity (b). language (c). religion (d)
administration
Theory questions:
1. State five features of culture.
2. Write short notes on any two of the stated features.
WEEK 9
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
The following are some of the characteristics of culture:
1. Culture defines a group of people. It defers from place to place.
2. Culture is dynamic, flexible and changes with time as technology changes and as people come
in contact with other cultures.
3. It is a collective experience of a community or a group of people. It is not restricted to a
person.
4. It is a continuous process that is passed from one generation to another. There can be no
people without culture. It is an enduring characteristic of human society.
5. An individual learns the culture of his society through the agents of socialization such as
family, the school peer group, the community, mass media, etc.
6. No culture is bad or inferior. Each group has its own definite culture as a result of its
environment. This is called cultural relativity.
7. Culture is neither inborn nor a biological feature. It is created by a community in order to
ensure harmonious and progressive living of its members.
Evaluation:
Mention five characteristics of culture
Weekend Assignment:
Objective questions:
1. The total way of life of a group of people Is (a)environment (b). culture (c). socialization
(d).environment
2. Culture of any group of people is (a). dynamic (b). static (c). dead (d).natural
3. There are three aspects of culture (a). True (b). False
4. The following is an example of material culture(a) morals (b). music (c). hoes (d).energy
5. Culture defines a group of (a). animals (b). people (c). religion (d).christian
Theory questions:
1. What is culture?
2. Give 4 examples each of material and non-material aspects of culture.
Cultural Similarities Among Nigerians:
There are similarities in the cultural practices of the Nigeria people. The following are some of
the similar cultural practices of the people of Nigeria.
1. Political System: Each community in Nigeria has a traditional political system under a
paramount chief with different titles. These include the obas, obis, ezes, emirs, and the obongs.
2. Family System: Extended family is a common feature of all cultures in Nigeria.
3. Respect for elders: According respect to elders is a feature of all communities and cultures in
Nigeria. Irrespective of one's social status, elders are respected in Nigeria and their words of
advice are considered important.
4. Marriage system: The system of marriage is similar in most of the communities in Nigeria.
Virgin brides are highly honoured in Nigeria and her parents are praised and presented with gifts.
5. Religion: Religion is the specific system of belief or worship; and it is a way of life based on
how people relate with their God. There are three main types of religion in Nigeria; these are
Christianity, Islam and Traditional religions. Nigerian people are religious; nearly every Nigerian
belongs to one religious group or another. Before the advent of Christianity and Islam, each
community believed in the existence of the Supreme being and had a traditional way of relating
with Him.
6. Taboos: All ethnic groups in Nigeria have one form of taboo or another against something. A
taboo against something means a belief or custom that does no allow people to do, use or talk
about al particular thing, especially in public.
7. Occupation: Farming and trading are common to all cultures. These form the basic
occupation of the people before the arrival of colonial masters.
8. Cultural Relationship: All groups accept people at home, in the street, in the town as
'brother' or 'sister' or 'father', even if there is no blood relationship. Outside the state or country,
whoever is from your state or country is regarded as 'brother' or 'sister' whenever you meet and
discuss with other nationalities.
9. Naming Ceremony: All cultural groups, all religious practices allow new born babies to be
named after a particular number of days of delivery as stipulated by the group. For examples,
yorubas do naming ceremony after eight days of delivery.
10. Arts and Crafts: All cultural groups in Nigeria have their distinct work of art and craft in
form of carvings, sculpture, weaving, etc. for examples, the people Kano were known for their
leather work, the people of Benin city were known for their brass-casting, the people of
Abeokuta were known for their tie and dye called adire, etc.
11. Mode of Eating: Eating habit such as the use of one's fingers to eat is common to all
traditional communities in Nigeria.
12. Emphasis on Dignity of Labour: Nigerians place high value on dignity of labour, good
neighbourliness and patriotism. No job is bad within the Nigerian culture. stealing is abhorred
and disrespected.
Evaluation:
1. State five cultural similarities in Nigeria.
2. Explain the stated cultural similarities.
Assignment:
Objective questions:
1. A belief or custom that does not allow people to do, use or talk about a particular thing,
especially in public is a (a). lie (b). taboo (c). fiction (d) storis
2. In the olden days Nigerians used to eat food(a). fingers (b). spoons (c). forks (d) knife.
3. Adire making is popular among the (a). Hausas (b). Igbos (c). Yorubas (d) benin.
4. Extended family is a common feature of all cultures in (a). Australia (b). Nigeria (c). Germany
(d) Togo
5. The following cultural practices are common to all Nigerians except (a). extended family
system (b). mode of greetings (c). religion (d) none of the above.
Theory questions:
Write brief notes on any two of the following cultural similarities in Nigeria:
1. Religion
2. Respect for elders
3. Arts and Craft
4. Mariage system
Cultural Differences in Nigeria.
1. Language: This is of the most remarkable difference which distinguishes one culture from the
other in Nigeria. We have over 250 indigenous languages in the country.
2. Religion: Apart from the two major religions: Christianity and Islam, there are various
traditional religious beliefs in Nigeria.
3. Arts and Crafts: also differs. For instance, while those in the south engage in wood carving,
the northerners engage in leather works.
4. Food: Those in the southern part of Nigeria eat food made mostly from tubers like fufu while
the northerners eat food made from grains e.g tuwo.
5. Dressing: The Igbo man wears caftan and ties a wrapper while the woman ties wrapper with a
blouse. The Hausa man on the other hand wears a babariga while the woman wear clothes that
often cover the whole body.
6. Greetings: The various ethnic groups in Nigeria have their various patterns of greeting. The
Yoruba man prostrates before the elders while the female ones kneel down. The Hausa male
squats while the female kneel down.

Evaluation:
Mention five cultural differences among the different ethnic groups in Nigeria.
Identity
Identity is used to refer to those who share the same culture and regard themselves as one people.
Culture is a means of identifying people.
Levels of Identity:
1. Family: Everyone shares his family's identity through his surname. He identifies with his
parents and siblings. The family teaches him the culture of the society in its own way.
2. Age group: A person identifies with his age-group. He tries to defend the interest of such
group. Each age-group has its own norms and practices which members must obey. It may also
have some means of communication which non-members may not understand. Age-group is very
important in Igbo land and a man who fails to identify with his age-group may not be recognized.
3. Town/Village: A person identifies with his place of birth. He contributes to its progress both
in cash and in kind. He belongs to one or more associations in his village or town.
4. Cultural or Ethnic group: Another level of identity is the cultural or ethnic group. Each
Nigerian identifies himself as a Yoruba, Igbo, Kanuri or Bachama. Language, dressing and
eating habits reveals the cultural background of a person.
5. Local Government: This is the smallest political unit in Nigeria. Every Nigerian belongs to a
local government, the development of which he contributes to and from which he enjoys some
services and social amenities.
6. State of Origin: A person identifies himself with his state of origin be it Cross River or
Taraba State. He may like his state to win in an inter-state sport competition.
7. National Identity: All the 36 states form one country which is called the Federal Republic of
Nigeria. We are one people under one Federal Government, enjoying the same services and
obeying the same law. The Nigeria passport, the National Anthem, the National Pledge and the
Nation Flag are all symbols of identity for Nigeria citizens both at home and abroad.
Evaluation:
Mention five levels of identity
1. All the following are Nigeria National Symbols EXCEPT (A) Currency B. National Anthem
C. Language D. The Coat of Arm
2. What is used to refer to those who share the same culture and regard themselves as one people
is known as A. Culture. B. Identity. C. Symbol. D. Language.
3. The most remarkable difference which distinguishes one culture from the other in Nigeria is
A. Language. B. Religion. C. Dressing. D. Greeting.
7. We have over.... Indigenous languages in the country. A.150 B. 250 C. 350D. 450
9. The most common food in the North is food made from A. Tuber B. Fufu C. Tuwo. D. Grains.
TOPIC: UNIQUENESS OF NIGERIAN CULTURE
To be unique is to be special. Every aspect of Nigerian culture is unique in its operational mode.
Aspect of Uniqueness of Nigerian Culture:
1. History and ethnic relations
2. Unity in diversity
3. Marriage
4. Kinship Groups
5. Etiquette
6. Presentation of Kola-nut
7. Death and the after life
8. Dressing
History and Ethnic Relations
Every ethnic group in Nigerian has its own stories of where its ancestors came from. These vary
from takes of people descending from the sky to stories of migration from far-off places.
Archaeologist have found evidence of Neolithic humans who invited what is now Nigeria as far
as far back as 12000 BC. This history makes the culture unique unlike other countries that belief
that man came from Ape or Monkey.
Unity in Diversity
Nigerian is one nation but has so many nations in the nation. It is a country with many ethnic
groups with different languages and their dialects. Each tribe in Nigeria no matter how small it
may be has a particular language and dialect that it is known with.
Marriage
There are three types of marriages in Nigeria today. They are:
1. RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE
2. CIVIL MARRIAGE and
3. TRADITIONAL MARRIAGES
A Nigerian couple may decide to take part in one or all of these marriages. Religious marriages
usually Christian or Muslim are conducted according to the norms of the respective religious
teachings and take place in a church or mosque. Traditional marriages usually are held at the
wife's house and are performed according to the customs of the ethnic group involve. Many
Nigerian ethnic groups follow the practice of offering a bride price for an intended wife; this
makes marriage in Nigeria unique. A bride price can take the form of money, cattle, or other
valuable goods paid to the woman's family.
Kinship Groups
While men dominate Igbo Society, women play an important role in kinship. All Igbo's, men and
women have close ties to their mothers' clan, which usually lives in a different village. When an
Igbo dies, the body is usually sent back to his mother's village to be buried with his mother's kin.
If an Igbo is disgraced or cast out of his community, his mother's kin will often take him in.
For the Hausa, however, there is not much of a sense of a wide ranging kinship. Hausa society is
based on the nuclear family. There is a sense of larger extended family, including married
siblings and their families, but there is little kinship beyond that. However the idea of blood
being thicker than water is very strong in Hausa society. For this reason, many Hausa will try to
stretch familial relationship to the broader idea of clan or tribe to the diffuse tension between or
among neighbours
Etiquette
Age is greatly respected in Nigeria. In an area where the average life expectancy is not very high,
those who live into their senior years are seen as having earned special rights of respect and
admiration. This is true of both men and women.
Socially, greetings are of the utmost importance. When one come in contact with an individual or
visit a friend, it is considered rude not to engage in a proper greeting before getting down to
business. Shaking hands, eating, or passing things with the left hand are unacceptable. The left
hand is unaccepted. The left hand is reserved for personal toiletries and is considered dirty.
Presentation of Kola Nut
Presentation of kola nut is a unique aspect of Nigerian culture especially in Igbo land. The
presentation of kola nut shows the acceptance of the visitor. Kola-nut has been described as a nut
of unity because the Yoruba produce it, Hausa buy and sell and eat while the Igbo deeply respect
it.
Death and After-life
Christians and Muslim Nigerians believe that there is judgment after death before going to
heaven or hell. Many traditional religions, especially those of the eastern tribes believe in re-
incarnation. In these tribes, people believe that the dead will come back as a member of his or
her mother's or sister's family.
Dressing
Nigerian culture is unique in dressing pattern. Each tribe in Nigerian has a particular type of
dressing they are known for. Each tribe in Nigeria is being recognized or identified by their
native wear. Nigerian culture despite the type of dressing for different tribes sees it as a taboo for
not covering delicate part of human body after dressing unlike other country culture where
improper dressing is not seen as a crime.
Evaluation:
1. Define the word 'unique'.
2. List five areas of uniqueness in Nigerian culture.
Weekend Assignment:
Objective question:
Select the correct answer to each question.
1. To be unique is a. Good b. Slow c. Special d. Outdated
2. Nigerian has only three dialects. True or false.
3. We have Nigeria types of marriage in a. Five b. Three c. Four d. Six
4. Age is being ignored in Nigeria True or False.
Theory questions:
1. Mention five aspect of uniqueness in Nigerian culture.
2. Explain three of those aspects.
Theory questions:
1. Mention five aspect of uniqueness in Nigerian culture.
2. Explain three of those aspects.
THIRD TERM
SOCIAL STUDIES
SCHEME OF WORK
1. Revision of Last Term's Work.
2. Negotiation
3. Negotiation II
4. STI/HIV/AIDS

5. SOCIAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

6. SOCIAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS; CULTISM

7. NATIONAL UNITY AND INTEGRATION

8. REVISION
9. EXAMINATION
WEEK TWO
Topic: Negotiation
Negotiation is a means of getting one’s needs through the process of discussion and exchange of
ideas. It can also be defined as a dialogue between two or more people or parties intended to
reach a beneficial outcome. It is a method by which people settle differences. It involves the use
of creative problem solving skills in resolving such conflicts. Business wise, it can be seen as a
bargaining (give and take) process between two or more parties.
A good negotiator plans a strategic approach but prepares for the unexpected. Preparation entails
gathering and assessing as many facts as possible.
Situation That May Need Negotiation
1. Leadership tussle or problem
2. Use of contraceptives
3. To have or not to have sexual intercourse
4. The type of parties to attend
5. The club to join; membership of peer group
Evaluation
1. What is negotiation?
2. Mention three situations that may need negotiation.
Steps in Successful Negotiation
1. State your position using ‘I’ statements, say what you want or need (e.g. I would like to
make more money).
2. Listen to the other person’s position.
3. Find out what the other person wants or needs.
4. Restate the person’s position to be sure you understand it.
5. Both parties should consider their needs and purposes, then create alternatives that will
work for both.
6. Agree on a solution. Try it out and if it does not work start the process all over.
7. Get an adult (parents, pastor etc.) to intervene when physical force is involved.
General Evaluation/Revision Question
1. The following are conflict resolution method except A. Dialogue B. Hatred C.
Mediation D. Negotiation E. Tolerance
2. A good citizen should exhibit all the following except A. honesty B. Integrity C.
Patriotism D. Selfishness E. Tolerance
3. Disagreement which leads to lockouts, strikes civil disobedience, resolution and war is
called __________ A. Agreement B. Conflict C. Harmony D. Peace E.
Promotion
4. A good _________ plans a strategic approach and prepares for the unexpected A.
marketer B. buyer C. negotiator D. teacher E. banker
5. _____________ can intervene when physical force is involved A. Baby B. Pastor C.
Friend D. Stranger E. Hair dresser
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ____ is a discussion aimed at arriving at a peaceful agreement A. Conflict B.
Socialization C. Peer group D. Negotiation
2. Effective communication is essential in any negotiation. Yes or No
3. To ____ people must have the ability to exchange ideas, concerns, proposals and
arguments. A. contest B. socialize C. negotiate D. money
4. Negotiation promotes understanding and tolerance. Yes or No
5. Negotiation works best when a problem/conflict is addressed in its early stage. Yes or No
THEORY
1. What is negotiation?
2. Mention three suitable that may need negotiation.
WEEK THREE
Negotiation II
Everyone negotiates. It is part of socializing, working, marriage etc.
People need to negotiate in many situation of dealing with peer pressure, participating in a team
game, when going on a date and when making sexual decisions.
Factors that Influence Negotiation
1. Effective Communication Skills: - Negotiation is an intense process, involving exchange
of messages. A good negotiator needs to have a good command over Language.
2. Maintaining one’s self-esteem:
3. Upholding one’s Values: - Trust and mutual confidence are very relevant in any process of
negotiation. People who are known to be honest, sincere, steady and reliable have an edge
when they enter the process of negotiation. Credibility as a value is essential in the sense
that both the parties involved in negotiation must possess.
4. Discussion: - Adequate and reliable information about the various issues involved is
essential for ensuring the success of a negotiation exercise. Effective negotiation often
involves hard bargaining and well-informed teams enjoy better bargaining power.
Negotiation and Refusal Skills
1. Prevention is the best medicine: Just say “NO”, if you are not prepared to have sex. Always
know that there is nothing wrong with abstinence. You don’t show affection towards your
partner through sex. Learn to say “NO” without hurting anyone’s feelings.
2. Listening.
3. Careful observation of the other person.
4. Use of positive body language.
5. Good verbal communication.
6. Imagining oneself in the other person’s position.
7. Identifying all the options in the situation.
8. Reaching a mutual agreement.
Advantages of Negotiation
1. Trust: - Trust is the building block of all relationships, includes those in business. For
instance, face-to-face negotiations provide a much better formation forsmall-talk and
building rapport with someone met for the first time. Negotiators can make assessment of
facial expression, appearance, tone of voice and other personality and communication
tracts.
2. Less Conflict: - With face-to-face communication one has more interactive communication
that allows for immediate feedback and discussion with non-verbal content.
3. Focus: - Face-to-face negotiations allow both parties to focus on their respective needs and
distractions from other employees in offices or issues with the connection.
4. Better Result: - The most significance of negotiating face-to-face is an increased likelihood
for a mutually beneficial resolution. Negotiators show commitment to finding an agreeable
resolution.
5. It promotes self-respect and tolerance.
6. It enhances personal development and social harmony.
Negotiating Safer Sexual Behaviour
It is very important to talk with your partner about your feelings. The discussion must be open
and honest in such a way that it can both protect you and correct some misunderstanding. Adults
should talk about what should be and how they will practice safer sex in future.
Negotiation Techniques
SWAT TECHNIQUES
S – Say ‘NO’ effectively
W – Why (give a clear reason for your decision)
A – Suggest an alternative (if you feel like)
T – Talk it out (Discuss your feelings)
Negotiation /Delay / Refusal skills
Below is an illustration of a refusal skill or discussion.
1. Giving a reason or a Mr. A: Let’s have sex… You’ll love it.
skills
Miss B: I am going to wait until I am married.

2. Walk away Mr. A: Why don’t we go upstairs and be alone?

 Miss B: Actually I’m really having fun at the party, (and walk
away as she says it).

3. Avoiding the situation Avoid getting into situations where you will pressuredinto
having sex. Example: don’t to a party if you are not comfortable
with the people that are going to be there.

4. Changing the subject Mr. A: Let’s go upstairs, I have something to show you

Miss B: But it’s so much fun down here! Let’s hang out with our
friends.

5. Discuss the Mr. A: Don’tworry, if you get pregnant we will marry each
consequences other.

Miss B: Of course, I am worried. I don’t want to get marry yet.

6. Reverse the pressure If someone is pressuring you try to reverse the pressure.

Miss B: I don’t feel like risking my own life for a few minutes of
pleasure… Do you?

7. Separate the person Tell the person that even though you do not want to take part in
and the activity the activity with them doesn’t mean that you don’t like them.

8. Honest and confident Have a honest and confident discussion with your partner.

9. Delay the activity Mr. A: Let’s have sex, come on.

Miss B: Not just yet, I’m not ready.

EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Mention five advantages of negotiation.
2. Mention two factors that influence negotiation.
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS
1. Explain the negotiation techniques.
2. Explain the skills necessary for effective negotiation.
3. List and explain the steps in negotiation
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The following are advantages of negotiation except ____ A. acceptance of responsibility B.
enhancement of personal development C. promotion of self-respect E. non-tolerance
2. Negotiation can resolve ____ A. conflicts B. information C. man D. solution
3. Suggesting an alternative is a negotiation technique. Yes/No
4. Discussion must be open and honest. Yes/No
5. Negotiation promotes acceptance of responsibility. Yes/No
THEORY
1. What is negotiation?
2. List and explain the steps in negotiation.
3. What are the advantages of negotiation?
WEEK FOUR
STI/HIV/AIDS
Meaning: - STI means Sexually Transmitted Infections. It is also known as Sexually
Transmitted Diseases. They are infections or diseases that are sexually transmitted through
unprotected sex or genital contact. Most people don’t experience any symptoms, so they are
unaware they are infected.
In women, it can cause pain or a burning sensation when urination, a vaginal discharge, pain in
the lower abdomen during and after sex and bleeding during or after sex. It can also cause heavy
period.
In man, it can cause pain or a burning sensation when wasting, a white cloudy or watery
discharge from the tip of the penis, and pain or tenderness in the testicles. It can cause infertility
if left untreated. Examples of such infection are chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis etc. condoms are
best way to avoid STI, they are not just for stopping pregnancy.
CAUSES
1. It can be caused by sexual intercourse.
2. Transmission of body fluid.
3. Can be caused through kissing (Viral Hepatitis – Herpes, Saliva).
4. From a pregnant or breastfeeding woman to her baby.
EFFECT
Inability to get pregnant.
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
1. Not having sex
2. The use of some vaccinations which may decrease the risk of certain infections.
3. Having safer sex with the use of condoms.
4. Having a small number of sexual partners.
SYMPTOMS
Small fluid-filled bluster, headaches, backaches, itching, tingling sensation in the genital or anal
area.
Flu like swollen glands or fever.
HIV means Human Immune Deficiency Virus.This destroys the immune system of man and
makes it easier for AIDS i.e. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome to come in.
The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive loss of the immune cell that makes it unable to
fight off infections and other diseases that take advantage of a weakened immune system. One is
said to have AIDS if he is tested positive to HIV.
CAUSES/ HOW HIV IS SPREAD
1. Unprotected sexual intercourse with a carrier. (an already infected person)
2. Infected mother can transfer it to her unborn baby.
3. Sharing of sharp objects like needles, razor blade etc. with the carrier.
4. When infected blood is transfused to another person.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Define HIV
2. Explain (2) two causes of HIV/AIDS.
TOPIC: EFFECTS OF HIV/AIDS
1. It results in series of illness.
2. The carriers are always discriminated.
3. A lot of money is spend in treating the carrier.
4. A carrier can lose his job.
5. It creates emotional problems for the carrier and his loved ones.
6. HIV/AIDS can lead to divorce.
7. It can eventually lead to death as it is incurable.
PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS
Though HIV/AIDS has no cure, it could be prevented;
1. Singles should abstain from premarital sex while the married ones should be faithful to their
spouses.
2. Before blood transfusion, there should be proper screening.
3. Sharp objects use by doctors, barbers, hairdresser, etc. should be sterilized before use.
4. Everyone should also avoid sharing needles or any sharp object.
5. The use of condoms. The act as barriers to prevent exchange of semen and vaginal fluids
during sexual intercourse.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Discuss how indiscrimination could occur because someone is HIV positive.
2. Explain three (3) preventive methods of HIV/AIDS.
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS
1. Sex is the only avenue through which one can contact Aids. Discuss.
2. Explain pre-marital sex.
3. Which weakens the immune system between H.I.V and AIDS?
4. List and explain the two (2) aspects of culture.
5. Give three (3) mineral resources and their locations.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following does not belong to the causes of HIV/AIDS? A. appropriate use of
condom B. transfusion of infected blood to uninfected person C. mother to child
transmission D. sharing unsterilized syringe with HIV positive person E. unprotected
sex with an infected person
2. One of the following is not a symptom of HIV/AIDS. A. extreme tiredness B.
prolonged dry cough C. skin rashes D. stomach pain E. swollen lymph glands in the
neck
3. The first case of AIDS in Nigeria was reported in the year ____ A. 1965 B. 1975 C,
1985 D. 2005
4. A person can contact AIDS in all but one of the following ways. A. through the use of
unsterilized infected sharp objects like injection needle B. through mosquito bite C.
through transfusion of infected blood D. through sexual intercourse with a carrier
5. The full meaning of HIV is _____ A. Human Immune Virus B. Humanity Introduction
Diaspora C. Humility in Dangerous Venus D. Human Immune Deficiency Virus
6. AIDS cannot be cured but managed. A. Yes B. No C. Not sure D. All of the above
7. Voluntary Counselling Testing Services can be acquired in all of the following except A.
Health/Medical Institutions B. Supermarket C. Youth centres D. Special clinics
8. The full meaning of AIDS is A. Acquired Immuno Deficiency B. Acquired
Investment Development System C. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome D.
Accelerated Investment Development Strategy
THEORY
1. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
2. Explain four (4) effects of HIV/AIDS.
WEEK FIVE
SOCIAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
Social Issues and Problems: Social problems are matters, vices or challenges which directly or
indirectly affect many or all members of a society and are considered to the problems because of
their effects on the society. They constitute nuisance to the members of the public. Social
problems include: bribery and corruption, poverty, examination malpractices, crime, kidnapping,
cultism, child abuse etc.
Examination Malpractice: Is defined as any deliberate act of wrong doing/abuse in any form of
the rules and regulation governing the conduct of examination (Internal or External
Examination). It is a wrong or illegal behaviour exhibited by a person before, during and after
the examination.
It is also the act of violating the rules and regulations of an examination body in order to
succeed. It ranges from copying answers from a textbook or sheet of paper, buying of
examination questions to getting another person to write an examination for you.
Causes of Examination Malpractices
The causes of examination malpractices are numerous;
1. Undue emphasis on paper qualification for placement in higher institution and other
occupational opportunities.
2. Difficult and poorly moderated examination.
3. Poor preparation for examination.
4. Lack or shortage of qualified teachers.
5. Test anxiety and examination phobia.
6. Poor library facilities.
7. Negative peer groups.
8. Lack of confidence.
9. Poor test administration (e.g. shortage of question papers, poor timing etc.)
10. Lack of motivation by teachers and parents.
Effects
1. Examination malpractice constitutes a serious problems and threat to societal norms and
values such as honesty, industry, etc.
2. Inability to communicate correctly in English Language.
3. Expulsion due to low academic performance despite the ‘good result” that was used to
secure the admission
4. Inability to cope outside the school’s system since they only got their ways through dubious
means
Solutions
1. Examination questions should be well screened and the examination committee must ensure
that the questions are not so difficult so as to discourage failure rates.
2. There should be enough security measures during examination period.
3. Schools should be well equipped in order to make the environment conducive for students
to learn and develop good study habits.
4. More qualified teachers should be employed in the educational system of the school.
5. The teacher should not create examination phobia on the students.
6. Those to be chosen as examination officials, supervisors, invigilators etc. should be people
of proven integrity and high moral standards
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Give two (2) effects of examination malpractices.
2. State four (4) solutions to examination malpractices.
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS
3. Explain how moral values are being threatened through examination malpractice.
4. List those things that are necessary in the school to facilitate a conducive environment.
5. How could one with ‘good result’ still be expelled?
6. List the agents of socialization.
7. State three (3) importance of Social Studies.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not an effect of examination malpractices? A. Laziness B.
Imprisonment C. Poor image of the country D. Promotion of hard work
2. One may find it difficult to cope outside the school system because of involvement in
examination malpractices. Yes or No?
3. One of the following is a solution to examination malpractices. A. Some students cannot
express themselves correctly B. Examination malpractices constitute a serious problemand
threat to societal norms C. Teachers should not create examination phobia on the students
D. Lack or shortage of qualified teachers.
4. If the examination officials, supervisors etc. are of high moral standard, examination
malpractices will be drastically reduces. Yes or No?
5. Pick the one that is an effect of examination malpractices A. Expulsion B. Negative peer
pressure C. Lack of confidence D. Security measures
6. The effects for examination malpractice are the following except it A. is an easy way of
passing examination B. kills reading culture C. makes students to be lazy D. makes one
unable to depend his or her certificate E. lowers the quality of education
7. The following are the contemporary social problems in Nigeria except ____ A. corruptionB.
cultism C. examination malpractice D. HIV/AIDs E. unity
THEORY
1. Explain three effects of examination malpractices.
2. Discuss how teachers could create examination phobia for students.
WEEK SIX
SOCIAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS; CULTISM
Definition
This is an act of being in a secret cult (most especially in an educational institution) whereby the
group members uphold same belief, ideology, interest etc. Members of secret cult are often in the
possession of dangerous weapons.
Cultism is anti-social behaviour which is a deviant act. It is at variance with established norms of
behaviour. It is non-conforming behaivour which usually contravenes the social rules of an
institution in particular and the society in general. Cult activities were first noticed in the
University of Ibadan (then University College) in 1952.
Causes of Cultism
1. Lack of parental care: Some parents are too busy to cater for their children and this gives
the children the liberty to join any group they wants to join.
2. Greed:This could be over ambitiousto possess material things or to be in control.
3. Peer group influence:People who are not confident of themselves or who like moving with
the crowd will easily be lured into cultism.
4. Academic failure: Some students who are academically weak could, through cultism force
lecturers to award marks to them.
5. External support: Some people pose as godfathers to the cultists. They always give them
money and implore them to do wrong things for them.
6. Unemployment: This brings about insecurity and in the bid to obtain the good things of
life. They could go to any length.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Define cultism.
2. List and explain four (4) causes of unemployment.
Effects of Cultism
The following are consequences of cultism.
1. Rapid fall in the standard of education: Most often that schools are closed down as a
result of riots which is usually started violently by cult groups.
2. High level of moral decadence: Due to the reckless living of the cult groups, some youths
end up to be political thugs, hired assassins etc. and become a problem to the nation at large.
3. Untimely death:Many lives have been cut short through cult’s rampage. Rival groups as
well as innocent people are killed.
4. Expulsion and rustication of students: Students engaged in cultism are expelled and
rusticated/suspended from school and college.
Solutions to Cultism
1. Parents should educate their wards concerning the vices of cultism and monitor them. Apart
from that, give good home training.
2. Students should also be advised by lecturers (teacher) on the dangers of cultism even during
teaching.
3. The influential people giving support to secret cult’s members should be punished.
4. Government should also help out in combating this problem.
5. Religious institution should educate their followers especially students about the evil of
cultism.
6. It may lead to violence and encourage criminal behaviour among the students.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. State three (3) effects of cultism
2. What are the solutions to cultism?
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS
3. State how cultism could be eradicated
4. From the causes above, which one does this saying ‘show me your friends and I will tell
you who you are’ tallies with?
5. Define Culture.
6. Differentiate between the types of physical environment.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objective Questions
1. For some youths to end up becoming political thug, hired assassins etc. is as a result of A.
untimely death B. pride C. high level of moral decadence D. academic failure
2. The bad idea of belonging to a secret society in institution is called A. unionism B.
freedom fighters C. socialism D. cultism
3. One of the following is not a cause of cultism in Nigeria. A. greed B. academic failure
C. drug abuse D contentment
4. One of the following is not a solution to cultism. A. counselling B. punishment C.
external support D. security
5. __________ lives are lost during cultist clashes. A. Innocent B. cultists C. Both
innocent and cultists D. Students
6. Which of the following is not a cause of cultism A. Drug influence B. Environmental
influence C. Peer group influence D. Poor home background E. Proper parental care
7. The following are considered as societal problems except A. Corruption B. Cultism C.
Dialogue D. Poverty E. Thuggery
8. To curb cultism, students should A. arrest cultists B. Encourage cultism C. Fear
cultism D. Fight with cult member E. Say “NO” to cultism
THEORY
1. What is cultism?
2. Discuss how academic failure could make one to join cult.
WEEK SEVEN
NATIONAL UNITY AND INTEGRATION
Meaning:
Integration is the process through which different parts come together to function as a whole.
Nigeria as a country with over 250 ethnic groups functioning together as one is an example of
integration. Without unity, not even a two thing can function.
Needs for National Unity and Integration
1. Nigeria is made up of more than 250 ethnic groups with varying cultures.
2. Each of the ethnic groups had lived separately for centuries before the British Rulers
brought them together.
3. For Nigeria to develop, she needs to come together for every member to have a common
sense of belonging
4. The country can only witness development if there is adequate security.
5. Foreign investors will establish industries when they are convinced that properties will not
be destroyed either because of political, religious or ethnic crises.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Define integration.
2. What is the relevance of unity or integration?
Importance of National Unity and Integration
1. National integration promotes peace and harmony in a society.
2. It reduces areas of conflicts among different groups.
3. National unity and integration ensure security of lives and properties of citizens from
internal and external attacks.
4. If there is national unity and integration, the resources in different ethnic groups could be
jointly exploited and enjoyed.
5. It allows Nigerians to live and work together in any part of the country.
6. It promotes a sense of brotherhood and love among different cultures.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
1. Explain three importance of National unity and integration.
2. Give an example of a resource in an ethnic exploited and enjoyed by all.
GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS
1. List 15 ethnic groups in Nigeria.
2. Give four resources from Nigeria that are jointly exploited and enjoyed by all.
3. State two needs for national integration.
4. State four characteristics of Secondary Social Group.
5. In what way is the uniqueness of Nigerian culture seen.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. All but one of the following promotes unity in Nigeria A. NYSC B. Nigeria Defence
Academy C. Unity Schools D. Ethnic Militia.
2. National unity and integration is needed in Nigeria because A. it is easy B. other
countries have done such C. it facilitates a sense of belonging for every group D. of the
traditional political system
3. The following are the necessities of integration except A. to reduce conflict B. to promote
political development C. to promote peace and harmony D. to promote cultural
superiority.
4. Integration is necessary in Nigeria to avoid A. growth B. conflict C. peace D.
fairness
5. The act of different group of people working together in harmony so as to achieve common
goal is called A. association B. national pledge C. integration D. national symbols.
6. The following are importance of national unity and integration except ____ A. achieving
societal goals B. attracting foreign investment C. economic growth D. tarnishing
societal image E. tourism attraction (NECO 2015 Q43)
7. The following are factors that hinder the economic development in Nigeria except ____A.
corruption B. due process C. insurgency D. pipeline vandalism E. poor leadership
THEORY
1. What is National integration?
2. List four importance of National integration
TOPICE:- ADAPTABILITY

Adaptability can be defined as the ability to adjust oneself to different conditions in the
environment.

It is the ability of an individual to respond to changes in its environment

Examples of adaptability is a student from citadel secondary school oke-Ibadan, oyo state
resuming for second term in Elias Secondary School, ile-epo, Lagos state. For her to be
successful academically she needs to be flexible and adapt to changes like, new teachers, new
friends, new environment, etc.

Types of Adaptability

1. Cognitive adaptability

2. Emotional adaptability

3. Dispositional adaptability
Cognitive Adaptability:- This is the ability to

use different thinking strategies and be mentally alert/sound.

Emotional Adaptability: Some students are

faced with challenges in their family which in one way or the other affect their emotions in the
classroom setting or in any given environment. Ability to be able to adapt to such conditions and
never allow such to jeopardized their future is emotional adaptability.

Dispositional Adaptability: Ability to aim

higher and at the same time have the tendency of achieving success. Some students make the
tendency of achieving success academically due to their character, ability of such learner to
adapt with the teachings apply it and be successful academically is dispositional adaptability.

Importance of adaptability
Importance of adaptability

1. It enables individual to adapt to changes and new ways of doing things quickly and easily

2. It helps people(students] to maintain positive attitude to work

3. In a competitive and changing learning environment, it helps students to be focus and strive in
achieving good success

4. It also helps students to be a problem solver

Evaluation:
1. Define adaptability

2. List 3 types of adaptability

3. Explain the types of adaptability

4. Highlight 3 importance of adaptability

Assignment: In a learning environment, is there any need for Adaptability? Explain in detail.
Topic:- Abstinence I

Abstinence is a deliberate decision not to engage in any form of sexual intercourse.

Abstinence is the act of abstening from all forms of sexual practices such as kissing, carasing,
pecking, masturbation, writing love letter, un-necessary touching and feeling etc.

It helps in prevent HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) and unwanted pregnancy

REASON FOR ABSTINENCE FROM SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

1. To prevent unwanted pregnancy

2. To maintain virginity with time of marriage

3. To avoid sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS

4. To avoid shame and disgrace due to unwanted pregnancy

5. To live up to parental expectation by making them proud till the end.
Evaluation:-

1. Define abstinence

2. States reasons for abstinence from sexual intercourse.

Assignment:- As a student why do you need to abstain from sexual intercourse?

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC:- Abstinence II

PERIOD I:- Sub topic:- Skills and behaviors that enhance abstinence

1. Decision making: A heart just like Joseph that says "for me to do this and sin against God,
God forbid" should be the watchword of all youths and teenagers before marriage
2. Self-Control:- Self-discipline by allowing the spirit of God needs to be possessed by all youth.

3. Knowledge about the danger in sexual intercourse before marriage helps one in moving from
it.

4. Communication: Individual must be able

to advise anyone whose heart is full of immoral thought about the consequence and be able to
move away from such person.

PERIOD II:- Subtopic:- Facts and benefits of Abstinence from sexual intercourse.

1. It is the best for prevention of HIV/AIDS and STDs

2. It is a good precaution against teenage pregnancy

3. It does not affect reproduction organs when married

4. It helps in boosting self-esteem.

5. It makes one to highly respected and honored

6. It is the best ways to pleased God before marriage

7. It is the glory of the youths.

Benefits of Abstinence from Sexual Intercourse

1. It preserves someone's virginity

2. It helps one to be focused in pursing life goals

3. It prevents HIV/AIDS and other sexual transmitted infections

4. It prevents unwanted pregnancy

5. It boosts self-esteem.

Evaluation:- (i) State 3 skills and behaviours that enhances abstinence

(ii) Highlight 5 facts about abstinence

(iii) What are the benefits of Abstaining from sexual intercourse?

Assignment:- Write the full meaning of:

(a) HIV

(b) AIDS

(c) STD
Conflict
Conflict classnotes.ng

Conflict can be simply defined as misunderstanding or disagreement between two or more

people. Conflict arises as people interact in their families, workplace, offices, social clubs,
communities and countries. Conflict occurs sometimes due to lack of cooperation.

As a nation, Nigeria has witnessed many conflicts. For instance, the civil war between 1967 and
1970 seriously threatened the existence of Nigeria as a nation Other past conflicts in Nigeria
were informed of students riots, inter-tribal wars (Ife-Modakeke war), religious riots particularly
in the north (Kano, Kaduna, Plateau, Bauchi etc), workers strikes and protests, electoral protests
leading to burning of valuable properties and destruction of lives.

Causes of conflicts
Conflicts can be caused by any of the

Selfishness: Selfishness often goes with cheating This will normally generate conflict because
the person cheated will negatively react to claim what belongs to him
Lack of cooperation: Failure to work as a team often leads to disagreement, misunderstanding
and division.
Bad leadership: When leaders are greedy, selfish and insensitive to people’s plight and suffering
there is bound to be conflict People will revolt through violent protests to show their displeasure.
This has been the reason for many students riot in Nigeria, particularly during the military era.
Lack of religious tolerance: Religion should normally produce peace in the society Conflict
arises where religious groups do not tolerate one another. A fight over which religion is the best
and tend to impose a particular religion on everybody has created so much conflict in Nigeria.
Communication gap: When needed information is not supplied at the right time conflict may
arise. Due to lack of communication, there will be suspicion and possibly rumour-mongering,
Indolence and inefficiency: If laziness and inefficiency are noticed in some people in a group, the
diligent ones are likely to protest. This occurs where they receive the same pay and the indolent
ones receive more recognition or promotion than the hardworking ones.
Criminal activities: Criminal acts such as kidnapping, murder, fraud, immorality will cause
serious conflict within a group in the society
Effects of conflict in society
Break down of law and order: Conflict always results in riots, fighting which give room for
looting and all sorts of lawlessness.
Loss of lives and properties: Violent conflicts normally lead to burning of public and private
buildings vehicles markets etc Many precious lives have been lost through various protest
communal wars, religious violence, election protests and so on
Insecurity: Conflicts create insecurity in the Society. Many people from the south are always
scared of travelling or living in some parts of the north because of the fear of sudden eruption of
violence.
Slow progress in the society: Conflict is a great clog to development in the society, for instance,
funds that could have been used to execute new developmental projects will be used in repairing
or rebuilding public houses destroyed during riots and wars. Conflict always brings set back to
economic, political and social development.
Disunity: People who are always at loggerhead with one another can hardly be united. They
cannot work together to achieve anything tangible
Conflict resolution
Conflicts can be resolved in the following ways:

Dialogue: The opposing sides can come together to discuss how to end their feud. Usually, a
third party mediates between the opposing parties to bring peace to the community.
The Law Court: Conflicts can be resolved by using legal methods. The two sides employ lawyers
who present their cases in court after which judgment is given. Where one of the sides does not
agree with the judgment, they have the freedom to appeal to the high court and possibly to the
Supreme Court whose judgment will be the final.
The Police: Conflicts between individuals in the community can be reported to the police for
their prompt intervention. The public is free to report to the police and other law-enforcement
agent’s religious disagreements that could escalate into violence and destruction of lives and
properties. Minor clashes between families, friends and colleagues could be reported to police
for their intervention.
Government Intervention: Where there are serious communal clashes, the government can set up
a special panel to mediate between the two warring communities Government can also send the
police to enforce peace in such area Government also intervenes in student riots and protests by
sending anti-riot policemen to quash such riots and protests.
Family or Village Head: Conflicts within a family are usually settled by the family head Where it
involves two or more families, such cases are normally settled by the village head. For instance,
the Baale in Yoruba land settles all matters within a village. The same applies to many
communities in Nigeria.
Wars: This is a negative way of resolving conflict. It destroys lives and properties before a
solution is eventually found. The more powerful side wins the war while the other side
surrenders. This was the case during the Nigerian civil war between 1967 and 1970. the Nigerian
army overpowered the Biafra side, and eventually, the war ended in favour of Nigeria.