1

October 2017

CONSTRUCTION GUIDE FOR STORAGE MAGAZINES

 Member Companies (As of October 2017)

Accurate Energetic Systems LLC Nelson Brothers

McEwen, Tennessee Birmingham, Alabama
Austin Powder Company Nobel Insurance Services
Cleveland, Ohio Irving, Texas
Baker Hughes, a GE Company Orica USA Inc.
Houston, Texas Watkins, Colorado
Davey Bickford USA Inc. Owen Oil Tools LP
Salt Lake City, Utah Godley, Texas
Detotec North America, Inc. Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Sterling, Connecticut Schaumberg, Illinois
DYNAenergetics, US Inc. Senex Explosives, Inc.
Lakeway, Texas Cuddy, Pennsylvania
Dyno Nobel Inc. SLT Secured Systems International LLC/Taiko
Salt Lake City, Utah Scottsdale, Arizona 85255
General Dynamics - OTS Special Devices, Inc.
Joplin, Missouri Mesa, Arizona
GEODynamics, Inc. Teledyne RISI
Millsap, Texas Tracy, California
Hilltop Energy Tread Corporation
Mineral City, Ohio Roanoke, Virginia
Hunting Titan Tri-State Motor Transit Company
Houston, Texas Glendale, Arizona
Jet Research Center/Halliburton Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Alvarado, Texas Torrington, Connecticut
Maine Drilling & Blasting Visible Assets
Auburn, New Hampshire Stratham, New Hampshire
Maxam North America, Inc. W.A. Murphy, Inc.
Salt Lake City, Utah El Monte, California
MP Associates, Inc.
Ione, California

Explosives Safety & Technology Society –

Liaison Members: Visfotak
Associacao Brasileira das Industrias de Materials Maharashtra, India
Explosivos e Agregados (Abimex) Federation of European Explosives
Sao Paulo, Brazil Manufacturers (FEEM)
Association of Energy Service Companies (AESC) Hennef, Germany
Friendswood, Texas International Society of Explosives Engineers
Australian Explosives Industry and Safety Group (ISEE)
(AEISG) Cleveland, Ohio
Tweeds Heads, NSW, Australia National Institute for Explosives Technology
Canadian Explosives Industry Association (NIXT)
(CEAEC) Lonehill, South Africa
Ottawa, Ontario, CA SAFEX International (SAFEX)
Blonay, Switzerland

Copyright © 2017 Institute of Makers of Explosives

 1212 New York Avenue, NW
Suite 650
WASHINGTON, DC 20005
(202) 429-9280
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

IME is a nonprofit association founded in 1913 to provide accurate information and comprehensive
recommendations concerning the safety and security of commercial explosive materials. IME represents
U.S. manufacturers and distributors of commercial explosive materials and oxidizers as well as other
companies that provide related services. Although our member companies are based in North America,
IME members operate globally with operations and distribution points on all continents except Antarctica.

IME was created to provide technically accurate information and recommendations concerning
commercial explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable data about their use. Committees of
qualified representatives from IME member companies developed this information and a significant
number of their recommendations are embodied in the regulations of state and federal agencies.

The Institute's principal committees are: Environmental Affairs; Government Affairs; Legal Affairs;
Safety and Health; Security; Technical; and Transportation and Distribution.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................... 3

DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................. 5

EXPLOSIVES REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS ........................................... 7

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS – MAGAZINE CONSTRUCTION ................... 13

1. Type 1 ................................................................................................................. 15
2. Type 2 ................................................................................................................. 22
3. Type 3 ................................................................................................................. 23
4. Type 4 ................................................................................................................. 23
5. Type 5 ................................................................................................................. 24
6. Indoor .................................................................................................................. 24

1
2
 SLP-1
Construction Guide for Storage Magazines

FOREWORD

Explosive materials are unique and highly useful tools in our modern technology. It is in the best interest
of society to ensure that explosives are available where they are needed, when they are needed and at
costs consistent with the functions they perform. Storage is necessary to fill these needs.

All explosive materials should be stored in magazines properly located and designed to comply with all
applicable federal, state and local laws, rules, and regulations. The purpose of regulating storage is to
minimize public exposure and unauthorized access to potentially dangerous materials and to reduce
deterioration of explosive materials.

This publication furnishes guidelines for the construction of proper explosive materials storage
magazines. Experience over the years has led to the development of these magazine designs by the
explosives industry that have been accepted as standards by most public authorities and explosive
materials consumers.

Other IME publications should be consulted for more detailed information regarding site location,
definitions of terms, and magazine operating procedures.

The information provided in this SLP is not intended to cover all hazards, safe practices or technical
challenges associated with the construction and/or use of explosives magazines. This SLP also is not
intended to replace or interpret federal, state, and/or local requirements applicable to explosives
magazines and explosives storage. Users of this document should also consult and comply with all such
requirements.

3
4
 DEFINITIONS

See the most recent edition of IME SLP-12, “Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms” for the
definition of terms used in this document.

5
6
 EXPLOSIVES REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

Magazine construction in the United States is regulated primarily by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms, and Explosives (ATF). ATF issues regulations prescribing standards for magazine construction
at 27 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 555. The construction recommendations set forth in this
Safety Library Publication (SLP) are intended for use by persons subject to ATF regulations.

Explosive materials storage is also regulated by other federal agencies such as the Mine Safety and Health
Administration and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Explosive materials storage may
also be subject to regulation by state and local governments. Sites where commercial explosives are
stored with explosives under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense may be subject to military
standards. This SLP does not address the requirements of any regulatory authorities that may differ from
those of the ATF.

For storage purposes, ATF classifies explosive materials as High Explosives, Low Explosives, or
Blasting Agents. ATF also classifies some detonators as mass-detonating. Table 1 shows the ATF
definitions for these terms.

TABLE 1
ATF Explosives Classifications and Definitions

ATF Term ATF Definition

Explosive materials which can be caused to detonate by means of a blasting cap when
High Explosive unconfined, (for example, dynamite, flash powders, and bulk salutes). If an explosive article
contains high explosives, ATF considers the article a high explosive.
Explosive materials which can be caused to deflagrate when confined (for example, black
powder, safety fuses, igniters, igniter cords, fuse lighters, and ‘‘display fireworks’’ classified
Low Explosive as UN0333, UN0334, or UN0335 by the U.S. Department of Transportation regulations at 49
CFR 172.101, except for bulk salutes). If an explosive article contains low explosives but no
high explosives, ATF considers the article a low explosive.

Any material or mixture, consisting of fuel and oxidizer, that is intended for blasting and not
Blasting Agent otherwise defined as an explosive; if the finished product, as mixed for use or shipment,
cannot be detonated by means of a number 8 test blasting cap when unconfined.

Explosive materials mass detonate (mass explode) when a unit or any part of a larger quantity
Mass Detonation or
of explosive material explodes and causes all or a substantial part of the remaining material to
Mass Explosion
detonate or explode.

7
Table 2 shows the type of storage magazine ATF specifies for storing each class of explosive material.

TABLE 2
Magazine Options Based on ATF Requirements

Storage in Magazines Magazine Types

1 2 3 4 5

High Explosives (includes dynamites; cap

sensitive emulsions; slurries and watergels; and X X X
cast boosters)
Low Explosives (includes black powder and
X X X X
propellants)
Mass-detonating Detonators, detonating cord and
other explosive articles containing high X X X
explosives
Detonators that will not mass detonate X X X X
Articles containing low explosives (includes
safety fuse, electric squibs, igniters, and igniter X X X X
cord)
Blasting Agents X X X X X

8
Table 3 shows the types of explosives materials that may be stored together according to ATF
classifications. For interim storage prior to transportation, Table 6 should be consulted.

TABLE 3
Explosives Compatibility Based on ATF Requirements (other than storage related to
transportation)
Magazine Type 1 Classes of materials 2 Detonator storage 3
(that may be stored together)
Type 1 All classes of explosives: High explosives, Detonators may not be stored in the same
low explosives, and blasting agents Type 1 magazine as other explosives, except
for shock tube, electric squibs, safety fuse,
igniters and igniter cord.
Type 2 All classes of explosives: High explosives, Detonators may not be stored in the same
low explosives, and blasting agents Type 2 magazine as other explosives, except
for shock tube, electric squibs, safety fuse,
igniters and igniter cord.
Type 3 All classes of explosives: High explosives, Detonators may not be stored with other
low explosives, and blasting agents explosive materials in a Type 3 magazine.
Type 4 Low explosives and blasting agents Only detonators that are non-mass detonating
may be stored in a Type 4 magazine, and
may be stored with shock tube, electric
squibs, safety fuse, igniters and igniter cord.
Type 5 Blasting agents Detonators may not be stored in a Type 5
magazine.

The Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations at 49 CFR Parts 171-173, specify the labels and
markings that must be shown on explosive packagings and shipping containers to indicate the type of
explosive material and its hazard classification. DOT adopted, effective October 1, 1991, the United
Nations (UN) recommended shipping names and classifications. The display of DOT hazardous materials
classifications that were in use prior to October 1, 1991 is not permitted. 4

The UN recommendations classify explosive materials as Class 1 materials. They are then divided into
Divisions to indicate their relative hazard within the Class as shown in Table 4. All explosives must be
assigned an explosive hazard classification by DOT prior to transportation. Additionally, all Class 1
materials are assigned a Compatibility Letter to show which materials, when grouped together, will not
significantly increase the probability of an accident, or, for a given quantity, increase the magnitude of the
effects from such an accident.

1
Types of magazines as defined by ATF regulations, 27 CFR Part 555 Subpart K. This table applies to outdoor, indoor, and (other than Type 1)
vehicular or mobile magazines.
2
Classes of explosive materials per ATF regulations are High explosives, Low Explosives, and Blasting Agents. See SLP-1, Table 1.
3
27 CFR 555.213.
4
This includes the terms “Class A”, “Class B”, and “Class C” explosives.

9
 TABLE 4
UN/DOT Commercial Explosive Classifications

DOT Explosive
Primary Hazard
Classification
Division 1.1 Mass explosion.
Division 1.2 Projections.
Division 1.3 Fire with a minor blast or projection hazard.
Division 1.4 Minor explosion hazard, not mass exploding.
Insensitive explosives with very little probability of initiation or transition from burning to
Division 1.5
detonation during transport.

The differences and similarities between ATF and DOT explosive classifications and the omnipresent DOT
labeling on explosives packages make it important that anyone storing explosive materials be aware of how
DOT’s classification and labeling relate to the ATF’s classification and storage requirements.

A major similarity is that a DOT Division 1.4 explosive will not mass detonate if the conditions of DOT’s
approval are maintained. Changes to an explosive’s package may invalidate the DOT Division 1.4
classification. For example, removing Division 1.4 detonators from their package and placing them in another
box may allow them to mass explode. The DOT approval documentation will describe packaging
requirements for proper classification.

Another major similarity is that a DOT Division 1.5 material meets ATF’s definition of blasting agent and a
DOT Division 5.1 material does not. This can often be helpful in determining if bulk products should be
stored in a Type 5 magazine.

A major difference is that DOT classifies black powder as Division 1.1 and even as Division 4.1 (flammable
solid) under certain conditions while ATF classifies black powder as a low explosive.

Table 5 summarizes the general relationship between the DOT and ATF explosive classifications for blasting
materials as commonly offered for transportation. Comparing Tables 2 and 3 can help determine the proper
storage for various materials.

10
 TABLE 5
Blasting Materials – Common ATF and DOT Classifications

Blasting Material ATF Classification DOT Classification

Detonator-sensitive stick powder High explosive Division 1.1

Black powder and propellants Low explosive Division 1.1, 1.3 or 4.1

Fuse caps, detonating cord Mass detonating high explosive Division 1.1
detonator
Electric and nonelectric detonators Non-mass detonating high explosive Division 1.4
detonator
Safety fuse, electric squibs, igniters Low Explosive Division 1.1 or 1.4
and igniter cord
ANFO and other blasting agents Blasting agent Division 1.5

Ammonium nitrate and Not regulated by ATF Division 5.1

“unsensitized” emulsions, watergels,
and slurries

Table 6 provides guidance for storage of explosives prior to transportation. Although current ATF storage
regulations do not refer to compatibility letters, DOT compatibility letters can be helpful in determining
permissible storage of explosive materials as shown in Table 6. A “Yes” in Table 6 indicates that the
materials can be safely stored and transported together. For detailed information on UN Compatibility
Groups and classification codes refer to 49 CFR Part 173.52 (October 1, 1992).

11
 TABLE 6
Compatibility Groups Used in Transporting, Loading and Storage Incidental to Transportation
Compatibility group letters are used to specify the controls applicable to explosives in transportation and storage related thereto, and to
prevent an increase in hazard that might result if certain types of explosives were transported or stored together. 5

NOTES TO TABLE 6:
2
– No detonators may be stored in the same magazine with other explosive materials, except that detonators which are not mass detonating may
be stored with safety fuse, electric squibs, igniters, or igniter cord in Type 1, 2, 3, or 4 magazines.
3
– Explosive articles in compatibility group G, such as fireworks and those requiring special handling, should not be stored with explosives in
compatibility groups C, D and E.

Class.
Compatibility Group A B2 C3 D3 E3 G S2
Code

A- Primary explosive substance ----- No No No No No No 1.1A

B- Article containing a primary explosive substance and
not containing two or more effective protective
1.1B
features. Some articles, such as detonators for blasting,
No ----- No No No No Yes 1.2B
detonator assemblies for blasting and primers, cap-
1.4B
type, are included, even though they do not contain
primary explosives.
C- Propellant explosive substance or other deflagrating
1.1C,1.2C
explosive substance or article containing such No No ----- Yes Yes Yes Yes
1.3C,1.4C
explosive substance.
D- Secondary detonating explosive substance or black
powder or article containing a secondary detonating
1.1D
explosive substance, in each case without means of
No No Yes ----- Yes Yes Yes 1.2D
initiation and without a propelling charge, or article
1.4D
containing a primary explosive substance and
1.5D
containing two or more effective protective features.
E- Article containing a secondary detonating explosive
substance, without means of initiation, with a 1.1E
propelling charge (other than one containing No No Yes Yes ----- Yes Yes 1.2E
flammable liquid or gel or hypergolic liquid) or 1.4E
without a propelling charge.
G- Pyrotechnic substance or article containing a
pyrotechnic substance, or article containing both an
1.1G
explosive substance and an illuminating, incendiary,
1.2G
tear-producing or smoke-producing substance (other No No Yes Yes Yes ----- Yes
1.3G
than a water-activated article or one containing white
1.4G
phosphorus, phosphide or flammable liquid or gel or
hypergolic liquid).
S- Substance or article so packed or designed that any
hazardous effects arising from accidental functioning
are limited to the extent that they do not significantly
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ----- 1.4S
hinder or prohibit fire-fighting or other emergency
response efforts in the immediate vicinity of the
package.

5
The information in Table 6 is derived from DOT regulations at 49 CFR 173.52.

12
 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS – MAGAZINE CONSTRUCTION

Table 7 shows the general construction features for the five types of explosives storage magazines.
TABLE 7
Construction Features for Explosives Storage Magazines

Construction Feature Magazine Types

1 2 3 4 5

Permanent X X X
Portable X X X X
Bullet-Resistant X X
Fire-Resistant X X X X6 X4
Theft-Resistant X X X X X7
Weather-Resistant X X X X X
Ventilated X X X X4 X4

Magazines constructed according to the following minimum specifications are approved as bullet-
resistant.

A. Exterior of steel:
1. 5/8-inch (15.9 mm) steel with an interior lining of any type of non-sparking material.
2. ½-inch (12.7 mm) steel with an interior lining of not less than 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) plywood.
3. 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) steel with an interior lining of:
a. 2 inches (51 mm) of hardwood, or
b. 3 inches (76 mm) of softwood, or
c. 2-1/4 inches (57 mm) of plywood.
4. 1/4–inch (6.4 mm) steel with an interior lining of:
a. 3 inches (76 mm) of hardwood, or
b. 5 inches (127 mm) of softwood, or
c. 5-1/4 inches (133 mm) of plywood, or
d. 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) of plywood with an intermediate layer of 2 inches (51 mm) of
hardwood, or
e. 5-1/4 inches (133 mm) of particle board.
5. 3/16-inch (4.8 mm) steel with an interior lining of:
a. 4 inches (102 mm) of hardwood, or
b. 7 inches (178 mm) of softwood, or
c. 6-3/4 inches (171 mm) of plywood, or
d. 3/4 inches (19 mm) of plywood with an intermediate layer of 3 inches (76 mm) of
hardwood, or
e. 6-3/4 inches (171 mm) of particle board.
6. 1/8-inch (3.2 mm) steel with an interior lining of:
a. 5 inches (127 mm) of hardwood, or
b. 9 inches (229 mm) of softwood, or
6
Over-the-road trucks or semi-trailers used for storage as Type 4 or 5 magazines need not be fire-resistant or ventilated.
7
Each door of a Mobile Type 5 magazine shall be equipped with at least one 5-tumbler padlock having at least a 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) case-
hardened shackle. The lock need not be hooded.

13
 c. 3/4 inches (19 mm) of plywood with an intermediate layer of 4 inches (102 mm) of
hardwood, or
d. 3/4 inches (19 mm) of plywood with a first intermediate layer of 3/4-inch (19 mm)
plywood and a second intermediate layer of 3-5/8 inches (92 mm) of well-tamped dry
sand or sand/cement mixture.

Figure 1. Exteriors of Steel

B. Exterior of any type of fire-resistant material which is structurally sound with:

1. An interior lining of 1/2-inch (12.7 mm) plywood placed securely against an intermediate
layer of:
a. 4 inches (102 mm) of solid concrete block, or
b. 4 inches (102 mm) of solid brick, or
c. 4 inches (102 mm) of solid concrete.
2. An interior lining of 3/4 inches (19 mm) of plywood and a first intermediate layer of 3/4–
inch (19 mm) plywood, a second intermediate layer of 3-5/8 inches (92 mm) of well-tamped
dry sand or sand/cement mixture, a third intermediate layer of 3/4-inch (19 mm) plywood,
and a fourth intermediate layer of 2 inches (51 mm) of hardwood or 14-gauge steel
3. An intermediate 6-inch (152 mm) space filled with well-tamped dry sand or well-tamped
sand/cement mixture.

14
 Figure 2. Exterior of Fire Resistant Material Wall Sections

C. Masonry construction of:

1. Standard 8-inch (203 mm) concrete block with voids filled with well-tamped dry sand or well
tamped sand/cement mixture, or
2. Standard 8-inch (203 mm) solid brick, or
3. 8-inch (203 mm) thick solid concrete, or
4. Two 4-inch (102 mm) thickness of concrete block.

Construction guidelines for Type 1 magazines are shown in figures on pages 10, 12, 15-20, and 22.
Illustrations of Types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 magazines are shown on pages 13, and 23 through 25.

TYPE 1 MAGAZINES

A Type 1 magazine is a permanent structure

such as a building, igloo, tunnel or dugout. It
is to be bullet-resistant, fire-resistant,
weather-resistant, theft-resistant, and
ventilated.

Figure 3. Type 1 Magazine

EXCAVATION and FOUNDATION

Footings for concrete, concrete block, stone, or brick shall are to be constructed of concrete and
designed and constructed in accordance with approved building standards.

15
Foundations are to be constructed of concrete, concrete blocks, stone, brick, metal, or wood and are to
be completely enclosed except for vent openings to provide for magazine ventilation. If piers or posts
are used, any space under the magazine is to be enclosed with metal.

The ground around a magazine must slope away for drainage or other adequate drainage provided.

WALL CONSTRUCTION
Walls are to be constructed of a combination of steel, masonry or other materials which are fire-
resistant and structurally sound, as shown in Figures 1, 2, 4, and 5.

Any wood on the exterior of the magazine are to be covered with a material offering reasonable
protection against fire.

Voids in standard concrete blocks are to be filled with well-tamped dry sand or well-tamped
sand/cement mixture.

Lattice lining as shown in Figures 4 and 5 is to be installed to aid in ventilating the magazine.

NOTE: Painting the exterior walls of the magazine an aluminum or light color will increase surface
reflection and reduce heating of the interior of the magazine.

FLOOR
The floor is to be constructed of wood or other approved materials. Figures 4, 5, and 6 show masonry
magazines with foundation, ventilation, and wood flooring.

ROOF or CEILING
The roof is to be constructed of structurally sound materials which are, or have been made, fire-
resistant on the exterior.

Where the natural terrain around the magazine makes it possible to shoot a bullet through the ceiling
or roof at such an angle that a bullet could strike the material stored in the magazine, then either the
roof or ceiling is to be bullet-resistant construction.

When required, a bullet-resistant roof is to be constructed according to any of the wall sections shown
on Figure 1.

A bullet-resistant ceiling is to be constructed at the eave line, covering the entire area of the magazine
except the space necessary for ventilation. The bullet-resistant ceiling is to be constructed according
to any of the wall sections shown on Figures 1 and 2, or by installing a 4 inch (102 mm) thick sand
tray as shown on Figures 4 and 5.

Other methods of construction for a ceiling that have been tested and found to be bullet-resistant are:
(a) 20 gauge steel with 4-inches (102 mm) hardwood, and (b) 18 gauge aluminum with 7-inches (178
mm) hardwood.

16
Figure 4. Half Cross Section of Type 1 Masonry Magazine

17
Figure 5. Half Longitudinal Section of Masonry Magazine

18
 Figure 6. Floor & Foundation Plan for Masonry Magazine

DOORS and LOCKS

Doors are to be constructed according to any of the wall sections shown on Figures 1 and 2 that are
practical. Commonly used door construction and details are shown on Figures 7, 8, and 9.

Each door is to fit tightly. Hinges, hasps, and all locking hardware is to be rigidly secure and fastened
by welding or by through-bolts, which cannot be removed when the door is locked.

Approved locking methods include:

1. Two mortise locks; or
2. Two padlocks fastened in separate hasps and staples. Padlocks should be steel, having at least
five tumblers and at least 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) diameter case-hardened shackle. All padlocks
should be protected by steel hoods made from 1/4-inch (6.4 mm) minimum thickness steel
and installed in such a manner as to discourage insertion of bolt-cutters, saws, files or
levering devices; or
3. Combination of mortise lock and a hooded padlock; or
4. Mortise lock that requires two keys to open; or
5. Three-point lock or equivalent-type lock that secures the door to the frame at more than one
point.

NOTE: Doors that are secured by at least two substantial internal bolts or bars do not require
additional locking devices on the exterior.

19
Figure 7. Door Opening Plan Section

Figure 8. Door Details

20
 Figure 9. Detail of Magazine Latches & Padlock Cover

VENTILATION
Adequate ventilation is to be provided to prevent dampening and heating of stored explosive
materials. Climatic conditions, magazine size and location will determine the amount of ventilation
required. The generally accepted minimum ventilation area is 0.2 square inches per cubic foot of
magazine space.

Recommended ventilation is as follows:

1. Wall or foundation – 4-inch (102 mm) x 8-inch (203 mm) openings on 6-foot (1.83 m)
centers around the magazine.
2. Roof (globe-type ventilator) - One 12-inch (305 mm) diameter per each 12-feet (3.66 m) of
magazine length or one 10-inch (254 mm) diameter per each 10-feet (3.05 m) of magazine
length.

Ventilating openings are to be screened as shown on Figure 10 to prevent the entrance of sparks and
rodents.

As shown on Figure 10, ventilation openings in foundations and walls are to be offset or shielded for
bullet resistant purposes.

For magazine security, ventilating openings are not to exceed 6-inch (152 mm) x 12-inch (305 mm)
or 12-inches (305 mm) in diameter.

21
Ventilators are to be so spaced as to permit an even air flow throughout the entire magazine interior.
Magazine walls are to be provided with wooden lattice lining or equivalent to prevent the packages of
explosive materials from being stacked against the side walls and blocking the air circulation.

Figure 10. Vent Details

TYPE 2 MAGAZINE

A Type 2 magazine is a portable

or mobile structure such as a skid-
magazine, trailer, or semi-trailer.
Any of the wall construction
specifications for a Type 1
magazine are acceptable for a
Type 2 outdoor magazine.

Figure 11. Type 2 Magazines

The magazine is to be supported in such a manner as to prevent the floor from being in contact with
the ground. A magazine of less than one cubic yard in size is to be fastened to a fixed object to
prevent theft of the entire magazine.

Hinges, hasps, locks, and locking hardware are to conform to provisions for Type 1 kingpin locking
device, or by other approved measures.

22
 TYPE 3 MAGAZINE

A Type 3 magazine is a “day box” or

other portable magazine. It is to be theft-
resistant, fire-resistant, and weather-
resistant (does not have to be bullet-
resistant).

Figure 12. Type 3 Magazines

Minimum specifications require that a “day box” be constructed of not less than 12-gauge (.1046
inch) (2.66 mm) steel, lined with ½ -inch (12.7 mm) hardboard or plywood. The door or lid is to
overlap the door opening by at least 1 inch (25 mm). Hinges, hasps, and panels are to be welded,
riveted, or bolted (with nuts on inside) so they cannot be removed or disassembled from the outside

The magazine is to be equipped with steel padlocks with at least five tumblers (which need not be
protected by a steel hood) having at least a 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) diameter case-hardened shackle.
Explosive materials are not to be left unattended in Type 3 magazines and must be removed to Type 1
or Type 2 magazines.

TYPE 4 MAGAZINE

A Type 4 magazine may be a permanent,

portable, or mobile structure such as a building,
igloo, box, semi-trailer, or other mobile
container. It is to be fire, weather, and theft-
resistant, but it does not need to be bullet-
resistant.

Figure 13. Type 4 Trailer Magazine

Construction is to be of masonry, wood covered

with metal, fabricated metal, or a combination of
these materials. Permanent Type 4 magazines
shall be constructed according to Type 1
magazine requirements with respect to
foundations, floors, ventilation, and locking
devices.

Figure 14. Type 4 Permanent Magazine

NOTE: Over-the-road trailers or semi-trailers used for storage as Type 4 magazines need not be
ventilated.

23
Unattended vehicular Type 4 magazines are to have wheels removed or shall be immobilized by kingpin
locking devices.

TYPE 5 MAGAZINE
A Type 5 magazine may be a building, an igloo or Army-type structure, a
dugout, a bin, a box, a trailer, or a semi-trailer, or other mobile facility. It
shall be weather and theft-resistant but need not be bullet resistant.
Permanent Type 5 magazines are to be ventilated in accordance with Type 1
magazine requirements, but mobile and bin-type facilities do not have to be
ventilated.

Construction is to be of masonry, wood covered with metal, fabricated

metal, or a combination of these materials. Foundations, floors, and
ventilation are to be in accordance with Type 1 magazine requirements.
Doors shall be of metal or wood covered with metal. Only one locking
device is required per door or cover. Locks on bins or mobile units do not
require lock hoods.

NOTE: Vehicular or bin Type 5 magazines do not require ventilators.

Figure 15. Type 5
Bin Magazine
Unattended vehicular Type 5 magazines shall have wheels removed or shall be immobilized by kingpin
locking devices. Placards required by DOT must be displayed on all Type 5 magazines containing
blasting agents.

Figure 16. Type 5 Trailer Magazine Figure 17. Type 5 Tank Magazine

INDOOR STORAGE
Magazines used for indoor storage are to be fire and theft-resistant. They
do not have to be weather or bullet-resistant.
No indoor storage facility is to contain more than 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of
explosive materials or more than 5,000 detonators. When explosive
materials and detonators are stored in the same building they are to be
stored in separate magazines.
NOTE: No indoor storage magazine for explosive materials is to be
located in a residence or dwelling.
Figure 18. Type 2
Indoor Magazine

24
 Safety Library Publications

SLP SLP Name Copyright Date

Number
SLP – 1 Construction Guide for Storage Magazines September 2006
SLP – 2 American Table of Distances June 1991 (Incorporates
changes through April
2017)
SLP – 3 Suggested Code of Regulations for the October 2015
Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, Sale,
Possession and Use of Explosive Materials
SLP – 4 Warning and Instructions for Consumers in October 2016
Transporting, Storing, Handling and Using
Explosive Materials
SLP – 12 Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms May 2013
SLP – 14 Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution May 2013
of Explosive Materials
SLP – 17 Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling October 2015
and Use of Explosive Materials
SLP – 20 Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio December 2011
Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of
Commercial Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps)
SLP – 22 Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of February 2007
Detonators in a Vehicle with Certain Other
Explosive Materials
SLP – 23 Recommendations for the Transportation of October 2011
Explosives, Division 1.5, Ammonium Nitrate
Emulsions, Division 5.1, Combustible Liquids, Class
3, and Corrosives, Class 8 in Bulk Packaging
SLP – 24 Recommendations for Handling 50 Metric Tons or May 2011
more of Commercial Division 1.1 or 1.2 Break-Bulk
and Containerized Explosive Materials in
Transportation at Commercial Waterfront
Facilities in the United States
SLP – 25 Explosives Manufacturing & Processing Guideline May 2011
to Safety Training
SLP – 27 Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage April 2012
and Use of Commercial Explosives
SLP – 28 Recommendations for Accountability and Security September 2007
of Bulk Explosives and Bulk Security Sensitive
Materials
SLP – 29 Recommendations for the Environmental October 2016
Management of Commercial Explosives
SLP – 30 Safe Handling of Solid Ammonium Nitrate April 2017
IMESAFR
Institute of Makers of Explosives Safety Analysis for Risk

What is IMESAFR? Why was

Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) is a
software model that was developed through a joint effort by IME and
IMESAFR
A-P-T Research, Inc. developed?
IMESAFR is a probabilistic risk assessment tool used to calculate risk IMESAFR was developed
to personnel from explosives facilities. This software not only to provide a more
calculates Quantity Distances (QD) based on the American comprehensive
Table of Distances and other QD regulations, it can assessment of
determine a level of safety based upon risk. the overall risk of
explosives operations.
The commercial
explosives industry
in the United States
uses the American
Table of Distances
(ATD) as the basis for
safe siting of explosives
storage facilities. ATD
siting involves the evaluation
of a specific magazine and
inhabited building or public
highway, which are referred to
as a Potential Explosion Site
(PES)/Exposed Site (ES) pair in
IMESAFR. This evaluation yields
the recommended separation
IMESAFR uses the donor structure and activity, the structure of the exposed distance based on the factors
sites, and duration of exposed personnel to determine a level of safety. The that affect risk, including
program provides users with the ability to work in metric or imperial measures, whether a barricade exists.
and allows users to import maps or drawings of their site to assist with Although the same criteria
visualizing facility layouts and results. can be applied to explosives
manufacturing operations,
the ATD was intended for
Importing Site Images
Loading a Registered Image Cache use in limited permanent
The first time a registered
storage situations. In addition
image is loaded into the to permanent storage
program, an image cache
file is created the situations, IMESAFR accounts
computer.
for other activities such as
manufacturing, assembly, and
Identifying Risk Drivers
Risk drivers can control the overall risk at a site so it is important to determine
loading and unloading.
what they are before spending time and money on mitigation efforts.
Consider a hypothetical scenario with the consequences shown below:

1e-02

1e-04

1e-06

1e-08

1e-10

1e-12

Overpressure Glass Building Collapse Image tiles can be easily loaded right into the
Debris

Based on the bar chart above, what is the risk driver?

What could be done to address the risk driver? program for future use.
Would removing all of the glass from the ES be effective?

M6-7 M4-11
 IMESAFR Training Course
The course is presented over three Course Content Course Outline
days with eight hours of mixed
lecture and discussion each day for The IMESAFR Training Course will 1. Overview
a total of 24 classroom hours. Daily guide the user through the overall 2. QD Concepts & Background
class hours are from 8am to 5pm user interface of the IMESAFR 3. QRA Concepts & Background
with an hour for lunch and breaks Software. Some of the topics
4. IMESAFR Features
mid-morning and mid-afternoon. A discussed are listed below.
5. Class Exercise 1
competency test will be given at the A background on the concepts
end of the course. 6. Risk Management
and terminology used in the
7. Advanced Tools
Class Size: minimum of 10, IMESAFR risk assessment
software. 8. Architecture - Part 1
maximum of 25.
9. Architecture - Part 2
A thorough guide on using input
Where 10. IMESAFR Protocols
screens and choosing the proper
The class is normally held at the 11. Linking Architecture to Testing
input selection.
APT Safety Engineering and Analysis
12. Class Exercise 2
Center (SEAC) in Huntsville, AL, A description of the capabilities
conveniently located in Cummings’ of IMESAFR including menu 13. Approval Process
Research Park near Redstone options, functions of the tool 14. Input Decisions
Arsenal. bar, help menu and generating 15. Group Exercise
See www.apt-research.com/ reports. 16. Test
contacts/contactUs.html Each student is
An overview of the 26-step
for detailed directions. responsible for
process used by IMESAFR to
The class may also familiarize the user with the bringing a laptop to
be offered at exposure and consequence training. A training
other locations. analysis. book is included in
On-site training the course fee.
Multiple examples (some worked
courses can be
individually and some as a
arranged, as
group) demonstrating the various
well as courses
capabilities of IMESAFR.
that run in
conjunction with Practical applications of the
conferences and software and its use in the risk
meetings. management process.

Schedule Cost Registration Information

www.apt-research.com/ New IMESAFR 2.0: To register for a class in Huntsville
capabilities/training.html Non IME member: US$1500 or if you are interested in setting up
IME member: US$750 a training course at a location other
CEU than Huntsville, please contact:
Upon completion of this course, Upgrade IMESAFR 2.0:
attendees will be credited with 2.0 Non IME member: US$750 Dean Nichols
Continuing Education Units (CEU). IME member: US$375 256.327.3373
Training voucher: US$1500 imesafrtraining@apt-research.com

institute of makers of explosives

APT Point of Contact
The Institute of Makers of Explosives John Tatom 4950 Research Drive
1120 19th Street NW Suite 310 256.327.3373 Huntsville, AL 35805
Washington, DC 20036-3605 aptinfo@apt-research.com www.apt-research.com
www.ime.org
M-09-00810
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.
1212 New York Avenue, NW
Suite 650
Washington, DC
Tel 202/429-9280
Fax 202/293-2420
www.ime.org
info@ime.org
(Incorporates changes through April 2017)
 Member Companies (As of April 2017)

Accurate Energetic Systems LLC Nelson Brothers

McEwen, Tennessee Birmingham, Alabama
Austin Powder Company Nobel Insurance Services
Cleveland, Ohio Irving, Texas
Baker Hughes Orica USA Inc.
Houston, Texas Watkins, Colorado
Davey Bickford USA Inc. Owen Oil Tools LP
Salt Lake City, Utah Godley, Texas
Detotec North America, Inc. Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Sterling, Connecticut Schaumberg, Illinois
DYNAenergetics, US Inc. Senex Explosives, Inc.
Lakeway, Texas Cuddy, Pennsylvania
Dyno Nobel Inc. SLT Secured Systems International LLC/Taiko
Salt Lake City, Utah Scottsdale, Arizona 85255
General Dynamics - OTS Special Devices, Inc.
Joplin, Missouri Mesa, Arizona
GEODynamics, Inc. Teledyne RISI
Millsap, Texas Tracy, California
Hilltop Energy Tread Corporation
Mineral City, Ohio Roanoke, Virginia
Hunting Titan Tri-State Motor Transit Company
Houston, Texas Glendale, Arizona
Jet Research Center/Halliburton Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Alvarado, Texas Torrington, Connecticut
Maine Drilling & Blasting Visible Assets
Auburn, New Hampshire Stratham, New Hampshire
Maxam North America, Inc. W.A. Murphy, Inc.
Salt Lake City, Utah El Monte, California
MP Associates, Inc.
Ione, California
Explosives Safety & Technology Society –
Visfotak
Liaison Members: Maharashtra, India
Association of Energy Service Companies Federation of European Explosives
(AESC) Manufacturers (FEEM)
Friendswood, Texas Hennef, Germany
Australian Explosives Industry and Safety International Society of Explosives Engineers
Group (AEISG) (ISEE)
Tweeds Heads, NSW, Australia Cleveland, Ohio
Canadian Explosives Industry Association National Institute for Explosives Technology
(CEAEC) (NIXT)
Ottawa, Ontario, CA Lonehill, South Africa
SAFEX International (SAFEX)
Blonay, Switzerland

Copyright © 2017 Institute of Makers of Explosives

 1212 New York Ave. NW
SUITE 650
WASHINGTON, DC 20005
(202) 429-9280
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

IME is a nonprofit association founded in 1913 to provide accurate information and comprehensive
recommendations concerning the safety and security of commercial explosive materials. IME represents
U.S. manufacturers and distributors of commercial explosive materials and oxidizers as well as other
companies that provide related services. Although our member companies are based in North America,
IME members operate globally with operations and distribution points on all continents except Antarctica.

Founded in 1913, IME was created to provide technically accurate information and recommendations
concerning commercial explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable information about their
use. Committees of qualified representatives from IME member companies developed this information
and significant portions of their recommendations are embodied here and in regulations of state and
federal agencies.

The Institute’s principal committees are: Environmental Affairs; Government Affairs, Legal Affairs;
Safety and Health; Security; Technical; and Transportation and Distribution.
2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD................................................................................................................................. 5
American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials ................................................. 8
Explanatory Notes Essential to the Application of the American Table of Distances for Storage
of Explosive Materials .................................................................................................................. 11
APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 1 – Derivation of the Table ............................................................................................. 14
Table of Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from
Explosives or Blasting Agents ...................................................................................................... 15
Notes to Table of Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate .......................... 16
and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents ............................................................ 16
Chapter 2 – Guide to Use of Table of Recommended Separation ................................................ 17
Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents ...... 17
APPENDIX B .............................................................................................................................. 20

3
4
 SLP-2
American Table of Distances

FOREWORD

The original study to develop safe distances for the location of explosive storage magazines was begun in
1909, a time when a majority of explosive materials were transported by rail and explosive materials
storage facilities were located near the railroad lines. The potential hazard to passenger carrying trains
and residential areas near the railroad, should an explosion occur in the magazine, necessitated radical
changes in magazine location.

A special committee of the Association of Manufacturers of Powder and High Explosives was appointed
to study the problem and develop recommendations. After reviewing established foreign requirements,
the committee determined that these regulations could not be utilized for conditions existing in the United
States. The committee then decided to develop an American Table of Distances (ATD) based on
empirical data gathered from explosions that had occurred in the field.

Information was gathered on a number of explosions ranging from very small amounts of explosive
materials to some approximating one million pounds. The explosions studied covered a period of almost
fifty years and occurred in manufacturing, transportation, and storage, both in the United States and
abroad.

Based on the work of the special committee of the Association of Manufacturers of Powder and High
Explosives, the American Table of Distances for inhabited buildings and public railways was established
in December 1910.

When it became apparent that the distance table should also contain minimum safe distances for the
location of explosive storage and manufacturing buildings from public highways, the special committee,
in conjunction with the Institute of Makers of Explosives (founded in 1913), conducted additional studies.
The highway distances were approved and adopted by the Institute of Makers of Explosives in 1914.

After the adoption of the American Table of Distances, the collection of data on explosions was
continued. The table was reviewed in 1919 and again in 1939 to evaluate it and consider the data
accumulated since the table was established. No significant revisions were made after either review.

CHANGES TO THE ATD

Another detailed study of the table was made in 1950 to distinguish between military explosives (bombs,
projectiles, cased ammunition, etc.) and commercial explosive materials, which have virtually no missile
hazard. The study also noted that the table was specifically designed to cover manufacture and permanent
storage of explosive materials and was not applicable for the incidental handling or temporary storage of
explosive materials being transported.

Based on tests conducted by governmental agencies and scientific laboratories much additional data on
blast effects have been accumulated since 1950. The current edition of the ATD includes revisions and
additions based on these findings, together with the excellent experience acquired after over 75 years of
use.

5
In the study of explosion damage data, the criteria for inhabited buildings was the distance at which
substantial structural damage took place. For example, such minor damage as the breaking of window
glass and the shaking down of plaster was not considered. To address this distinction, IME developed a
definition for substantial structural damage, from two points of view:

DAMAGE TO PROPERTY – It was concluded that no damage that was readily repairable should be
considered “substantial.”

RISK TO LIFE AND LIMB – It was concluded that unless some integral portion of the building was
damaged, the occupants would not be subjected to serious risks.

Storage of large quantities of explosives in heavily populated or built-up areas should be avoided. While
the tables provide adequate and reasonable protection for exposures in rural areas, the statistical nature of
blast damage makes it inadvisable to subject multiple exposures to blasts at the distances prescribed. This
consideration has led to an increase in distances required from major highways.

Barricade Distance Requirements

Air blast damage at distances in excess of a few tens of feet is little affected by revetment or natural
barricades. However, missile hazards are substantially affected by barricades. Accumulated experience
plus Department of Defense (DOD) studies of explosion-propelled missiles indicates that, at large
distances, the doubling of the barricaded distance is not required. The current tables reflect this finding.

Distances to Main Highways

Blast effects on vehicles have been analyzed extensively by government agencies in connection with
assessing effects of military weapons. This work has shown the recommended distances from stored
explosives to heavily traveled, high-speed highways as given in the table are necessary. Consultation and
advice from the Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) is gratefully acknowledged in
our analysis of this problem.

The distances given in the table are not to be construed as superseding the distances in any federal, state
or municipal laws, ordinances, or regulations.

Table of Recommended Separation Distances (Appendix I)

Fundamental to proper application of the American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials
is the question of whether adjacent stores of explodable materials can propagate from an explosion at one
source. If propagation can occur, the respective weights must be summed in determining safe distances
from dwellings, highways, and passenger railways. Appendix I comprises such non-propagating
distances with definitions, explanations, and examples. Recommended Separation Distances of
Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents is printed on pages 10
through 14.

NOTE:
Use the American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials to determine minimum
safe distances from inhabited dwellings, highways, passenger railways, and between explosive
materials magazines.
Use Appendix I, Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from Explosives
or Blasting Agents, to determine minimum non-propagating distances to ANFO, blasting agents
and ammonium nitrate.

6
Use the greater of the distances shown in the American Table of Distances or in the Table of
Recommended Separation Distances to determine the required separation between a magazine for
storage of explosives and a magazine for storage of blasting agents.

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)

The ATD has stood the test of time, having been the standard for commercial explosives storage in the
U.S. for over 100 years. Although detonations of explosives in magazines are extremely rare events, they
have occurred. No fatalities or serious injuries have ever occurred within the distances specified by the
ATD in any of these events. Nonetheless, in 2005, the IME embarked on the development of a
comprehensive QRA software model for a wide variety of commercial explosives activities, including
storage. The need to have standards for other commercial explosives activities, the growing influence of
QRA around the world, and a unique opportunity to share technology developed by the DDESB were
major factors in IME’s decision. In 2007, IME and APT Research, Inc, released the software model
IMESAFR V1.0. IMESAFR takes into account the probability of an event [P(e)] occurring and predicts
consequences of an explosion in great detail. IMESAFR V1.0 was updated by IMESAFR V2.0 in 2013
providing a more user-friendly interface, additional evaluation parameters, and improved analysis based
upon additional testing completed subsequent to the initial release of IMESAFR.

In most storage scenarios, the ATD provides a simple and safe means of limiting risk to extremely low
levels, and is often required by regulation. However, QRA is often useful in situations where the
regulations do not present a valid solution or an entity engages in a wide variety of activities with varying
P(e) but wants to maintain an equivalent level of risk across all activities. QRA is also helpful with
scenarios involving unique circumstances, extremely high or low exposures of people, or risk levels near
tolerable amounts. QRA provides the explosives risk manager with a whole new set of tools with which
to consider risk.

The use of QRA for explosives risk management has increased dramatically since the Swiss started using
it in the 1960’s. Today, the DDESB and many other national and state regulators use QRA to manage
explosives risk.

IME recommends that the most current version of IMESAFR be used for QRA of commercial explosives
activities.

7
 American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials
as Revised and Approved by the Institute of Makers of Explosives – June 1991
Distances in Feet
Public Highways Passenger Railways-
Quantity of
with Traffic Volume of Public Highways with Separation of
Explosive Materials (1,2,3,4) Inhabited Buildings (9)
less than 3,000 Traffic Volume of more Magazines (12)
Vehicles/Day (11) than 3,000 Vehicles/Day (10, 11)
Pounds Over Pounds Not Over Barricaded (6,7,8) Unbarricaded Barricaded (6,7,8) Unbarricaded Barricaded (6,7,8) Unbarricaded Barricaded (6,7,8) Unbarricaded
0 5 70 140 30 60 51 102 6 12
5 10 90 180 35 70 64 128 8 16
10 20 110 220 45 90 81 162 10 20
20 30 125 250 50 100 93 186 11 22
30 40 140 280 55 110 103 206 12 24
40 50 150 300 60 120 110 220 14 28
50 75 170 340 70 140 127 254 15 30
75 100 190 380 75 150 139 278 16 32
100 125 200 400 80 160 150 300 18 36
125 150 215 430 85 170 159 318 19 38
150 200 235 470 95 190 175 350 21 42
200 250 255 510 105 210 189 378 23 46
250 300 270 540 110 220 201 402 24 48
300 400 295 590 120 240 221 442 27 54
400 500 320 640 130 260 238 476 29 58
500 600 340 680 135 270 253 506 31 62
600 700 355 710 145 290 266 532 32 64
700 800 375 750 150 300 278 556 33 66
800 900 390 780 155 310 289 578 35 70
900 1,000 400 800 160 320 300 600 36 72
1,000 1,200 425 850 165 330 318 636 39 78
1,200 1,400 450 900 170 340 336 672 41 82
1,400 1,600 470 940 175 350 351 702 43 86
1,600 1,800 490 980 180 360 366 732 44 88
1,800 2,000 505 1,010 185 370 378 756 45 90
2,000 2,500 545 1,090 190 380 408 816 49 98
2,500 3,000 580 1,160 195 390 432 864 52 104
3,000 4,000 635 1,270 210 420 474 948 58 116
4,000 5,000 685 1,370 225 450 513 1,026 61 122
5,000 6,000 730 1,460 235 470 546 1,092 65 130
6,000 7,000 770 1,540 245 490 573 1,146 68 136
7,000 8,000 800 1,600 250 500 600 1,200 72 144
8,000 9,000 835 1,670 255 510 624 1,248 75 150
9,000 10,000 865 1,730 260 520 645 1,290 78 156
10,000 12,000 875 1,750 270 540 687 1,374 82 164

8
 American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials
as Revised and Approved by the Institute of Makers of Explosives – June 1991 (Continued)

Distances in Feet
Public Highways Passenger Railways-
Quantity of
with Traffic Volume of Public Highways with Separation of
Explosive Materials (1,2,3,4) Inhabited Buildings (9)
less than 3,000 Traffic Volume of more Magazines (12)
Vehicles/Day (11) than 3,000 Vehicles/Day (10, 11)
Pounds Over Pounds Not Over Barricaded (6,7,8) Unbarricaded Barricaded (6,7,8) Unbarricaded Barricaded (6,7,8) Unbarricaded Barricaded (6,7,8) Unbarricaded
12,000 14,000 885 1,770 275 550 723 1,446 87 174
14,000 16,000 900 1,800 280 560 756 1,512 90 180
16,000 18,000 940 1,880 285 570 786 1,572 94 188
18,000 20,000 975 1,950 290 580 813 1,626 98 196
20,000 25,000 1,055 2,000 315 630 876 1,752 105 210
25,000 30,000 1,130 2,000 340 680 933 1,866 112 224
30,000 35,000 1,205 2,000 360 720 981 1,962 119 238
35,000 40,000 1,275 2,000 380 760 1,026 2,000 124 248
40,000 45,000 1,340 2,000 400 800 1,068 2,000 129 258
45,000 50,000 1,400 2,000 420 840 1,104 2,000 135 270
50,000 55,000 1,460 2,000 440 880 1,140 2,000 140 280
55,000 60,000 1,515 2,000 455 910 1,173 2,000 145 290
60,000 65,000 1,565 2,000 470 940 1,206 2,000 150 300
65,000 70,000 1,610 2,000 485 970 1,236 2,000 155 310
70,000 75,000 1,655 2,000 500 1,000 1,263 2,000 160 320
75,000 80,000 1,695 2,000 510 1,020 1,293 2,000 165 330
80,000 85,000 1,730 2,000 520 1,040 1,317 2,000 170 340
85,000 90,000 1,760 2,000 530 1,060 1,344 2,000 175 350
90,000 95,000 1,790 2,000 540 1,080 1,368 2,000 180 360
95,000 100,000 1,815 2,000 545 1,090 1,392 2,000 185 370
100,000 110,000 1,835 2,000 550 1,100 1,437 2,000 195 390
110,000 120,000 1,855 2,000 555 1,110 1,479 2,000 205 410
120,000 130,000 1,875 2,000 560 1,120 1,521 2,000 215 430
130,000 140,000 1,890 2,000 565 1,130 1,557 2,000 225 450
140,000 150,000 1,900 2,000 570 1,140 1,593 2,000 235 470
150,000 160,000 1,935 2,000 580 1,160 1,629 2,000 245 490
160,000 170,000 1,965 2,000 590 1,180 1,662 2,000 255 510
170,000 180,000 1,990 2,000 600 1,200 1,695 2,000 265 530
180,000 190,000 2,010 2,010 605 1,210 1,725 2,000 275 550
190,000 200,000 2,030 2,030 610 1,220 1,755 2,000 285 570
200,000 210,000 2,055 2,055 620 1,240 1,782 2,000 295 590
210,000 230,000 2,100 2,100 635 1,270 1,836 2,000 315 630
230,000 250,000 2,155 2,155 650 1,300 1,890 2,000 335 670
250,000 275,000 2,215 2,215 670 1,340 1,950 2,000 360 720
275,000 300,000 2,275 2,275 690 1,380 2,000 2,000 385 770

9
THIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK

10
 Explanatory Notes Essential to the Application of the American Table of Distances for
Storage of Explosive Materials
NOTE 1 – “Explosive materials” means explosives, blasting agents and detonators.

NOTE 2 – “Explosives” means any chemical compound, mixture, or device, the primary or common
purpose of which is to function by explosion. The term includes, but is not limited to, dynamite and other
high explosives, black powder, pellet powder, initiating explosives, detonators, safety fuses, squibs,
detonating cord, igniter cord, and igniters. A list of explosives determined to be within the coverage of 18
U.S.C. Chapter 40, “Importation, Manufacturer, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials” is
issued at least annually by the director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of the
Department of Justice. For quantity and distance purposes, detonating cord of 50 grains per foot should
be calculated as equivalent to 8 lbs. of high explosives per 1,000 feet. Heavier or lighter core loads
should be rated proportionately.

NOTE 3 – “Blasting agents” means any material or mixture, consisting of fuel and oxidizer, intended for
blasting not otherwise defined as an explosive: provided, that the finished product, as mixed for use or
shipment, cannot be detonated by means of a No. 8 test blasting cap when unconfined.

NOTE 4 – “Detonator” means any device containing any initiating or primary explosive that is used for
initiating detonation. A detonator may not contain more than 10 grams of total explosives by weight,
excluding ignition or delay charges. The term includes, but is not limited to, electric blasting caps of
instantaneous and delay types, blasting caps for use with safety fuses, detonating cord delay connectors,
and nonelectric instantaneous and delay blasting caps which use detonating cord, shock tube, or any other
replacement for electric leg wires. Where actual explosive weight of detonators is unknown, detonators
in strengths through No. 8 cap should be rated at 2.2 lbs. of explosives per 1,000 caps. For strengths
higher than No. 8 cap, consult the manufacturer.

NOTE 5 – “Magazine” means any building, structure, or container, other than an explosives
manufacturing building, approved for the storage of explosive materials.

NOTE 6 – “Natural Barricade” means natural features of the ground, such as hills, or timber of sufficient
density that the surrounding exposures which require protection cannot be seen from the magazine when
the trees are bare of leaves.

NOTE 7 – “Artificial Barricade” means an artificial mound or revetted wall of earth of a minimum
thickness of three feet.

NOTE 8 – “Barricaded” means the effective screening of a building containing explosive materials from
the magazine or other building, railway, or highway by a natural or an artificial barrier. A straight line
from the top of any sidewall of the building containing explosive materials to the eave line of any
magazine or other building or to a point 12 feet above the center of a railway or highway shall pass
through such barrier.

NOTE 9 – “Inhabited Building” means a building regularly occupied in whole or part as a habitation for
human beings, or any church, schoolhouse, railroad station, store, or other structure where people are
accustomed to assemble, except:

(a) any building occupied in connection with the manufacture, transportation, storage, or use of
explosive materials;

11
 (b) any office or repair shop, which is a part of the premises of an explosives manufacturer and is
used in connection with the manufacture, transportation, storage, or use of explosive materials (see ATF
Ruling 75-20);

(c) any structure used to store items other than explosive materials that is visited on a regular basis
by one individual (see ATF Ruling 2005-3);

(d) any buildings occupied by licensed explosives manufacturers in connection with the
manufacture, transportation, storage, or use of explosive materials with respect to magazines located on
their own premises (see ATF Ruling 2005-3); or

(e) any buildings occupied by licensed explosives manufacturers in connection with the
manufacture, transportation, storage, or use of explosives materials with respect to magazines located on
property owned by another licensee (see ATF Ruling 2005-3).

NOTE 10 – “Railway” means any steam, electric, or other railroad or railway which carries passengers
for hire.

NOTE 11 – “Highway” means any public street, public alley, or public road.

NOTE 12 – When two or more storage magazines are located on the same property, each magazine must
comply with the minimum distances specified from inhabited buildings, railways, and highways, and, in
addition, they should be separated from each other by not less than the distances shown for “Separation of
Magazines,” except that the quantity of explosive materials contained in detonator magazines shall govern
in regard to the spacing of said detonator magazines from magazines containing other explosive materials.
If any two or more magazines are separated from each other by less than the specified “Separation of
Magazines” distances, then such two or more magazines, as a group, must be considered as one magazine,
and the total quantity of explosive materials stored in such group must be treated as if stored in a single
magazine located on the site of any magazine of the group, and must comply with the minimum of
distances specified from other magazines, inhabited buildings, railways, and highways.

NOTE 13 – Storage in excess of 300,000 lbs. of explosive materials, in one magazine is generally not
required for commercial enterprises.

NOTE 14 – This Table applies only to the manufacture and permanent storage of commercial explosive
materials. It is not applicable to transportation of explosives or any handling or temporary storage
necessary or incident thereto. It is not intended to apply to bombs, projectiles, or other heavily encased
explosives.

NOTE 15 – When a manufacturing building on an explosive materials plant site is designed to contain
explosive materials, such building shall be located from inhabited buildings, public highways and
passenger railways in accordance with the American Table of Distances based on the maximum quantity
of explosive materials permitted to be in the building at one time.

NOTE 16 – Where metric conversion is required, the following conversion factors should be used:

• To convert feet to meters, multiply the number of feet by 0.3048

• To convert kilograms to pounds, multiply the number of kilograms by 2.2046

12
Example:

Determine inhabited building distance (IBD) barricaded for 200 kg of explosives:

1. Multiply 200 kg by 2.2046 to obtain the number of pounds, which is 441.

2. Using the ATD find the appropriate weight range. In this case, it would be the range of 400 – 500
lbs (see Figure 1).
3. Determine the distance in feet, in this case 320 feet (see Figure 1), and multiply by 0.3048 to
determine the IBD (barricaded) in meters, which is 97.5 meters.

So, for 200 kg of explosives, the IBD (barricaded) is 97.5 meters

Figure 1

AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES

The American Table of Distances applies to the manufacture and permanent storage of commercial
explosive materials. The distances specified are those measured from the explosive materials storage
facility to the inhabited building, highway, or passenger railway, irrespective of property lines.

The American Table of Distances covers all commercial materials, including, but not limited to, high
explosives, blasting agents, detonators, initiating systems and explosives materials in process. The table
is not designed to be altered or adjusted to accommodate varying explosive characteristics such as blast
effect, weight strength, density, bulk strength, detonation velocity, etc.

The American Table of Distances should not be used to determine safe distances for blasting work, the
firing of explosive charges for testing or quality control work, or the open detonation of waste explosive
materials. The American Table of Distances may be used as a guide for developing distances for the
unconfined, open burning of waste explosive materials where the probability of transition from burning to
high order detonation is improbable.

13
 APPENDIX A
RECOMMENDED SEPARATION DISTANCES OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND
BLASTING AGENTS FROM EXPLOSIVES OR BLASTING AGENTS

Chapter 1 – Derivation of the Table

1-1 A test program sponsored by industry with cooperation of the Manufacturing Chemists’
Association and the Institute of Makers of Explosives and conducted by the Bureau of Mines
developed data on the relative sensitivity of ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium nitrate-fuel
oil (ANFO) to sympathetic detonation. These data were applied to the existing American Table
of Distances for Storage of Explosives to develop the following table of recommended separation
distances for ammonium nitrate and blasting agents from stores of high explosives or blasting
agents.

1-2 The American Table of Distances for barricaded storage of explosives has been proven
adequate through the years, and no data were developed in the test programs that would suggest
that this table should be modified for explosives. On the other hand, a factor of 2 has been
suggested in the past for increasing the distances listed in the American Table of Distances when
the magazines are unbarricaded. The results, employing two charge sizes of AN and one charge
size of ANFO, gave ratios of unbarricaded to barricaded distances of 4.2 to 7.4, for an average of
about 6 which was taken as the appropriate factor. Thus, unbarricaded stores of AN or ANFO not
in bullet-resistant magazines should have 6 times the separation distances as barricaded stores.

1-3 The relative sensitivity of AN and ANFO to dynamite was obtained by examining the relative
K factors for 50 percent propagation distances when the cube root of the weight was employed in
the usual equation:

S=KW1/3

This equation allowed comparison of 1,600-pound dynamite acceptors with 5,400-pound AN and
ANFO acceptors; results from these charges are believed to be the most reliable available. The
ratio of K factors for dynamite and AN was 6.27 which was rounded to 6; the ratio for dynamite
and ANFO was 1.6. These factors were applied to the American Table of Distances by thus
reducing the distance for barricaded ammonium nitrate to 1/6 the corresponding distance for
explosives in the American Table of Distances and for ANFO to 6/10.

1-4 One point should be emphasized: the distances in the table are for separation of stores only.
No change should be made in the American Table of Distances with respect to inhabited
buildings, passenger railways, and public highways, as the blast effect from ANFO is not
importantly less than for high explosives, but the blast effect from AN is about one-half that from
high explosives. The blast effect is little modified by the presence of barricades, but the
American Table of Distances for separation of stores from inhabited buildings, passenger
railways, and public highways for unbarricaded stores provides an additional safety factor and
should be retained.

14
Table of Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents
from Explosives or Blasting Agents

Minimum Separation Distance of Acceptor

Donor Weight when Barricaded2 (ft.) Minimum Thickness
Pounds Over Pounds Not Ammonium Blasting Agent 4 of Artificial
Over Nitrate3 Barricades5 (in.)
100 3 11 12
100 300 4 14 12
300 600 5 18 12
600 1,000 6 22 12
1,000 1,600 7 25 12
1,600 2,000 8 29 12
2,000 3,000 9 32 15
3,000 4,000 10 36 15
4,000 6,000 11 40 15
6,000 8,000 12 43 20
8,000 10,000 13 47 20
10,000 12,000 14 50 20
12,000 16,000 15 54 25
16,000 20,000 16 58 25
20,000 25,000 18 65 25
25,000 30,000 19 68 30
30,000 35,000 20 72 30
35,000 40,000 21 76 30
40,000 45,000 22 79 35
45,000 50,000 23 83 35
50,000 55,000 24 86 35
55,000 60,000 25 90 35
60,000 70,000 26 94 40
70,000 80,000 28 101 40
80,000 90,000 30 108 40
90,000 100,000 32 115 40
100,000 120,000 34 122 50
120,000 140,000 37 133 50
140,000 160,000 40 144 50
160,000 180,000 44 158 50
180,000 200,000 48 173 50
200,000 220,000 52 187 60
220,000 250,000 56 202 60
250,000 275,000 60 216 60
275,000 300,000 64 230 60

See notes following and on page 3.

15
 Notes to Table of Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate
and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents
NOTE 1 – Recommended separation distances to prevent explosion of ammonium nitrate and ammonium
nitrate-based blasting agents by propagation from nearby stores of high explosives or blasting agents
referred to in the Table as the “donor.” Ammonium nitrate, by itself, is not considered to be a donor when
applying this Table. Ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate-fuel oil or combinations thereof are acceptors.
If stores of ammonium nitrate are located within the sympathetic detonation distance of explosives or
blasting agents, one-half the mass of the ammonium nitrate should be included in the mass of the donor.

NOTE 2 – When the ammonium nitrate and/or blasting agents are not barricaded with the prescribed
minimum thickness, the distances shown in the Table shall be multiplied by six. These distances allow for
the possibility of high velocity metal fragments from mixers, hoppers, truck bodies, sheet metal structures,
metal containers, and the like which may enclose the “donor.” Where storage is in bullet-resistant
magazines 1 recommended for explosives or where the storage is protected by a bullet-resistant wall,
distances and barricade thicknesses in excess of those prescribed in the American Table of Distances are
not required.

NOTE 3 – The distances in the Table apply to ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate based materials
that show “negative” (-) result in the UN Test Series 2 Gap Test and show “positive” (+) result in the UN
Test Series 1 Gap Test. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate based materials that are DOT hazard
Class 1 sensitive shall be stored at separation distances determined by the American Table of Distances.

NOTE 4 – These distances apply to blasting agents, which pass the insensitivity test prescribed in
regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

NOTE 5 – Earth, or sand dikes, or enclosures filled with the prescribed minimum thickness of earth or
sand are acceptable artificial barricades. Natural barricades, such as hills or timber of sufficient density
that the surrounding exposures which require protection cannot be seen from the “donor” when the trees are
bare of leaves, are also acceptable.

NOTE 6 – For determining the distances to be maintained from inhabited buildings, passenger railways,
and public highways, use the American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials.

1
For construction of bullet-resistant magazines see Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives,
Department of Justice, Publication ATF P 5400.7 (9/00), Federal Explosives Law and Regulations

16
 Chapter 2 – Guide to Use of Table of Recommended Separation
Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents

2-1 Sketch location of all potential donor and acceptor materials together with the maximum mass
of material to be allowed in that vicinity. (Potential donors are high explosives, blasting agents,
and combination of masses of detonating materials. Potential acceptors are high explosives,
blasting agents, and ammonium nitrate.)

2-2 Consider separately each donor mass in combination with each acceptor mass. If the masses
are closer than table allowance (distances measured between nearest edges), the combination of
masses becomes a new potential donor of weight equal to the total mass. When individual
masses are considered as donors, distances to potential acceptors shall be measured between
edges. When combined masses within propagating distance of each other are considered as a
donor, the appropriate distance to the edge of potential acceptors shall be computed as a weighted
distance from the combined masses. (Use of weighted distances requires a variance from ATF.)

Calculation of weighted distance from combined masses:

Let M2, M3………….Mn be donor masses to be combined.

M1 is a potential acceptor mass.
D12 is distance from M1 to M2 (edge to edge).
D13 is distance from M1 to M3 (edge to edge), etc.
To find weighted distance [D1(2,3,……n)] from combined masses to M1, add the products of the
individual masses and distances and divide the total by the sum of the masses thus:

M2 x D12 + M3 x D13… + Mn x D1n

D1(2,3,………n) = (1)
M2 + M3…+ Mn

Propagation is possible if either an individual donor mass is less than the tabulated distance from
an acceptor or a combined mass is less than the weighted distance from an acceptor.

2-3 In determining the distances separating highways, railroads, and inhabited buildings from
potential explosions (see American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials), the
sum of all masses which may propagate (i.e., lie at distances less than prescribed in the table)
from either individual or combined donor masses are included. However, when the ammonium
nitrate must be included, only 50 percent of its weight shall be used because of its reduced blast
effects.

In applying the American Table of Distances to distances from highways, railroads, and inhabited
buildings, distances are measured from the nearest edge of potentially explodable material as
prescribed in the American Table of Distances, Note 5. (See American Table of Distances for
Storage of Explosive Materials on pages 4 through 7.)

2-4 When all or part of a potential donor comprises high explosives, storage in bullet-resistant
magazines is required. Safe distances to stores in bullet-resistant magazines may be obtained
from the inter-magazine distances prescribed in the American Table of Distances.

2-5 Barricades must not have line-of-sight openings between potential donors and acceptors
which permit blast or missiles to move directly between masses.

17
 Figure 1.

Example 1 ANFO Mix Plant (Figure 1)

M1 100,000 lbs. AN Prills (maximum)

M2 2,500 lbs. ANFO (maximum)
M3 80,000 lbs. ANFO (maximum)
D12 20 ft.
D23 20 ft.
D13 50 ft.

No other stores on site; no barricade exists.

Potential Donor Potential Distance Table Distance, Minimum Propagation

acceptor On Site Required (ft.) Possible?
M2 (2,500 lbs.) M1 20 9 x 6 = 54 Yes

M3 (80,000 lbs.) M1 50 28 x 6 = 168 Yes

M3 (80,000 lbs.) M2 20 101 x 6 = 606 Yes

Conclusion:

The maximum amount of blasting agent to be considered for public protection at this site is sum of all
masses, reducing AN mass by 50 percent as indicated in Paragraph 23.

100,000 x 50% = 50,000

2,500
80,000
132,500 pounds

18
In accordance with the American Table of Distances, the required separation distance from an inhabited
building (unbarricaded) is 2,000 feet.

Example 2 ANFO Mix Plant (Figure 1)

M1 100,000 lbs. AN Prills (maximum)

M2 2,500 lbs. ANFO (maximum)
M3 80,000 lbs. ANFO (maximum)
D12 20 ft.
D23 20 ft.
D13 50 ft.

No other stores on site; a 4-foot thick earth barricade exists at B (Figure 1).

Potential Potential Distance Table Distance, Propagation

Donor Acceptor On Site (ft.) Minimum Required (ft.) Possible?
M2 (2,500 lbs.) M1 20 9 No

M3 (80,000 lbs.) M1 50 28 No
M3 (80,000 lbs.) M2 20 6 x 101 = 606 Yes
Combined M2 + M3
(82,500 lbs.) M1 49* 30 No

Note – ATF variance required for weighted distances.

Conclusion:

The maximum amount of blasting agent to be considered for public protection at this site is the sum of M2
plus M3 or 82,500 pounds. In accordance with the American Table of Distances, the required separation
distance from an inhabited building (unbarricaded) is 2,000 feet. If a natural or artificial barricade
protects the building, the required distance is 1,730 feet.

*Compute weighted distance to combined mass by equation 1 (Note – ATF variance required):

2,500 x 20 + 80,000 x 50 = 49 feet

2,500 + 80,000

19
 APPENDIX B
LOCATION OF MAGAZINES
NEAR OVERHEAD ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINES

Magazines should be located from overhead transmission lines at a distance greater than the distance
between the poles or towers supporting the lines. Service lines of all types should, except for telephone
connections and similar low-voltage intercom or alarm systems, be run underground from a point at least
50 feet away from the explosive storage magazines.

20
NOTES

21
NOTES

22
23
24
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.
1212 New York Avenue, NW
Suite 650
Washington, DC
Tel 202/429-9280
Fax 202/293-2420
www.ime.org
info@ime.org
 Member Companies (As of October 2015)

Accurate Energetic Systems Nelson Brothers

McEwen, Tennessee Birmingham, Alabama
Austin Powder Company Nobel Insurance Services
Cleveland, Ohio Dallas, Texas
Baker Hughes Orica USA Inc.
Houston, Texas Watkins, Colorado
Davey Bickford North America Owen Oil Tools LP
Sandy, Utah Godley, Texas
Detotec North America, Inc. Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Sterling, Connecticut Schaumberg, Illinois
DYNAenergetics, US Inc. Senex Explosives, Inc.
Lakeway, Texas Cuddy, Pennsylvania
Dyno Nobel Inc. Secured Land Transport
Salt Lake City, Utah Glendale, Arizona
General Dynamics - OTS SLT Secured Systems International LLC/Taiko
Joplin, Missouri Scottsdale, Arizona 85255
GEODynamics, Inc. Special Devices, Inc.
Millsap, Texas Mesa, Arizona
Hunting Titan Teledyne RISI
Houston, Texas Tracy, California
Jet Research Center/Halliburton Tread Corporation
Alvarado, Texas Roanoke, Virginia
Maine Drilling & Blasting Tri-State Motor Transit Company
Auburn, New Hampshire Joplin, Missouri
Maxam North America, Inc. Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Salt Lake City, Utah Torrington, Connecticut
MP Associates, Inc. Visionary Solutions, LLC
Ione, California Knoxville, Tennessee
MuniRem Environmental LLC W.A. Murphy, Inc.
Athens, Georgia El Monte, California

Liaison Members: Federation of European Explosives

Canadian Explosives Industry Association Manufacturers (FEEM)
(CEAEC) Hennef, Germany
Ottawa, Ontario, CA International Society of Explosives Engineers
Explosives Safety & Technology Society – (ISEE)
Visfotak Cleveland, Ohio
Maharashtra, India National Institute for Explosives Technology
(NIXT)
Lonehill, South Africa
SAFEX International (SAFEX)
Blonay, Switzerland

Copyright © 2015 Institute of Makers of Explosives

 WASHINGTON, DC
(202) 429-9280
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

IME is a nonprofit association founded in 1913 to provide accurate information and comprehensive
recommendations concerning the safety and security of commercial explosive materials. IME represents U.S.
manufacturers and distributors of commercial explosive materials and oxidizers as well as other companies
that provide related services. Although our member companies are based in North America, IME members
operate globally with operations and distribution points on all continents except Antarctica.

Founded in 1913, IME was created to provide technically accurate information and recommendations
concerning commercial explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable data about their use.
Committees of qualified representatives from IME member companies developed this information and a
significant portion of their recommendations are embodied in regulations of state and federal agencies.

The Institute’s principal committees are: Environmental Affairs; Government Affairs; Legal Affairs; Safety
and Health; Security; Technical; and Transportation and Distribution.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................... iii

ARTICLE 1: SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS.........................................................................................1
ARTICLE 2: LICENSES, CERTIFICATES AND PERMITS ............................................................2
ARTICLE 3: MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS .....................................................6
ARTICLE 4: TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ON HIGHWAYS ................14
ARTICLE 5: STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ...............................................................17
ARTICLE 6: USE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ..........................................................................22
ARTICLE 7: BLACK POWDER EXPLOSIVES ..............................................................................28
ARTICLE 8: GROUND VIBRATION, AIRBLAST, FLYROCK, and GASES ...............................29
APPENDIX A ......................................................................................................................................33
APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................................................41
APPENDIX C ......................................................................................................................................42

ii
 SLP-3
Suggested Code of Regulations for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, Sale, Possession
and Use of Explosive Materials
October 2015

FOREWORD

Explosive materials are essential tools in our modern society. They play some part – direct or indirect – in
practically everything we build, make, use, and enjoy. Without explosives, available where and when they are
needed, public works and private enterprises would be badly hampered. To facilitate proper manufacture,
transportation, storage, handling, and use of explosive materials while providing safeguards for life and
property is in the interest of the whole community.

Modern explosives, thanks to extensive research and long experience, are safe enough to make unreasonable
restrictions unnecessary. Standards and precautions are well known and can be incorporated into codes that are
understandable, enforceable and effective. Many states and municipalities have enacted such regulations and
their experiences, as well as the technical knowledge of the explosives industry and the regulations of the
federal government, have entered into the development of the model code that follows.

Because this recommended code is both reasonable and effective, and because uniformity in such regulations
is desirable, the Institute of Makers of Explosives suggests that this model code be carefully considered for
adoption by state and local regulatory bodies.

The Institute of Makers of Explosives, through its members, can furnish a great deal of technical data and
information based upon long experience with commercial explosive materials. The Institute of Makers of
Explosives is always ready to provide assistance, cooperation, and advice to lawmaking and regulatory bodies
and will welcome the opportunity to explain or amplify this Suggested Code and Uniform Model State Act.
Address communications as follows:

Institute of Makers of Explosives

Washington, D.C.
(202) 429-9280
FAX (202) 293-2420
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

iii
 ARTICLE 1: SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS

Section 1.1 Scope

1.1.1 This Code shall apply to the manufacture, transportation, storage, sale, possession and use of
explosive materials in the jurisdiction of [the authority having jurisdiction1].

1.1.2 This Code shall not apply to:

a. Explosive materials while in the course of transportation via railroad, water, highway or air when
the explosive materials are moving under the jurisdiction of, and in conformity with, regulations
adopted by any federal department or agency.
b. The laboratories of schools, colleges and similar institutions when confined to the purpose of
instruction or research, or to explosive materials in the forms prescribed by the official United
States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary and used in medicines and medicinal agents.
c. The normal and emergency operations of any government including all departments, agencies,
and divisions thereof, provided they are acting in their official capacity and in the proper
performance of their duties or functions.
d. The manufacture under the regulation of the military department of the United States of explosive
materials for, or their distribution to or storage or possession by, the military or naval services or
other agencies of the United States.
e. Pyrotechnics, commonly known as fireworks, including signaling devices such as flares, fuses
and torpedoes.
f. Small arms ammunition and components thereof, which are subject to the Gun Control Act of
1968 (Title 18, Chapter 44, U.S. Code) and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Section 1.2 Retroactivity

The authority having jurisdiction must issue a permit for the continued use for 12 months of an existing
plant, store, equipment, building structure, and installation for the manufacture, transportation, storage,
handling or use of explosive materials which is not in strict compliance with the terms of this Code:
provided continued use will not constitute a hazard to life or adjoining property. In all cases where such
permit is denied, [the authority having jurisdiction] shall notify the applicant in writing specifying the
reasons for denial.

Section 1.3 Definitions

See the most recent edition of IME SLP-12, “Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms” for the
definition of terms used in this document.

1
Insert name of appropriate regulatory authority

1
 ARTICLE 2: LICENSES, CERTIFICATES AND PERMITS

Section 2.1 General Provisions

Safety and security are primary considerations in the manufacture, transportation, storage, sale,
possession and use of explosive materials. An appropriate and thorough system of licensing, permitting
and certification is designed to promote these considerations by assuring that these products come only
into the hands of qualified persons who require them in their own occupation.

2.1.1 The license, certificate and permit requirements of this article shall apply to all explosive
materials.

2.1.2 This article is intended to supplement existing federal laws and regulations. Any person who
possesses a license or permit under regulations promulgated by the ATF under Title XI,
Regulations of Explosives of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (18 U.S. Code Chapter
40) shall not be required to obtain a license or permit under this article.

2.1.3 Applicants for licenses and permits shall provide a security plan consistent with IME Safety
Library Publication No. 27: Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage and Use of
Commercial Explosives.

Section 2.2 Exceptions

2.2.1 This article shall not apply to hand loading of small arms ammunition for personal use and not for
resale. (See Section 1.1.2 for other exceptions)

Section 2.3 Manufacturer

2.3.1 Any person intending to manufacture explosive materials shall obtain an appropriate license from
the ATF.

2.3.2 The manufacture of explosive materials within [name of city, county, state, or other area] shall be
limited to those having an appropriate license.

2.3.3 The manufacture of explosive materials within [name of city, county, state, or other area] shall be
prohibited when such manufacture presents an undue hazard to life and property.

Section 2.4 Importer

2.4.1 Any person intending to engage in the business of importing explosive materials shall obtain an
appropriate federal license from the ATF.

Section 2.5 Dealer

2.5.1 Any persons intending to act as a dealer in explosive materials shall obtain an appropriate federal
license from the ATF.

2
2.5.2 Explosive materials shall not be sold, given, delivered, or transferred to any person not in
possession of a valid license or permit.

Section 2.6 User

2.6.1 No person shall possess explosive materials without first obtaining the proper permit from the
ATF that authorizes him to purchase, possess and store such materials.

2.6.2 Every person conducting an operation or activity requiring the use of explosive materials (1) shall
obtain a permit from the authority having jurisdiction to use explosive materials and shall be
responsible for the results and any other consequences of any loading and firing of explosive
materials; and (2) shall allow the loading and firing to be performed or supervised only by a
certified blaster-in-charge.

Section 2.7 Blaster's Certification

2.7.1 It shall be unlawful for any person to load or initiate explosive materials unless such person or his
supervisor is a certified blaster. The blaster's certificate shall conform to the class and use as
provided in Section 2.7.7 and be carried on the person of each such individual during the use of
the explosive materials.

2.7.2 The applicant for an initial blaster's certificate to supervise and perform the loading and firing of
explosive materials shall demonstrate that he has had adequate training and experience in the use
of explosive materials in any class authorized by the certificate applied for and pass a qualifying
examination prepared and administered [by the issuing authority]. The examination shall be
written, oral or by such other means as necessary to determine that the applicant is competent to
conduct blasting operations and to perform the duties of a blaster.

2.7.3 Applicant for a blaster certification shall:

a. be at least 21 years of age;
b. be able to understand and give written and oral orders in the English language;
c. be qualified by reason of training, knowledge, and field experience in transporting,
storing, handling, and use of explosive materials applicable to the class of certificate;
d. have a working knowledge of federal, state and local laws and regulations pertaining to
explosive materials; and
e. be approved by the ATF as an explosives possessor or responsible person.

2.7.4 When a holder of a blaster's certificate is convicted of a violation of any law or regulation relating
to explosive materials his certification shall be suspended.

2.7.5 Any individual whose blaster's certification has been suspended shall be required to make
application to the authority having jurisdiction before the certificate is reinstated.

2.7.6 Any individual whose certificate has lapsed for a period of one year or more shall be required to
pass a qualifying examination before renewal.

3
2.7.7 Classes of Blaster's certificates

CLASS CATEGORY DESCRIPTION

A Unlimited All types of blasting.

All phases of blasting operations in quarries, open pit

B General Above Ground
mines, above ground construction.
All phases of blasting operations in underground
C General Underground
mines, shafts, tunnels, and drifts.

D Demolition All phases of blasting in demolition projects.

E Seismic Prospecting All phases of blasting in seismic prospecting.

All phases of blasting in agriculture but limited to not

F Agriculture
more than 50 pounds (22.7 kilograms [kg]) per blast.

G Special Special blasting as described on the certificate.

Section 2.8 Certificate Restrictions

2.8.1 No certificate shall be assigned or transferred.

2.8.2 Certificates shall be classified, dated, numbered, and be valid for no more than two years from the
date of issue.

2.8.3 A blaster's certificate shall bear the blaster's name, address, photograph and signature.

Section 2.9 Denial, Revocation, or Suspension of Certificates

2.9.1 A certificate for use of explosive materials or to blast, shall be denied, revoked, or suspended for
any of the following reasons:
a. non-compliance with any order of [the issuing authority];
b. proof that the certificate applicant or holder is under indictment for, or has been convicted of, a
felony;
c. the applicant is a fugitive from justice;
d. the applicant is an unlawful user of, or addicted to, alcohol, narcotics, or dangerous drugs;
e. the applicant has been adjudicated a mental defective;
f. proof that the certificate applicant or holder advocates, or knowingly belongs to any organization
or group that advocates violent overthrow of or violent action against any federal, state or local
government;
g. proof that the certificate applicant or holder suffers from a mental or physical defect that would
interfere with the applicant's safe handling of explosive materials; or
h. violation by the applicant or holder of a certificate of any provision of any law or regulation
relating to explosive materials, or proof that false information was willfully given or a
misrepresentation was willfully made to obtain the certificate.

2.9.2 In any case where [the issuing authority] denies, revokes, or suspends a certificate, it shall
promptly notify the applicant or certificate holder. Said notice shall set forth the specific basis for

4
 the denial, revocation, or suspension and state that upon written request a hearing before [the
issuing authority] will be held within ten days after the date of the request.

2.9.3 Within 15 days after such hearing [the issuing authority] shall state its findings and conclusions in
writing and transmit a copy to the applicant or former certificate holder.

2.9.4 Upon notice of the revocation or suspension of any certificate, the former certificate holder shall
immediately surrender to [the issuing authority] the certificate and all copies thereof.

Section 2.10 Posting of Licenses, Certificates and Permits

2.10.1 Licenses (or copies thereof) to manufacture, import, or deal in explosive materials shall be posted
and kept available for inspection at each place of operation.

2.10.2 A permit to use or a copy thereof shall be posted at each place of operation.

2.10.3 A blaster's certificate shall be carried by the blaster-in-charge during blasting operations.

2.10.4 License, certificate and permit holders shall take every reasonable precaution to protect their
licenses, certificates and permits from loss, theft, defacement, destructing or unauthorized
duplication, and any such occurrence shall be reported immediately to [the issuing authority].

Section 2.11 Recordkeeping and Reporting

2.11.1 A holder of a license to manufacture, import, deal in, or use explosive materials shall make a
record of all transactions or operations involving explosive materials. Such record shall be made
available to [the issuing authority] upon request, and shall be retained for five years.

2.11.2 An accumulation of invoices, sales slips, delivery tickets, receipts, or similar papers representing
individual transactions shall satisfy the requirements for records provided they include the
signature of any receiver of the explosive materials.

2.11.3 A blaster shall make a daily record of all explosive materials received, used, or otherwise
disposed of by him. These records shall be retained for five years.

2.11.4 The issuing authority shall be notified promptly by a license or permit holder of a change in
business or home address.

2.11.5 The theft or loss of explosive materials shall be reported within 24 hours to [the issuing authority]
and to the ATF (Telephone 1-800-800-3855).

2.11.6 Records made and kept pursuant to regulations promulgated by any federal agency shall not be
required to be duplicated to satisfy the requirements of this section.

Section 2.12 Applications and Renewals

2.12.1 Application for a license or permit or its renewal shall be made to [the issuing authority] on forms
provided by it and shall contain such information as must be required.

2.12.2 If an application for renewal is filed with [the issuing authority] before the expiration of the old
license or permit, the renewal shall become effective when the old license or permit expires. No

5
 renewal license or permit shall be issued more than thirty days before the expiration date of the
current license permit.

2.12.3 If an application for renewal is filed after the expiration of the old license or permit, it shall be
considered as an application for a new license or permit.

2.12.4 Control of official documents and information. Prevent documents such as licenses, permits, and
other authorizations from reaching unauthorized individuals. Information shall be kept secure
and provided on a need-to-know basis.

ARTICLE 3: MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

Section 3.1 General Provisions

3.1.1 Explosive materials including, but not limited to, explosives containing explosive oils; slurry,
water gel and emulsion explosives and blasting agents; ANFO and other ammonium nitrate
blasting agents; initiating explosives; detonators; detonating cord; cast boosters; nitrated organics
such as PETN, TNT, and RDX; shall be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of
this Article.

3.1.2 The requirements of this Article shall not apply to the manufacture of explosive materials under
the regulations of the Department of Defense for military, naval services, other agencies of the
United States, or to arsenals, navy yards, depots and other establishments owned by or on behalf
of the United States.

3.1.3 Explosive materials shall also be manufactured in accordance with requirements of applicable
federal regulations, including but not limited to regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department
of Labor in Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations.

Section 3.2 General Requirements

3.2.1 Smoking shall be prohibited on the plant site, except where notices permitting it are posted.
Smoking by individuals whose clothing is contaminated with explosive materials or other
materials to the degree that safety of personnel is endangered shall be prohibited.

3.2.2 No individual shall carry matches or other flame-producing devices into explosive materials areas
without a written permit signed by an authorized supervisor. Such a permit shall apply only to
matches or other flame-producing devices of the kind approved by plant management.

3.2.3 All employees in explosive materials operations shall be subject to periodic searches. Searches
shall include all clothing, lunch boxes, lockers, and vehicles brought into the explosive materials
operation.

3.2.4 Intoxicating beverages, and narcotics or dangerous drugs shall be prohibited on the premises.
Any person under the influence of alcohol, or narcotics or dangerous drugs shall not be permitted
on the premises. All employees handling explosives must be subject to drug screening.

3.2.5 Lunch containers, food, tobacco products, and chewing gum (except tobacco products and
chewing gum placed in the mouth prior to entering) shall not be taken into the explosive materials
manufacturing buildings unless approved by management.

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3.2.6 No person shall carry or have in his possession firearms, ammunition, or articles of a similar
nature on the premises without written permission from management.

3.2.7 Flashlights shall not be permitted in explosive materials areas.

EXCEPTION: Flashlights of a type approved by the plant management.

3.2.8 Whenever a new explosive material manufacturing location is established, local authorities such
as law enforcement agencies, fire departments, and local emergency planning committees shall be
notified of explosive materials on site.

3.2.9 All normal access routes to explosive material manufacturing facilities shall be posted with the
following warning sign:
DANGER
NEVER FIGHT EXPLOSIVE FIRES
EXPLOSIVES ARE STORED ON THIS SITE
CALL _________________________

The sign shall be weather-resistant with a reflective surface and lettering shall be at least 2 inches (50
mm) high. The first two lines shall be in red lettering and the remaining printing in black.

3.2.10 Where fire departments from nearby municipalities or industrial centers are depended upon for
fire- fighting assistance, voluntary and mutual agreements for such assistance shall be entered
into with such departments.

3.2.11 Fires involving explosive materials shall not be fought, except where special instructions have
been issued for fighting fires involving explosive or highly flammable materials at specific
locations. Employees wearing clothing contaminated with ignitable materials shall not go near
fire.

3.2.12 Each employee involved in explosive materials operations shall wear clothing of a type approved
by management.

3.2.13 When required for hygienic reasons, employees shall take a shower bath at the end of each shift.

3.2.14 A set of procedures, or a "disaster" plan, shall be developed to handle emergency conditions at
explosives materials operations.

3.2.15 Manufacturing buildings on explosive materials plant sites shall be located from inhabited
buildings, public highways and passenger railways in accordance with the American Table of
Distances. (See IME Safety Library Publication No. 2: The American Table of Distances) High
explosive manufacturing buildings located on explosive materials plant sites constructed after
[as prescribed by the authority having jurisdiction] shall be separated by minimum distances
conforming to the requirements of the "Intra-Plant Distance Table for Use Only within Confines
of Explosives Manufacturing Plants". (See Appendix B) Stores of ammonium nitrate or blasting
agents on explosive materials manufacturing plants shall be separated in accordance with the
"Table of Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from
Explosives or Blasting Agents" (See IME Safety Library Publication No. 2: The American Table
of Distances).

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3.2.16 The land within 25 feet (7.6 m) of any manufacturing or mixing plant shall be kept clear of
rubbish, brush, dried grass, leaves, dead trees, all live trees less than 10 feet (3 m) high, and other
combustible materials.

3.2.17 Personnel and explosive materials limits should be posted for operating buildings.

3.2.18 Personnel exits in explosive materials buildings shall be kept clear at all times.

3.2.19 Operating rules or practices shall be developed and approved by management, and posted for
each explosive material operation. No deviations shall be permitted without management
approval.

3.2.20 Operating personnel shall receive training in pertinent rules and practices before working in
explosive materials operations.

3.2.21 Explosive materials contaminated by foreign matter or any material contaminated by explosive
materials, shall be disposed of or recycled using procedures approved by management and in
accordance with relevant regulations.

3.2.22 Personnel shall not enter, remain in, or go near explosive materials manufacturing buildings
unless necessary for performance of duties.

3.2.23 Foreign objects or materials (physical and non-thermal considerations)

a. Raw materials, demilitarized explosives, and reworked materials used in manufacturing processes
shall not contain foreign objects that must create an impact or friction hazard. Procedures to
prevent hazardous foreign objects from entering the manufacturing process shall include:
1. Supplier certification, and one or more of the following;
2. X-ray, metal detectors, or other nonintrusive detection,
3. Screening, or
4. Visual inspection.
b. Procedures to prevent material that must create a hazard from entering the manufacturing process
shall be established.
c. The minimum size of foreign object and any material that must create a hazard shall be
determined for each manufacturing process.
d. Operators must be trained in the types of foreign objects that must be present in explosives and
the consequence of these materials in the operations.
e. Manufacturing equipment shall be designed and maintained to prevent entry of foreign objects or
materials.
f. Certification from known supplier's of raw materials or demilitarized explosives shall include a
description of the procedures used to eliminate foreign objects or state that no procedures were
used to eliminate foreign objects.
g. If supplier certification or manufacturer's experience indicate there is a possibility of hazardous
foreign objects being present in the raw material or demilitarized explosive, nonintrusive
detection or screening procedures shall be employed.
h. If no procedures were used by the supplier to eliminate foreign objects from the raw material or
demilitarized explosive, nonintrusive detection or screening procedures shall be employed.
i. X-ray detection, metal detectors, or other nonintrusive detection apparatus shall be calibrated as
needed to detect hazardous foreign objects.
j. Screens shall be suitable for processing the materials safely and of a size that will not allow
hazardous foreign objects to pass. Screens shall be used in a pre-use process and/or in the

8
 dispersion of the explosives into the machinery. Additionally, screens could be used in the
manufacturing process, if designed to be used safely.
k. Foreign objects removed from raw materials, demilitarized explosives, or reworked materials
shall be disposed of in an approved manner.

3.2.24 Excess explosive materials and packaging contaminated with explosive materials shall be placed
in approved, marked containers. Excess explosive materials shall be kept separated from all other
materials, and shall be disposed of or reworked in accordance with established operating
procedures and relevant regulations.

3.2.25 Floors and traffic areas shall be swept frequently to prevent accumulation of explosive materials.

3.2.26 Tools and equipment shall be kept in an approved location when not in use during operations.

3.2.27 Mixers, pumps, valves, and related equipment shall be designed to permit regular and periodic
flushing, cleaning, dismantling, inspection, and maintenance. Before welding or repairing hollow
shafts of mixing equipment, all blasting agents including slurries, emulsions, and water gels and
their ingredients shall be removed from the outside and inside of the shaft, and the shaft is vented
through an opening at least one-half inch in diameter.

3.2.28 All electrical equipment including wiring, switches, controls, motors, and lights, shall conform to
the requirements of the National Electric Code and 29 CFR 1910.109, Subpart S.

3.2.29 All electric motors and generators shall be provided with suitable overload protection devices.
Electrical generators, motors, proportioning devices, and all other electrical enclosures shall be
electrically bonded. The grounding conductor to all such electrical equipment shall be effectively
bonded to the service-entrance ground connection and to all equipment ground connections in a
manner so as to provide a continuous low resistance path to ground.

3.2.30 During the approach and progress of an electrical storm, all explosive material manufacturing and
handling operations shall be suspended and personnel withdrawn to a safe location.

3.2.31 Ventilation equipment, where required, shall be operating and all personnel exits unlocked before
operations are begun.

3.2.32 Watches, tie pins or clips, earrings, and all other jewelry, including finger rings, shall not be worn
in operating buildings where they may create a hazard.

3.2.33 Repairs to explosive material processing machinery or dismantling of equipment or facilities shall
not begin until prescribed clean up and decontamination has been performed. All such repair
work must be approved by authorized supervisory personnel.

3.2.34 All new, or newly repaired, process equipment used in explosive material operations shall be
examined and test-operated before being placed into routine service.

3.2.35 Only tools approved by management shall be used for construction, maintenance, and repairs in
explosive material operations.

3.2.36 Process temperatures and contacting equipment surface temperatures shall be less than the
decomposition temperature of any ingredient or mixture used.

9
3.2.37 Spills of Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 explosives, or materials containing Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3
explosives, shall be cleaned up immediately.

3.2.38 Whenever new or special ingredients are introduced, specific handling requirements shall be
adopted and employed to assure the safe handling of these ingredients.

3.2.39 Machinery and equipment used in conjunction with explosive manufacturing processes shall be
inspected and maintained as a part of a programmed preventive maintenance system. Such
inspections shall be documented and recorded.

3.2.40 Hot work operations shall be performed by permit only.

3.2.41 Contract personnel working in explosive manufacturing areas shall be instructed on site-specific
standard operating procedures, emergency procedures, hot work operations, and explosive
magazine safety procedures prior to engaging in any activity. Contractors shall provide Material
Safety Data Sheets to contract employees.

3.2.42 A Management of Change standard procedure shall be established for the hazard potentials which
could result from changes in explosive manufacturing processes, raw materials and/or explosive
formulations, or manufacturing equipment.

3.2.43 Material Safety Data Sheets for raw materials and explosives shall be readily available for site
employees and contractors.

3.2.44 Processes where 1.1 or 1.2 explosives are manufactured shall be reviewed by applying hazard
assessment techniques such as: "What-If" checklists, fault tree analyses, failure mode and effects
analyses, or other appropriate methods.

3.2.45 General Site Control for Permanent Locations

a. Where high explosives are manufactured at permanent locations, the facilities should be enclosed
by fences with gates capable of being locked.
b. The integrity of the fences and gates should be checked periodically.
c. The number of entrances should be limited to the minimum number necessary to conduct
operations.
d. Entrance to the facility should be restricted and controlled to only those authorized to have
access.
e. Entrances should have a gate or other barrier that requires the vehicle to stop.
f. All buildings containing in-process explosives and precursor chemicals should be locked or
attended by workers.
g. All buildings containing in-process explosives and precursor chemicals should be locked or
attended by workers.
h. The land within 10 feet (3.05 m) of any fence or gate should be maintained for a clear field of
view.

3.2.46 Precautions shall be taken to avoid accidental initiation of explosives from current induced by
radio frequency sources, lightning, adjacent power lines, dust and snow storms or other sources of
extraneous electricity. These precautions shall include but not be limited to compliance with the
latest recommendations of the Institute of Makers of Explosives found in Safety Library
Publication 20: Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards in the
Use of Commercial Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps).

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Section 3.3 Manufacture of Ammonium Nitrate – Fuel Oil Mixtures or Other Types of Dry
Blasting Agents (1.5 materials)

3.3.1 In addition to the General Provisions and General Requirements of sections 3.1 and 3.2,
respectively, the following requirements shall apply to the manufacture of ammonium nitrate –
fuel oil mixtures or other types of dry blasting agents (Division 1.5 materials).

3.3.2 The requirements of this section do not apply to slurry, water gel and emulsion explosive
materials.

3.3.3 Fixed Location Mixing

Buildings or other facilities used for the mixing of blasting agents shall conform to the following
requirements, unless other requirements are specified by another authority having appropriate
jurisdiction over such buildings and facilities.
a. The exterior shall be constructed of noncombustible materials.
b. Floors shall be of concrete or other nonabsorbent material. They shall have no drains or piping
into which molten materials could flow and be confined during a fire.
c. All liquid fuel storage facilities, including fuel oil, shall be separated from the manufacturing
plant, and located in such a manner that in case of tank rupture the liquid will drain away from
the manufacturing plant; or diked in a manner to contain the tank contents in case of rupture.
d. Only heating units which do not depend on combustion processes, properly designed and located,
shall be used in the plant. Electric heaters with exposed resistance elements shall be prohibited.
All combustion sources of heat shall be provided from units located outside the mixing building.
e. All internal combustion engines, such as diesel or gasoline-powered generators, shall be located
outside the mixing building, or shall be isolated by a permanent firewall and adequately
ventilated. The exhaust systems on all such engines shall be provided with spark arrester
mufflers, or be remotely located, so that spark emissions will not present a hazard to materials in
or adjacent to the building.

3.3.4 Equipment Used for Mixing

a. The design of the processing equipment, including mixing and conveying equipment, shall be
compatible with the relative sensitivity of the materials being handled. Equipment shall be
designed to minimize the possibility of frictional heating, compaction, overloading, confinement,
and the accumulation of dust. All surfaces shall be accessible for cleaning. All hollow shafts
shall be constructed to permit venting with an opening of at least 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) diameter.
b. Means shall be provided to prevent the flow of fuel to the mixer in case of fire. In gravity flow
systems, an automatic spring-loaded shut-off valve with fusible link shall be installed or other
equivalent methods.

3.3.5 Mix Plant Operation

a. The mixing, loading, and ingredient transfer areas where residues or spilled materials may
accumulate shall be cleaned periodically. A cleaning and collection system for dangerous
residues shall be provided.
b. A daily visual inspection shall be made of the mixing, conveying and electrical equipment to
determine that such equipment is in good operating condition. A program of systematic
maintenance shall be conducted on a regular schedule.
c. The entire mixing and packaging plant shall be cleaned regularly to prevent excessive
accumulation of dust, grease, and product ingredients.

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 d. Smoking, matches, flame-producing devices, open flames and firearms or cartridges shall not be
permitted inside of, or within 50 feet (15.2 m) of, any building used for the mixing of blasting
agents.
e. Empty ingredient bags shall be disposed of daily in an approved manner.
f. No welding shall be permitted, nor open flames allowed in or around the mixing or storage area
of the plant, unless the equipment and area have been completely washed down and all fuels and
oxidizing material removed. Prior to any welding, cutting, burning, or brazing a hot work permit
shall be issued.
g. Other explosive materials shall not be stored in any building used for the mixing of blasting
agents.

3.3.6 Construction of Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles

a. The body of each vehicle used for the bulk delivery and mixing of blasting agents shall be
constructed of noncombustible materials.
b. All moving parts of the mixing system shall be designed so as to prevent heat build-up. Shafts or
axles which contact the product shall have outboard bearings.
c. Bulk mix delivery equipment shall be strong enough to carry the load without difficulty and be in
good mechanical condition.
d. When electric power is supplied by a self-contained motor generator located on the vehicle, the
motor generator shall be separated from the blasting agent discharge.
e. Processing equipment shall conform to the provisions of Section 3.3.4.
f. A positive action parking brake which will set the wheel brakes on at least one axle shall be
provided on vehicles equipped with air brakes and shall be used during bulk delivery operations.
Wheel chocks shall supplement parking brakes whenever conditions require.

3.3.7 Blasting Site Operation of Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles

a. Motor vehicles transporting blasting agents shall be driven by a properly licensed driver not less
than 21 years of age. The driver shall be physically fit, careful, capable, reliable, and able to read
and write the English language. The driver shall be familiar with applicable local, state, and
federal laws and regulations governing the transportation of explosive materials to the location
and on the site.
b. The driver shall not be an unlawful user of, or addicted to, alcohol, narcotics, or dangerous drugs.
c. The driver shall be trained in the safe operation of the vehicle, including its mixing, conveying,
and related equipment. He shall be familiar with the product being delivered and the general
procedure for handling emergency situations.
d. No one shall be permitted to ride on, load, or unload a vehicle containing blasting agents while
under the influence of intoxicants, narcotics, or dangerous drugs.
e. No person shall smoke, carry matches or any other flame-producing device, or carry any firearms
while in or near bulk vehicles involved in mixing, transferring or down-the-hole loading of
blasting agents.
f. Caution shall be exercised in the movement of the motor vehicle at the blast site to avoid driving
the vehicle over loaded boreholes or dragging hoses over boreholes, firing lines, detonating
cords, detonator wires or tubes, or explosive materials.
g. Vehicles and equipment shall not be driven over explosives material or initiating systems in a
manner which would contact the material or system, or create other hazards. No in-transit mixing
of blasting agents shall be performed.

3.3.8 Repairs to Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles

a. No welding or open flames shall be used on or around any part of a bulk delivery vehicle until all
oxidizing materials and blasting agents have been removed, the equipment has been completely
washed down and a hot work permit has been issued.

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 b. Before welding or making repairs to hollow shafts, all fuel and oxidizing material shall be
removed from the outside and inside of the shaft by a thorough washing, the shaft shall be vented
with a minimum 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) diameter opening and a hot work permit shall be issued.

Section 3.4 Manufacture of Slurry, Water Gel, and Emulsion Explosive Materials

3.4.1 In addition to the General Provisions and General Requirements of sections 3.1 and 3.2
respectively, the following requirements shall apply to the manufacture of slurry, water gel, and
emulsion explosive materials.

3.4.2 General Requirements

Handling and processing procedures shall prevent the explosive materials, or their liquid
ingredients, from drying out or otherwise losing their liquid or water content.

3.4.3 Fixed Location Mixing

a. The exterior of manufacturing buildings shall be of noncombustible construction.
b. Floors shall be of concrete or other nonabsorbent materials. They shall have no drains to piping
into which molten materials could flow and be confined during a fire.
c. All liquid fuel storage facilities, including fuel oil, shall be separated from the manufacturing
plant and located in such a manner that in case of tank rupture, the liquid will drain away from
the manufacturing plant, or be diked in a manner to contain the tank contents in case of rupture.
d. Manufacturing buildings shall be ventilated to prevent harmful exposure to fumes or dusts.
e. Only heating units which do not depend on combustion processes, properly designed and located,
shall be used in the plant. Electric heaters with exposed resistance elements shall be prohibited.
All combustion sources of heat shall be provided from units located outside the manufacturing
building.
f. Spills or leaks of oxidizer salt solution which may contaminate combustible materials shall be
cleaned up immediately. Fire extinguishing equipment classified for Class D fires shall be located
in areas where aluminum powder is stored.
g. Metal powders such as aluminum shall be kept dry and shall be stored in containers or bins which
are moisture-resistant or weather tight. Solid fuels shall be handled in such a manner as to
prevent dust explosion hazards.
h. Oxidizers and fuels shall be stored in separate buildings or in such a manner that intermixing will
not occur in the event of spills.
i. The design of the processing equipment, including mixing and conveying equipment, shall be
compatible with the relative sensitivity of the materials being handled. Equipment shall be
designed to minimize the possibility of frictional heating, compaction, overloading, and
confinement.

3.4.4 Construction of Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles

a. Motor vehicles used over public highways for the bulk transportation of slurry, water gel, and
emulsion explosive materials, or ingredients used in their formulation, shall meet the
requirements of Article 4.
b. Processing equipment shall conform to the requirements of Section 3.4.3.
c. A positive action parking brake which will set the wheel brakes on at least one axle shall be
provided on motor vehicles equipped with air brakes and shall be used during bulk delivery
operations. Wheel chocks shall supplement parking brakes whenever conditions require.
d. Pressure relief valves shall be installed on containers of ingredients that may produce pressures
under confinement. The valve discharge shall be directed so as to prevent harm to personnel in
the vicinity of the motor vehicle.

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 e. Liquid ingredient tanks shall be constructed to dampen movements of contents during
transportation if such movements could cause a loss of motor vehicle control or any other
hazardous condition.

3.4.5 Blast Site Operation of Bulk Delivery and Mixing Vehicles

a. Motor vehicles transporting slurry, water gel, and emulsion explosive materials, or ingredients for
their formulation, shall be driven by a properly licensed driver no less than 21 years of age. The
driver shall be physically fit, careful, capable, reliable, and able to read and write the English
language. The driver shall be familiar with applicable local, state, and federal laws and
regulations governing the transportation of explosive materials, or ingredients for their formulation,
to the location and on the site.
b. The driver shall not be an unlawful user of, or addicted to, alcohol, narcotics, or dangerous drugs.
c. The driver shall be trained in the safe operation of the motor vehicle, including its mixing,
conveying, and related equipment. He shall be familiar with the product being delivered and the
general procedure for handling emergency situations.
d. No one shall be permitted to ride on, load or unload, a motor vehicle containing explosive
materials, or ingredients for their formulation, while under the influence of intoxicants, narcotics,
or dangerous drugs.
e. No person shall smoke, carry matches or any other flame-producing device, or carry any firearms
while in or near motor vehicles involved in the mixing, transfer, or down-the-hole loading of
explosive materials.
f. Caution shall be exercised in the movement of the motor vehicle at the blast site to avoid driving
the vehicle over loaded boreholes or dragging hoses over boreholes, firing lines, detonator wires
or tubes, or explosive materials. Vehicles and equipment shall not be driven over explosives
material or initiating systems in a manner which would contact the material or system, or create
other hazards.
g. No in-transit mixing of explosive materials shall be performed

ARTICLE 4: TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ON HIGHWAYS

Section 4.1 General Provisions

4.1.1 The transportation of explosive materials over all highways [within area of the authority having
jurisdiction] shall be in accordance with regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation.

4.1.2 Explosive materials shall not be transported through any prohibited vehicular tunnel, or subway,
or over any prohibited bridge, roadway, or elevated highway.

4.1.3 No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar, or pipe on or within 25 feet (7.6 m) of a
motor vehicle which contains explosives, oxidizing materials or flammable materials.

4.1.4 No one shall drive, load, or unload a motor vehicle transporting explosive materials in a careless
or reckless manner.

4.1.5 Explosive materials shall not be carried or transported in or upon a public conveyance.

4.1.6 Explosive materials shall not be transferred from one motor vehicle to another on any public
highway, street, or road within the [name of city, county, state or other area] without informing
the fire and police departments thereof. In the event of breakdown or collision, the local fire and

14
 police departments shall be promptly notified of the location and type of cargo. Explosive
materials shall be transferred from the disabled vehicle to another vehicle only under proper and
qualified supervision.

4.1.7 When detonators are transported with other explosive materials in the same motor vehicle such
transport shall be in accordance with regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation.

4.1.8 Vehicles transporting Division 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 materials shall be attended at all times.

Section 4.2 Transportation Vehicles

4.2.1 Vehicles used for transporting explosive materials shall be strong enough to carry the load and be
in good mechanical condition. The explosive materials must be carried entirely within the body
of the vehicle and covered during transport if the cargo area is not enclosed.

4.2.2 Motor vehicles, when used for transporting any quantity of explosive materials over the public
highway, shall display the placards and markings required by regulations of the U.S. Department
of Transportation.

4.2.3 Each motor vehicle used for transporting explosive materials shall be equipped with at least two
fire extinguishers, each with a rating of at least 4-A:40-B:C.
a. Only extinguishers listed or approved by a nationally recognized fire equipment testing laboratory
shall be used on motor vehicles carrying explosive materials. They shall be designed,
constructed, and maintained to permit visual determination of whether they are fully charged.
b. Extinguishers shall be located where they will be accessible for immediate use.
c. Extinguishers shall be examined and recharged periodically in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendation.
d. Where trucks are operated in temperatures below 0° F (-17.8° C), dry powder extinguishers shall
be pressurized with nitrogen gas.

4.2.4 A motor vehicle used for transporting explosive materials shall be inspected each day before use
to determine that it is in proper condition for safe transportation, including:
a. the fire extinguishers are charged and ready for use;
b. all electrical wiring is protected and fastened to prevent short-circuiting;
c. chassis, motor, pan and underside of body is reasonably clean and free of excess oil and grease;
d. fuel tanks, feed lines, and cross-over lines are secure and have no leaks.
e. brakes, lights, horns, windshield wipers and defrosters, and steering apparatus are functioning
properly; and
f. tires have proper inflation and are free of defects.

Section 4.3 Operation of Transportation Vehicles

4.3.1 Motor vehicles transporting explosive materials shall be driven by, and be in the charge of, a
properly licensed driver not less than 21 years of age. The driver shall be physically fit, careful,
capable, reliable, and able to read and write the English language. The driver shall not be an
unlawful user of, or addicted to, alcohol, narcotics, or dangerous drugs. The driver shall be
familiar with applicable local, state, and federal laws and regulations governing the transportation
of explosive materials.

15
4.3.2 Except under emergency conditions, no vehicle transporting explosive materials shall be parked
before reaching its destination, even though attended, on any highway adjacent to or in proximity
to any bridge, tunnel, dwelling, building, or place where people work, congregate, or assemble.

4.3.3 Every motor vehicle transporting any quantity of Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 materials shall, at all
times, be attended by a driver or qualified representative of the motor carrier. Such attendant
shall have been:
a. made aware of the class of explosive materials in the motor vehicle and of its inherent dangers;
b. instructed in the measures and procedures to be followed in order to protect the public from such
inherent dangers;
c. familiarized with the vehicle he is assigned to attend; and
d. trained, authorized, and enabled to move the vehicle when required.

4.3.4 For the purpose of this section, a motor vehicle shall be deemed "attended" only when such
attendant:
a. is physically on or in the vehicle, or has it within his field of vision and can reach it quickly
without any interference; and
b. is awake and alert and not engaged in other duties or activities which divert his attention for the
vehicle.
Provided however;
c. that if there is a single attendant he must be absent from the vehicle for a brief period (1) for
necessary communication with public officers, or representatives of the carrier, shipper or
consignee, or (2) when necessary to provide for physical comfort; and
d. that a vehicle laden with Class 1 materials must be left unattended if parked within a "safe haven"
in accordance with the provisions of 49 CFR.

4.3.5 Tires shall be checked for proper inflation and general conditions at every rest stop. Flat or
overheated tires shall be removed from the vehicle immediately. After removal the tire shall be
placed far enough from the vehicle so that a spontaneous ignition of the tire will not endanger the
vehicle or its cargo. The tire shall not be replaced on the vehicle until it has been cooled below
the danger of ignition nor shall it be used until the cause for overheating has been corrected.
4.3.6 No metal, tools, oils, matches, firearms, electric storage batteries, flammable substances, acid,
oxidizing materials or corrosive compounds shall be carried in the body of any motor vehicle
transporting explosive materials except as permitted by regulations of the U.S. Department of
Transportation.

4.3.7 Vehicles transporting explosive materials shall avoid congested areas and heavy traffic and shall
follow specific routes if designated by local authorities.

4.3.8 Delivery shall only be made to authorized persons and into authorized magazines or approved
temporary storage, handling, or use areas.

4.3.9 Motor vehicles transporting explosive materials shall come to a full stop before crossing any
railway track or main highway, and shall not proceed until the driver determines that the way is
clear.

4.3.10 Only authorized persons shall be permitted on a motor vehicle transporting explosive materials.

16
 ARTICLE 5: STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

Section 5.1 General Provisions

5.1.1 Whenever a new explosive materials storage location, including a temporary job site is
established, local authorities such as law enforcement agencies, fire departments and local
emergency planning committees shall be notified immediately of the type, quantity, and location
of the explosive materials on site.

5.1.2 Explosive materials shall be stored in locked magazines unless they are:
a. in the process of manufacture;
b. being physically handled in an operating process;
c. being used; or
d. being loaded or unloaded into or from transportation vehicles or while in the course of being
transported.

5.1.3 Explosive materials shall be stored in magazines which meet the requirements of this Article.

Section 5.2 Classification and Use of Magazines

See the most recent edition of IME SLP-1, “Construction Guide for Storage Magazines” for magazine
classification

5.2.1 Indoor Magazines

a. An indoor magazine shall not be located in a residence or dwelling.

b. Indoor magazines shall not require ventilation.
c. The total quantity of low explosives, high explosives and blasting agents stored shall not exceed
50 pounds (22.7 kg).

EXCEPTION: If the blasting agent indoor storage magazine conforms to the distance requirements
of the American Table of Distances or is approved on a risk basis as determined by IMESAFR by
the authority having jurisdiction for separation of magazines and location from inhabited buildings,
highways and passenger railways; then more than 50 pounds (22.7 kg) may be stored.

d. The total quantity of detonators stored shall not exceed 5,000 detonators.
e. Detonators shall be stored in a magazine separate from other explosive materials.
f. Magazines shall be fire and theft resistant.
NOTE: Magazines located in a secured room which provides protection against theft require only
one steel padlock having at least five tumblers with a case-hardened shackle of at least 3/8 inches
(9.5 mm) diameter. No lock hood is required.
g. Bullet or weather resistance shall not be required for magazines located in buildings which
provide this protection.
h. Minimum construction standards for indoor magazines for high and low explosives and
detonators shall be in accordance with Section 5.5.7.
i. Minimum construction standards for indoor blasting agents’ magazines shall be those for a Type
5 magazine.

17
Section 5.3 Location of Magazines

5.3.1 All outdoor magazines except Type 3 shall be located in compliance with the American Table of
Distances for Storage of Explosive Materials 2 (ATD) or approved on a risk basis as determined
by IMESAFR by the authority having jurisdiction when determining minimum distances to
inhabited buildings, railways and highways. Location of blasting agents manufacturing plants
and storage of blasting agents and ammonium nitrate shall be in compliance with Table of
Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting Agents from Explosives
or Blasting Agents (TSD) 3 as well as the ATD or approved on a risk basis as determined by
IMESAFR by the authority having jurisdiction.

§5.3.2 Separation Distances in the ATD or the TSD, or both, shall be used when determining minimum
separation of storage magazines and facilities for Class 1 materials (explosive and blasting
agents) and Division 5.1 materials (ammonium nitrate) at storage sites. Normally the "Separation
of Magazines" column of the ATD is used for the separation of Class 1 materials.

EXCEPTIONS:

When Division 1.5 (blasting agents) or Division 5.1 (ammonium nitrate) materials are stored in
Type 4 or 5 magazines (non-bullet-resistant) the separation of such storage magazines shall be
based on the "donor/receptor" relationship found in the TSD.

When Division 1.5 materials (blasting agents) or Division 5.1 materials (oxidizers, e.g. ammonium
nitrate) are stored in Type 1 or 2 magazines (bullet-resistant) the separation of such storage
magazines shall be based on the ATD when such magazines are unbarricaded and on the TSD
when the magazines are barricaded.

Black powder (Division 1.1) and certain propellants (Division 1.2 or 1.3) are considered as low
explosives by ATF (27 CFR) for storage purposes and can be stored in Type 4 magazines. Such
storage magazines shall be sited and separated in accordance with the Table of Distances for
Storage of Low Explosives shown in Appendix C.

2
See current edition of Institute of Makers of Explosives, Safety Library Publication Number 2, THE AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES
3
ibid

18
TABLE 5-C Criteria for Using the ATD or TSD

SEPARATION OF MAGAZINES
TYPE OF DONOR TYPE OF RECEPTOR
DETERMINED BY –

1.1, 1.2, 1.4 Materials 1.1, 1.2, 1.4 Materials Use "Separation of Magazine"
(Explosives) (Explosives) Column in ATD.

Use "Blasting Agent" Column in

1.1, 1.2, 1.4 Materials 1.5 Materials TSD when blasting agents are
(Explosives) (Blasting Agents) stored in non bullet-proof
magazines.

§5.3.3 Indoor magazines shall be located on a building floor which has an entrance at or ramps to
exterior grade level and shall be located not more than 10 feet (3 m) from such an entrance.
When two magazines are located in the same building and one is used for the storage of
detonators a minimum distance of 10 feet (3 m) shall be maintained between magazines. The
local fire department shall be notified of the location of the magazines and of any change in
location.

5.3.4 Type 3 magazines shall be located as far away as practicable, or on a risk basis as determined by
IMESAFR, from neighboring inhabited buildings, railways, highways, and other magazines and
shall be attended when containing explosive materials. At the end of the workday, all explosive
materials shall be transferred to a Type 1, 2, 4, or 5 magazine, as appropriate. When Type 3
magazines are used for attended storage at blast sites, detonators and other explosive materials
shall not be stored together in the same magazine; separate Type 3 magazines shall be provided.

Section 5.4 Construction of Magazines – General

5.4.1 Magazines shall be constructed in conformity with the provisions of this Article, or in a manner
substantially equivalent to the standards of security and safety contained herein.

5.4.2 The ground around a magazine shall be graded in such a manner that water will drain away from
the magazine.

5.4.3 Magazines requiring heat shall be heated by either hot water radiant heating within the magazine
or air directed into the magazine over either hot water or low pressure (not more than 15 pounds
per square inch gauge [psig]) steam coils located outside the magazine.

5.4.4 Magazine heating systems shall meet the following requirements:

a. Hot water radiant heating coils within the magazine shall be installed in such a manner that the
explosive materials or their containers cannot contact the coils and air is free to circulate between
the coils and the explosive materials or their containers.
b. Heating ducts shall be installed in such a manner that the hot air discharge from the duct is not
directed against the explosive materials or their containers.
c. Heating devices used in connection with a magazine shall have controls which prevent the
ambient temperature in the magazine from exceeding 120° F (49°C).
d. Electric fans or pumps used in a heating system for a magazine shall be mounted outside and
separate from the wall of the magazine and shall be grounded.

19
 e. Electric fan or pump motors and controls for electrical heating devices used in heating water or
steam shall have overload protection and disconnects which comply with the National Electrical
Code. All electrical switching devices shall be located outside and separate from the wall of the
magazine and shall be grounded.
f. Electric heating coils or electric heating sources for water or steam shall be separated from the
magazine by a distance of not less than 25 feet (7.6 m). A fuel-fired heating source for water or
steam shall be separated from the magazine by a distance of not less than 50 feet (15.2 m). The
area between the heating unit and the magazine shall be clear of all combustible materials.
g. Explosive materials shall be stored in a manner which will allow air circulation so as to promote
temperature uniformity throughout the magazine.

5.4.5 When lights are necessary inside the magazine, electric safety flashlights or electric safety
lanterns shall be used. The [authority having jurisdiction] must authorize interior lighting of
special design for magazines. If lighting is authorized in a magazine, the following minimum
requirement shall be followed:
a. Junction box containing fuses or breakers and cut-off switches shall be located outside and at
least 25 feet (7.6 m) from the magazine.
b. Switches and fuses or breakers shall be protected by a voltage-surge arrester capable of handling
2,500 amperes for 0.1 seconds.
c. All wiring from the switch, both inside and outside the magazine, shall be in rigid conduit.
Outside wiring from the switch to the magazine shall be underground.
d. Conduit and light fixtures in the magazine shall be protected against physical damage by guards
or by location.
e. Light fixtures shall be suitably enclosed to prevent sparks or hot metal from falling on the floor or
on materials stored in the magazine.
f. Junction boxes inside the magazine shall have no openings and shall be equipped with close-
fitting covers.
g. Wiring and fixtures shall conform to the National Electrical Code.
h. Interior magazine lights shall be turned off when the magazine is unattended.

5.4.6 Type 1, 2, 3, or 4 magazines shall be constructed with lattice, paint, mastic, or equivalent lining,
to prevent contact of explosive materials with masonry walls or ferrous metal.

5.4.7 Linings specified in 5.4.6 shall not be required in Type 5 magazines provided the interior walls
cannot rupture the package of explosive materials.

Section 5.5 Construction of Magazines

See the most recent edition of IME SLP-1, “Construction Guide for Storage Magazines” for magazine
design and construction.

Section 5.6 Magazine Operations

5.6.1 Storage within Magazines

a. One person shall be in charge of a magazine. The person shall be at least 21 years of age,
conversant with, and responsible for the enforcement of all safety rules regarding operation of the
magazine. All personnel handling explosives must be a possessor or responsible person as
determined by ATF according to the Safe Explosives Act.
b. All magazines containing explosive materials shall be inspected at intervals of not greater that
seven days to determine whether there has been an unauthorized entry or attempted entry into the
magazines, or unauthorized removal of the magazines or their contents.

20
c. Magazine doors shall be kept locked when the magazine is unattended.
d. Current safety rules covering the operations of magazines shall be posted on the interior of the
magazine.
e. When explosive material is removed from a magazine for use, the oldest useable stocks shall be
removed first.
f. Corresponding grades and brands shall be stored together and in such a manner that brand and
grade marks are visible. All stocks shall be stored so as to be easily counted and checked.
g. Packages of explosive materials shall be stacked in a stable manner, not exceeding 8 feet in
height.
h. Packages of explosive materials which have been opened shall be closed before being placed in a
magazine. Only fiberboard packages maybe opened in the magazine.
i. Packages of damaged explosive materials shall not be unpacked or repacked in, or within 50 feet
(15.2 m) of, a magazine or in close proximity to other explosive materials.
j. Magazines shall be used exclusively for the storage of explosive materials and other such blasting
materials and accessories as must be permitted [by the authority having jurisdiction]. No tools,
except approved conveying and cleaning equipment, shall be stored in a magazine.
k. Magazine floors shall be swept regularly and kept clean, dry, free of grit, paper and rubbish.
Sweepings from floors of magazines shall be disposed of in accordance with approved practices.
l. When explosive materials have deteriorated to an extent that they are in an unstable or dangerous
condition, or any liquid leaks from any explosive materials, the person in possession of such
explosive materials shall immediately contact the supplier or manufacturer. Only experienced
persons shall direct the work of disposing of explosive materials.
m. Magazine floors stained with liquid shall be dealt with according to instructions obtained from the
manufacturer of the explosive materials stored in the magazine.
n. When magazines need interior repairs all explosive materials shall be removed and the floors
cleaned before and after making repairs.
o. In making exterior magazine repairs, when there is a possibility of causing a fire, all explosive
materials shall first be removed from the magazine.
p. Explosive materials removed from a magazine under repair shall either be placed in another
magazine or placed a safe distance from the magazine, where they shall be properly guarded and
protected until repairs have been completed. Upon completion of repairs, the explosive materials
shall be promptly returned to the magazine.
q. Smoking, matches, flame-producing devices, open flames, and firearms or cartridges shall not be
permitted inside of or within 50 feet (15.2 m) of magazines.
r. The land within 25 feet (7.6 m) of any magazine shall be kept clear of rubbish, brush, dried grass,
leaves, dead trees, and all live trees less than 10 feet (3 m) high.
s. Volatile materials shall not be stored within 50 feet (15.2 m) of magazines.
t. Explosive materials recovered from blasting misfires shall be placed in a magazine until an
experienced person has determined the method of disposal.
u. The premises upon which all outdoor magazines, except Type 3, are located shall be posted with
signs reading "Explosives – Keep Off." These signs shall be in contrasting colors with a
minimum letter size of 3 inches (75 mm) height with 1/2 inch (12.5 mm) brush stroke. All signs
shall be located so that a bullet passing through the sign will not strike a magazine and no sign
shall be attached to a magazine.
v. The placards required by 49 CFR for the transportation of blasting agents shall be displayed on all
Type 5 magazines in which blasting agents are being stored.
w. All normal access routes to explosive materials storage facilities shall be posted with the
following warning sign:

21
 DANGER
NEVER FIGHT EXPLOSIVE FIRES
EXPLOSIVES ARE STORED ON THIS SITE
CALL ___________________________

The sign shall be weather-resistant with a reflective surface and lettering at least 2 inches (50 mm) high.
The first two lines shall be in red lettering and the remaining printing in black.

ARTICLE 6: USE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

Section 6.1 General Provisions

6.1.1 Blast crew member(s) shall be at least 18 years of age and be supervised by a blaster.

6.1.2 All personnel handling explosives must not be:

a. under indictment for, or who has been convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by
imprisonment for a term exceeding one year;
b. a fugitive from justice;
c. an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance (as defined in Section 102 of the
Controlled Substances Act);
d. adjudicated as a mental defective or who has been committed to a mental institution;
e. an alien, other than an alien who—
1. is lawfully admitted for permanent residence (as term is defined in Section 101(a)(20) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act);
2. is in lawful nonimmigrant status, is a refugee admitted under Section 207 of the Immigration
and Nationality Act or is in asylum status under Section 208 of the Immigration and
Nationality Act and—
i. is a foreign law enforcement officer of a friendly foreign government, as determined by the
Secretary in consultation with the Secretary of State, entering the United States on official
law enforcement business, and the shipping, transporting, possession, or receipt of explosive
materials is in furtherance of this official law enforcement business; or
ii. is a person having the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies
of a corporation, partnership, or association licensed pursuant to Section 843(a), and the
shipping, transporting, possession, or receipt of explosive materials is in furtherance of such
power;
3. is a member of a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or other friendly foreign military
force, as determined by the Attorney General in consultation with the Secretary of Defense,
who is present in the United States under military orders for training or other military purpose
authorized by the United States and the shipping, transporting, possession, or receipt of
explosive materials is in furtherance of the authorized military purpose; or
4. is lawfully present in the United States in cooperation with the Director of Central Intelligence,
and the shipment, transportation, receipt, or possession of the explosive materials is in
furtherance of such cooperation;
f. who has been discharged from the armed forces under dishonorable conditions; or
g. who having been a citizen of the United States, has renounced the citizenship of that person.

EXCEPTION: Paragraph 6.1.2 (e) does not apply to an ATF certified responsible person. Section 6.1.2
does not apply to a person granted relief from disabilities by ATF.

22
6.1.3 While explosive materials are being handled or used, smoking shall not be permitted and no one
near the explosive material shall possess matches, open lights, or fire or flame-producing devices.
No one shall handle explosive materials while under the influence of intoxicating liquors,
narcotics, or dangerous drugs.

6.1.4 Original containers, containers approved by DOT for packaging and transport purposes, or Type
3 Magazines, shall be used for transporting detonators and other explosives from storage
magazines to the blast site.
6.1.5 When any blasting is done, precautions shall be exercised to prevent damage and to minimize
earth vibration, air blast, thrown fragments, and hazards from toxic fumes.

6.1.6 When conducting blasting operations, the holder of the Blaster's certificate shall use reasonable
precautions, including but not limited to warning signals, flags, barricades or mats as must be
required or appropriate, to maximize safety.

6.1.7 Surface blasting operations shall be conducted during daylight hours only, except where special
permission of the authority having jurisdiction is obtained.

6.1.8 During the approach and progress of an electrical storm-

a. Surface blasting operations shall be suspended and persons withdrawn from the blast area or to a
safe location; or
b. Underground electrical blasting operations that are capable of being initiated by lightning shall be
suspended and all persons withdrawn from the blast area or to a safe location.

6.1.9 Whenever blasting is being conducted in the vicinity of any utility line, the blaster shall notify the
appropriate representatives of such utilities at least 24 hours in advance of blasting, specifying the
location and intended time of such blasting. Oral notice shall be confirmed with written notice.
In an emergency, this time limit must be waived by [the authority having jurisdiction].

6.1.10 Precautions shall be taken to avoid damage or accidental initiation of electronic detonators from
extraneous energy sources. Consult and follow the manufacturer's recommendations for specific
guidelines.

6.1.11 Precautions shall be taken to avoid accidental initiation of electric detonators from current induced
by radio frequency sources, lightning, adjacent power lines, dust and snow storms or other
sources of extraneous electricity. These precautions shall include but not be limited to the
following:
a. The posting of signs on all roads warning against the use of mobile radio transmitters within
1,000 feet (305 m) of the blasting operations.
b. Compliance with the latest recommendations of the IME Safety Library Publication Number 20:
Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of
Commercial Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps).

6.1.12 Empty containers and paper and fiber packing materials which have previously contained
explosive materials shall be disposed of in an approved manner.

6.1.13 Wooden or metal containers of explosive materials shall not be opened in any magazine or within
50 feet (15.2 m) of any magazine.

23
6.1.14 Explosive material or blasting equipment that is deteriorated or damaged shall not be used. The
manufacturer shall be consulted regarding the shelf life and destruction of all products.

6.1.15 No explosive materials shall be intentionally abandoned in any location for any reason, nor left in
such a manner that they must easily be obtained by children or other unauthorized persons. All
unused explosive materials shall be returned to proper storage facilities.

6.1.16 Explosive materials shall be loaded and used in a manner that is consistent with the
manufacturer's recommendations for that explosive material.

Section 6.2 Blasting Operations

6.2.1 All boreholes shall be of sufficient size to permit the free insertion of explosive materials.

6.2.2 Tamping shall be done with wooden or approved plastic poles. Approved metal connectors shall
be used for jointed poles. Violent tamping shall be avoided. The primer shall never be tamped.

6.2.3 Pneumatic loading of blasting agents into boreholes primed with electric detonators or other
static-sensitive initiation systems shall conform to the following requirements:
a. a positive grounding device for the equipment shall be used to prevent the accumulation of static
electricity;
b. a semi-conductive hose shall be used; and
c. a qualified person shall evaluate all systems to assure that they will adequately dissipate static
under potential field conditions.

6.2.4 The surface or face materials shall be carefully examined before drilling to determine that
possible presence of explosive materials which have misfired.

6.2.5 Drilling into explosive materials or any portion of a borehole that at one time contained explosive
materials shall be prohibited.

6.2.6 During the time that boreholes are loaded, or are being loaded with explosives, blasting agents, or
detonators, the blast site shall be barred to all but those authorized personnel engaged in the
drilling and loading operations or otherwise authorized to enter the blast site. Attendance,
barriers, or posting of signs or flags shall be used to prevent unauthorized entry to the blast site.

6.2.7 The blaster-in-charge is responsible for removing unnecessary distractions such as wireless
communication devices from the blast site.

6.2.8 Rigid cartridges of explosives or blasting agents that are 4 inches (100 millimeters) in diameter or
larger shall not be dropped on the primer except where the borehole contains sufficient depth of
water to protect the primer from impact. Slit packages of prill, water gel, or emulsions are not
considered rigid cartridges and maybe drop loaded.

6.2.9 When using a blasting machine that is a combination firing unit and circuit tester for any type of
initiation system, the blast area must first be cleared of all personnel prior to testing the circuit.

6.2.10 After the blast loading operation is completed, and before detonation, all excess explosive
materials shall be removed from the blast site and returned to proper facilities.

24
6.2.11 Connections between boreholes shall be made as near to the planned time of initiation as possible
and involve the minimum necessary number blast crew members or blasters.

6.2.12 Technical Content of Blast Reports: A record of mining and construction blasts shall be made by
the blaster-in-charge. At a minimum, shot reports should contain the following technical
information:
a. Specific location of blast site,
b. Date and time of blast,
c. Environmental or weather conditions,
d. Blast layout: Must include Type of Material Blasted, Type of Blast, Pattern Dimensions (Burden
& Spacing), Borehole Diameter, Hole Depth, Subdrill, Backfill or Loose Material, Stemming,
Inert Deck information, Number of Rows, Number of Holes, Drill Footage, Rock Volume (Cubic
Yards), or Rock Quantity (Tons),
e. Seismic data: Must include Charge Weight per Delay (8ms), Scaled Distance, Critical Structure
Information, Seismic Data Result Information,
f. Powder factor,
g. Graphics: Must include Delay Pattern Diagram, Typical Borehole cross-section, Face Profile
Information, Seismic Report, and
h. Comments or notes about the blast results, and other occurrences.

NOTE: IME Safety Library Publication No. 27: Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage
and Use of Commercial Explosives also contains recommended security related content of shot
reports

Section 6.3 Initiating Blasts

6.3.1 Prior to connection of the lead lines to a source of initiation for electric and electronic detonators,
and with nonelectric detonators prior to attaching an initiation device the blast area shall be
cleared of all personnel and guarded against unauthorized entry and shall remain so until the blast
has been detonated and an all clear signal has been given by the blaster-in-charge.

6.3.2 Only electric detonators, electronic detonators, delay nonelectric detonators, and detonating cord,
or a combination thereof, shall be used in blasting operations in congested districts, on highways,
or adjacent to highways open to traffic. Safety fuse shall not be used in congested districts, on
highways, or adjacent to highways open to traffic.

6.3.3 Where sources of extraneous electricity in excess of 50 milliamperes (flowing through a one ohm
resistor) are present, do not use electric detonators unless corrective measures are taken.
6.3.4 The selection and design of the initiation system shall be under the supervision of the blaster-in-
charge.

6.3.5 The initiation system shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

6.3.6 The blaster-in-charge shall conduct a visual check of all surface connections after blast hookup.

6.3.7 Where judged to be necessary by the blaster-in-charge, a double trunkline, twin path, or closed-
loop hookup shall be used for shock tube and detonating cord initiation systems.

25
§6.3.8 When safety fuse is used, only a cap crimper approved by the detonator manufacturer or the
safety fuse manufacturer shall be used to attach the detonator to the safety fuse.

6.3.9 Less than 3 feet of safety fuse shall not be attached to a fuse detonator.

6.3.10 The burn time of a cap and fuse assembly shall not be less than 120 seconds.

6.3.11 The burn time per foot of each roll of safety fuse shall be checked before use and frequently
enough to ensure a minimum burn time of 120 seconds.

6.3.12 Do not attempt to relight safety fuse.

6.3.13 When assembling a primer the detonator shall be inserted into the explosive material in such a
manner that it will not fall out as the primer is being loaded in the borehole.
a. Cast boosters and similar type priming units shall have a cap well to accommodate the detonator.
b. When cartridges of explosive materials that do not have a cap well are used as primers a hole
large enough to accommodate the detonator shall be made in the explosive materials cartridge by
using a wood, plastic, brass, aluminum, or stainless steel powder punch.

6.3.14 No primers shall be made up closer than 50 feet (15.2 m) from any magazine.

EXCEPTION: Type 3 magazines (day boxes).

6.3.15 Primers shall be made up only when and as required for immediate use and when immediately
loading in a borehole.

6.3.16 If a misfire is suspected, do not give the “all-clear” signal and immediately barricade the area.
Notification shall be provided to managerial level personnel as soon as possible and by the end of
the shift.

6.3.17 This identified misfired area should be barricaded from unauthorized entry until the misfire is
successfully resolved.

6.3.18 If a misfire is known to occur involving the use of cap and fuse, the blast area should be kept
clear for at least 30 minutes.

6.3.19 If electric or nonelectric (shock tube) detonators, or detonating cord systems are involved in a
misfire, the waiting period should be at least 15 minutes.

6.3.20 If electronic detonators are involved in a misfire, wait a minimum of 30 minutes before reentering
the blast area, unless the manufacturer recommends additional time.

6.3.21 Entry to the blast area shall be prevented during the waiting period. If electric initiation has been
used, the lead-in-line shall be disconnected from the blasting machine, the lines shunted and the
blasting machine secured. If shock tube initiation has been used, the lead-in-line shall be
disconnected from the blasting machine and the blasting machine secured.

6.3.22 After the appropriate waiting period, the blaster-in-charge and an absolute minimum number of
authorized, competent, and experienced personnel required to assess the situation must enter the
blast area.

26
6.3.23 The blaster-in-charge shall develop a plan for resolving the misfire and communicate that plan to
essential personnel before work begins.

[NOTE: For detailed instructions on preventing and safely handling misfires see IME Safety Library
Publication No. 17: Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling and Use of Explosive
Materials.]

6.3.24 Explosive materials shall not be extracted from a blasthole that has misfired unless it is
impossible or hazardous to detonate the unexploded explosive materials by insertion of an
additional primer.
6.3.25 Blasters shall test the circuit for continuity and proper resistance, using only blasting
galvanometers or other instruments which have been specifically designed for testing electric
detonators and circuits containing them.

6.3.26 The blaster-in-charge shall be responsible for the detonation of all blasts. The blaster-in-charge or
a blaster that he has designated shall ensure that proper shunting and/or connection practices are
followed and that the blasting leads are not connected to the power source, blasting machine, or
other initiating device until the blast is ready to be fired.

6.3.27 Do not mix electric or electronic detonators from different manufacturers or electric or electronic
detonators of different types even if from the same manufacturer (unless approved by the
manufacturer) in the same blast.

Section 6.4 Warning Required

6.4.1 No blast shall be fired until the blaster-in-charge has made certain that all surplus explosive
materials are in a safe place, the blast area is cleared and guarded against unauthorized entry, and
all persons and equipment are at a safe distance or under sufficient protective cover, and that
approved warning signal(s) has been given.

6.4.2 In determining the blast area, the following factors shall be considered:
a. Geology or material to be blasted,
b. Blast pattern,
c. Burden, depth, diameter, and angle of the holes,
d. Blasting experience of the operation,
e. Delay system, powder factor, and pounds per delay,
f. Type and amount of explosive material, and
g. Type and amount of stemming.

6.4.3 No-one shall enter the blast area until after the blaster-in-charge has inspected the blast site,
determined it is safe shall enter the blast area until after the blaster-in-charge has inspected the
blast site, determined it is safe and given the “all-clear” signal. All personnel and access point
guards shall remain in place until the “all-clear” is given.

Section 6.5 Supervision of Blasting

6.5.1 Loading and firing shall be performed or supervised only by a person possessing an appropriate
blaster's certificate. (See Article 2)

27
 ARTICLE 7: BLACK POWDER EXPLOSIVES

Section 7.1 Black Powder

7.1.1 All black powder shall be transported in accordance with regulations of the U.S. Department of
Transportation.

NOTE: Under DOT Special Permit – 8958 (SP), black powder for use in small arms, packed
in one-pound metal cans, not more than 25 one-pound (454 gm) cans per fiberboard box, must
be shipped as a Flammable Solid, UN 1325. Not more than 100 pounds (45.4 kg) must be
carried on any motor vehicle or rail car at one time under the provisions of this exemption.

7.1.2 When black powder intended for personal use is stored indoors, quantities shall not exceed 20
pounds (9 kg) and the black powder shall be stored in original containers in a closed wooden box
or cabinet having walls of at least 1 inch nominal thickness. Storage boxes or cabinets shall not
be located near open flames or sources of excess heat.

7.1.3 Commercial stocks in quantities exceeding 5 pounds (2.27 kg) shall be stored in magazines
constructed and located as specified in Article 5 of the Code.

7.1.4 Commercial stocks in quantities exceeding 50 pounds (22.7 kg) shall be stored outdoors in
magazines constructed and located as specified in Article 5 of the Code.

7.1.5 If smokeless propellants are stored in the same magazine with black powder, the total quantity of
materials stored shall not exceed the quantity authorized for black powder.

28
 ARTICLE 8: GROUND VIBRATION, AIRBLAST, FLYROCK, and GASES

Section 8.1 Ground Vibration

8.1.1 At all blasting operations, except as otherwise authorized or restricted by the authority having
jurisdiction, the maximum ground vibration at any dwelling, public building, school, church,
commercial or institutional building adjacent to the blasting site shall not exceed the limitations
listed in Table 8-A.

TABLE 8-A PEAK PARTICLE VELOCITY LIMITS

Distance from blasting site Maximum allowable peak particle velocity 4

0 to 300 ft. (91.4m) 1.25 in/sec 931.75 mm/sec)
301 to 5,000 ft. (91.5m to 1,524m) 1.00 in/sec (25.4 mm/sec)
5,001 ft. (1,525m) and beyond 0.75 in/sec (19 mm/sec)

8.1.2 Frequency versus particle velocity graphs. In lieu of Table 8-A, a blasting operation shall have
the option to use the graphs shown in Figure 8a or 8b to limit peak particle velocity based upon
the frequency of the blast vibration. If either of the graphs in Figures 8a or 8b is used to limit
vibration levels, the methods for monitoring vibration and calculating frequency shall be
approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

4
Peak particle velocity shall be measured in three (3) mutually perpendicular directions, and the maximum
allowable limits shall apply to each of these measurements.

29
Figure 8a Alternative Blasting Level Criteria

10
254
Particle Velocity, in/s

Particle velocity, mm/s

2 in/s (50.8 mm/s)

1 0.008 in (0.2 mm)

Drywall 0.75 in/s (19 mm/s)

Plaster 0.5 in/s (12.7 mm/s)

0.03 in (0.76 mm)

0.1 2.54
1 10 100
Frequency, Hz

Figure 8b Alternative Blasting Level Criteria

30
8.1.3 Scaled Distance Equations. Unless a blasting operation uses a seismograph to monitor a blast to
assure compliance with Table 8-A or Figure 8, or has been granted special permission by the
authority having jurisdiction to utilize a modified scaled distance factor, the operation shall
comply with the scaled distance equations shown in Table 8-B.

TABLE 8-B SCALED DISTANCE EQUATIONS

Scaled Distance 5 Equation

Distance from blasting site
English Units Metric Units
2
0 to 300 ft (91.4 m) W (lbs) = (D (ft)/50) W (kg) = (D(m)/22.6) 2
2
301 to 5,000 ft. (92 m to 1,524 m) W (lbs) – (D(ft)/55) W(kg) = (D(m)/24.9) 2
5,001 ft. (1,524 m) and beyond W (lbs) = (D(ft)/65) 2 W(kg) = (D(m)/29.4) 2
Where
W = the maximum weight of explosives in pounds (or kilograms) that can be detonated in any period less
than 8 milliseconds.

D = the distance in feet (or meters) from the blast to the nearest dwelling, public building, school, church,
commercial, or institutional building not owned, leased, or contracted by the blasting operation, or on
property on which the owner has not given a written waiver to the blasting operation.

8.1.4 Where the blasting operation considers the scaled distance equations of Table 8-B as being too
restrictive, the operation must petition the authority having jurisdiction to use a modified scaled
distance equation. Such a petition must demonstrate that the use of the modified scaled distance
equation would not cause predicted ground vibration to exceed the peak particle velocity limits
specified in Table 8-A. Any petition for modification of the scaled distance equations of Table 8-
B must be thoroughly substantiated by seismograph recordings to show that the limitations of
Table 8-A will not be exceeded.

Section 8.2 Airblast

8.2.1 Airblast at the location of any dwelling, public building, school, church, commercial, or
institutional building, not owned, leased, or contracted by the blasting operation, or on property
on which the owner has not given a written waiver to the blasting operation shall not exceed the
maximum limits listed in Table 8-C.

TABLE 8-C AIRBLAST LIMITS

Lower Frequency of Measuring System, Measurement level,

in Hz (± 3 decibels) in decibels
0.1 Hz or Lower…Flat Response 6 134 Peak
2 Hz or Lower…Flat Response 133 Peak
6 Hz or Lower…Flat Response 129 Peak
C-Weighted…Slow Response 7 105 Peak dBC

To convert English Units of scaled distances (ft/lb2) to Metric Units (m/kg2) divide by a factor of 2.21
5
6
Only when approved by the authority having jurisdiction
7
ibid

31
Section 8.3 Flyrock and Ejected Debris

8.3.1 Flyrock or ejected debris travelling in the air or along or through the ground shall not be expelled
from the blast site in an uncontrolled manner which could result in personal injury or property
damage.

8.3.2 Flyrock or ejected debris shall not be propelled from the blast site onto property not contracted by
the blasting operation or onto property for which the owner has not given a written waiver to the
blasting operation.

8.3.3 When blasting operations do not conform to sections 8.3.1 and 8.3.2 the authority having
jurisdiction shall require that special precautions be employed to reduce or control flyrock or
ejected debris.

Section 8.4 Gases

8.4.1 To minimize hazardous exposure from the gases produced by outdoor blasting, blasters shall:

a. Be aware that lack of ground displacement can prevent venting of the blasted material and result
in the entrapment of gases,
b. Excavate blasted material as soon as possible after blasting,
c. Be aware of and look for geologic pathways for gases such as old trenches, horizontal partings,
faults, joints, hill seams, unconsolidated material, water, and voids that would allow movement of
gas towards underground enclosed spaces.
d. Be aware that when blasting very close to underground enclosed spaces, fractures caused by the
detonation can create a pathway for the gases to enter the enclosed space,
e. Conduct a pre-blast survey to determine any possible problem areas when blasting near inhabited
buildings or underground facilities (tunnels, manholes, etc.),
f. Monitor possible problem areas to determine if any gases have migrated from the blasting
operation, and
g. If gases are detected, use adequate and positive ventilation (open windows and exhaust fans) to
limit the accumulation of gases at inhabited buildings or other facilities from the blasting
operation until the gas is removed from the ground.

32
 APPENDIX A
UNIFORM MODEL STATE ACT
FOR THE CONTROL OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

Section 1. SCOPE COMMENTS

This Act is intended to supplement the requirements of The provisions of this Act are intended to supplement
any Federal Laws and Regulations promulgated by a the provisions of the Organized Crime Control Act of
Federal Department or Agency. The Act shall apply to 1970 and the regulations there under. Activities
the sale, purchase, possession, receipt, use and adequately covered by that federal Law have not been
transportation of explosive materials as provided further regulated. The Act will apply to law-abiding
herein, but shall not apply to: citizens and businesses but will function solely as a
(a) explosive materials while in the course of crime control and safety measure without in-fringing on
transportation via railroad, water, highway or air their rights.
when the explosive materials are moving under
the jurisdiction of, and in conformity with
regulations adopted by any Federal Department
or Agency.
(b) the laboratories of schools, colleges and similar
institutions when confined to the purpose of
instruction or research, or to explosive materials
in the forms prescribed by the official United
States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary
and used in medicines and medicinal agents.
(c) the normal and emergency operations of any
government, including all departments, agencies,
and divisions thereof, provided they are acting in
their official capacity and in the proper
performance of their duties or functions.
(d) explosive materials for delivery to any
government or any department, agency or
division thereof.
(e) pyrotechnics, commonly known as fireworks,
including signaling devices such as flares, fuses,
and torpedoes.
(f) small arms ammunition and components thereof,
which are subject to the Gun Control Act of
1968 (Title 18 Chapter 44 U.S.C.) and
regulations promulgated thereunder.
(g) gasoline, fertilizers and propellant-actuated
power devices or tools.
Section 2. DEFINITIONS
As used in this Act: It is of obvious benefit to law enforcement agencies and
(a) "Person" means any individual, corporation, business to standardize definition in federal, state and
company, association, firm, partnership, society local laws relating to explosive materials whenever
or joint stock company. possible. These definitions are consistent with those in
(b) "Explosive materials" means explosives, blasting the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970.
agents, and detonators as follows:
(i) "Explosives" means any chemical compound
mixture, or device, the primary or common
purpose of which is to function by explosion.

33
 (ii) "Blasting agents" means any explosive
materials which meets prescribed criteria for
insensitivity to initiation.
(iii) "Detonator" means any device containing
any initiating or primary explosive that is
intended for initiating detonation. A
detonator must not contain more than ten
grams of total explosives by weight,
excluding ignition or delay charges.
(c) "Felony or misdemeanor" shall not mean:
(i) any Federal or State offenses pertaining to
antitrust violations, unfair trade practices,
restraints of trade, or other similar offenses
relating to the regulation of business
practices of/or
(ii) (ii) any State offense (other than one
involving a firearm or explosive material
classified) by the laws of any State as a
traffic offense or punishable by a term of
imprisonment of six months or less.
(d) "Issuing authority" shall mean the (name of The [issuing authority] might be the State Bureau of
authority) Mines, State Police, Fire Marshal, etc.
(e) "Fugitive from justice" shall mean any person
for whom a warrant for arrest has been issued
and who has fled from the jurisdiction of any
court or record to avoid prosecution for any
crime or to avoid giving testimony in any
criminal proceeding. The term shall also include
any person for whom a warrant for arrest has
been issued and who has been convicted of any
crime and has fled to avoid imprisonment.
(f) "Propellant-actuated power devices or tools"
shall mean any tool or any special mechanized
device or gas penetrator system which is
actuated by smokeless propellant or which
releases and directs work through a smokeless
propellant charge. It does not include explosive-
actuated devices.
(g) "Distribute" shall mean to issue, give, transfer, or
otherwise dispose of.
(h) "Explosive-actuated devices" shall mean any tool
or special mechanized device which is actuated
by explosives, other than smokeless propellants.
Section 3. PURCHASE, RECEIPT AND
POSSESSION
3.1. PERMIT - It shall be unlawful for any person to Possession of a permit and record keeping are required
purchase, receive or possess explosive materials in this for local buyers and users who purchase solely within a
State without obtaining a permit from the issuing single State. These persons are not covered by the
authority. Federal regulations. No person will be required to

34
3.2 FEDERAL LICENSE OR PERMIT - Any person obtain both federal and state permits or licenses.
who possesses a license or permit under Title XI of the Persons selling or manufacturing explosives are not
Organized Crime Control Act (18 U.S. C., Chapter 40) required to possess a permit because they are
properly covering the activities of such person shall not adequately licensed by federal law.
be required to obtain a permit under this section. Storage of explosive materials has been regulated by
federal law and consistent provisions are included in
the regulations proposed by the Institute of Makers of
Explosives (IME).
Section 4. SALE
It shall be unlawful for any person to sell or distribute This is intended to assist law enforcement agencies and
explosive materials to any person without first sellers of explosive materials by requiring the
obtaining a copy of the license or permit which purchaser to qualify as the receiver of explosives by
authorized the distribute to purchase, receive or possess obtaining a permit or license.
explosive materials as provided in the Act. Provided
that such person shall not be required again to obtain a
copy of the license or permit during the effective term
shown on said license or permit.
Section 5. BLASTER'S CERTIFICATE
5.1 CERTIFICATE - It shall be unlawful for any Safeguarding life and property is in the best interests of
person to use explosive materials unless such person, the whole community. Requiring proper qualifications
or if such person is a business entity, an employee of for those using explosive materials promotes safety.
such person, possesses a blaster's certificate. The This is similar to the driver's license requirements for
blaster's certificate must conform to the class and use cars and trucks.
as provided in Section 5.5 and be carried on the person
of each such individual during the use of the explosive
materials.
5.2 USE - Use of explosive materials shall include all
applications of explosives for any purpose whatsoever,
unless specifically exempted by Section 5.3.
5.3 USE DOES NOT INCLUDE - For purposes of this
part, the term "uses" does not include any type of
commercial manufacturing or research conducted in
laboratories of commercial or educational institutions.
5.4 QUALIFICATIONS - Blaster's certificates will be
issued only to a natural person and shall bear his name,
address and photograph. In addition to the
qualifications specified in Section 6 hereof, such
person must satisfy each of the following
qualifications:
(a) Present evidence of training, knowledge and
experience in the transporting, storing,
handling and use of explosive materials.
(b) Be able to understand and give written and
oral orders in the English language.
(c) Be knowledgeable in Federal, State and local
laws and regulations by the issuing authority.
(d) Such other requirements as the issuing
authority must prescribe by regulations.

35
5.5 CLASS OF CERTIFICATES Blaster's certificates
shall be issued by the issuing authority and shall
include the following classes of certificates:

CLASS CATEGORY DESCRIPTION

A Unlimited All types of blasting.
All phases of blasting
General operations in quarries, open
B
Above Ground pit mines, above ground
construction.
All phases of blasting
General operations in underground
C
Under Ground mines, shafts, tunnels and
drifts.
All phases of blasting in
D Demolition
demolition projects.
All phases of blasting in
E Seismic
seismic prospecting.
All phases of blasting in
agriculture but limited to not
F Agriculture
more than 50 pounds (25 kg)
per blast.
Special blasting as described
G Special
on the certificate.

Section 6. ADMINISTRATION It is expected that the licensing procedures will be

6.1 APPLICATION - Applications for a certificate easily administered. Applicants are given opportunity
hereunder shall be made to the issuing authority on for a hearing in order to protect the interest of the law-
forms and as prescribed in regulations issued by the abiding person against any possible misuse of
issuing authority. administrative powers on the part of the issuing
6.2 CERTIFICATE FEES - Certificate fees shall be authority. Permit fees are intended to be nominal and
paid at the time of application in the amount of $25.00. no person shall be prevented from obtaining a permit
6.3 QUALIFICATIONS - The issuing authority shall because of inability to pay. Objective and clearly
not issue any certificate to any person unless: defined qualifications eliminate discretionary powers
(a) The applicant is at least 21 years of age, or is a for the issuing authority and enhance the efficiency of
business entity, properly qualified to do business administering the Act and prevent misuse of
in this State. administrative power.
(b) The applicant has not been convicted of a willful
violation of any provisions of the Act.
(c) The applicant has not knowingly withheld
information or has not made any false or
fictitious statement intended or likely to deceive
in connection with the application.
(d) The applicant has certified in writing familiarity
and understanding of all published Federal, State
and local laws relating to explosive materials at
the location of the applicant's activities.
(e) The applicant has not been convicted in any

36
 court of a felony.
(f) The applicant is not a fugitive from justice.
(g) The applicant is not an unlawful user of or
addicted to marijuana [as defined in Section
4761 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26
U.S.C. 4761)] or any depressant or stimulant
drug [as defined in Section 201 (2) of the Federal
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. 321
(2)], or narcotic drugs [as defined in Section
4731 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954,
26 U.S.C. 4731 (a)], or alcohol.
6.4 POSTING AND POSSESSION OF
CERTIFICATES - Certificates issued under the
provisions of this Act, except as otherwise provided
with respect to the blaster's certificates, shall be kept
posted on premises or on the person of the certificate
holder and be available for inspection.
6.5 LOCATIONS AND ACTIVITIES - Each
certificate issued under the provisions of this Act shall
specify the certificate holder’s name, the certified
activity, its effective date, and its expiration date. Such
certificate shall cover all such activities for that person
anywhere in the State and such person shall not be
required to obtain additional certificates for additional
locations in the State.
6.6 REGULATIONS AND FORMS - The
administration of this Act shall be vested in the issuing
authority who is authorized to:
Prescribe such rules and regulations as are deemed
reasonably necessary to carry out the provisions of
this Act. The issuing authority shall give
reasonable public notice, and afford to interested
parties opportunity for hearing, prior to
prescribing such regulations.
Prescribe forms required for the administration of
this Act.
6.7 RIGHT OF INSPECTION AND DISCLOSURE -
The authorized authority must enter during business
hours the premises (including places of storage) of any
licensee, permitee, or certificate holder, for the purpose
of inspecting or examining (a) any records or
documents kept by such licensee, permitee, or
certificate holder, and (b) any explosive materials kept
or stored by such licensee, permitee, or certificate
holder. Upon the request of any Federal Agency, the
issuing authority shall make available any information
which it must obtain by reason of the provision of the
section with respect to the identification of persons
within this State, who have purchased or received
explosive materials, together with the description of
such explosive materials.

37
6.8 DENIAL, SUSPENSION, OR REVOCATION OF
PERMIT - A permit under this Act must be denied,
suspended, or revoked for failure to comply with or
satisfy the requirements of any provision of this Act
and for any of the following reasons.
(a) Non-compliance with any order of the issuing
authority
(b) Proof that the applicant or licensee, permitee, or
certificate holder has been convicted of a felony.
(c) Proof that the applicant or licensee, permitee, or
certificate holder advocates, or knowingly
belongs to any organization or group which
advocates violent overthrow or violent action
against any Federal, State or local government,
or any individuals therein.
(d) Proof that the applicant or licensee, permitee, or
certificate holder suffers from a mental or
physical defect that would impair the ability of
the applicant to use materials regulated herein in
their intended manner.
(e) Violation by the applicant or licensee, permitee,
or certificate holder of any provision of any law
or regulation relating to explosive materials, or
proof that false information was willfully given
or misrepresentation willfully made to obtain the
permit.
(f) Failure by the applicant or licensee, permitee, or
certificate holder to advise the issuing authority
of any change in a material fact supplied in the
application.
In any case, where the issuing authority denies,
suspends, or revokes a permit, it promptly will notify
the applicant or licensee, permitee, or certificate holder
of the basis for the revocation, suspension, or denial
and afford the applicant or licensee, permitee, or
certificate holder an opportunity for a hearing in the
manner prescribed by the regulations of the issuing
authority.
6.9 RENEWAL - Permits issued under provisions of
this Act shall be effective for not more than two (2)
years and must be renewed as the issuing authority
must prescribe by regulations.
Section 7. AUTHORITY TO PURCHASE IN
CONTIGUOUS STATES
Any person who is a resident of this State and who Existing federal law and regulations allow trans-
uses explosive materials in the conduct of business or actions involving persons located in contiguous states
occupation must lawfully purchase explosive materials to be treated as an intra-state transaction if authorized
from a seller located or residing in a state contiguous to by the states. Such transactions would be largely
the State; provided such person possesses a proper outside federal regulation, but, adequately, covered by

38
permit or is properly licensed under this Act. this bill.
Section 8. RECORDS
8.1 RECORDS REQUIRED - It shall be unlawful for The record keeping requirements impose on the local
any person willfully to purchase, possess, receive, sell and intra-state transactions the same record keeping
or distribute explosive materials in this State without requirements that are required with respect to
making and keeping records as specified in this interstate transaction by the federal regulations. This
section. uniformity is beneficial to business as compliance is
8.2 RECORDS - Records of purchases, possession, accomplished by a single set of records.
and receipts of explosive materials shall be maintained
by the person purchasing, possessing and receiving the
explosive materials and shall include the date of the
transaction, the name, address and license or permit
number of the person from whom received, the name
of the manufacturer and importer (if any), the
manufacturer's marks of identification (if any), and the
quantity and description of explosive materials. With
respect to explosive materials sold or distributed, the
seller or distributor shall record the name, address, and
license or permit number of distributee, the date of
transaction, the name of the manufacturer and importer
(if any), and the quantity and description of the
explosive materials. Records made and kept pursuant
to regulations promulgated by any Federal Agency
need not be duplicated to satisfy the requirements of
this section.
8.3 FALSE ENTRY - It shall be unlawful for any
licensee or licensee, permitee, or certificate holder
knowingly to make any false entry in any record which
he is required to keep pursuant to this section or
regulations promulgated under Section 6.6 of this act.
8.4 RECORD RETENTION - Any record required by
this Act or regulations promulgated under its provision
shall be retained by the licensee, permitee, or
certificate holder for not less than five years from the
date of the transaction recorded.
Section 9. SAFETY
The issuing authority is authorized to issue such safety This will avoid inconsistency with Department of Labor
regulations as are not inconsistent with any safety regulations.
regulations promulgated by any Federal Department or
Agency.
Section 10. TRANSPORTATION
It shall be unlawful for any person to transport This supplements federal regulation of the
explosive materials in violation of the regulations transportation of explosive materials by regulating
relating to the transportation of explosive materials. intrastate and local transportation. Uniformity is
The issuing authority is authorized to issue regulations assured by reference to the U.S. Department of
covering the transportation of explosive materials in Transportation regulations.
the State. Compliance with the applicable regulations
of the United States Department of Transportation, and

39
such other Federal Regulations as exist or as are
adopted from time to time, shall be deemed in
compliance with this Act and the regulations issued
hereunder.
Section 11. VIOLATION AND PENALTY
Any person violating any of the provisions of this Act These penalty provisions are similar to those in the
or any rules or regulations made hereunder: (a) shall be Organized Crime Control Act.
guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a
fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment, and
any permit issued under this Act shall be subject to
revocation for such period as the issuing authority
deems appropriate: (b) and, if such violation was
committed with the knowledge or intent that any
explosive material involved was to be used to kill,
injure or intimidate any person or unlawfully to
damage any real or personal property, the person
committing such violation shall be guilty of a felony
and fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned for not
more than ten (10) years, or both; (c) and if personal
injury results, shall be guilty of a felony and
imprisoned for not more than twenty (20) years or
fined not more than $20,000, or both; (d) and if death
results, shall be guilty of a felony and subject to
imprisonment for any term of years or for life
Section 12. LIMITATION ON LEGISLATION
This act is intended to and shall preempt and supersede This makes it clear the state is preempting the field.
all existing and future county, town, city or municipal Without such pre-emption by the state, the numerous
ordinances or regulations respecting the subjects
covered by this Act. local laws make it difficult for the law-abiding person
to transact business or use explosive materials.
Section 13. EFFECTIVE DATE
13.1 EFFECTIVE DATE - This Act shall become
effective upon enactment. Any person purchasing,
possessing, receiving, or using explosive materials on
the effective date of this Act shall have ninety (90)
days after such effective date to obtain a permit.
13.2 EMERGENCY VARIATIONS - The issuing
authority must approve variations from the
requirements of this Act when he finds that an
emergency exists and that the proposed variation from
the specific requirements (a) are necessary, (b) will not
hinder the effective administration of this Act, and
(c)will not be contrary to any provisions of any other
applicable law, either State or Federal.
Section 14. SEPARABILITY
If any provision of this Act, or regulations promulgated
hereunder, is held invalid by a court of competent
jurisdiction, the remaining provisions or regulations
shall continue to be valid and enforceable.

40
 APPENDIX B
INTRA PLANT DISTANCES TABLE
FOR USE ONLY WITHIN CONFINES OF
EXPLOSIVES MANUFACTURING PLANTS

Distance in Distance in Feet

Pounds Pounds Feet When Pounds Pounds When Building
Over Not Over Building is Over Not Over is Barricaded
Barricaded
2 5 16 12,000 14,000 220
5 10 20 14,000 16,000 230
10 20 25 16,000 18,000 238
20 30 28 18,000 20,000 245
30 40 31 20,000 25,000 265
40 50 34 25,000 30,000 280
50 75 38 30,000 35,000 295
75 100 42 35,000 40,000 310
100 125 45 40,000 45,000 320
125 150 48 45,000 50,000 330
150 200 53 50,000 5,000 340
200 250 57 55,000 60,000 350
250 300 60 60,000 65,000 360
300 400 66 65,000 70,000 370
400 500 71 70,000 75,000 380
500 600 76 75,000 80,000 390
600 700 80 80,000 85,000 395
700 800 84 85,000 90,000 400
800 900 87 90,000 95,000 410
900 1,000 90 95,000 100,000 420
1,000 1,200 96 100,000 110,000 430
1,200 1,400 101 110,000 120,000 445
1,400 1,600 106 120,000 130,000 455
1,600 1,800 110 130,000 140,000 465
1,800 2,000 113 140,000 150,000 475
2,000 2,500 122 150,000 160,000 485
2,500 2,300 130 160,000 170,000 495
3,000 4,000 143 170,000 180,000 505
4,000 5,000 154 180,000 190,000 515
5,000 6,000 164 190,000 200,000 525
6,000 7,000 172 200,000 210,000 535
7,000 8,000 180 210,000 230,000 555
8,000 9,000 190 230,000 250,000 575
9,000 10,000 200 250,000 275,000 600
10,000 12,000 210 275,000 300,000 635

When a building or magazine containing explosives is not barricaded, the distance shown in the Table
should be doubled.

41
 APPENDIX C
TABLE OF DISTANCES FOR
STORAGE OF LOW EXPLOSIVES

From Inhabited From Public From Above

Pounds Pounds Building Distance Railroad and Ground Magazine
Over Not Over (feet) Highway Distance (feet)
(feet)
0 1,000 75 75 50
1,000 5,000 115 115 75
5,000 10,000 150 150 100
10,000 20,000 190 190 125
20,000 30,000 215 215 145
30,000 40,000 235 235 155
40,000 50,000 250 250 165
50,000 60,000 260 260 175
60,000 70,000 270 270 185
70,000 80,000 280 280 190
80,000 90,000 295 295 195
90,000 100,000 300 300 200
100,000 200,000 375 375 250
200,000 300,000 450 450 300

NOTE: To convert pounds to kilograms multiply by 0.4536.

To convert feet to meters multiply by 0.3048.

42
IMESAFR
Institute of Makers of Explosives Safety Analysis for Risk

What is IMESAFR? Why was

Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) is a
software model that was developed through a joint effort by IME and
IMESAFR
A-P-T Research, Inc. developed?
IMESAFR is a probabilistic risk assessment tool used to calculate risk IMESAFR was developed
to personnel from explosives facilities. This software not only to provide a more
calculates Quantity Distances (QD) based on the American comprehensive
Table of Distances and other QD regulations, it can assessment of
determine a level of safety based upon risk. the overall risk of
explosives operations.
The commercial
explosives industry
in the United States
uses the American
Table of Distances
(ATD) as the basis for
safe siting of explosives
storage facilities. ATD
siting involves the evaluation
of a specific magazine and
inhabited building or public
highway, which are referred to
as a Potential Explosion Site
(PES)/Exposed Site (ES) pair in
IMESAFR. This evaluation yields
the recommended separation
IMESAFR uses the donor structure and activity, the structure of the exposed distance based on the factors
sites, and duration of exposed personnel to determine a level of safety. The that affect risk, including
program provides users with the ability to work in metric or imperial measures, whether a barricade exists.
and allows users to import maps or drawings of their site to assist with Although the same criteria
visualizing facility layouts and results. can be applied to explosives
manufacturing operations,
the ATD was intended for
Importing Site Images
Loading a Registered Image Cache use in limited permanent
The first time a registered
storage situations. In addition
image is loaded into the to permanent storage
program, an image cache
file is created the situations, IMESAFR accounts
computer.
for other activities such as
manufacturing, assembly, and
Identifying Risk Drivers
Risk drivers can control the overall risk at a site so it is important to determine
loading and unloading.
what they are before spending time and money on mitigation efforts.
Consider a hypothetical scenario with the consequences shown below:

1e-02

1e-04

1e-06

1e-08

1e-10

1e-12

Overpressure Glass Building Collapse Image tiles can be easily loaded right into the
Debris

Based on the bar chart above, what is the risk driver?

What could be done to address the risk driver? program for future use.
Would removing all of the glass from the ES be effective?

M6-7 M4-11
 IMESAFR Training Course
The course is presented over three Course Content Course Outline
days with eight hours of mixed
lecture and discussion each day for The IMESAFR Training Course will 1. Overview
a total of 24 classroom hours. Daily guide the user through the overall 2. QD Concepts & Background
class hours are from 8am to 5pm user interface of the IMESAFR 3. QRA Concepts & Background
with an hour for lunch and breaks Software. Some of the topics
4. IMESAFR Features
mid-morning and mid-afternoon. A discussed are listed below.
5. Class Exercise 1
competency test will be given at the A background on the concepts
end of the course. 6. Risk Management
and terminology used in the
7. Advanced Tools
Class Size: minimum of 10, IMESAFR risk assessment
software. 8. Architecture - Part 1
maximum of 25.
9. Architecture - Part 2
A thorough guide on using input
Where 10. IMESAFR Protocols
screens and choosing the proper
The class is normally held at the 11. Linking Architecture to Testing
input selection.
APT Safety Engineering and Analysis
12. Class Exercise 2
Center (SEAC) in Huntsville, AL, A description of the capabilities
conveniently located in Cummings’ of IMESAFR including menu 13. Approval Process
Research Park near Redstone options, functions of the tool 14. Input Decisions
Arsenal. bar, help menu and generating 15. Group Exercise
See www.apt-research.com/ reports. 16. Test
contacts/contactUs.html Each student is
An overview of the 26-step
for detailed directions. responsible for
process used by IMESAFR to
The class may also familiarize the user with the bringing a laptop to
be offered at exposure and consequence training. A training
other locations. analysis. book is included in
On-site training the course fee.
Multiple examples (some worked
courses can be
individually and some as a
arranged, as
group) demonstrating the various
well as courses
capabilities of IMESAFR.
that run in
conjunction with Practical applications of the
conferences and software and its use in the risk
meetings. management process.

Schedule Cost Registration Information

www.apt-research.com/ New IMESAFR 2.0: To register for a class in Huntsville
capabilities/training.html Non IME member: US$1800 or if you are interested in setting up
IME member: US$750 a training course at a location other
CEU than Huntsville, please contact:
Upon completion of this course, Upgrade IMESAFR 2.0:
attendees will be credited with 2.0 Non IME member: US$750 Dean Nichols
Continuing Education Units (CEU). IME member: US$375 256.327.3373
Training voucher: US$1800 imesafrtraining@apt-research.com

institute of makers of explosives APT Point of Contact

www.ime.org John Tatom 4950 Research Drive
256.327.3373 Huntsville, AL 35805
aptinfo@apt-research.com www.apt-research.com

M-09-00810
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.
 4
October 2016

WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONSUMERS

IN TRANSPORTING, STORING, HANDLING AND
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
 MEMBER COMPANIES (As of October 2016)

Accurate Energetic Systems Special Devices, Inc.

McEwen, Tennessee Mesa, Arizona
Austin Powder Company Teledyne RISI
Cleveland, Ohio Tracy, California
Baker Hughes Tread Corporation
Houston, Texas Roanoke, Virginia
Davey Bickford North America Tri-State Motor Transit Company
Salt Lake City, Utah Joplin, Missouri
Detotec North America, Inc. Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Sterling, Connecticut Torrington, Connecticut
DYNAenergetics, US Inc Visionary Solutions LLC
Lakeway, Texas Knoxville, Tennessee
Dyno Nobel Inc. W.A. Murphy, Inc.
Salt Lake City, Utah El Monte, California
General Dynamics – Munitions Services
Joplin, Missouri Liaison Class Members:
GEODynamics, Inc.
Millsap, Texas Association of Energy Service Companies (AESC)
Hilltop Energy Friendswood, Texas
Mineral City, Ohio
Hunting Titan Canadian Explosives Industry Association
Houston, Texas (CEAEC)
Jet Research Center/Halliburton Ottawa, ONT, Canada
Alvarado, Texas
Maine Drilling & Blasting Federation of European Explosives
Auburn, New Hampshire Manufacturers
Maxam North America, Inc. Brussels, Belgium
Salt Lake City, Utah
MP Associates, Inc. International Society of Explosives Engineers
Ione, California (ISEE)
Nelson Brothers Cleveland, Ohio
Birmingham, Alabama
Nobel Insurance Services National Institute for Explosives Technology
Dallas, Texas (NIXT)
Orica USA Inc. Lonehill, South Africa
Watkins, Colorado
Owen Oil Tools LP SAFEX International (SAFEX)
Godley, Texas Blonay, Switzerland
Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Schaumberg, Illinois Explosives Safety & Technology Society –
Secured Land Transport Visfotak
Senex Explosives, Inc. Maharashtra, India
Cuddy, Pennsylvania
SLT Secured Systems International LLC
Tolleson, Arizona

Copyright © 2016 Institute of Makers of Explosives

 WASHINGTON, DC
(202) 429-9280
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

IME is a nonprofit association founded in 1913 to provide accurate information and comprehensive
recommendations concerning the safety and security of commercial explosive materials. IME represents U.S.
manufacturers and distributors of commercial explosive materials and oxidizers as well as other companies that
provide related services. Although our member companies are based in North America, IME members operate
globally with operations and distribution points on all continents except Antarctica.

IME was created to provide technically accurate information and recommendations concerning commercial
explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable data about their use. Committees of qualified
representatives from IME member companies developed this information and a significant number of their
recommendations are embodied in the regulations of state and federal agencies.

The Institute's principal committees are: Environmental Affairs; Government Affairs; Legal Affairs; Safety and
Health; Security; Technical; and Transportation and Distribution.
2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................... 5
GENERAL WARNINGS ............................................................................................ 6
STORING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ..................................................................... 7
TRANSPORTING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ........................................................ 8
HANDLING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ................................................................. 8
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Drilling, Loading, and Tamping ................... 10
USING EXPLOSIVES MATERIALS: General Instructions for Primers ............... 12
MAKING PRIMERS WITH ELECTRIC OR ELECTRONIC DETONATORS ..... 13
MAKING PRIMERS WITH FUSE OR NONELECTRIC DETONATORS ........... 18
MAKING PRIMERS WITH DETONATING CORD .............................................. 20
MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF PRIMERS ............................................................ 20
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: General Precautions ...................................... 21
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Electric Initiation .......................................... 22
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Detonating Cord Initiation ........................... 23
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Nonelectric Initiation .................................... 25
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Electronic Initiation ...................................... 25
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Fuse Detonator and Safety Fuse Initiation ... 27
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: After-Blast Procedures ................................. 29
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Seismic Prospecting...................................... 30
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Oil Field Services ......................................... 31

3
4
 SLP-4
Warnings and Instructions for Consumers in Transporting, Storing, Handling and Using
Explosive Materials

FOREWORD
This SLP should be read before using any explosive material. It has been developed to provide specific
WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS for the SAFE TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, HANDLING, AND USE
of explosive materials. The misuse of any explosive material can result in death, injury and property damage. The
prevention of accidents depends on careful planning and the use of proper procedures.

These warnings and instructions cannot cover every situation that might arise. If you have any questions on the
use of an explosive material, contact your supervisor or the manufacturer.

The Institute of Makers of Explosives publishes a number of publications on safety. Refer to page 33 of this SLP
for a complete list.

EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS COVERED IN THIS SLP

High Explosives and Permissible Explosives
Electronic, Electric, and Nonelectric Detonators
Safety Fuse
Fuzes, Detonating Fuses
Detonating Cord
Blasting Agents
Slurries, Water Gels, and Emulsions
Primers and Boosters
Shaped Charges
Jet Perforating Guns

DEFINITIONS

See the most recent edition of IME SLP-12, “Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms” for the
definition of terms used in this document.

LOST OR STOLEN EXPLOSIVES

Report Thefts or Loss of explosive materials to the United States Bomb Data Center (USBDC) 1-800-461-8841 or
1-888-283-2662 (ATF-BOMB). The USBDC staff is available to provide guidance to industry members on how
to properly complete reports of a theft or loss. In the event that missing explosives are found, or stolen explosives
are recovered and returned, please notify the USBDC and any local authorities to whom the initial report of loss
was made. The USBDC is responsible for tracking all stolen, lost and recovered explosives.

The following website can also be referenced for further information:

https://www.atf.gov/content/Explosives/explosives-industry?qt-explosive_tab=0#qt-explosive_tab

5
GENERAL WARNINGS
All explosive materials are dangerous and must be carefully transported, handled, stored, and used following proper safety
procedures.

ALWAYS follow federal, state, and local laws and regulations.

ALWAYS lock up explosive materials and keep from children and unauthorized persons. See the most recent
edition of IME SLP- 27 “Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage and Use of
Commercial Explosives” for comprehensive recommendations for security.

ALWAYS maintain an accurate inventory of the contents of each magazine.

ALWAYS discontinue operations during the approach and progress of electrical storms.

ALWAYS keep explosives in locked magazines unless they are being prepared for use, transported, or are
being used.

ALWAYS handle detonating cord with the same respect given other explosive material.

ALWAYS avoid damaging or severing detonating cord prior to firing.

ALWAYS segregate explosives from other hazardous materials on a vehicle as specified in 49 CFR 177.848.

ALWAYS see that other explosive materials are separated from all types of detonators, or that detonators are
stored in a proper magazine or conveyance device where it is permitted to transport detonators on the
same vehicle as other explosive materials.

ALWAYS remember you are handling explosives. Use reasonable care to protect the devices from extremes of
Friction, Impact, Shock and Heat (FISH).

NEVER have electric wires or cables near electric detonators (blasting caps) or other explosive materials except
at the time and for the purpose of firing the blast.

NEVER store detonators in the same box, container or magazine with other explosive materials.

NEVER abandon any explosive materials.

NEVER uncoil the detonating wires or use detonators, electric blasting caps or detonating fuzes in the vicinity
of radio-frequency transmitters. Consult the manufacturer or IME Safety Library Publication No.
20, “Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards” (SLP-20).

NEVER allow any explosives packaging materials to be burned in a confined space or non-ventilated area.

6
STORING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
A. LOCATION OF MAGAZINES
ALWAYS separate magazines from other magazines, inhabited buildings, highways, and passenger railways.
See IME Safety Library Publication No. 2, American Table of Distances or seek approval on a risk
basis, as determined by IMESAFR, from the authority having jurisdiction.

ALWAYS post normal access roads to explosive storage magazines with the following warning sign
which shall be weather resistant with a reflective surface and lettering at least 2” (50 mm)
high. The first two lines shall be in red lettering and the remaining printing in black.

DANGER!
NEVER FIGHT EXPLOSIVE FIRES
EXPLOSIVES ARE STORED ON THIS SITE
CALL (Emergency phone number)

NEVER allow combustible material to accumulate within 25 feet (8.3 meters) of a magazine.

NEVER allow any lighters, matches, open flame, or other sources of ignition or volatile materials within 50 feet
(16.6 meters) of a magazine.

NEVER attempt to make any repairs to the inside or outside of a magazine containing explosive materials.

B. CONSTRUCTION OF MAGAZINES
ALWAYS be sure magazines are solidly built and securely locked in accordance with federal regulations, to
protect from weather, fire, and theft. Protect magazines from penetration by bullets and missiles as
required by the classification of the explosive material.

ALWAYS keep the inside of a magazine clean, well-organized, dry, cool, and well ventilated.

ALWAYS post clearly visible “EXPLOSIVES – KEEP OFF” signs outside of a magazine. Position signs so that
a bullet passing directly through them will not strike the magazine.

C. CONTENTS OF MAGAZINES
ALWAYS clean up spills promptly. Follow manufacturer’s instructions.

ALWAYS store only explosive materials and other approved blasting materials and accessories in a
magazine.

ALWAYS rotate stocks of explosive materials so the oldest material in a magazine is used first. Consult with the
manufacturer to assure that the recommended storage time for the explosive materials is being
followed.

NEVER store detonators with other explosive materials.

NEVER store any sparking metal in a magazine.

NEVER use explosive materials which seem deteriorated. Consult your supervisor or the manufacturer for
proper disposal or use.

7
 NEVER exceed recommended storage conditions and temperatures for explosive materials. Check with your
supervisor or the manufacturer.

NEVER perform any type of operation in a magazine other than inspection, inventory, or bringing in or taking
out explosive materials.

TRANSPORTING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

ALWAYS keep matches, lighters, open flame, and other sources of ignition at least 50 feet (16.6 meters) away
from parked vehicles carrying explosive materials.

ALWAYS follow federal, state, and local laws and regulations concerning transportation.

ALWAYS load and unload explosive materials carefully.

ALWAYS see that any vehicle used to transport explosive materials is in good mechanical condition and properly
designed, equipped and placarded for hauling explosives.

NEVER park vehicles containing explosive materials close to people or congested areas.

NEVER leave a vehicle containing explosive material unattended.

HANDLING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

A. GENERAL
ALWAYS use permissible explosive materials in flammable, gassy, or dusty atmospheres when required by
applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations.

ALWAYS keep explosive materials away from children, unauthorized persons and livestock.

ALWAYS discontinue operations during the approach and progress of electrical storms.

NEVER use explosive materials unless completely familiar with the safe procedures or under the direction of a
qualified supervisor.

NEVER handle explosive materials during the approach of an electrical storm. Find a safe location away from
the explosive materials. When a storm is approaching, consult your supervisor. This applies to both
surface and underground operations.

NEVER fight fires involving explosive materials. Remove yourself and all other persons to a safe location and
guard the area.

NEVER put explosive materials in the pockets of your clothing.

B. PACKAGING
ALWAYS close partially used packages of explosive materials.

ALWAYS store explosives in their original packaging.

8
NEVER touch metal fasteners with metal slitters when opening packages of explosive materials.

NEVER mix different explosives in the same package.

NEVER remove explosive material from its package unless designed to be used in that manner.

NEVER use sparking metal tools to open packages of explosive materials.

C. PROTECTING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

ALWAYS ensure that there are no foreign objects, loose powder, or moisture in a fuse detonator before inserting
the safety fuse.

ALWAYS avoid the use of “shot breaks” to prevent premature initiation or damage of the initiation system. If
“shot breaks” must be used, all loaded holes should be considered in determining the size of the blast
site and blast area.

NEVER insert anything into a fuse detonator except safety fuse.

NEVER use explosive materials that have been water soaked, even if they now appear to be dried out.

NEVER investigate the contents of a detonator.

NEVER pull wires, safety fuse, shock tube, coupling device(s), plastic tubing, or detonating cord out of any
detonator or delay device.

NEVER take apart or alter the contents of any explosive materials.

NEVER expose explosive materials to sources of heat exceeding 150o (degrees) Fahrenheit (F); 68o Celsius (C),
or to open flame, unless such materials or procedures for their use have been recommended for such
exposure by the manufacturer.

NEVER strike explosive materials with, or allow them to be hit by, objects other than those required in loading.

NEVER subject explosive materials to excessive impact or friction.

NEVER allow loaded firearms in the vicinity of, nor shoot near, explosive materials, magazines or vehicles
loaded with explosive materials.

9
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Drilling, Loading, and Tamping
A. GENERAL
ALWAYS keep accurate and complete records of all blasts. Blast records should include, but are not limited to,
the names of the blaster-in-charge and crew, the exact blast site location, blast hole drill logs, weather
conditions, site-specific loading information, geologic data, vibration compliance data, a sketch of the
blast site including nearest structures if applicable, blast design details with individual charge timing,
and the blaster’s signature. Refer to SLP 3 and SLP 27 for further blast report recommendations.

ALWAYS use proper fall protection devices, and/or, systems when working closer than 6 feet (2 meters) to the
crest of a stable highwall, or if there is any danger of falling.

ALWAYS wear proper floatation devices and/or fall protection if working closer than 6 feet (2 meters) to the crest
or in an area that presents a risk of falling into water.

B. DRILLING
ALWAYS provide adequate training and education for drillers to ensure the safe operation of equipment and
safety of drillers.

ALWAYS check for unfired explosive materials on the surface or face before drilling.

ALWAYS ensure drill equipment is in proper working order and all safety devices are in place prior to drilling.

ALWAYS ensure leveling jacks, measurement devices, and tools for proper drill setup on stable ground are in
working order, and are used, to provide control of drill and pattern designs.

ALWAYS use drill logs to record adequate information for proper loading of every borehole.

ALWAYS ensure noise and dust protection equipment and devices are in place prior to operation.

NEVER drill into explosive materials, or into a borehole that has contained explosive materials.

NEVER start a borehole in a bootleg.

NEVER begin drilling operations until adequate site preparation has been done for the type of drill being used
to ensure safe movement and operation.

NEVER begin drilling until the blast pattern design is properly laid out and borehole locations are adequately
marked for the drill.

NEVER drill angle holes unless measurement equipment and controls are in place to ensure correct borehole
placement, location, and end direction.

10
C. LOADING
ALWAYS inspect the highwall, crest, and open face for safe working conditions before loading.

ALWAYS check each borehole to assure it is safe for loading.

ALWAYS load face holes in such a manner that the crest can be seen at all times.

ALWAYS take precautions during pneumatic loading to prevent the accumulation of static electric charges.

NEVER place any parts of the body in front of the borehole except those required for loading, tamping, or
stemming operations.

NEVER force explosive materials into a borehole.

NEVER load a borehole containing hot or burning material. Temperatures above 150° F (68° C) could be
dangerous.

NEVER spring a borehole near other holes loaded with explosive materials.

NEVER stack more explosive materials than needed near working areas during loading.

NEVER drop large diameter, rigid cartridges [4 inch (102 mm) or larger] directly on a primer (booster or
cartridge that contains a detonator).

D. TAMPING
NEVER tamp a primer or explosive material that has been removed from its cartridge.

NEVER tamp explosive materials with metallic devices, except jointed non-sparking poles with nonferrous
metal connectors.

NEVER tamp explosives with excessive force or violent pressure.

NEVER kink or damage safety fuse, detonating cord, shock tube, plastic tubing, coupling devices, or wires of
detonators when tamping.

11
USING EXPLOSIVES MATERIALS: General Instructions for Primers

A. GENERAL
ALWAYS prepare primers just prior to their immediate deployment into the borehole and as close to time of
loading explosives to ensure proper placement, limiting damage to, and effective priming of the
explosive column.

NEVER prepare more primers than immediately needed.

NEVER prepare primers in a magazine or near large quantities of explosive materials.

NEVER slit, drop, twist or tamp a primer.

B. PREPARING THE PRIMER

ALWAYS insert the detonator completely into a hole in the explosive material made with a non-sparking punch
designed for that purpose, or in the cap well of a manufactured booster.

ALWAYS secure the detonator within the primer.

ALWAYS point the detonator in the direction of the main explosive charge.

ALWAYS secure the detonator to a primer cartridge so that no tension is placed on the leg wires, safety fuse,
shock tube, plastic tubing, or detonating cord at the point of entry into the detonator.

ALWAYS be certain the detonator is fully inserted in the primer cartridge or booster and does not protrude from
it.

ALWAYS use cartridges and/or boosters that are physically compatible with the specific detonator design.

NEVER use a cast primer or booster if the hole for the detonator is too small.

NEVER enlarge a hole in a cast primer or booster to accept a detonator.

NEVER punch explosive material that is very hard or frozen.

NEVER force or attempt to force a detonator into explosive material.

C. LOADING THE BOREHOLE

ALWAYS use the first cartridge in the borehole as the primer cartridge where two inch diameter or
smaller cartridges are used.

NEVER drop large diameter, rigid cartridges [4 inch (102 mm) or larger] directly on the primer.

12
MAKING PRIMERS WITH ELECTRIC OR ELECTRONIC DETONATORS
A. SMALL DIAMETER CARTRIDGES
(Less than 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter)

Photos 1, 2 & 3 show recommended steps for making up primers with electric or electronic detonators.

Step 1: Punch a hole straight into one end of

cartridge.

Photo 1

Step 2: Insert the detonator into the hole ensuring

the business end of the detonator is in the center of
the cartridge.

Photo 2

Step 3 Tie leg wires around the cartridge using a

half-hitch.

Photo 3

NEVER pull the wires too tightly; this may break them or damage the insulation.

13
B. LARGE DIAMETER CARTRIDGES
(4 inches (102 mm) and larger in diameter)

Photos 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 show the recommended method of making a primer with a large diameter cartridge and
electric or electronic detonators.

Step 1: Punch a slanting hole from the

center of one end of the cartridge
coming out through the side two or
more inches from the end.

Photo 4

Step 2: Fold over the leg wires about

12 inches (306 mm) from the
detonator to form a sharp bend and
push the folded wires through the hole
starting at the end of the cartridge and
coming out through the side.

Photo 5

14
 Step 3: Open the folded wires and pass
the loop over the other end of the
cartridge.

Photo 6

Step 4: Punch another hole straight

into the end of the cartridge beside the
first, insert the detonator fully into this
hole ensuring that the business end is
centered in the cartridge.

Photo 7

Step 5: Take up all the slack in the

wires.

Photo 8

15
C. CAST BOOSTERS

ALWAYS follow the manufacturer’s recommendation for the attachment and use of detonators with cast or
manufactured boosters.

ALWAYS use two safety fuse assemblies (double prime) when the primer is used as a primary explosive charge
and exposure to personnel from subsequent misfire retrieval activity is a potential.

NEVER thread safety fuse through the inside of a cast booster.

Photos 9, 10 & 11: Recommended steps for making up primers with electric or electronic detonators.

Photo 9 Photo 10 Photo 11

16
D. PLASTIC FILM CARTRIDGES
Photos 12, 13 & 14 Shows the recommended method for making up a primer with a plastic film cartridge
using electric or electronic detonators.

Photo 12

Step 1: Punch a slanting hole near one end of the cartridge ensuring the end of the punch
is positioned in the center of the cartridge.

Photo 13

Step 2: Insert the detonator into the punched hole and ensure it is centered in the
cartridge.

Photo 14

Step 3: Half hitch the cartridge (twice) and take up all the slack in the wire leads.

17
MAKING PRIMERS WITH FUSE OR NONELECTRIC DETONATORS
A. SIDE PRIMING METHOD – Photos 15, 16 & 17

Step 1: Punch a hole in the side of the cartridge.

Make the hole deeper than the length of the detonator
and pointed downward towards the center rather than
across the cartridge.

Photo 15

Step 2: Insert the detonator ensuring the business end

of the detonator is positioned in the center of the
cartridge.

Photo 16

Step 3: Tape the safety fuse, shock tube, or plastic

tubing to the cartridge to prevent the detonator from
being pulled out of the cartridge.

Photo 17

18
B. REVERSE PRIMING METHOD – Photos 18, 19, 20 and 21

Step 1: Punch a hole straight into one end of the

cartridge. Make the hole deeper than the length
of the detonator.

Photo 18

Step 2: Insert the detonator.

Photo 19

Step 3: Fold back the fuse, shock tube, or plastic

tubing over the end so that it lies along the
length of the cartridge.

Photo 20

Step 4: Tape the fuse, shock tube, or plastic

tubing to the cartridge.

Photo 21

CAUTION: If miniaturized detonating cord is used, the explosives must be insensitive to

initiation by the detonating cord for this method to work.

19
MAKING PRIMERS WITH DETONATING CORD
A. DETONATING CORD WITH CAST BOOSTERS
ALWAYS follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for using detonating cord with cast or manufactured
boosters.

Photo 22 Photo 23 PhotoPhoto

23 24

Photos 22, 23 & 24 show the recommended method for making up primers with a cast booster
and detonating cord.

MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF PRIMERS

ALWAYS follow manufacturer’s recommendations for the preparation of primers. Not all types of
primers are depicted in this publication.

20
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: General Precautions
A. PROTECTING YOURSELF
ALWAYS keep explosive materials away from food, eyes, or skin. Flush areas of contact with large quantities of
water.

ALWAYS avoid exposure to excessive noise from blasting. Comply with federal, state, and local laws and
regulations.

ALWAYS fire the blast from a position outside the blast area (away from where flyrock, concussion or fumes
might occur), or if necessary to be in the blast area, from an adequate blast shelter that provides
protection from flying material.

ALWAYS remain in a position away from the blast area until post-blast fumes, dusts, or mists have subsided.

NEVER handle any explosive materials or position yourself near any explosive materials when initiating a
blast.

NEVER fire the blast from in front of the blast.

NEVER breathe dust or vapors from explosive materials.

B. PROTECTING OTHERS
ALWAYS clear the blast area of persons prior to hooking up the lead in line or firing cable to a firing device,
blasting machine or blast controller.

ALWAYS post guards to prevent access to the blast area.

ALWAYS sound adequate warning prior to the blast.

ALWAYS use a blasting mat or other protective means when blasting close to residences or other occupied
buildings or other locations where injury to persons or damage to property could occur as a result of
flyrock.

NEVER fire a blast without a positive signal from the blaster-in-charge.

NEVER permit anyone to handle explosive materials or position themselves near explosive materials when a
blast is to be initiated.

C. PROTECTING THE BLAST AREA

ALWAYS clear the immediate area of vehicles, equipment, and extra explosive materials.

ALWAYS design a blast to prevent excessive air blast, ground vibration, and flyrock. Comply with federal, state,
and local laws and regulations.

ALWAYS clear the blast area of all personnel prior to testing the circuit when using a blasting machine that is a
combination firing unit and circuit tester.

NEVER allow any source of ignition within 50 feet (16.6 meters) of a blast site except approved safety fuse
lighters.

21
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Electric Initiation

A. PREPARING THE ELECTRIC BLASTING CIRCUIT

ALWAYS test the circuit for continuity and proper resistance using a blasting galvanometer or an instrument
specifically designed for testing electric detonators and circuits containing them.

ALWAYS fire electric detonators with firing currents in the range recommended by the manufacturer.

ALWAYS keep electric detonator wires or lead wires disconnected from the power source and shunted until ready
to test or fire.

ALWAYS keep the firing circuit completely insulated from ground or other conductors.

ALWAYS be sure that all wire ends are clean before connecting.

NEVER attempt to fire electric detonators (or blasting caps or detonating fuzes) with either more or less electric
current than recommended by the manufacturer.

NEVER use any instruments, such as electrician’s meters, that are not specifically designed for testing blasting
circuits or detonators. Such meters produce sufficient electrical energy to prematurely initiate electric
detonators which can result in injury or death.

NEVER mix electric detonators made by different manufacturers in the same circuit.

NEVER mix electric detonators of different types in a circuit, even if made by the same manufacturer, unless
such use is approved by the manufacturer.

NEVER mix electric detonators and electronic detonators in the same blast, even if these are made by the same
manufacturer, unless such use is approved by the manufacturer.

NEVER use aluminum wire in a blasting circuit.

NEVER make the final hookup to the power source until all personnel are clear of the blast area.

NEVER use test equipment and blasting machines that are designed for electronic detonators with electric
detonators.

22
 B. PROTECTING AGAINST EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY
ALWAYS check for stray current.

ALWAYS check surrounding area near the blast site for the presence of fixed and mobile sources of radio
frequency fields including cellular phones, handheld transceivers, driver monitoring systems, etc.
Comply with the recommended safe distance tables in SLP-20.

NEVER load boreholes in open work areas near electric power lines unless the firing lines and detonator wires
are anchored or are too short to reach the electric power lines.

NEVER handle or use electric detonators;

a) when stray electrical currents are present,
b) during electrical storms,
c) if static electricity is present.

NEVER use electric detonators (electric blasting caps) near radio-frequency transmitters unless in accordance
with SLP-20.

NEVER use electric detonators near RF sources unless in accordance with SLP-20 or an “RF Safe” detonator is
used. Consult the manufacturer of the detonator for additional assistance.

NEVER have electric power wires or cables near electric detonators or other explosive materials except at the
time of and for the purpose of firing the blast.

NEVER open blasting machines or handle batteries near electric detonators.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Detonating Cord Initiation

ALWAYS use a detonating cord matched to the blasting methods and type of explosive materials being used.

ALWAYS handle detonating cord as carefully as other explosive materials.

ALWAYS cut the detonating cord downline from the spool before loading the rest of the explosive material into a
borehole or beginning any other tie-in activity.

ALWAYS cut the detonating cord trunkline from the spool immediately following completion of the tie-in
activities.

ALWAYS use a sharp, single-bladed device designed or approved for cutting detonating cord.

ALWAYS make tight connections, following manufacturer’s directions.

ALWAYS attach detonators to detonating cord with tape or methods recommended by the manufacturer.

ALWAYS point the detonators toward the direction of detonation – Figure 1.

23
 DETONATION

(a) Detonator & Safety Fuse (cap & fuse) 2 recommended

DETONATION

(b) Electronic or Electric Detonator

DETONATION

(c) Other Nonelectric Detonators

Figure 1: Methods for attaching detonators to detonating cord

ALWAYS attach the cord initiating detonator at least six inches (152mm) from the cut end of the detonating cord.

ALWAYS use a suitable booster to initiate wet detonating cord.

ALWAYS use surface delay connectors designed for use with detonating cord.

NEVER make loops, kinks, or sharp angles in the cord which might direct the cord back toward the oncoming
line of detonation.

NEVER damage detonating cord prior to firing.

NEVER use damaged detonating cord.

NEVER attach detonators for initiating the blast to detonating cord until the blast area has been cleared and
secured for the blast.

NEVER cut detonating cord with devices such as scissors, plier-type cutters, cap crimpers, or similar
instruments.

24
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Nonelectric Initiation
A. GENERAL
ALWAYS follow manufacturer’s warnings and instructions, especially hookup procedures and safety precautions.

NEVER hold nonelectric leads during firing. This may cause injury or death.

NEVER use tubing or detonating cord leads for any purpose other than that specified by the manufacturer.

B. MINIATURIZED DETONATING CORD SYSTEM

ALWAYS use explosives that are insensitive to initiation by the miniaturized detonating cord.

NEVER join two sections of miniaturized detonating cord. A detonation will not pass through such a
connection.

C. SHOCK TUBE SYSTEM

ALWAYS ensure that shock tubing connections to detonating cord are at right angles to prevent angle cut-offs.

ALWAYS avoid situations where initiation system components can become entangled in machines, equipment,
vehicles, or moving parts thereof.

ALWAYS lead shock tube to the hole in a straight line and keep it taut.

ALWAYS follow the manufacturer’s recommendations when cutting and splicing lead-in trunkline shock tube.

ALWAYS unhook surface delay connectors prior to handling a misfire.

ALWAYS protect surface delay connectors from unintended energy sources such as: impact from falling rock,
impact from tracked vehicles or other mobile equipment, drilling equipment, flame, friction, electrical
discharge from power lines, static electricity, and lightning.

NEVER drive any vehicles over shock tube.

NEVER tie together two lengths of shock tubing. An initiation signal will not pass through a knotted
connection.

NEVER pull, stretch, kink, or put tension on a shock tube such that the tube could be caused to break or
otherwise malfunction.

NEVER hook-up any surface delay connector before you are ready to fire the blast.

NEVER hook-up a surface delay connector to its own shock tube.

NEVER leave an unhooked surface delay connector in close proximity to the shock tube of a loaded borehole.

NEVER remove the detonator from a surface delay connector block.

NEVER attempt to initiate detonating cord with a surface delay connector designed for the initiation of shock
tube only.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Electronic Initiation

ALWAYS follow manufacturer’s warning and instructions, especially hook-up procedures and safety precautions.

ALWAYS fire electronic detonators using the equipment and procedures recommended by the manufacturer.

25
ALWAYS verify the detonator system integrity prior to initiation of the blast.

ALWAYS keep the firing circuit completely insulated from ground or other conductors.

ALWAYS use the wires, connectors and coupling devices specified by the manufacturer.

ALWAYS follow the manufacturer’s instructions when aborting a blast and follow the manufacturer’s
recommended wait time before returning to the blast site.

ALWAYS wait a minimum of 30 minutes before returning to a blast site after aborting a blast if the
manufacturer’s specific instructions for aborting the blast were not followed.

ALWAYS clear the blast area of personnel, vehicles and equipment prior to hooking up to the firing device or
blast controller.

ALWAYS keep detonator leads, coupling devices and connectors protected until ready to test or fire the blast.

ALWAYS keep wire ends, connectors, and fittings clean and free from dirt or contamination prior to connection.

ALWAYS follow manufacturer’s instructions for system hook-up for electronic detonators.

ALWAYS follow manufacturer’s recommended practices to protect electronic detonators from electromagnetic,
RF, or other electrical interference sources.

ALWAYS protect electronic detonator wires, connectors, coupling devices, shock tube, or other components from
mechanical abuse and damage.

ALWAYS ensure the blaster-in-charge has control over the blast site throughout the programming, system
charging, firing, and detonation of the blast.

ALWAYS use extreme care when programming delay times in the field to ensure correct blast designs. Incorrect
programming can result in misfires, flyrock, excessive air overpressure, and vibration.

NEVER mix electronic detonators and electric detonators in the same blast, even if they are made by the same
manufacturer, unless such use is approved by the manufacturer.

NEVER mix electronic detonators of different types and/or versions in the same blast, even if they are made by
the same manufacturer, unless such use is approved by the manufacturer.

NEVER mix or use electronic detonators and equipment made by different manufacturers.

NEVER use test equipment and blasting machines designed for electric detonators with electronic detonators.

NEVER use equipment or electronic detonators that appear to be damaged or poorly maintained.

NEVER attempt to use blasting machines, testers, or instruments with electronic detonators that are not
specifically designed for the system.

NEVER attempt to cut and splice leads unless specifically recommended by the manufacturer.

NEVER make a final hook-up to a firing device or blast controller until all personnel are clear of the blast area.

NEVER load boreholes in open work near electric power lines unless the firing lines and detonator wires are
anchored or are too short to reach the electric power lines.

26
 NEVER handle or use electronic detonators during the approach and progress of an electrical storm. Personnel
must be withdrawn from the blast area to a safe location.

NEVER use electronic detonator systems outside the manufacturer’s specified operational temperature and
pressure ranges.

NEVER test or program an electronic detonator in a booster, cartridge, or other explosive component (primer
assembly) before it has been deployed in the borehole or otherwise loaded for final use.

NEVER hold an electronic detonator while it is being tested or programmed.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Fuse Detonator and Safety Fuse Initiation

A. GENERAL
ALWAYS handle fuse carefully to avoid damaging the covering. In cold weather, warm fuse slightly before
using to avoid cracking the water-proofing.

ALWAYS know the burning speed of the safety fuse by conducting a test burn of the fuse in use to make sure
there is adequate time to reach safety after lighting.

ALWAYS “double cap” safety fuse assemblies if they are being used as the primary explosive charge, or when
initiating detonating cord for firing a blast.

NEVER use lengths of safety fuse less than three feet.

NEVER insert anything but safety fuse in the open end of fuse-type detonator.

NEVER use fuse that has been kinked, bent sharply, or handled roughly in such a manner that the powder train
may be interrupted.

NEVER attempt to disarm or relight a safety fuse assembly once the unit has been lit, or attempted to be lit,
until the 30 minute misfire waiting period has passed.

B. STEPS FOR ASSEMBLING FUSE DETONATOR AND FUSE

Step 1: Wait until you are ready to insert fuse into a fuse detonator before cutting it.

Step 2: Cut off an inch or two to ensure a dry end.

Step 3: Measure the correct length of fuse from the roll and cut squarely across with a fuse cutter designed for this
purpose; not a knife.

Step 4: Visually inspect the inside of the detonator for foreign material or moisture; if wet or if foreign matter cannot be
removed by pouring, do not use the detonator. Dispose of the detonator in an approved manner.

Step 5: Put the safety fuse gently against the powder charge.

Step 6: Crimp the end of the fuse detonator where the fuse enters using a cap crimper.

ALWAYS cut off an inch or two to ensure a dry end. Cut fuse squarely across with the proper tool designed for
this purpose; not a knife.

27
ALWAYS seat the fuse lightly against the detonator charge and avoid twisting after it is in place.

ALWAYS ensure that the detonator is securely crimped to the fuse.

ALWAYS use a waterproof crimp or waterproof the fuse-to-detonator joint in wet work.

ALWAYS use cap crimpers to crimp the detonator to the safety fuse.

NEVER twist the fuse inside the detonator.

NEVER use a knife or teeth for crimping.

NEVER use an open fuse detonator for a booster.

NEVER cut fuse until you are ready to insert it into the detonator.

NEVER crimp a detonator by any means except with a cap crimper designed for the purpose.

NEVER attempt to remove a detonator from the fuse it is crimped to.

C. LIGHTING SAFETY FUSE

Step 1: Make sure to allow sufficient time to reach a safe location after lighting and before initiation.

Step 2: Place sufficient stemming over the explosive material to protect it from fuse-generated heat and sparks.

Step 3: Have a partner before lighting the fuse. One person should light the fuse, and the other should time and monitor
the burn.

Step 4: Light the safety fuse using a specially designed lighter. Single-fuse ignition: use hot-wire lighters, pull-wire
lighters or thermalite connectors. Multiple-fuse ignition: use igniter cord with thermalite connectors.

ALWAYS light fuse with a fuse lighter designed for the purpose.

ALWAYS use the “buddy system” when lighting safety fuse – one lights the fuse, the other times and monitors.

NEVER light fuse until sufficient stemming has been placed over the explosive to prevent sparks from coming
into contact with the explosive.

NEVER drop or load a primer with a lighted safety fuse into a borehole.

NEVER use matches, cigarette lighters, cigarettes, pipes, cigars, carbide lamps, or other unsafe means to ignite
safety fuse.

28
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: After-Blast Procedures
A. DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
ALWAYS manage deteriorated or damaged explosive materials with special care. They may be more hazardous
than explosive materials in good condition.

ALWAYS dispose of explosives in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local laws, regulations and
ordinances. Follow all applicable laws, regulations and ordinances regarding the packaging, marking
and transportation of explosive items.

ALWAYS dispose of explosive materials using proper methods. Check with your supervisor or the manufacturer.
If the manufacturer is not known, check with an IME Member Company listed in the front of this
booklet.

NEVER reuse any explosive material packaging.

NEVER burn explosive materials packaging in a confined space or area.

B. MISFIRES
ALWAYS deal with misfires of electronic detonator systems in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommended
procedures. (Electronic detonator systems may vary widely in design and application).

ALWAYS wait at least 30 minutes after fuse detonator misfires and at least 15 minutes after electric and/or
nonelectric detonator misfires, unless the manufacturer recommends additional time, before returning
to the blast area. Comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.

ALWAYS wait a minimum of 30 minutes after electronic detonator misfires, unless the manufacturer
recommends additional time, before returning to the blast area.

ALWAYS shunt the bare wires of a misfired electric detonator by twisting them together and taping them to the
metal shell to protect against extraneous sources of electrical energy.

ALWAYS consider using air or water to remove stemming from a charged borehole where nonelectric or
electronic initiation systems have been used before considering using a vacuum removal system
alternative.

NEVER drill, bore, or pick out any explosive materials that have been misfired. Misfires should only be
handled by a competent experienced person knowledgeable of the blast design, including the location
and type of all explosive materials.

NEVER use a vacuum removal system such as a vacuum truck, “shop vac”, or vacuum cleaner to remove
stemming from any borehole in which electric detonators have been used.

C. BLAST-GENERATED FUMES
ALWAYS assume that toxic fumes are present from all blasts or burning explosive materials and stay away until
they have dissipated.

ALWAYS assume that toxic concentrations of carbon monoxide gas from heavily confined blasts such as those
used in trenching can migrate through the earth and accumulate in nearby underground enclosed spaces
such as basements or manholes.

29
 ALWAYS comply with applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations for safe fume levels before
returning to the blast area.

D. REDUCING POST-BLAST FUME HAZARD

ALWAYS monitor nearby enclosed spaces for toxic gasses, such as carbon monoxide, after blasting.

ALWAYS ventilate nearby enclosed spaces and continue to monitor them if any carbon monoxide gas is detected
in the enclosed space after blasting.

ALWAYS excavate blasted material from heavily confined blasts as soon as possible. Blasted material may
harbor dangerous concentrations of carbon monoxide gas for days if not excavated.

ALWAYS use the largest diameter cartridge that fits the job.

ALWAYS use water resistant explosive materials in wet conditions, and fire the blast as soon as practicable after
loading.

ALWAYS spray the muckpile with water in accordance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.

ALWAYS avoid conditions that might cause explosive materials to burn rather than detonate.

NEVER enter a recently blasted trench or an enclosed space without checking for toxic gasses such as carbon
monoxide.

NEVER use explosive materials that appear deteriorated or damaged.

NEVER use more explosive material than necessary.

NEVER add combustible materials to the explosive material load.

NEVER use combustible materials for stemming.

USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Seismic Prospecting

ALWAYS secure explosive material at a safe depth in the borehole. Use shot anchors when needed.

ALWAYS secure any casing that might blow out of the borehole.

ALWAYS place the detonator and/or primer near the top of the explosive column, in the side or in the cap well of
one of the top two cartridges.

NEVER approach explosive material thrown out of the borehole by a detonation until it can be determined that
the material is not burning.

NEVER drop a seismic charge containing a detonator (primer cartridge) on the ground or down a borehole.

30
USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS: Oil Field Services
A. WHEN TRANSPORTING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

ALWAYS ensure that loaded perforating guns are properly secured for transport as described in packing
instruction US1 of 49 CFR 173.62

NEVER transport unapproved loaded perforating guns or other explosive articles or materials. All explosives
to be transported must have an EX-number assigned to them by the U.S. Department of Transportation.

B. WHEN STORING LOADED PERFORATING GUNS

ALWAYS keep loaded perforating guns stored flat on a concrete or paved floor, offshore oil well tool pallets, or
placed on permanently mounted racks to prevent accidental movement or discharge.

NEVER Store loaded perforating guns with exposed explosives that are not contained within a secure tube (i.e.,
wire guns or tubeless strips).

NEVER store loaded perforating guns near flammable materials or near sources of excessive heat.

C. WHEN USING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

ALWAYS follow company policy when loading and downloading explosive tools such as perforating guns, firing
heads and pipe recovery products. Extreme care must be taken in handling these materials.

NEVER reclaim or re-use any explosive materials that have been run down-hole and exposed to elevated
temperatures and/or hydrostatic pressure.

D. WHEN PERFORMING OIL WELL PERFORATING

(Also See Extraneous Electricity Section)
ALWAYS conduct wellsite operations in conformance with the American Petroleum Institute (API) document
RP-67, Recommended Practice for Oilfield Explosives Safety, Latest Edition

ALWAYS place “Danger Explosives” and “Radio Silence” signs at strategic points around the rig site including
entrances when using detonator types requiring radio silence.

ALWAYS follow company practices and procedures for the management of operations involving explosive
devices during electrical storms.

ALWAYS ground the truck or unit to the wellhead and any other conductive structures that tools and cables may
contact during operations

ALWAYS confirm the tool end of the cable is shorted to ground in order to drain off any possible stored electrical
charge, and check for stray voltage between the conductor and the ground.

ALWAYS confirm the firing panel end of the cable is switched into the “safe” position and key removed until all
systems are ready for conveyance into the well.

31
ALWAYS select detonating cord that has the physical and performance characteristics consistent with the blasting
methods, down-hole conditions, and type of explosive material being used.

ALWAYS confirm that all wire ends to be connected are clean prior to using them on down-hole explosive tools.

ALWAYS connect detonators to detonating cord by methods recommended by the manufacturer. (Connect
electrically (hooking electric detonator to shunted circuit) before ballistically (hooking up to cord or
gun). Then ready to attach to firing circuit when area is cleared and systems are ready to deploy into
the well.

ALWAYS connect the detonator to the cable with the detonator enclosed inside a safety arming tube before the
larger explosive device is attached to the detonator.

ALWAYS assume that toxic concentrations of carbon monoxide gas from down-hole perforating operations could
be released at the surface through the wellhead and could accumulate in nearby confined and/or
enclosed spaces such as cellars and pits.

ALWAYS Disarm ballistically before electrically. When disarming an unexploded tool, always disconnect the
detonator from the explosive train before disconnecting the detonator electrically.

NEVER use or uncoil the wires of detonators (or electric blasting caps or detonating fuzes) during electrical or
dust storms or near any other potential source of large charges of static electricity.

NEVER arm explosive devices until all systems are ready to go into the well.

E. PERFORATING GUN DISPOSAL

ALWAYS dispose of explosives in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local laws, regulations and
ordinances. Follow all applicable laws, regulations and ordinances regarding the packaging, marking
and transportation of such explosive items. If in doubt, contact the manufacturer for specific guidance.

ALWAYS ensure that all charges have been detonated while a perforating gun is being removed from the well.
Compare the shot pattern/quantity to the shot record.

ALWAYS retain the original packaging materials in the event that downloaded product must be transported for
disposal.

NEVER discard perforating guns if there is a possibility that there is undetonated material remaining inside the
perforating gun.

32
 IME SAFETY LIBRARY
IME’s Safety Library is comprised of 15 publications which address a variety of subjects pertaining to safety and
its application to the manufacture, transportation, storage, handling, use of commercial explosive materials. Many
of the industry recommendations set forth in these Safety Library Publications (SLPs) have been adopted by
federal, state, and local regulatory agencies.

ALWAYS reference the latest version of the SLP which can be found at: www.IME.org.

The following SLPs comprise the Safety Library:

SLP 1 Construction Guide for Storage Magazines

SLP 2 The American Table of Distances

Suggested Code of Regulations for the Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage, Sale,
SLP 3
Possession and Use of Explosive Materials
Warnings and Instructions for Consumers in Transporting, Storing, Handling and Using
SLP 4
Explosive Materials
SLP 12 Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms
SLP 14 Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution of Explosive Materials
SLP 17 Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling and Use of Explosive Materials
Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of
SLP 20
Commercial Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps)
Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of Detonators in a Vehicle with Certain
SLP 22
Other Explosive Materials
Recommendations for the Transportation of Explosives Division 1.5, Ammonium Nitrate
SLP 23 Emulsions, Division 5.1, Combustible Liquids, Class 3, and Corrosives, Class 8 in Bulk
Packaging
Recommendations for Handling 50 Metric Tons or More of Commercial Division 1.1 or
SLP-24 1.2 Break-Bulk Explosives Materials in Transportation at Commercial Facilities in the
United States

SLP 25 Explosives Manufacturing & Processing Guideline to Safety Training

SLP 27 Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage and Use of Commercial Explosives

Recommendations for Accountability and Security of Bulk Explosives and Bulk Security
SLP 28
Sensitive Materials

SLP-29 Recommendations for the Environmental Management of Commercial Explosives

Cost and purchasing instructions are available from the IME office:

Institute of Makers of Explosives

Washington, DC
Phone (202) 429-9280
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

33
NOTES

34
35
36
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.
 MEMBER COMPANIES (As of March 2018)

Accurate Energetic Systems, LLC RA McClure Inc

McEwen, Tennessee Powell, Ohio
Austin Powder Company Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Cleveland, Ohio Schaumberg, Illinois
Baker Hughes, A GE Company Senex Explosives, Inc.
Houston, Texas Cuddy, Pennsylvania
Davey Bickford North America SLT Secured Systems International, LLC
Salt Lake City, Utah Scottsdale, Arizona
Detotec North America, Inc. Special Devices, Inc.
Sterling, Connecticut Mesa, Arizona
DYNAenergetics US, Inc. Teledyne RISI, Inc.
Houston, Texas Tracy, California
Dyno Nobel Inc. Tradestar Corporation
Salt Lake City, Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
General Dynamics – OTS Tread Corporation
Joplin, Missouri Roanoke, Virginia
GEODynamics Inc. Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Millsap, Texas Torrington, Connecticut
Hilltop Energy Visible Assets
Mineral City, Ohio Stratham, New Hampshire
Hunting Titan W.A. Murphy, Inc.
Houston, Texas South Pasadena, California
Jet Research Center/Halliburton
Alvarado, Texas Liaison Class Members:
Maine Drilling & Blasting Associacao Brasileira das Industrias de Materials
Auburn, New Hampshire Explosivos e Agregados (ABIMEX)
Maxam North America Inc. Sao Paulo, Brazil
Salt Lake City, Utah
Association of Energy Service Companies (AESC)
MP Associates, Inc.
Ione, California Friendswood, Texas
Nelson Brothers Inc. Australian Explosives Industry & Safety Group
Birmingham, Alabama (AEISG)
Nobel Insurance Services Tweeds Head, NSW Australia
Irving, Texas Canadian Explosives Industry Association
Orica USA Inc. (CEAEC)
Watkins, Colorado
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Owen Oil Tools LP
Godley, Texas Federation of European Explosives
Manufacturers (FEEM)
Brussels, Belgium
International Society of Explosives Engineers
(ISEE)
Cleveland, Ohio
National Institute for Explosives Technology
(NIXT)
Lonehill, South Africa
SAFEX International
Blonay, Switzerland
Explosives Safety & Technology Society –
Visfotak
Maharashtra, India
 FOREWORD

IME is a nonprofit association founded in 1913 to provide accurate information and comprehensive
recommendations concerning the safety and security of commercial explosive materials. IME represents
U.S. manufacturers and distributors of commercial explosive materials and oxidizers as well as other
companies that provide related services. Although our member companies are based in North America,
IME members operate globally with operations and distribution points on all continents except Antarctica.
IME was created to provide technically accurate information and recommendations concerning commercial
explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable data about their use. Committees of qualified
representatives from IME member companies developed this information and a significant number of their
recommendations are embodied in the regulations of state and federal agencies.
The Institute’s principal committees are: Environmental Affairs; Government Affairs; Legal Affairs; Safety
and Health; Security; Technical; and Transportation and Distribution.
This glossary is a dictionary of terms used in the commercial explosives industry.
The words “DETONATOR” and “BLASTING CAP” shall be considered interchangeable and synonymous
in this document.
Words used in the singular shall include the plural and in the plural shall include the singular.

1
 DISCLAIMER

Definitions provided herein are solely for the purpose of general information for the commercial
explosives industry. Certain terms could have other meanings in different applications and
industries. They should not be substituted for technical advice about specific questions. These
definitions are not necessarily intended to conform to those set forth in any governmental
regulations or guidelines, nor are they intended to describe any manufacturer’s particular product
configuration.

2
 Abbreviations
Acronym Name
AAR Association of American Railroads

ACC American Chemistry Council

AESC Association of Energy Services
AEISG Australian Explosive Industry and Safety Group
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
AFEMS Association of European Manufacturers of Sporting Ammunition
ANE Ammonium Nitrate Emulsion
ANFO Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil
ANPRM Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
ANSI American National Standard Institute
ANSP Ammonium Nitrate Security Program
APA American Pyrotechnics Association
API American Petroleum Institute
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASEPO American Special Effects & Pyrotechnics Organization
AESC Association of Energy Service Contractors
ATA American Trucking Association
ATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives
BIS Bureau of Industry and Security
BNA Bureau of National Affairs
BXA Bureau of Export Administration
BOE Bureau of Explosives, Association of American Railroads
BOM Bureau of Mines
CAA Clean Air Act
CCL Commodity Control List, Bureau of Export Control
CCS Carbon Capture & Sequestration
CEAEC Canadian Explosives Industry Association
CEN Comite Europeen de Normalisation (Committee on European Normalization)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act of
CERCLA
1980 aka Superfund
CERL Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory
CES Certified Explosives Specialist
CFATS Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CIA Chemical Industries Association, Ltd (UK)
CPSC Consumer Protection Safety Commission
CSAT Chemical Security Assessment Tool
CSB US Chemical Safety & Hazards Investigation Board
CSCC Chemical Sector Coordinating Council
CTTSO Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office
CVI/SSI Chemical-terrorism Vulnerability Information/Sensitive Security Information
CWA Clean Water Act
DDESB Department of Defense Explosive Safety Board

3
DDNP Diazodinitrophenol
DEGDN Diethylene Glycol Dinitrate
DGAC Dangerous Goods Advisory Council (formerly HMAC)
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DMNB 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dinitobutance (C6H12(NO2)2
DOC Department of Commerce
DOD Department of Defense
DOE Department of Energy
DOI Department of Interior
DOJ Department of Justice
DOL Department of Labor
DOT Department of Transportation
EC European Commission
ECHA European Chemicals Agency
EGDN Ethylene glycol dinitrate
EOD/LIC Explosive Ordnance Disposal/Low Intensity Conflict
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act aka SARA Title III
ERD Explosives Regulatory Division (Canada)
ERG Emergency Response Guidebook (US DOT)
EU European Union
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FEEM Federation of European Explosives Manufacturers
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Administration
FGAN Fertilizer Grade Ammonium Nitrate
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
GHS Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals
GUI Graphic User Interface
HMR Hazardous Material Regulations
HMSP Hazardous Materials Safety Permit
HMTA Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1975
HMTUSA Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act of 1990
HMX Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine
HSSM Hazardous Security Sensitive Material
IABTI International Association of Bomb Technicians & Investigators
IAFC International Association of Fire Chiefs
IAGC International Association of Geophysical Contractors
IATA International Air Transport Association
IBC International Bulk Container (US DOT Regs) or International Building Code
IBR Incorporate by Reference
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC International Code Council
ICE Interagency Committee on Explosives
IED Improvised Explosive Device
IEEE Institute of Electronic & Electrical Engineering
IFC International Fire Code
IFCA International Fire Chiefs Association

4
IG Inspector General
ILO International Labor Organization
IMA-NA International Minerals Association of North America
IMDG International Maritime Dangerous Goods (Code)
IML International Munitions List, Bureau of Export Control
IMO International Maritime Organization
IP Interested Parties for Hazardous Materials Transportation
IPR Internal Program Review
ISEE International Society of Explosives Engineers
ITRC Interstate Technology & Regulatory Cooperation Workgroup
JIDO (formerly
Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization
JIEDDO)
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet (replaced by SDS)
MSHA Mine Safety & Health Administration
MTN Metriol trinitrate
NAG National Assessment Group
NAM National Association of Manufacturers
NASA National Aeronautics & Space Administration
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NG Nitroglycerin
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health
NIST National Institute for Standards & Technology
NMA National Mining Association
NOAA National Oceanic & Aeronautic Association
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
NRCan Natural Resources Canada
NRDC National Resources Defense Council
NSC National Safety Council
NSSGA National Sand, Stone & Gravel Association
NTIS National Technical Information Service
NTSB National Transportation Safety Board
Organization of Economic Cooperation & Development/International Group on
OECD/IGUS
Unstable Substances
OIRA Office of Information & Regulatory Affairs (OMB)
OMB Office of Management & Budget
OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration
OSM Office of Surface Mining & Reclamation
PCIS Partnership for Critical Infrastructure Security
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
PETN Pentaerythritol tetranitrate
PHMSA Pipeline & Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
PYX 2,6-bix(picrylamino)-3,5-dinitrophyridine
QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment
RCC US/Canada Regulatory Cooperation Council
RCRA Resource Conservation & Recovery Act, US EPA
RDX Cyclonite or Cyclotrineyhlenetrinitramine
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (EU
REACH
Regulation)
SAAMI Small Arms & Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute
SBA Small Business Administration

5
 SDS Safety Data Sheet
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SEA Safe Explosives Act
SETA Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance
TDG Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN)
TFI The Fertilizer Institute
TGAN Technical Grade Ammonium Nitrate
TNT Trinitrotoluene
TRI Toxics Release Inventory
TSA Transportation Security Administration
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TSI Transportation Safety Institute
TWIC Transportation Worker Identification Credential
UFC Uniform Fire Code
UN United Nations
USCG US Coast Guard
USDA US Department of Agriculture
USGS US Geological Survey
USTR US Trade Representative
WHO World Health Organization

Indicates a term used in Oil and Gas Operations

6
 GLOSSARY OF COMMERCIAL
EXPLOSIVES INDUSTRY TERMS

ABORT A deliberate termination of the charging and/or firing sequence of

a blast.
AC Alternating current.
ACCEPTOR A charge of explosives or blasting agent receiving an impulse
from an exploding donor charge.
ADIABATIC The compression of a substance in such a way that heat is not
COMPRESSION allowed to escape from it faster than it is generated. The
compression causes the temperature of the substance to rise and
the volume of the substance to decrease. (If this occurs in
pumping due to cavitation or deadleading the temperature rise
could result in a hazardous condition).

ADIABATIC HEATING An increase in the temperature of a material without

addition of heat. For example, such as may occur when the
pressure of a gas is increased.

ADOBE CHARGE A mud-covered or unconfined charge fired in contact with a rock

surface without the use of a borehole. Synonymous with
BULLDOZE, MUDCAPPING, and PLASTER.
AIRBLAST The airborne shock wave or acoustic transient generated by an
explosion.

"ALWAYS AND NEVER" List of precautions (IME Safety Library Publication No. 4)
printed by the Institute of Makers of Explosives pertaining to the
transportation, storage, handling and use of explosive materials.
Formerly titled "DO'S AND DON'TS".

AMATEUR SERVICE A service of intercommunications and technical investigations

carried on by duly authorized persons interested in radio
technique.
AMERICAN CHEMISTRY A non-profit chemical trade organization of companies in the
COUNCIL (ACC) U.S. and Canada who manufacture chemicals for sale. Formerly
the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA).
AMERICAN NATIONAL A non-governmental organization concerned with developing
STANDARDS INSTITUTE safety and health standards for industry.
(ANSI)

7
AMERICAN TABLE OF A quantity-distance table, prepared and approved by IME, for
DISTANCES storage of explosive materials to determine safe distances from
inhabited buildings, public highways, passenger railways, and
other stored explosive materials.
AMMONIA GELATIN An explosive which contains nitroglycerin, nitroglycol, or
similar liquid sensitizers (nitrate esters) and nitrocellulose with
a portion of the liquid sensitizer replaced by ammonium nitrate.
AMMONIUM NITRATE The ammonium salt of nitric acid represented by the formula
NH4NO3.
AMPERE A unit of electrical current produced by 1 volt acting through a
resistance of 1 ohm.

AMPLITUDE A form of RF transmission where the information contained in

MODULATION (AM) the signal varies the strength of the RF carrier.

ANFO A blasting agent (1.5D) containing no essential ingredients other

than prilled ammonium nitrate and fuel oil.
ANSI See AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE.

ANTENNA An electrical conductor or series of conductors configured to

radiate or receive RF electromagnetic energy.

ANTENNA GAIN A characteristic of a directional antenna; the ratio of the RF field

strength at a particular location in the direction of maximum
radiation and that field intensity produced by an isotropic
antenna operating at the same power input.

APPROPRIATE See COMPETENT AUTHORITY.

AUTHORITY
APPROVED, Terms which mean APPROVED, APPROVAL, or
AUTHORIZED AUTHORIZED by the authority having jurisdiction.
APPROVAL, OR
AUTHORIZED
APPROVED STORAGE A facility for the storage of explosive materials conforming to
FACILITY the requirements of federal and local regulations.
ARMED EXPLOSIVE A loaded explosive device to which a detonator or initiating
DEVICE device has been secured mechanically or electromechanically
and is ready for use

ARMING The process of mechanically and/or electromechanically

attaching a detonator or initiating device to a loaded explosive
device

ARTIFICIAL BARRICADE An artificial mound or revetted wall of earth of a minimum

thickness of three feet.

8
ASIC An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), is an
integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular use, rather
than intended for general-purpose use.

ATF See BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS AND

EXPLOSIVES.
ATTENDED The physical presence of an authorized person within the field of
vision of explosives or the use of explosives.
AUTHORITY HAVING The governmental agency, office, or individual responsible for
JURISDICTION approving equipment, an installation, or a procedure.
AUTHORIZED PERSON An individual approved or assigned by management to perform
a specific duty or duties or to be at a specific location or
locations.

AUTO IGNITION A spontaneous activation or initiation of an explosive caused by

elevated temperature, pressure or a combination of both.

AVAILABLE ENERGY The energy from an explosive material that is capable of

performing useful work.

AVIATION SERVICES Services of fixed and land stations, and mobile stations on land
and on-board aircraft “primarily for the safe expeditious and
economical operation of aircraft.”
BACKBREAK Rock broken beyond the limits of the last row of holes in a blast.
Synonymous with OVERBREAK.

BACKOFF OPERATION An operation performed to free a stuck pipe from a well by

shooting a string of explosives just above the free point.

BALLISTIC ARMING The act of mechanically or electronically configuring

components in an explosive train to allow an initiation.

BALLISTIC MORTAR A laboratory instrument used for measuring the relative power or
strength of an explosive material.

BAND A group of RF frequencies bounded by an upper and a lower

frequency limit generally dedicated to one type of radio
transmission service.
BARRICADED The effective screening of a building containing explosive
materials from a magazine or other building, railway, or
highway by a natural or an artificial barrier. A straight line from
the top of any sidewall of the building containing explosive
materials to the eave line of any magazine or other building or
to a point twelve-feet above the center of a railway or highway
shall pass through such barrier.

9
BARRIER A material object or objects that separates, keeps apart, or
demarcates in a conspicuous manner such as cones, a warning
sign or tape.
BASE CHARGE The main explosive charge in the base of a detonator.
BATF See BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS AND
EXPLOSIVES.
BATTERY DISCONNECT A switch other than the ignition switch that disables all electrical
SWITCH power to a vehicle except that needed for communication.

BENCH A horizontal ledge from which holes are drilled vertically down
into the material to be blasted; benching is a process of
excavating where a highwall is worked in steps or lifts.

BENCH HEIGHT The vertical distance from the top of a bench to the floor or to the
top of the next lower bench.
BINARY EXPLOSIVE A blasting explosive formed by the mixing or combining of two
precursor chemicals, for example, ammonium nitrate and
nitromethane.

BLACK POWDER A deflagrating or low explosive compound of an intimate

mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and an alkali nitrate, usually
potassium or sodium nitrate.
BLAST, (BLASTING) The firing of explosive materials for such purposes as breaking
rock or other material, moving material, or generating seismic
waves.
BLAST AREA The area of a blast within the influence of flying rock missiles,
gases, and concussion.
BLAST CONTROLLER A firing device for electronic detonator circuits which may have
functions (such as programming, communication, circuit
diagnostics) in addition to charging and transmission of the
firing command.
BLAST CREW MEMBER An individual not certified as a blaster who provides assistance
to the blasters in loading and firing of blasts.

BLAST PATTERN The plan of the drill holes as laid out for blasting; an expression
of the burden distance and the spacing distance and their
relationship to each other. Synonymous with DRILL
PATTERN.

10
BLAST SITE The area where explosive material is handled during loading of
blastholes, including 50 feet (15.2 m) in all directions from the
perimeter formed by loaded holes. A minimum of 30 feet (9.1
m) may replace the 50 feet (15.2 m) requirement if the perimeter
of loaded holes is marked and separated from nonblast site areas
by a barrier. The 50 feet (15.2 m) or 30 feet (9.1 m) distance
requirements, as applicable, shall apply in all directions along
the full depth of the blasthole. In underground mines, at least 15
feet (4.6 m) of a solid rib, pillar, or broken rock can be
substituted for the 50-foot (15.2 m) distance.
BLASTER A qualified individual who assists with the design, loading and
firing of a blast. May or may not be licensed according to local
regulations. May be synonymous with SHOT FIRER.
BLASTER-IN-CHARGE The blaster who is in charge of and responsible for the design,
loading and firing of a blast at a specific job site.
BLASTHOLE See DRILL HOLE and BOREHOLE.

BLASTING ACCESSORIES Non-explosive devices and materials used in blasting, such as,
but not limited to, cap crimpers, tamping bags, blasting
machines, blasting galvanometers, and cartridge punches

BLASTING AGENT An explosive material which meets prescribed criteria for

insensitivity to initiation.

For storage, Title 27, Code of Federal Regulations, Section

55.11 defines a blasting agent as any material or mixture,
consisting of fuel and oxidizer intended for blasting, not
otherwise defined as an explosive: provided, that the finished
product, as mixed for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by
means of a No. 8 test blasting cap (detonator) when unconfined.
(ATF Regulation).

For transportation, Title 49 CFR, Section 173.50, defines Class 1,

Division 1.5 (blasting agent) as a substance which has mass
explosion hazard but is so insensitive that there is very little
probability of initiation or of transition from burning to
detonation under normal conditions in transport.

BLASTING CAP See DETONATOR.

BLASTING CREW A group of persons who assist the blaster in loading, tying-in, and
firing a blast.
BLASTING An electrical resistance instrument designed specifically for
GALVANOMETER testing electric detonators and circuits containing them. It is used
to check electrical continuity. Other acceptable instruments for
this purpose are Blasting Ohmmeters and Blasters' Multimeters.

11
BLASTING RECORD (LOG) A written record of information about a specific blast as may be
required by law or regulation.
BLASTING MACHINE An electrical or electromechanical device which provides
electrical energy for the purpose of energizing detonators in an
electric blasting circuit (sometimes called exploder). Also used
in reference to certain nonelectric and electronic systems.
(Sometimes called blast controller.)
BLASTING MACHINE - See CAPACITOR - DISCHARGE BLASTING MACHINE
CD TYPE
BLASTING MACHINE - A hand operated electromechanical device which provides an
GENERATOR TYPE output current to energize electric detonators.
BLASTING MACHINE - A graduated electrical resistance device used to simulate electric
RHEOSTAT detonator resistances for the testing of generator type blasting
machines.
BLASTING MAT A mat of woven steel wire, rope, scrap tires, or other suitable
material or construction to cover blastholes for the purpose of
preventing flying rock missiles.
BLASTING VIBRATIONS The energy from a blast that manifests itself in vibrations which
are transmitted through the earth away from the immediate blast
site.

BLEND A mixture consisting of:

a. water-based explosive material matrix and ammonium
nitrate or ANFO; or
b. water-based oxidizer matrix and ammonium nitrate or
ANFO.
BLOCKHOLING The breaking of boulders by loading and firing small explosive
charges in small-diameter drilled holes.

BLUETOOTH A wireless system utilizing frequency hopping spread spectrum

technology which may connect a variety of devices such as
personal computers, laptops, mobile phones, video game
consoles, printers, cameras, etc., into a local area network. The
systems operate in the 2.4 to 2.48 GHz band and a maximum
power of 100 milliwatt.
BOOSTER An explosive charge, usually of high detonation velocity and
detonation pressure, designed to be used in the explosive
initiation sequence between an initiator or primer and the main
charge.
BOOTLEG The part of a drilled blasthole that remains when the force of the
explosion does not break the rock completely to the bottom of
the hole. Synonymous with SOCKET.

12
BOREHOLE A hole drilled in the material to be blasted, for the purpose of
containing an explosive charge, also called BLASTHOLE or
DRILL HOLE.
BOX An outer packaging with complete rectangular or polygonal
faces, made of metal, wood, plywood, fiberboard, plastic, or
other suitable material and authorized by DOT for packaging
and transport as Class 1 materials (explosives).
BREAKAGE A term used to describe the size distribution of the rock
fragments created by a blast.
BRIDGEWIRE A resistance wire connecting the ends of the leg wires inside an
electric detonator and which is embedded in the ignition charge
of the detonator.
BRISANCE The shattering power of an explosive material as distinguished
from its total work capacity.

BROADCASTING A radio communication service in which the transmissions are

SERVICE intended for direct reception by the general public.

BULK MIX A mass of explosive material prepared for use in bulk form
without packaging.

BULK MIX DELIVERY Equipment (usually a motor vehicle with or without a

EQUIPMENT mechanical delivery device) that transports explosive materials
in bulk form for mixing or loading directly into blastholes, or
both.
BULK STRENGTH The strength per unit volume of an explosive calculated from its
weight strength and density.
BULLDOZE See ADOBE CHARGE. Synonymous with MUDCAPPING and
PLASTER.
BULLET -RESISTANT Magazine walls or doors of construction resistant to penetration
of a bullet of 150-grain M2 ball ammunition having a nominal
muzzle velocity of 2700 feet (823 m) per second fired from a .30
caliber rifle from a distance of 100 feet (30 m) perpendicular to
the wall or door.

When a magazine ceiling or roof is required to be bullet

resistant, the ceiling or roof shall be constructed of materials
comparable to the side walls or of other materials which will
withstand penetration of the bullet described above when fired
at an angle of 45 degrees from the perpendicular.

Tests to determine bullet resistance shall be conducted on test

panels or empty magazines which shall resist penetration of 5
out of 5 shots placed independently of each other in an area at
least 3 feet (0.9 m) by 3 feet (0.9 m).

13
BULLET - SENSITIVE Explosive materials that can be detonated by 150-grain M2 ball
EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL ammunition having a nominal muzzle velocity of 2700 feet (823
m) per second when the bullet is fired from a .30 caliber rifle at
a distance of 100 feet (30 m) and the test material, at a
temperature of 70º to 75º F (21º-24º C), is placed against a
backing material of ½-inch steel plate.
BURDEN The distance from the borehole and the nearest free face or the
distance between boreholes measured perpendicular to the
spacing. Also, the total amount of material to be blasted by a
given hole, usually measured in cubic yards or tons.
BUREAU OF A bureau of the Department of Justice having responsibility for
ALCOHOL, the promulgation and enforcement of regulations related to the
TOBACCO, FIREARMS use of explosive materials under 18 U.S.C. Chapter 40, Section
AND EXPLOSIVES (ATF) 847.
BUREAU OF MINES See U S. BUREAU OF MINES.
BUS WIRE Expendable heavy gauge bare copper wire used to connect
detonators or series of detonators in parallel.
CAP CRIMPER A mechanical device for crimping the metallic shell of a fuse
detonator or igniter cord connector securely to a section of
inserted safety fuse. May be a hand or bench tool.
CAP SENSITIVE An explosive material which will detonate with an IME No. 8
EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL TEST DETONATOR when the material is unconfined.

CAPACITOR-DISCHARGE A blasting machine in which electrical energy, stored on a

BLASTING MACHINE capacitor, is discharged into a blasting circuit containing electric
detonators.
CARTON An inner packaging, usually made of cardboard, pasteboard, or
similar material and used for the packing of Class 1 materials
(explosives). Cartons must be shipped in a DOT authorized
outer packaging. See INNER PACKAGING.
CARTRIDGE An individual closed shell, bag, or tube of circular cross section
containing explosive material.
CARTRIDGE COUNT The number of cartridges in a case. A standard case typically
(STICK COUNT) contains about 50 pounds (lb) of explosive material. Unless
otherwise specified it refers to the number of 1-1/4 x 8 inch
cartridges in a 50 lb case.
CARTRIDGE PUNCH A wooden, plastic, or non-sparking metallic device used to
punch an opening in an explosive to accept a detonator or a
section of detonating cord. Synonymous with POWDER
PUNCH.
CARTRIDGE STRENGTH Synonymous with BULK STRENGTH.
CASE An outer shipping container used for the packaging and transport
of Class 1 materials (explosives). See BOX.

14
CASE INSERT A set of printed, precautionary instructions, including the IME
"Instructions and Warnings" which is included in a case of
explosive materials.
CASE LINER A separate barrier inside a shipping case, used to prevent the
escape of explosive materials. A liner may also restrict fumes
from escaping from the case and protect the explosive materials
from moisture.
CAST BOOSTER A cast, extruded, or pressed solid high explosive which contains
wells or tunnels. Number 8 strength detonator or detonating
cord sensitive. May contain pentolite, TNT, composition B or
similar type explosives.
CAVITATION The formation and collapse of vapor cavities in a flowing liquid
usually caused by undesirable internal pumping conditions.

CENTIPOISE (cP) A unit of dynamic measurement of fluid viscosity, the one

hundredth part of a poise.
CERTIFIED BLASTER A blaster certified by a governmental agency to prepare, execute,
and supervise blasting.
CFM An abbreviation for cubic feet per minute, a measure of the
volume of flow. Usually refers to air flow in mining usage.
CFR See CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS.

A downhole tool used to sever tubular goods in pipe recovery

CHEMICAL CUTTER
operations, utilizing the chemical reaction of bromine
trifluoride (BrF3) with ferrous metals to sever well tubulars.

CIRCUIT A completed path for conveying electrical current. See SERIES

BLASTING CIRCUIT, PARALLEL BLASTING CIRCUIT, and
SERIES-IN-PARALLEL BLASTING CIRCUIT. (Some
nonelectric systems also use the word circuit.)

CIRCUIT BOARD Also known as a printed circuit board (PCB) is a circuit in

which the interconnecting conductors and some of the circuit
components have been printed, etched, etc., onto a sheet or
board of dielectric material. The circuit board mechanically
supports and electrically connects electronic components using
conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

CIRCULATION CHARGE A shaped charge used to perforate pipe to restore lost mud or
fluids circulation.

CITIZENS BAND RADIO A radio communication service of fixed, land, and mobile
stations intended for personal or business radio communication,
radio signaling, (and) control of remote objects or devices.

15
CLASS A EXPLOSIVES A term formerly used by the U.S. Department of
Transportation to describe explosives which possess detonating
or otherwise maximum hazard. (Currently classified as Division
1.1 or 1.2 materials.)
CLASS B EXPLOSIVES A term formerly used by the U.S. Department of
Transportation to describe explosives which possess flammable
hazard. (Currently classified as Division 1.3 materials.)
CLASS C EXPLOSIVES A term formerly used by the U.S. Department of
Transportation to describe explosives which contain Class A or
Class B explosives, or both as components but in restricted
quantities. (Currently classified as Division 1.4 materials.)
CODE OF FEDERAL A codification of the general and permanent rules published in
REGULATIONS the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies
of the federal government. The Code is divided into 50 titles
which represent broad areas subject to federal regulation.
COLLAR The mouth or opening of a borehole or shaft.
COLUMN CHARGE A charge of explosives in a blasthole in the form of a long
continuous unbroken column.
COLUMN DEPTH/ The length of each portion of a blasthole filled with explosive
COLUMN HEIGHT materials.
COMMERCIAL Explosives designed, produced, and used for commercial or
EXPLOSIVES industrial applications rather than for military purposes.
COMPATIBILITY The ability of two or more materials to remain chemically and
(COMPATIBLE) physically stable in the presence of each other. Materials are
“chemically compatible” if, when in contact with each other for
extended periods of time under certain conditions of temperature
and moisture they are nonreactive. BOTH CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY MUST BE AVOIDED.

COMPATIBILITY GROUP A letter assigned by DOT which follows an explosive's division

LETTER number to specify the controls for the transportation, and storage
related thereto, of explosives to prevent an increase in hazard
that might result if certain types of explosives were transported
together. . For example, the “D” in the classification code 1.1D.

COMPETENT A national agency responsible under its national law for the
AUTHORITY control or regulation of a particular aspect of the transportation
of hazardous materials. Also referred to as APPROPRIATE
AUTHORITY (Ref. 49 CFR).

COMPETENT PERSON One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable

hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are
unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has
authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate
them.

16
 The metallic liner, which is implanted in the shaped cavity of
CONE
shaped charges.

CONFINED DETONATION The detonation velocity of an explosive material in a substantial

VELOCITY container or a borehole.
CONNECTING WIRE Wire used to extend the firing line or leg wires in an electric
blasting circuit.
CONTINUITY CHECK A determination made by instrumentation where possible, and
(CIRCUIT CONTINUITY visually in all cases, to show that an initiation system is
CHECK) continuous and contains no breaks or improper connections that
could cause stoppage or failure of the initiation process.
CONTOUR BLASTING A blasting technique used to produce smooth walls and reduce
(SMOOTH BLASTING) overbreak in underground blasting. The trim holes have light,
well distributed charges and are fired on the last delay period in
the round.

CORE GUN or SIDEWALL A propellant actuated device used to extract sidewall rock
samples from a rock stratum or reservoir in an open hole
CORE GUN
wellbore.
CORELOAD The explosive core of detonating cord, expressed as the weight
in grains of explosive per foot.
COUPLING The degree to which an explosive fills the cross-section of a
borehole: bulk-loaded explosives are completely coupled:
untamped cartridges are decoupled.
COUPLING DEVICES An inert device used to create an electrical connection between
the various components of an electric or electronic blasting
circuit.

COYOTE SHOOTING A method of blasting using a number of relatively large

concentrated charges of explosives placed in one or more small
tunnels driven in a rock formation.
CRIMP The folded ends of paper explosive cartridges; the
circumferential depression at the open end of a fuse cap or
igniter cord connector which serves to secure the fuse; or the
circumferential depression in the blasting cap shell that secures
a sealing plug or sleeve into electric or nonelectric detonators.

CRIMPING The act of securing a fuse cap or igniter cord connector to a

section of a safety fuse by compressing the metal shell of the cap
against the fuse by means of a cap crimper.
CRITICAL DIAMETER The minimum diameter for propagation of a detonation wave at
a stable velocity. Critical diameter is affected by conditions of
confinement, temperature and pressure on the explosive.

17
CURRENT LEAKAGE Portion of the firing current bypassing part of the blasting circuit
through unintended paths.
CURRENT LIMITING An electric or electromechanical device that limits (1) current
DEVICE amplitude; (2) duration of current flow; or (3) total energy of the
current delivered to an electric blasting circuit.
CUSHION BLASTING A blasting technique used to produce competent slopes or
smooth walls. The cushion holes, fired after the main charge,
have a reduced spacing and typically employ decoupled charges.
CUTOFF A break in a path of detonation or initiation caused by extraneous
interference, such as flyrock or shifting ground.
DANGEROUS GOODS An international organization representing shippers and carriers,
ADVISORY COUNCIL container manufacturers and reconditioners, and emergency
(DGAC) response companies for hazardous materials.
Formerly the Hazardous Materials Advisory Council (HMAC).
DATE-SHIFT CODE A code, required by federal regulation (ATF), applied by
manufacturers to the outside shipping containers, and, in many
instances, to the immediate containers of explosive materials to
aid in their identification and tracing.
D'AUTRICHE METHOD- A method of determining the detonation velocity of an explosive
DETONATION VELOCITY material by employing detonating cord and a witness plate.

DAY BOX A box which is not approved as a magazine for the unattended
storage of explosives. Such box may be used for the storage of
explosives during working hours on a job site, provided that it
shall always be guarded against theft, and shall be locked and
secured against outright lifting. Day boxes shall meet the
construction requirements of a Type 3 magazine.
DC Direct current.
DEADHEAD Operating a pump when the discharge is substantially blocked,
(DEADHEADING) or partially closed off. Operating a pump when the discharge is
blocked.
DEALER Any person engaged in the business of distributing explosive
material at wholesale or retail.

DELAY ELEMENT The timing delay component of an initiation device or initiator

(detonator).

DECIBEL A unit of air overpressure commonly used to measure air blast.

DECK An explosive charge that is separated from other charges in the

blasthole by stemming or an air cushion.
DECK LOADING A method of loading blastholes in which the explosive charges,
(DECKING) called decks or deck charges, in the same hole are separated by
stemming or an air cushion.

18
DECOUPLING The use of cartridged explosive products significantly smaller in
diameter than the diameter of the blasthole. Decoupling or the
use of decoupling charges is designed to reduce the charge
concentration in the blasthole and minimize stresses exerted on
the walls of the blasthole.
DEFLAGRATION An explosive reaction such as a rapid combustion that moves
through an explosive material at a velocity less than the speed of
sound in the material.
DELAY A distinct pause of predetermined time between detonation or
initiation impulses, to permit the firing of explosive charges
separately.
DELAY BLASTING The practice of initiating individual explosive decks, boreholes or
rows of boreholes at predetermined time intervals using delay
detonators, or other delaying means, as compared to
instantaneous blasting where all holes are fired essentially at the
same time.
DELAY DETONATOR An electric, electronic or nonelectric detonator used to introduce
a predetermined lapse of time between the application of a firing
signal and the detonation of the base charge.

DELAY ELEMENT The device in a delay detonator that produces the predetermined
time lapse between the application of a firing signal and
detonation.
DELAY INTERVAL The nominal time between the detonations of delay detonators of
adjacent periods in a delay series; the nominal time between
successive detonations in a blast.
DELAY PERIOD A designation given to a delay detonator to show its relative or
absolute delay time in a given series.
DELAY SERIES A series of delay detonators designed to satisfy specific blasting
requirements. There are basically two types of delay series:
millisecond (MS) or short period (SP) with delay intervals on the
order of milliseconds and long period (LP) with delay time on the
order of seconds.
DELAY TAG A tag, band, or marker on a delay detonator that denotes the delay
series, delay period and/or delay time of the detonator.
DELAY TIME The lapse of time between the application of a firing signal and
the detonation of the base charge of a delay detonator.

DEMILITARIZED/DEMIL Explosive products that contain certain types of military

EXPLOSIVES explosives as major ingredients or components.

DENSITY The mass of an explosive per unit of volume usually expressed in

grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubic foot (Also see
SPECIFIC GRAVITY)

19
DETONATING CORD A flexible cord containing a center core of high explosive which
may be used to initiate other high explosives or as a main charge.
DETONATING CORD The section of detonating cord that extends within the blasthole
DOWNLINE from the ground surface down to the explosive charge.
DETONATING CORD Nonelectric short-interval (millisecond) delay devices for use in
MS CONNECTORS delaying blasts which are initiated by detonating cord.
DETONATING CORD The line of detonating cord that is used to connect and initiate
TRUNKLINE other lines of detonating cord.
DETONATION An explosive reaction that moves through an explosive material
at a velocity greater than the speed of sound in the material.
DETONATION PRESSURE The pressure produced in the reaction zone of a detonating
explosive.

DETONATOR SAFETY A tubular vessel used to contain the detonator during electric
TUBE arming, designed to contain the fragments and most of the blast,
should the detonator inadvertently function.

DETONATION VELOCITY The velocity at which a detonation progresses through an

explosive.
DETONATOR Any device containing an initiating or primary explosive that is
used for initiating detonation in another explosive material. A
detonator may not contain more than 10 grams of total explosives
by weight, excluding ignition or delay charges. The term
includes, but is not limited to, electric blasting caps of
instantaneous and delay types, electronic detonators, blasting
caps for use with safety fuse, detonating cord delay connectors,
and nonelectric instantaneous and delay blasting caps which use
detonating cord, shock tube, or any other replacement for electric
leg wires. Unless specifically classified otherwise, detonators are
classified 1.1 (Class A explosives). Also see DETONATORS 1.4
(CLASS C EXPLOSIVE).
DETONATORS 1.4 (CLASS Initiating devices which will not mass explode when packaged for
C EXPLOSIVE) shipment. See MASS EXPLODE.

An electrical or ballistic feature that blocks the transmission of

DETONATOR
electrical or explosive energy to the next component in the tool
INTERRUPTION DEVICE
string.
DIAMETER The cross-sectional width of a borehole or an explosive
cartridge.

DISPATCH Department within a company that schedules and controls

transportation of materials.

DITCH BLASTING The formation of a ditch by the detonation of a series of explosive

charges.

20
DITCHING DYNAMITE A nitroglycerin type explosive especially designed to propagate
sympathetically from hole to hole in ditch blasting.
DONOR An exploding charge producing an impulse that impinges upon an
explosive "acceptor" charge or another target.

(slang) A person who prospects for oil, especially by using

DOODLEBUG
seismology. Also called doodlebugger. V: (slang) to explore for
oil, especially by using seismic techniques in which explosives
charges are detonated in shot holes to create shock waves (name
taken from the resemblance of these explosions to the puffs of
loose dirt thrown up by the doodlebug, or ant lion, when digging
its funnel-shaped hole).
DOPE Individual, dry, nonexplosive ingredients that comprise a portion
of an explosive formulation.
DO'S AND DON'TS Former name of a list of precautions (IME Safety Library
Publication No. 4) printed by the Institute of Makers of
Explosives pertaining to the transportation, storage, handling and
use of explosive materials and included in cases of explosive
materials. Also known as the "ALWAYS AND NEVERS."

DOT See DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION.

DOUBLE SIDEBAND A type of radio transmission characterized by a modulated carrier

signal whose upper sideband is the sum of the carrier and the
modulating frequencies and the lower sideband is the difference
between the carrier and the modulating frequencies.

An electric or electro-hydraulic system used to deploy tools,

DOWNHOLE TRACTOR
equipment and perforating guns in horizontal or highly deviated
wells.
DOWNLINE A line of detonating cord or plastic tubing in a blasthole which
transmits the detonation from the trunkline or surface delay
system down the hole to the primer.
DRILL HOLE A hole drilled in the material to be blasted for the purpose of
containing an explosive charge, also called BLASTHOLE or
BOREHOLE.
DRILLING PATTERN The location of blastholes in relationship to each other and the free
face.

An initiation system for tubing conveyed perforating systems

DROP BAR INITATION
utilizing a gravity drop bar to initiate a percussion detonator.

DRY RUNNING Operating a pump with little or no material present inside the
pump. Typically, from a blocked or restricted inlet or a lack of
product flow to the pump.

21
DUMMY A cylindrical unit of clay, sand, or other inert material used to
confine or separate explosive charges in a borehole or an inert
charge used for demonstrations.

DYNAMITE A high explosive used for blasting, consisting essentially of a

mixture of, but not limited to nitroglycerin, nitroglycol, or
similar liquid sensitizers, nitrocellulose, ammonium nitrate,
sodium nitrate, and carbonaceous materials.
ELASTOMER A material such as synthetic rubber or plastic, which at room
temperature can be stretched under low stress to at least twice its
original length and, upon immediate release of the stress, will
return with force to its approximate original length.
ELECTRIC ARMING The attachment of an electro-explosive device to a source of
electric power prior to energizing the circuit.

ELECTRIC BLASTING An electric circuit containing electric detonators and associated

CIRCUIT wiring. Also see PARALLEL-SERIES BLASTING CIRCUIT and
SERIES-IN-PARALLEL BLASTING CIRCUIT.
ELECTRIC DETONATOR A detonator designed for, and capable of, initiation by means of
an electric current.
ELECTRICAL STORM An atmospheric disturbance characterized by intense electrical
activity producing lightning strikes and strong electric and
magnetic fields. Synonymous with THUNDERSTORM and
LIGHTNING STORM.

ELECTRICALLY The attachment of an electro-explosive device to a source of

(ARMED) BEFORE electrical power, or electronic detonator prior to the mechanical
BALLISTICALLY ARMED alignment of all the elements of an explosive train.
(EBBA)
ELECTRONIC A detonator that utilizes stored electrical energy as a means of
DETONATOR powering an electronic timing delay element/module and that
provides initiation energy for firing the base charge.

ELECTRONIC BLASTING A blasting machine designed specifically to communicate to a

MACHINE full series of electronic detonators in a blast that also has the
capability to communicate, interrogate, and program as well as
charge and fire the device(s).

EMERGENCY Instructions carried on a vehicle transporting explosive materials

PROCEDURE CARD and giving specific procedures in case of emergency.
EMERGENCY VALVE A valve designed specifically for DOT specification MC 306,
(DOT VALUE) MC 307, DOT 406, DOT 407 and DOT 412 cargo tanks and
specification 56 and 57 metal portable tanks. (49 CFR Part
178:342-5, October 1, 1990)

EMP(electro-magnetic-pulse) A transient electromagnetic disturbance, is a short burst of

electromagnetic energy.

22
EMPLOYEE POSSESSOR An individual who has actual or constructive possession of
explosive materials during the course of his employment.

EMULSION An explosive material containing substantial amounts of

oxidizer dissolved in water droplets, surrounded by an
immiscible fuel, or droplets of an immiscible fuel surrounded by
water containing substantial amounts of oxidizer.
ENERGY A measure of the potential for an explosive to do work.

ESSENTIAL SAFETY Those systems that are considered critical to maintaining a safe
working environment, and for the safe completion of explosives
SYSTEMS
work, applications, or initiations.

A perforating system that incorporates expendable shaped charge

EXPENDABLE BAR
capsules with a retrievable steel transport bar.
CARRIER PERFORATING
SYSTEM

A perforating gun that consists of a metal strip on which are

EXPENDABLE GUN
mounted shaped charges in special capsules. After firing,
nothing remains of the gun but debris. See gun-perforating.

A perforating gun that consists of a hollow, cylindrical tube into

EXPENDABLE -
which are place shaped charges. After firing, debris created by
RETRIEVABLE GUN the exploded charges falls into the carrier and is retrieved when
the gun is pulled out of the hole; however, the gun cannot be
reused. See gun-perforating.

EXPLODE To react chemically in a rapid manner to produce heat and

pressure. The term encompasses both deflagration and
detonation.
EXPLODING A detonator bearing a close resemblance to standard electric
BRIDGEWIRE detonators but containing no primary explosives. They require
DETONATOR (EBW) high voltage and high current delivered in a very short period
that explodes the bridgewire. The resulting shock or pressure
wave initiates a low-density secondary explosive.

EXPLODING FOIL A detonator utilizing a metallic foil, which when vaporized by a

INITIATOR high voltage pulse, drives a flyer plate into a secondary
explosive pellet, initiating the explosive. It contains no primary
explosive.
EXPLOSION A chemical reaction involving an extremely rapid generation and
expansion of gases usually associated with the liberation of heat.
EXPLOSIVE Any chemical compound, mixture or device, the primary or
common purpose of which is to function by explosion.

23
EXPLOSIVE - ACTUATED Any tool or special mechanized device which is actuated by
explosives. The term does not include propellant-actuated
DEVICE
devices. (Also see PROPELLANT-ACTUATED POWER
DEVICE) Examples of explosive-actuated devices are jet tappers
and jet performers.

EXPLOSIVE CHARGE The quantity of explosive material used in a blasthole, coyote

tunnel, or explosive device.

EXPLOSIVE The use of explosives to fracture a geologic formation. At the

FRACTURING moment of detonation, the explosion furnishes a source of high-
pressure to fracture the strata.
Compare hydraulic fracturing.
EXPLOSIVE LOADING The amount of explosive used per unit of rock. Also called
FACTOR POWDER FACTOR.
EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS These include explosives, blasting agents and detonators. The
term includes, but is not limited to, dynamite and other high
explosives; slurries, emulsions, and water gels; black powder
and pellet powder; initiating explosives; detonators (blasting
caps); safety fuse; squibs; detonating cord; igniter cord; and
igniters.

A list of explosive materials determined to be within the

coverage of 18 U.S.C. Chapter 40, Importation, Manufacture,
Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials, is issued at
least annually by the director of the ATF of the Department of
Justice.

The U.S. Department of Transportation classifications of

explosive materials used in commercial blasting operations are
not identical with the statutory definitions of the Organized
Crime Control Act of 1970, Title 18 U.S.C., Section 841. To
achieve uniformity in transportation the definitions of the U.S.
Department of Transportation in Title 49 Code of Federal
Regulations parts 1-999 subdivides these materials into:

DIVISION 1.1- Mass exploding (Class A explosives)

DIVISION 1.2- Projection hazard (Class A or Class B
explosives)
DIVISION 1.3- Fire hazard, minor blast (Class B explosives) or
projection hazard
DIVISION 1.4- Minor explosion (Class C
explosives) hazard - not mass exploding
DIVISION 1.5- Insensitive explosives. (Blasting
Agents) Very little probability of initiation or transition
from burning to detonation during transport.

24
EXPLOSIVE OILS Liquid explosive sensitizers for explosive materials. Examples
include nitroglycerin, ethylene glycol dinitrate, and metriol
trinitrate.
EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH The amount of energy released by an explosive upon detonation
which is an indication of the capacity of the explosive to do
work. (See also ENERGY.)

EXPLOSIVE WASTE A waste material as defined in 40 CFR 261.2, which has the
characteristics of reactivity as defined in 40 CFR
261.23(a)(6)(7) or (8).

EXTRA (AMMONIA) A dynamite in which part of the nitroglycerin is replaced by

DYNAMITE ammonium nitrate in sufficient quantity to result in the same
weight strength.
EXTRANEOUS Electrical energy, other than actual firing current or the test
ELECTRICITY current from a blasting galvanometer, that is present at a blast
site and that could enter an electric blasting circuit. It includes
stray current, static electricity, RF (electromagnetic) waves and
time-varying electric and magnetic fields.

FARADAY CAGE Is an enclosure formed by conductive material or by a mesh of

(FARADAY SHIELD) such material, used to block electric fields.

FAST Fully activated sequential timing.

FENCE A physical structure, barrier, or intrusion detection system

including electronic detection systems, motion detectors,
cameras, thermal imaging systems or other systems or methods
used to discourage or identify entry into an area, unless
otherwise described by law.

FERTILIZER GRADE A grade of ammonium nitrate as defined by The Fertilizer

AMMONIUM NITRATE Institute.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER A rating set forth in the National Fire Code which may be
RATING identified on an extinguisher by a number (5, 20, 70, etc.)
indicating the extinguisher's relative effectiveness followed by a
letter (A, B, C, etc.) indicating the class or classes of fires for
which the extinguisher has been found to be effective.
FIRE-RESISTANT Construction designed to provide reasonable protection against
fire.

FIREWORKS Combustible or explosive compositions or manufactured articles

designed and prepared for the purpose of producing audible or
visible effects.

25
FIRING CURRENT An electric current of recommended magnitude and duration to
sufficiently energize an electric detonator or a circuit of electric
detonators.
FIRING DEVICE A device capable of charging and transmitting a fire command
to an electronic detonator circuit. Also, a device capable of
detonating an electric or nonelectric detonator.

FIRING LINE The wire(s) connecting the electrical power source with the
electric or electronic blasting circuit.

FIXED SERVICE “A service of radio communication between specified fixed

points.”

FIXED STATION A station in the fixed service.

FLAGS - DANGER Flags, usually red, which may or may not be imprinted with a
warning and used to caution personnel around explosives
operations, or displayed on trucks transporting explosives.
FLAMMABILITY The ease with which an explosive material may be ignited by
flame and heat.
FLARE A pyrotechnic device designed to produce a single source of
intense light.
FLASH POINT The lowest temperature at which vapors from a volatile
combustible substance ignite in air when exposed to flame, as
determined in an apparatus specifically designed for such
testing.
FLASHOVER The sympathetic detonation between explosive charges or
between loaded blastholes.
FLYROCK Rocks propelled from the blast area by the force of an
explosion.
FORBIDDEN OR NOT Explosives, which are forbidden or not acceptable for
ACCEPTABLE transportation by common, contract, or private carriers, by rail
EXPLOSIVES freight, rail express, highway, air or water in accordance with
the regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation.

FORMATION See hydraulic fracturing. A less common means of formation

FRACTURING fracturing employs the use of explosives.
FRAGMENTATION The breaking of a solid mass into pieces by blasting.
FREE FACE A rock surface exposed to air or water which provides room for
expansion upon fragmentation; sometimes called OPEN FACE.

FREQUENCY A form of radio transmission where the information contained in

MODULATION (FM) the signal varies the frequency of the RF carrier.

26
FUEL A substance which may react with oxygen to produce
combustion.
FUME CLASSIFICATION See IME FUME CLASSIFICATION.
FUMES The gaseous products of an explosion. For the purpose of
determining the fume classification of explosive materials, only
poisonous or toxic gases are considered.

FUSE See SAFETY FUSE.

FUSE CAP A detonator which is initiated by a safety fuse; also referred to
as an ordinary blasting cap. Synonymous with BLASTING
CAP, also see DETONATOR.
FUSE CUTTER A mechanical device for cutting safety fuse clean and at right
angles to its long axis.
FUSE LIGHTERS Pyrotechnic devices for the rapid and certain lighting of safety
fuse.
GAGE (WIRE) A series of standard sizes such as the American Wire Gage
(AWG), used to specify the diameter of wire.
GALVANOMETER See BLASTING GALVANOMETER.
GAP SENSITIVITY The maximum length of gap across which detonation wave will
travel and initiate a second or receptor cartridge. Both primer
and receptor cartridge should be of the same composition,
diameter, and weight. Usually refers to gap in air but other
media may be used.

GASSING AGENT Chemicals used to introduce gas bubbles to impart sensitivity and
reduce density of explosive compositions.

GELATIN DYNAMITE A type of highly water-resistant dynamite characterized by its

gelatinous or plastic consistency.
GEOLOGY A description of the types and arrangement of rock in an area;
the description usually includes the dip and strike, the type and
extent of pre-existing breaks in the rock, and the hardness and
massiveness of the rock, as these affect blast design.

1) A device that is inserted into a pipeline for the

GO-DEVIL
purpose of cleaning a line scraper. Also called a pig.
2) A device that is lowered into the borehole of a
well for various purposes such as enclosing surveying
instruments, detonation devices, and the like. To drop
or pump a device down the borehole, usually through
drill pipe or tubing.

27
GLIDE SLOPE Used as a portion of an aviation instrument landing system,
(ILS), a Glide Slope station provides “up” and “down” steering
data to aircraft on landing approach.

GLOBAL POSITIONING A system of orbiting satellites and sometimes fixed base stations
SYSTEM used in conjunction with a receiver to accurately locate the
receiver in three-dimensional space.

GRAINS In the avoirdupois system of weight measurement 7000 grains

are equivalent to one standard, 16-ounce, pound (0.45 kg.). A
grain is 0.0648 grams in both the avoirdupois and the troy
system.

GROUND FAULT An electrical path between parts of the blasting circuit and earth.
GROUND VIBRATION Shaking the ground by elastic waves emanating from a blast;
usually measured in inches per second of particle velocity.

A cordoned off area at a worksite or within a gun loading shop

GUN LOADING AREA
used for the loading/downloading and preparation of explosive
components, such as those used in perforating guns.

A fixed or mobile workshop used for the loading/downloading

GUN LOADING SHOP and preparation of explosive components, such as those used in
perforating guns.

A procedure involving the use of explosive actuated perforating

GUN PERFORATING
devices, or tools, which produce holes through the steel well
casing and cement and into the formation so that fluids can flow
from the formation or into the formation. Perforators may utilize
propellant-driven ballistic penetrators or jets formed from
explosive-shaped charges to produce paths of mass transport to
and from the formation or reservoir.

GVW Gross vehicle weight.

HANGFIRE The detonation of an explosive charge at some non-predictable
time after its normally designed firing time.
HARDWOOD Red oak, white oak, hard maple, ash or hickory, free from loose
knots, wind shakes, or similar defects.

HAZMAT EMPLOYEE A term used by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration (PHMSA) to refer to any person involved in the
transportation of hazardous materials in commerce.

HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRIC A detonator that does not contain a primary explosive and is
initiated via an exploding bridgewire (EBW) or exploding foil
DETONATORS (HEED)
(EFI). Electrical current requirement is typically over 150
amperes, delivered in less than five microseconds, for reliable
initiation. (See also Exploding Bridgewire Detonator (EBW)
and Exploding Foil Initiator (EFI))

28
HERTZ (Hz) Synonymous with "cycles per second."
HIGH EXPLOSIVES Explosives which are characterized by a very high rate of
reaction, high pressure development, and the presence of a
detonation wave in the explosive.
HIGHWALL A nearly vertical face at the edge of a bench, bluff, or ledge on a
surface excavation.
HIGHWAY Highway means any road, street, or way, whether on public or
private property, open to public travel. "Open to public travel"
means that the road section is available, except during scheduled
periods, extreme weather or emergency conditions, passable by
four-wheel standard passenger cars, and open to the general
public for use without restrictive gates, prohibitive signs, or
regulation other than restrictions based on size, weight, or class
of registration. Toll plazas of public toll roads are not
considered restrictive gates.
HOLE DIAMETER The cross-sectional width of the borehole.

HOLLOW CARRIER GUN A perforating gun consisting of a hollow, cylindrical metal tube
into which are loaded shaped charges or steel projectiles
(“bullets”). On detonation, debris caused by the exploding
charges falls into the carrier to be retrieved with a reusable gun.

HORIZONTAL A configuration where an electromagnetic wave has an electric

POLARIZATION field that is parallel to a reference plane such as the Earth’s
surface.

HOT WORK Work involving electric or gas welding, cutting, brazing or

similar flame, or spark-producing operations.

HYDRAULIC/PRESSURE An initiation system utilizing hydraulic or downhole pressure to

ACTUATED FIRING initiate a tubing conveyed perforating gun or perforator string.
HEAD

IGNITER An initiating device that produces a deflagration or flame output

leading to ignition of a propellant or primary explosive.

IGNITER CORD A small-diameter pyrotechnic cord that burns at a uniform rate

with an external flame and used to ignite a series of safety fuses.

IME See INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES.

IME-22 CONTAINER A container (portable), or a compartment (permanently affixed

to a vehicle), which is constructed in accordance with IME SLP-
22 specifications and is authorized by the Department of
Transportation for the transport of certain types of detonators on
the same vehicle with other explosives.

29
IME FUME A classification indicating the amount of carbon monoxide and
CLASSIFICATION hydrogen sulfide produced by an explosive or blasting agent.
Explosives with positive oxygen balances are not considered as
being acceptable in these classifications. (Only Fume Class 1,
2, or 3 explosives should be used as the main charge in
underground operations.)

Fume Class Amount of poisonous gases per 1-1/4 x 8"

(32mm x 203mm) cartridge of explosive material

1 Less than 0.16 cu.ft. (4.53 liters)

2 0.16 to 0.33 cu.ft. (4.53 to 9.35 liters)
3 0.33 to 0.67 cu.ft. (9.35 to 18.98 liters)

Calculations by the manufacturer are acceptable for determining IME fume Class.

IMESAFR The Institute of Makers of Explosives’ Safety Analysis for Risk.

A quantitative risk-based software program designed to
determine the risk of various explosives activities, other than
use, to their surroundings.

INCENDIVITY The property of an igniting agent (e.g., spark, flame, or hot solid)
which indicates it is of sufficient intensity to ignite flammable
material or explosive gases.
INHABITED BUILDING A building regularly occupied in whole or part as a habitation
for human beings, or any church, schoolhouse, railroad station,
store, or other structure where people are accustomed to
assembling, except any building or structure occupied in
connection with the manufacture, transportation, storage or use
of explosive materials.
INITIATION The start of deflagration or detonation in an explosive material.
INITIATOR A detonator, detonating cord or similar device used to start
detonation or deflagration in an explosive material.
INNER PACKAGING A packaging for which an outer packaging is required for
transport.
INSTANTANEOUS A detonator that has a firing time of essentially zero seconds as
DETONATOR compared to delay detonators with firing times of from several
milliseconds to several seconds.
INSTITUTE OF MAKERS A non-profit, safety and security oriented trade association
OF EXPLOSIVES (IME) representing producers of commercial explosive materials in the
U.S. and Canada and dedicated to safety in the manufacture,
transportation, storage, handling, and use of explosive materials.

INSTITUTE OF MAKERS An IME No. 8 test detonator has 0.40 to 0.45 grams PETN base
OF EXPLOSIVES NO. 8 charge pressed to a specific gravity of 1.4 g/cc and primed with
TEST DETONATOR standard weights of primer, depending on manufacturer.

30
INTERNATIONAL A service “whose transmissions are intended to be received
BROADCAST SERVICE directly by the general public in foreign countries.”

A device or component that blocks the transmission of electrical

INTERRUPTER or explosive energy to the next component in the tool string.

INVENTORY A listing of all explosive materials stored in a magazine.

ISOLATION BARRIER An electrical or ballistic feature that blocks the transmission of

electrical or explosive energy to the next component in the tool
string. (See Detonator Interruption Device)

ISOTROPIC ANTENNA A hypothetical antenna characterized as a point source which

radiates uniformly in all directions.

ISSUING AUTHORITY The governmental agency, office, or official vested with the
authority to issue permits or licenses.

A coherent stream of high velocity metallic particles formed

JET, SHAPED CHARGE
from the explosively-driven collapse of a metallic shaped charge
liner.

JET CHARGE See shaped charge.

A procedure for severing pipe stuck in a well by detonating

JET CUTOFF
special shaped-charged explosives similar to those used in jet
perforating. The explosive is lowered into the pipe to the desired
depth and detonated. The force of the explosion makes radiating
horizontal cuts around the pipe, and the severed portion of the
pipe is retrieved.

JET CUTTER A tool that uses shaped charges to sever casing, tubing, or drill
pipe. See jet cutoff, compare chemical cutter.

To create holes through the casing with shaped charges of high

JET PERFORATE
explosives transported downhole in a perforating gun. The
perforating gun(s) is (are) lowered into the hole to the desired
depth. Once detonated, the charges emit short, penetrating jets
of high-velocity gases that make holes in the casing and cement
for some distance into the formation. Formation fluids then flow
into the well bore through these perforations. See bullet
perforator, gun perforate.

An explosive charge detonated in the borehole to break up large

JUNK SHOT pieces of debris (“junk”) in order to facilitate the junk’s removal
from the hole.

31
KELLY BAR A hollow bar attached to the top of the drill column in rotary
drilling; also called grief joint, kelly joint, kelly stem.

LAND STATION A station in the mobile service not intended to be used while in
motion.
LEAD-IN-LINE The shock tube connecting the firing device with a nonelectric
blast pattern.
LEADING (LEAD) LINES The wire(s) connecting the electrical power source with the
OR WIRES circuit containing electric or electronic detonators. See FIRING
LINE.
LEAKAGE RESISTANCE The resistance between the blasting circuit (including lead wires)
and the ground.

LEAKY FEEDER A communication system consisting of a coaxial cable run along

tunnels which emits and receives radio waves, functioning as an
extended antenna. The cable is "leaky" in that it has gaps or slots
in its outer conductor to allow the radio signal to leak into or out
of the cable along its entire length

LEGWIRES The two single wires or one duplex wire extending out from an
electric detonator.

LIGHTNING STORM See ELECTRICAL STORM.

LINER, CASING A smaller diameter casing hung inside a larger diameter casing.
A liner top is located below the surface.

A downhole explosive device used to sever well tubulars in pipe

LINEAR CUTTER
recovery operations utilizing the action of a linear explosive
shaped charge to produce an axial cut across a tool joint
resulting in separation of the tubulars at the tool joint.

A thin metallic conical or curvilinear part in a shaped charge

LINEAR, SHAPED
perforator, which when collapsed from the detonating explosive
CHARGE charge, forms a high velocity metallic jet used to perforate the
well casing, cement and form a tunnel in the reservoir rock
enabling mass transport to and from the reservoir.

LINES OR WIRES The wire(s) connecting the electrical power source with the
circuit containing electric or electronic detonators. See FIRING
LINE.
LIQUID FUELS Fuels in a liquid state. They may be used with oxidizers to form
explosive materials.

LOADED EXPLOSIVE A mechanical device to which the explosive components have

DEVICE been inserted or attached, with the exception of the initiating
device (see armed). Sometimes used interchangeably with
charged explosives device.

32
LOADING Placing explosive material in a blasthole or against the material
to be blasted.
LOADING DENSITY The weight of explosive loaded per unit length of borehole
occupied by the explosive, expressed as pounds/foot or
kilograms/meter of borehole.

LOADING POLE A nonmetallic pole used to assist the placing and compacting
explosive charges in boreholes.

LOCALIZER Used as a portion of an aviation instrument landing system,

(ILS), an ILS localizer station provides “left” and “right”
steering data to aircraft on landing approach.

LOGGER A term used to describe a type of “on-bench” or field instrument

designed to communicate with, record and/or program into,
specific information for an electronic blast initiation component
or detonator.

LORAN-C Loran-C is a radio-navigational air providing maritime position

fixing capability. With the development of Global Positioning
Systems, Loran-C in the U.S., was phased out as of 8 Feb 2010.
U.S. participation in the Russian-American and Canadian
Loran-C chains will temporarily continue supporting those
international agreements.

LOW EXPLOSIVES Explosive which are characterized by deflagration or low rate of

reaction and the development of low pressure. See
DEFLAGRATION.

A device mounted on the wellhead used to introduce tool strings,

LUBRICATOR
chemicals, instruments, and perforating guns into a well under
pressure.

MAGAZINE Any building, structure, or container, other than an explosives

manufacturing building, approved for the storage of explosive
materials.
MAGAZINE DISTANCE The minimum distance permitted between any two storage
magazines which are expected to prevent propagation of an
explosion from one magazine to another.
MAGAZINE KEEPER A person responsible for the inventory and safe storage of
explosive materials, including the proper maintenance of
explosive materials, storage magazines and areas.
MAGAZINE - SURFACE A specially designed and constructed structure for the storage of
explosive materials on the surface of the ground.
MAGAZINE - A specially designed and constructed structure for the storage of
UNDERGROUND explosive materials underground.

33
MAIN EXPLOSIVE The explosive material that performs the major work of
CHARGE blasting.
MANUFACTURING Code markings stamped on explosive materials packages,
CODES indicating among other information, the date of manufacture.
MANTRIP A vehicle on which personnel are transported to and from a work
area.

MARITIME SERVICES Services intended for maritime radio communication and

including fixed stations, land stations, and mobile stations on
land and on-board ships.
MASS DETONATE See MASS EXPLODE.
MASS DETONATION When a unit or any part of a quantity of explosive material
detonates and causes all or a substantial part of the remaining
material to detonate.
MASS EXPLODE (MASS An explosion which affects almost the entire load or quantity of
EXPLOSION) explosives virtually instantaneously.

MASTER An individual, other than a pilot or a watchman, having charge

of a ship.

MATCH HEAD (SQUIB) The component in a detonator device used to ignite or fire the
primary explosive mixture and base charge of the device from an
electrical or electronic energy source.

MATRIX A composition used for coating an oxidizer (ammonium nitrate)

or an explosive (ANFO) to form a BLEND, usually to increase
water resistance, density, or explosive properties. A MATRIX
may, depending upon composition, be an EXPLOSIVE
MATERIAL or an OXIDIZER.

MAXIMUM The highest electric current which will result in the safe and
RECOMMENDED FIRING effective function of an electric detonator.
CURRENT
METALLIC SLITTER A device containing a sharp edge, such as a safety razor blade,
used for slitting open fiberboard cases.

MICROPROCESSOR A computer processor which incorporates the functions of a

computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated
circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The
microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based,
programmable electronic device which accepts digital or binary
data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its
memory, and provides results as output. Microprocessors
contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic.
Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented
in the binary numeral system.

34
MILLISECOND One thousandth part of a second (0.001 or 1/1000 sec.)
MINE SAFETY AND An agency of the Department of Labor concerned with
HEALTH promulgation and enforcement of health and safety regulations
ADMINISTRATION in the mining field.
(MSHA)
MINIATURIZED Detonating cord with a coreload of 5 grains or less of explosives
DETONATING CORD per foot (16 grains or less per meter).
MINIMUM The lowest recommended electric current to ensure reliable
RECOMMENDED FIRING function of an electric detonator.
CURRENT
MINIMUM GAP An air gap, measured in inches or centimeters, which determines
SENSITIVITY whether the explosive material is within specific tolerances for
gap sensitivity. Also see GAP SENSITIVITY.
MISFIRE A detonator, a blast or specific borehole that failed to detonate
as planned, as well as the explosive materials that failed to
detonate as planned.

MOBILE SERVICE “A service of radio communication between mobile and land

stations, or between mobile stations.”

MOBILE STATION “A station in the mobile service intended to be used while in

motion or during halts at unspecified points.”

MOTOR VEHICLE A vehicle, machine, tractor, trailer, or semi-trailer propelled or

drawn by mechanical power. Does not include vehicles operated
exclusively on rail.
MS CONNECTORS Nonelectric, short-interval (millisecond) delay devices for use in
delaying blasts which are initiated by detonating cord. Same as
DETONATING CORD MS CONNECTORS.
MSHA See MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION.
MSHA APPROVAL A document issued by MSHA which states that an explosive or
explosive unit or a blasting galvanometer or blasting machine
has met MSHA requirements for use in underground coal or
other explosive dusty or gassy mines and which authorizes an
approval marking identifying the explosive or explosive unit or
blasting galvanometer or blasting machine as approved as
permissible.
MUCKPILE The pile of broken material resulting from a blast.
MUDCAPPING (MUDCAP) See ADOBE CHARGE. Synonymous with BULLDOZE,
MUDCAP AND PLASTER.
MULTIPLE PATH Duplication or repetition of trunkline elements in a blast
TRUNKLINE SYSTEM initiation system to provide alternate or redundant paths of
initiation.

35
MUNROE EFFECT The concentration of explosive action through the use of a shaped
charge.

NATIONAL FIRE An independent, non-profit association organized to promote the

PROTECTION science and improve the methods of fire protection and
ASSOCIATION (NFPA) prevention, electrical safety and other related safety goals.

NATIONAL FIRE Standards for explosive materials and ammonium nitrate issued
PROTECTION by the National Fire Protection Association.
ASSOCIATION (NFPA)
STANDARDS
NATIONAL SAFETY A non-profit organization charged by Congress to provide a
COUNCIL (NSC) regular information service on the causes of accidents and ways
to prevent them.
NATURAL BARRICADE Natural features of the ground such as hills, or timber of
sufficient density that the surrounding exposures which require
protection cannot be seen from the magazine when the trees are
bare.
NFPA See NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION.
NITROGLYCERIN An explosive chemical compound used as a sensitizer in
dynamite and represented by the formula C3H5 (ONO2)3.
NO. 8 TEST CAP See INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES NO. 8 TEST
DETONATOR.

NO-FIRE RATING The highest DC, AC, or RF power level at which a detonator
will not fire or “no-fire” with a probability of 0.999 at a
confidence level of 95 percent as determined by test and
computation.
NO FLOW A pumping condition where no material is moving through the
system.
NOLIGHT (NOLITE) Failure of fuse igniter to ignite safety fuse.
NONELECTRIC A detonator that does not require the use of electric energy to
DETONATOR function.
NONFERROUS Metals and compounds not containing appreciable quantities of
iron.
NONSPARKING METAL A metal that resists producing a spark when impacted with tools,
rock, or hard surfaces.
NSC See NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY An agency of the Department of Labor active in eliminating

AND HEALTH occupational hazards and promoting employee health and
ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) safety.

36
OFFICE OF SURFACE An agency of the Department of the Interior regulating surface
MINING (OSM) coal mining and the surface effects of underground coal mining.

A well where casing is set and cemented just above the reservoir
OPEN HOLE
with the reservoir left uncased.
COMPLETION

OVERBREAK See BACKBREAK.

OVERBURDEN Material of any nature lying on top of a deposit of material which

is to be mined.
OXIDIZER OR A substance, such as a nitrate, that readily yields oxygen or other
OXIDIZING MATERIAL oxidizing substances to promote the combustion of organic
matter or other fuel.
OXYGEN BALANCE The percentage of oxygen in an explosive material or ingredient
thereof in excess of (+) or less than (-) that which is needed to
produce ideal reaction products.

A device used to seal a wellbore at that particular level.

PACKER
Packers may be drillable, removable or permanent.
PARALLEL BLASTING An electric blasting circuit in which one leg wire of each
CIRCUIT detonator is connected to one of the wires from the source of
firing current and the other wire from the firing current source.
(Can also be used to refer to certain nonelectric systems.)
PARALLEL-SERIES See SERIES-IN-PARALLEL BLASTING CIRCUIT.
BLASTING CIRCUIT
PARTICLE BOARD A composition board made of small pieces of wood, bonded
together.
PARTICLE VELOCITY A measure of the intensity of ground vibration, specifically the
velocity of motion of the ground particles as they are excited by
the wave energy.
PARTING A rock mass located between two seams of coal; a joint or crack
in rock.
PASSENGER RAILWAY Any steam, electric, or other railroad or railway which carries
passengers for hire.
PAST Partially activated sequential timing.

PAVE PAWS An acronym for “Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry-Phased

Array Warning System, a phased-array radar system operating
between 420-450 MHz in pulsed mode with a power level per
face of 577,000 watts. The purpose of the system is the
detection of incoming sea-launched missiles and ICBMs.

PELLET POWDER Black powder pressed into cylindrical pellets 2 inches in length
and 1-1/4 inches in diameter.

37
PERCUSSION DETONATOR A detonator designed to be initiated by mechanical impact.

PERFORATE
To pierce the steel well casing and cement liner of a wellbore
to provide holes through which formation fluids may enter or
to provide holes in the casing so that materials may be
introduced into the annulus between the casing and the wall of
the borehole. Perforating is accomplished by lowering a
perforating gun into the well and firing it at the desired zone.

PERFORATING GUN Steel tubes or metallic strips into which are inserted shaped
charges connected by detonating cord.

See ‘Shaped Charge.” The shaped charge that is loaded in a

PERFORATOR
perforating gun.

PERMANENT MAGAZINES Magazines that are permanently fastened to a foundation or

immobilized by removing tires. May be left unattended.
PERMISSIBLE The smallest allowable diameter of a particular permissible
DIAMETER (SMALLEST) explosive, as approved by the Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA).
PERMISSIBLE Explosives that are approved by the Mine Safety and Health
EXPLOSIVES (MSHA) Administration for use in gassy and dusty atmospheres.
APPROVED EXPLOSIVES Permissible explosives must be used and stored in accordance
with certain conditions specified by the Mine Safety and
Health Administration (MSHA).
PERSON Any individual, corporation, company, association, firm,
partnership, society, or joint stock company.
PETN An abbreviation for the name of the explosive pentaerythritol
tetranitrate.
PERCUSSION DETONATOR A detonator designed to be initiated by mechanical impact.

PHASE TRANSITION The temperature at which the onset of a change in the crystal
TEMPERATURE structure of a material takes place

A plug, molded to different configurations, densities, and sizes

PIG (PIGGING, PIGGED) so that it can be inserted into and pushed hydraulically or
pneumatically (pigged) through a pipeline or hose. The
passage of the pig through the pipeline removes caked material
from the interior walls of the pipeline or hose.

PLACARDS Signs placed on vehicles transporting hazardous materials

(including explosive materials) indicating the nature of the
cargo.

38
PLASTER See ADOBE CHARGE. Synonymous with BULLDOZE and
MUDCAPPING.

Plugging and abandonment of one zone and completion of a

PLUG BACK
zone higher up the wellbore.

PLUGGING AND An operation where plugs are set and surface equipment
ABANDONMENT (“P&A”) removed in preparation to abandon a well.
PLYWOOD Exterior construction-grade plywood.
PNEUMATIC LOADING The loading of explosive materials into a borehole using
compressed air as the loading or conveying force.
PORTABLE MAGAZINES Magazines that are not permanently fastened to a foundation or
immobilized by removing tires. May be left unattended.
POWDER A common synonym for explosive materials.
POWDER FACTOR The amount of explosive used per unit of rock. Also called
EXPLOSIVE LOADING FACTOR.
POWDER PUNCH See CARTRIDGE PUNCH.

A device installed on a wireline tool string between the

POWER SAFE DEVICE
wireline and the detonator, which permits downhole arming
and disarming of the detonator.
POWER SOURCE The source of power for energizing electric or electronic
blasting circuits; e.g., a blasting machine, blast controller, or
power line.
PREBLAST SURVEY A documentation of the existing condition of structures near an
area where blasting is to be conducted.
PRECURSOR CHEMICALS Unmixed, commercially manufactured, prepackaged chemical
ingredients (including oxidizers, flammable liquids or solids,
or similar ingredients) which are not classified as explosives
but which, when mixed or combined, form an explosive.

PREMATURE FIRING The detonation of an explosive charge before the intended

time.
PRESPLITTING A smooth blasting method in which cracks for the final
(PRESHEARING) contour are created by firing a single row of holes prior to the
initiation of the rest of the holes in the blast pattern.

PRILLED AMMONIUM Ammonium nitrate in a pelleted or prilled form.

NITRATE

PRIMARY BLAST A blast used to fragment and displace material from its
original position to facilitate subsequent handling and
crushing.

39
PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE A sensitive explosive which nearly always detonates by simple
ignition from such means as spark, flame, impact, friction, or
other primary heat sources of appropriate magnitude.

PRIMARY HIGH A very sensitive explosive compound used as the first material
EXPLOSIVE in an explosive train that is initiated by the appropriate
application of flame, friction, heat, impact, or spark.

PRIMER A unit, package or cartridge of explosives used to initiate other

explosives or blasting agents, and which contains: (1) a
detonator: or (2) detonating cord to which is attached a
detonator designed to initiate the detonating cord.
PROGRAMMER OR A device for entering digital information into an electronic
PROGRAMMING UNIT detonator or electronic detonator system.
PROPAGATION The detonation of an explosive charge by an impulse received
from an adjacent or nearby explosive charge.
PROPELLANT EXPLOSIVE An explosive material that normally functions by deflagration
and is used for propulsion purposes. It may be Division 1.1,
1.2, or 1.3 material, depending upon its susceptibility to
detonation.
Any tool or special mechanized device or gas system which is
PROPELLANT
actuated by a propellant or which releases and directs work
ACTUATED POWER
through a propellant charge.
DEVICE

PUBLIC CONVEYANCE Any railroad car, streetcar, ferry, cab, bus, aircraft, or other
vehicle which is carrying passengers for hire.
PYROTECHNICS Any combustible or explosive compositions or manufactured
articles designed and prepared for the purpose of producing
audible or visible effects. Also see FIREWORKS.

PYROTECHNIC Initiating devices or combination of devices that contain

INITIATION SYSTEM materials capable of undergoing self-contained and self-
sustained exothermic chemical reactions to produce heat and
used primarily to ignite other, more difficult-to-ignite
materials, e.g. primary explosives.

QUALIFIED A term describing a person who, by knowledge, training, and

experience has successfully demonstrated the ability to
perform a particular task.
QUANTITY-DISTANCE A table listing minimum recommended distances from
TABLE explosive materials stores of various weights to a specific
location.

QUANTITATIVE RISK A further analysis of the highest priority risks during which a
ANALYSIS (QRA) numerical rating is assigned to develop a probabilistic analysis
of the project.

40
RACON A radar transponder beacon that is commonly used to mark
maritime navigational hazards. They may be operated by the
U.S. Coast Guard or the owners of offshore oil platforms. Most
operate on the X band and S band marine radar bands.

RADIO FREQUENCY The energy radiated as electromagnetic waves in the radio

ENERGY frequency spectrum.

RADIO FREQUENCY An electronic transmitting device which radiates radio

TRANSMITTER frequency waves. The transmitting device may be fixed
(stationary) or mobile, and includes car telephones, citizens
band radios, AM and FM radio transmitters, television
transmitters and radar transmitters.

RADIO REMOTE FIRING A radio-controlled blast firing system. Radio Remote Firing
DEVICE Devices can safely initiate nonelectric shocktube, electric, or
electronic detonators by utilizing a controller device, one or
more firing devices or shock tube starters, and a digitally
encoded radio signal to prevent accidental initiation.

RAILWAY Any steam, electric or other railroad or railway.

RAISE (RAISED ROUND) A vertical or incline opening driven upward from a level to
connect with the level above, or to explore the ground for a
limited distance above one level. After the two levels are
connected, the connection may be a winze or a raise, depending
upon which level is taken as the point of reference.

RECEPTOR (ACCEPTOR) A charge of explosive materials receiving an impulse from an

exploding donor charge.

41
REGULATIONS - Regulations promulgated by federal, state or local regulatory
FEDERAL, STATE, agencies governing the manufacture, transportation, storage,
LOCAL sale, possession, handling and use of explosive materials.
RELIEF The effective distance from a blasthole to the nearest free face.
(Synonymous with BURDEN.)
RELIGHT (RELITE) A non-recommended practice of attempting to light safety fuse
when it apparently did not ignite on a previous attempt.
REPUMPABLE The property of a product that permits it to be transferred
several times through pumping operations without degradation
of the product. Such pumping operations include transfer
between, or among, bulk manufacturing sites, bulk storage
tanks, bulk transport vehicles, BULK MIX DELIVERY
EQUIPMENT, and boreholes.
RESISTANCE The measure of opposition to the flow of electrical current,
expressed in ohms.

RESPONSIBLE PERSON An individual who has the power to direct the management and
policies of the applicant pertaining to explosive materials.

RISK A measure that takes into consideration both the probability of

occurrence and the consequence of a hazard.

RISK ASSESSMENT The process of establishing levels of risk associated with human
activity and comparing them to acceptable levels of risk for
individual, related groups, property and the general public.

ROTATIONAL FIRING A delay blasting system used so that the detonating explosives
will successively displace the burden into the void created by
previously detonated explosives in holes which fired at an
earlier delay period.

ROUND A group of boreholes fired or intended to be fired in a continuous

sequence with the application of initiating energy.

SAFETY FUSE A flexible cord containing solid flammable material by which

fire or flame is conveyed at a continuous and uniform rate from
the point of ignition to a cut end. A fuse detonator is usually
attached to that end, although safety fuse may be used without
a detonator to ignite material such as deflagrating explosives.

SAFETY STANDARD Suggested precautions relative to the safety practices to be

employed in the manufacture, transportation, storage, handling
and use of explosive materials.

42
 Used in tubing conveyed perforating gun strings, the safety sub
SAFETY SUB
is the very top section that does not contain shaped charge
perforators. The purpose is to place the perforator-loaded guns
below the rig floor when the firing head is installed to increase
or augment rig crew safety. See “Tubing conveyed perforating”.

SCALED DISTANCE A factor relating similar blast effects from various weight
charges of explosive material at various distances. Scaled
distances referring to blasting effects are obtained by dividing
the distance of concern by a fractional power of the weight of
the explosive materials.
SEAM A stratum or bed of coal or other material. May also refer to a
crack or joint in a blast area which may be filled with mud or
other material. A seam may be in any orientation.
SECONDARY BLASTING Blasting to reduce the size of boulders resulting from a primary
blast.

SECONDARY HIGH A high explosive that is less sensitive than a primary explosive
EXPLOSIVE to heat and shock. Also referred to as secondary explosive.

SEISMIC WAVE A dynamic pressure or compressive energy pulse generated by

an explosion.

SEISMOGRAPH An instrument, useful in monitoring blasting operations, which

records ground vibration. Particle velocity, displacement, or
acceleration is generally measured and recorded in three
mutually perpendicular directions.

A perforating gun system that allows sequential firing of one or

SELECT FIRE
more perforating guns in a gun string in varying locations within
PERFORATING GUN
a production zone or zones in a single run.
SYSTEM

SEMI-CONDUCTIVE A hose, used for pneumatic conveying of explosive materials,

HOSE having an electrical resistance high enough to limit flow of stray
electric currents to safe levels yet not so high as to prevent
drainage of static electric charges to ground. Hose of not more
than 2 megaohms resistance over its entire length and of not less
than 1,000 ohms per foot (3,280 ohms per meter) meets the
requirement.

SEMIGELATIN An explosive that is a cross between ammonia dynamite and

DYNAMITE ammonia gelatin.

SENSITIVENESS A measure of an explosive’s cartridge-to-cartridge propagating

ability under certain test conditions. It is expressed as the
distance through air at which a primed half-cartridge (donor) will
detonate an unprimed half-cartridge (receptor). Also, see GAP
SENSITIVITY

43
SENSITIVITY A physical characteristic of an explosive material classifying its
ability to be initiated upon receiving an external impulse such as
impact, shock, flame, friction or other influence which can cause
explosive decomposition.

SEPARATION Minimum recommended distances from explosive materials

DISTANCES accumulations to other specified locations.

SEQUENTIAL BLASTING A blasting machine designed to actuate separate series of detonators

MACHINE at accurately timed intervals. Also called SEQUENTIAL TIMER.

SEQUENTIAL TIMER See SEQUENTIAL BLASTING MACHINE.

SERIES BLASTING An electric blasting circuit that provides one continuous path for the
CIRCUIT current through all caps in the circuit.

SERIES-IN-PARALLEL A circuit in which electric detonators are divided into two or more
BLASTING CIRCUIT balanced groups being connected together in series and the groups
being connected together in parallel.

A downhole tool that uses energy released from a gas generating

SETTING TOOL
cartridge to set various devices, such as plugs and packers, in well
casing.

SEVERING TOOL A downhole tool used to sever thick-wall well tubulars in pipe
recovery operations.

SHAPED CHARGE An explosive with a shaped cavity specifically designed to produce

a high velocity cutting or piercing jet of product reaction; producing
a directed energy effect. Also see MUNROE EFFECT.

SHEATHED CHARGE A device consisting of an approved or permissible explosive

(MSHA APPROVED covered by a sheath encased in a sealed covering and designated to
SHEATHED EXPLOSIVE be fired outside the confines of a borehole.
UNIT)

SHELF LIFE The length of time (not maximum storage period) during which an
explosive material retains adequate performance or physical
characteristics before re-inspection of the product is recommended.

SHOCK TUBE A small diameter plastic tube used for initiating detonators. It
contains only a limited amount of reactive material so that the
energy that is transmitted through the tube by means of a detonation
wave is guided through and designed to be confined within the
walls of the tube.
SHOCK TUBE STARTER A device used to initiate shock tube.
SHOCK WAVE A transient pressure pulse that propagates at supersonic velocity.

44
SHORAN Used for short-range navigation; shoran consists of a pulse
transmitter and receiver with two transponder beacons at fixed
location.

SHORT DELAY The practice of detonating blastholes in successive intervals

BLASTING where the time difference between any two successive
detonations is measured in milliseconds.
SHOT ANCHOR A device that anchors explosive material charges in the borehole
so that the charges will not be blown out by the detonation of
other charges or, in seismic work, cannot be pulled out of the
borehole by the legwires.

SHOT BLASTING The use of steel shot (ball bearings) in the drilling mud to hit the
bottom of the hole as the shot leaves the bit jet with the mud.

SHOT BREAK A space consisting of an undrilled or drilled area which may

include loaded or unloaded blast holes to separate two individual
blasts located on the same bench.
SHOT FIRER See BLASTER. (A shot firer usually refers to an underground coal
mine blaster).
SHUNT (noun) A connection between two wires of an electric detonator which
prevents building up of opposing electrical potential in them.
SHUNT (verb) The means (or action) whereby build-up of extraneous electrical
energy is prevented, diverted, current limited, or redirected in a
detonator assembly to minimize the probability of an unplanned
actuation of the ignition element.
SIGNS - EXPLOSIVE Signs, called placards, placed on vehicles transporting
(PLACARDS) explosives denoting the character of the cargo, or signs placed
near storage areas as a warning to unauthorized personnel.
SILVER CHLORIDE CELL A special battery of relatively low current output used in some
blasting galvanometers.

SINGLE SIDEBAND An amplitude modulated transmission where only one sideband

TRANSMISSION of the central carrier frequency contains the information to be
transmitted; generally used due to its ability to efficiently use the
power of the transmitted carrier.

SINGLE POINT SAFETY A single keylock safety switch with a properly secured single
SWITCH key, which isolates all power from the wireline prior to the
attachment of an explosive device.

A small diameter non-electric cable used to run valves, tools, and

SLICKLINE
flow-equipment into the wellbore.

SLURRY An explosive material containing substantial portions of a liquid,

oxidizers and fuel, plus a thickener.

45
SMALL ARMS Any cartridge for a shotgun, rifle, pistol, revolver, and cartridges
AMMUNITION for propellant-actuated power devices and industrial guns.
Military-type ammunition containing explosive bursting charges
or any incendiary, tracer, spotting, or pyrotechnic projectile is
excluded from this definition.
SMALL ARMS Small percussion-sensitive explosive charges cased in a cap or
AMMUNITION PRIMERS capsule and used to ignite propellant powder.
SMOKE The airborne suspension of solid particles from the products of
detonation or deflagration.
SMOKELESS Solid propellant, commonly called smokeless powder in the
PROPELLANT trade, used in small arms ammunition, cannons, rockets,
(SMOKELESS POWDER) propellant-actuated power devices. etc.
SMOOTH BLASTING See CONTOUR BLASTING.
SNAKEHOLE A borehole drilled in a slightly downward direction from the
horizontal into the floor elevation of a quarry face. Also, a hole
driven under a boulder.

SNUBBING A well operation where the drill string, tools or perforating guns
are run into the well under well pressure without killing the well.

SOCKET See BOOTLEG.

SOFTWOOD Douglas fir or other wood of equal bullet resistance and free from
loose knots, wind shakes or similar defects.
SPACING The distance between boreholes. In bench blasting, the distance
is measured parallel to the free face and perpendicular to the
burden.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY The ratio of the weight of any volume of substance to the weight
of an equal volume of pure water.
SPREAD SPECTRUM A specified type of radio which intentionally spreads its
transmissions across a specified band of frequencies so to reduce
interference with and from transmitters operating in the same
range of frequencies.

SPRINGING The non-recommended practice of enlarging the bottom of a

blasthole by firing a relatively small charge of explosive
material. Typically used in order that a larger charge of
explosive material can be subsequently loaded in the same
borehole.

SQUIB A firing device that burns with an external flash. Used for
igniting black powder or pellet powder.

46
STABILITY The ability of an explosive material to retain chemical and
physical properties specified by the manufacturer when exposed
to specific environmental conditions over a particular period of
time.

STANDARD FREQUENCY 1 Megahertz, MHz = 1,000,000 cycles per second

TERMS AND BANDS 1 Gigahertz, GHz = 1,000,000,000 cycles per second
Medium Frequency Band – MF 0.3-3 MHz High Frequency
Band – HF 3-30 MHz
Very High Frequency Band – VHF 30-300 MHz Ultra High
Frequency Band – UHF 300-3,000 MHz
Extremely High Frequency (EHF) 30-300 Gigahertz

STANDOFF, CASING 1) The distance separating a sonde from the wall of the
borehole.
2) A device for producing the separation in (1). Compare
centralizer.
STANDOFF, SHAPED
1) The unobstructed distance between the shaped charge
CHARGE
perforator and the interior wall of the perforating gun to
permit liner collapse, jet formation and jet stretching
before impact with the perforating gun wall.
2) The fluid-filled distance between the perforating gun
and the well casing interior wall through which the
perforator jets or bullets must pass before perforating
the casing.

STATIC ELECTRICITY Electric charge at rest on a person or object. It is most often

produced by the contact and separation of dissimilar insulating
materials.
STEADY STATE The characteristic velocity at which a specific explosive at a
VELOCITY given charge diameter will detonate.
STEEL General purpose (hot or cold rolled) low-carbon steel such as
specification ASTM A366 or equivalent.
STEMMING Inert material placed in a borehole on top of or between separate
charges of explosive material. Used for the purpose of confining
explosive materials or to separate charges of explosive material
in the same borehole.

STOPING Any excavation made in a mine, especially from a steeply

inclined vein, to remove the ore that has been rendered
accessible by the shafts and drifts.

STORAGE The safekeeping of explosive materials usually in specially

designed structures called magazines.
STRAIGHT GELATIN An explosive which contains nitroglycerin, nitroglycol, or
similar liquid sensitizers and sodium nitrate, mixed with
nitrocellulose.

47
STRAY CURRENT A flow of electricity outside an insulated conductor system.

STRING SHOT An explosive method utilizing detonating cord to create an

explosive jar inside stuck drill pipe or tubing so that the pipe
may be backed off at the joint immediately above where it is
stuck.

STRING-SHOT, See “String shot”

BACKOFF
A short length of pipe run on the drill-string between or below
SUB the drill collars, or a threaded adapter affixed to the top and
bottom of tools or perforating guns.

SUBDRILLING The practice of drilling boreholes below floor level or working

elevation to insure breakage of rock to working elevation.
SUBSONIC Less than the speed of sound in air at the elevation in question.

SUPERSONIC Greater than the speed of sound in air at the elevation in

question.
SYMPATHETIC The detonation of an explosive material as the result of receiving
DETONATION an impulse from another detonation through air, earth or water.
Synonymous with SYMPATHETIC
PROPAGATION. (See also FLASHOVER.)
SYMPATHETIC See SYMPATHETIC DETONATION.
PROPAGATION
SYNERESIS The spontaneous separation of a liquid from a gel or colloidal
suspension due to contraction of the gel.
TABLE OF A quantity distance table designed to prevent explosion of
RECOMMENDED ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate-based blasting agents
SEPARATION OF by propagation from nearby stores of high explosives or blasting
DISTANCES AMMONIUM agents. It is based on a “donor-receptor” relationship developed
NITRATE & BLASTING by the U.S. Bureau of Mines
AGENTS FROM
EXPLOSIVES OR
BLASTING AGENTS

TACHOGRAPH A recording device in a truck that indicates on a time basis the

running and stopping times of a vehicle.

TAGGER A term used to describe a type of “on-bench” or field instrument

designed to communicate with, record and/or program specific
information for an electronic blast initiation component or
detonator.

TAMPER The action of compacting the explosive charge or the stemming

in a blasthole. Sometimes refers to the stemming material itself.

48
TAMPING BAGS Cylindrical bags containing stemming material and used in
boreholes to confine the explosive material charge.

TAMPING POLE A wooden or plastic pole used to compact explosive charges or

stemming. (See LOADING POLE)

TEMPORARY STORAGE Storage of explosives for less than 24 hours.

TEST BLASTING See INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES NO. 8 TEST

CAP NO. 8 DETONATOR.
THEFT-RESISTANT Construction designed to deter illegal entry into facilities used
for the storage of explosive materials.

THERMAL A temperature driven chemical reaction due to temperature

DECOMPOSITION exposures, which may introduce out-gassing and heat.

THUNDERSTORM See ELECTRICAL STORM.

TOE In bench blasting, excessive burden measured at the floor level
of the bench.
TRANSMITTER An electronic device used to generate an RF carrier signal, add
the information to the carrier and deliver the energy to an
antenna system for transmission.

TRUNKLINE See DETONATING CORD TRUNKLINE. (Certain shock tube or

gas-initiated nonelectric initiating systems also use the term
TRUNKLINE).

The conveyance of the perforating assembly by tubing and

TUBING-CONVEYED
initiated by pressure or impact.
PERFORATING
1) Pressure activation is accomplished by applying
pressure to the tubing after the perforating assembly is
placed across the zone of interest.
2) Impact activation is accomplished by dropping a bar
which impacts the firing head on top of the perforating
assembly after the perforating assembly is placed across
the zone of interest.
TWO-COMPONENT See BINARY EXPLOSIVE.
EXPLOSIVE
UL See UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY INC.

UN RECOMMENDATIONS The most current version of the United Nations

Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods,
Model Regulations, ST/SG/AC.10/1.

UNARMED A loaded explosive device without an initiating device attached.

49
UNBARRICADED The absence of a natural or artificial barricade around explosive
storage areas of facilities.

UNCONFINED The detonation velocity of an explosive material fired without

DETONATION VELOCITY confinement; for example, a charge fired in the open. (Paper
tubes are generally not considered as confinement.)

UNDERWRITERS A nationally recognized incorporated testing laboratory qualified

LABORATORY INC. (UL) and equipped to conduct the necessary tests to determine
compliance with appropriate standards and the satisfactory
performance of materials or equipment in actual usage.

U.S. BUREAU OF MINES A former bureau of the Department of Interior active in

(USBM) promoting safety in coal mines and in carrying out broad
programs in mining and related fields.
VERTICAL A configuration where an electromagnetic wave has an electric
POLARIZATION field that is perpendicular to a reference plane such as the Earth’s
surface.

VISCOSITY The resistance of liquids and semisolids to movement or flow.

Viscosity is usually measured in centipoises (cP). A material
having a high viscosity rating will resist flow more than a
material with a low viscosity. The method of measurement must
be specified.
VOLT The unit of electromotive force. It is the difference in potential
required to make a current of one ampere flow through a
resistance of one ohm.
VOLUME STRENGTH Synonymous with CARTRIDGE STRENGTH. See BULK
STRENGTH.
WARNING SIGNAL A visual or audible signal which is used for warning personnel in
the vicinity of the blast area of the impending explosion.
WASTE ACID Residual or spent acid from a nitration process.
WATER GEL An explosive material containing substantial portions of water,
oxidizers and fuel, plus a cross-linking agent.
WATER RESISTANCE The ability of an explosive to withstand the desensitizing effect
of water penetration.
WATER STEMMING Water filled plastic bags with a self-sealing valve which meet
BAGS the requirements of the Mine Safety and Health Administration
(MSHA) as specified in 30 CFR Parts 75. (See also TAMPING
BAGS.)
WATT A unit of electrical power equal to one joule per second.
WEATHER-RESISTANT Construction designed to offer reasonable protection against
weather.

50
WEIGHT STRENGTH The energy of an explosive material per unit of weight. Often
expressed as a percentage of the energy per unit of weight of a
specified explosive standard.

WiFi A type of wireless local area network (WLAN), system that

enables a variety of devices such as personal computers, video
game consoles, mobile phones, MP3 players, etc., to connect to
the Internet. The FCC limits the equivalent isotropic radiated
power, (EIRP), to 1 watt for frequency hopping systems
operating in the 2.4 GHz to 2.483 GHz band employing 75
hopping channels or more.

WIRING HARNESS A term denoting specifically configured wire assemblies for

connecting electronic detonator and/or firing circuits.

WIRELINE-CONVEYED The conveyance of the perforating assembly by conductor line

PERFORATING (e-line) or slickline.
1) Conductor line activation is accomplished by electrical
initiation from a surface shooting panel. Current is sent
down the conductor line after the perforating assembly
is placed across the zone of interest to initiate the
electric detonator.
2) Slickline activation is accomplished by a downhole
electrical initiating device. The electrical initiating
device is set by time, pressure and temperature
parameters to initiate the electric detonator after the
perforating assembly is placed across the zone of
interest.

51
 Safety Library Publications

SLP SLP Name Copyright Date

Number
SLP – 1 Construction Guide for Storage Magazines October 2017
SLP – 2 American Table of Distances June 1991 (Incorporates
changes through April
2017)
SLP – 3 Suggested Code of Regulations for the October 2015
Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, Sale,
Possession and Use of Explosive Materials
SLP – 4 Warning and Instructions for Consumers in October 2016
Transporting, Storing, Handling and Using
Explosive Materials
SLP – 12 Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms March 2018
SLP – 14 Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution May 2013
of Explosive Materials
SLP – 17 Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling October 2015
and Use of Explosive Materials
SLP – 20 Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio December 2011
Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of
Commercial Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps)
SLP – 22 Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of February 2007
Detonators in a Vehicle with Certain Other
Explosive Materials
SLP – 23 Recommendations for the Transportation of October 2011
Explosives, Division 1.5, Ammonium Nitrate
Emulsions, Division 5.1, Combustible Liquids, Class
3, and Corrosives, Class 8 in Bulk Packaging
SLP – 24 Recommendations for Handling 50 Metric Tons or May 2011
more of Commercial Division 1.1 or 1.2 Break-Bulk
and Containerized Explosive Materials in
Transportation at Commercial Waterfront
Facilities in the United States
SLP – 25 Explosives Manufacturing & Processing Guideline May 2011
to Safety Training
SLP – 27 Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage April 2012
and Use of Commercial Explosives
SLP – 28 Recommendations for Accountability and Security September 2007
of Bulk Explosives and Bulk Security Sensitive
Materials
SLP – 29 Recommendations for the Environmental October 2016
Management of Commercial Explosives
SLP – 30 Safe Handling of Solid Ammonium Nitrate April 2017
IMESAFR
Institute of Makers of Explosives Safety Analysis for Risk

What is IMESAFR? Why was

Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) is a
software model that was developed through a joint effort by IME and
IMESAFR
A-P-T Research, Inc. developed?
IMESAFR is a probabilistic risk assessment tool used to calculate risk IMESAFR was developed
to personnel from explosives facilities. This software not only to provide a more
calculates Quantity Distances (QD) based on the American comprehensive
Table of Distances and other QD regulations, it can assessment of
determine a level of safety based upon risk. the overall risk of
explosives operations.
The commercial
explosives industry
in the United States
uses the American
Table of Distances
(ATD) as the basis for
safe siting of explosives
storage facilities. ATD
siting involves the evaluation
of a specific magazine and
inhabited building or public
highway, which are referred to
as a Potential Explosion Site
(PES)/Exposed Site (ES) pair in
IMESAFR. This evaluation yields
the recommended separation
IMESAFR uses the donor structure and activity, the structure of the exposed distance based on the factors
sites, and duration of exposed personnel to determine a level of safety. The that affect risk, including
program provides users with the ability to work in metric or imperial measures, whether a barricade exists.
and allows users to import maps or drawings of their site to assist with Although the same criteria
visualizing facility layouts and results. can be applied to explosives
manufacturing operations,
the ATD was intended for
Importing Site Images
Loading a Registered Image Cache use in limited permanent
The first time a registered
storage situations. In addition
image is loaded into the to permanent storage
program, an image cache
file is created the situations, IMESAFR accounts
computer.
for other activities such as
manufacturing, assembly, and
Identifying Risk Drivers
Risk drivers can control the overall risk at a site so it is important to determine
loading and unloading.
what they are before spending time and money on mitigation efforts.
Consider a hypothetical scenario with the consequences shown below:

1e-02

1e-04

1e-06

1e-08

1e-10

1e-12

Overpressure Glass Building Collapse Image tiles can be easily loaded right into the
Debris

Based on the bar chart above, what is the risk driver?

What could be done to address the risk driver? program for future use.
Would removing all of the glass from the ES be effective?

M6-7 M4-11
 IMESAFR Training Course
The course is presented over three Course Content Course Outline
days with eight hours of mixed
lecture and discussion each day for The IMESAFR Training Course will 1. Overview
a total of 24 classroom hours. Daily guide the user through the overall 2. QD Concepts & Background
class hours are from 8am to 5pm user interface of the IMESAFR 3. QRA Concepts & Background
with an hour for lunch and breaks Software. Some of the topics
4. IMESAFR Features
mid-morning and mid-afternoon. A discussed are listed below.
5. Class Exercise 1
competency test will be given at the A background on the concepts
end of the course. 6. Risk Management
and terminology used in the
7. Advanced Tools
Class Size: minimum of 10, IMESAFR risk assessment
software. 8. Architecture - Part 1
maximum of 25.
9. Architecture - Part 2
A thorough guide on using input
Where 10. IMESAFR Protocols
screens and choosing the proper
The class is normally held at the 11. Linking Architecture to Testing
input selection.
APT Safety Engineering and Analysis
12. Class Exercise 2
Center (SEAC) in Huntsville, AL, A description of the capabilities
conveniently located in Cummings’ of IMESAFR including menu 13. Approval Process
Research Park near Redstone options, functions of the tool 14. Input Decisions
Arsenal. bar, help menu and generating 15. Group Exercise
See www.apt-research.com/ reports. 16. Test
contacts/contactUs.html Each student is
An overview of the 26-step
for detailed directions. responsible for
process used by IMESAFR to
The class may also familiarize the user with the bringing a laptop to
be offered at exposure and consequence training. A training
other locations. analysis. book is included in
On-site training the course fee.
Multiple examples (some worked
courses can be
individually and some as a
arranged, as
group) demonstrating the various
well as courses
capabilities of IMESAFR.
that run in
conjunction with Practical applications of the
conferences and software and its use in the risk
meetings. management process.

Schedule Cost Registration Information

www.apt-research.com/ New IMESAFR 2.0: To register for a class in Huntsville
capabilities/training.html Non IME member: US$1500 or if you are interested in setting up
IME member: US$750 a training course at a location other
CEU than Huntsville, please contact:
Upon completion of this course, Upgrade IMESAFR 2.0:
attendees will be credited with 2.0 Non IME member: US$750 Dean Nichols
Continuing Education Units (CEU). IME member: US$375 256.327.3373
Training voucher: US$1500 imesafrtraining@apt-research.com

institute of makers of explosives

APT Point of Contact
The Institute of Makers of Explosives John Tatom 4950 Research Drive
1120 19th Street NW Suite 310 256.327.3373 Huntsville, AL 35805
Washington, DC 20036-3605 aptinfo@apt-research.com www.apt-research.com
www.ime.org
M-09-00810
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.
1212 New York Avenue, NW
Suite 650
Washington, DC
Tel 202/429-9280
Fax 202/293-2420
www.ime.org
info@ime.org
 14
May 2013

HANDBOOK FOR THE TRANSPORTATION AND

DISTRIBUTION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
 MEMBER COMPANIES (As of May 2013)

Accurate Energetic Systems, LLC Orica USA Inc.

McEwen, Tennessee Watkins, Colorado
Austin Powder Company Owen Oil Tools LP
Cleveland, Ohio Godley, Texas
Baker Hughes, Inc. R&R Trucking
Houston, Texas Duenweg, Missouri
Davey Bickford North America Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Sandy, Utah Schaumberg, Illinois
Detotec North America Inc. Senex Explosives, Inc.
Sterling, Connecticut Cuddy, Pennsylvania
DYNAenergetics US, Inc. Secured Land Transport
Austin, Texas Glendale, Arizona
Dyno Nobel Inc. SLT Secured Systems International, LLC
Salt Lake City, Utah Tolleson, AZ
General Dynamics – Munitions Services Special Devices, Inc.
Joplin, Missouri Mesa, Arizona
GEODynamics Inc. Teledyne RISI, Inc.
Millsap, Texas Tracy, California
Hunting Titan Tread Corporation
Milford, Texas Roanoke, Virginia
Jet Research Center/Halliburton Tri-State Motor Transit Company
Alvarado, Texas Joplin, Missouri
Maine Drilling & Blasting Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Auburn, New Hampshire Torrington, Connecticut
Maxam North America Inc. WA Murphy, Inc.
Salt Lake City, Utah El Monte, California
MP Associates, Inc.
Ione, California
Nelson Brothers Inc. Associate Status:
Birmingham, Alabama Federation of European Explosives
Nobel Insurance Services Manufacturers
Dallas, Texas Brussels, Belgium

Copyright © 2013 Institute of Makers of Explosives

 1120 NINETEENTH STREET, N.W.
SUITE 310
WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3605
(202) 429-9280
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

The Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) is the safety and security association of the commercial
explosives industry in the United States and Canada. The primary concern of IME is the safety and
protection of employees, users, the public, and the environment in the manufacture, transportation,
storage, handling, use, and disposal of commercial explosive materials.

Founded in 1913, IME was created to provide technically accurate information and recommendations
concerning commercial explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable data about their use.
Committees of qualified representatives from IME member companies developed this information and
significant portions of their recommendations are embodied in regulations of federal and state agencies.

The Institute’s principal committees are: Environmental Affairs; Legal Affairs; Safety and Health;
Security; Technical; and Transportation and Distribution.

i
ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. v
DISCLAIMER ............................................................................................................................... vi
TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ................................................................ 1
1. Vehicle Operator Selection .................................................................................................. 1
2. Vehicle Operator Training ................................................................................................... 1
3. Transport Equipment ........................................................................................................... 2
4. Shipping Papers (49 CFR 172, Subpart C) .......................................................................... 4
5. Placarding (49 CFR 172, Subpart F).................................................................................... 5
6. Inspections (49 CFR 396) .................................................................................................... 5
7. Loading and Unloading (49 CFR 177, Subpart B) .............................................................. 5
8. Driver’s Record of Duty Status (Driver’s Log) ................................................................... 6
9. Accidents with Vehicles and Shipments in Transit (49 CFR 177, Subpart D).................... 7
10. Accident Reporting (49 CFR 171.15, 171.16; Part 390, Subpart B)................................ 7
11. Emergency Response Information (49 CFR 172, Subpart G).......................................... 8
12. Parking (49 CFR 397.7) ................................................................................................... 8
13. Vehicle Attendance (49 CFR 397.5) ................................................................................ 8
14. In-Transit Cargo Security................................................................................................. 8
15. Routes (49 CFR 397.67 (d))............................................................................................. 9
16. Vehicle Markings (49 CFR 390.21)................................................................................. 9
17. Railroad Crossings (49 CFR 392.10) ............................................................................... 9
18. Driver Rules (49 CFR 397.19) ......................................................................................... 9
19. Insurance (49 CFR 387) ................................................................................................. 10
20. Controlled Substance Testing (40 CFR, Subpart B) ...................................................... 10
21. Training (49 CFR 172, Subpart H)................................................................................. 10
22. Registration (49 CFR 107, Subpart G)........................................................................... 10
23. Hazardous Material Safety Permit (49 CFR, Parts 385, 386, and 390) ......................... 11
24. Security Plan .................................................................................................................. 12
DISTRIBUTION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS...................................................................... 13
1. Licensing and Permitting (Title 27 CFR 555 Subpart D) .................................................. 13
2. Verification Requirements (Title 27 CFR Subpart F)........................................................ 13
3. Qualification Requirements (Title 27 CFR 555.26) .......................................................... 14
4. Recordkeeping (Title 27 CFR 555.Subpart G) .................................................................. 15

iii
 5. Notifications....................................................................................................................... 16
STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ............................................................................... 17
1. Personnel Selection............................................................................................................ 17
2. Personnel Training ............................................................................................................. 17
3. Storage Facilities (27 CFR 555 Subpart K) ....................................................................... 18
4. Storage within Magazines (27 CFR 555 Subpart K) ......................................................... 18
5. Location of Storage Facilities (27 CFR 555 Subpart K).................................................... 19
6. Magazine Operations ......................................................................................................... 19
7. Safety Precautions.............................................................................................................. 20
MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT ................................................................................. 21
1. Forklift Trucks and Pallet Movers ..................................................................................... 21
SAMPLE DOCUMENTS............................................................................................................. 23

iv
 SLP-14
Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution of Explosive Materials

FOREWORD

The Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) is the safety association of the commercial explosives
industry in North America (the United States and Canada). IME is a non-profit, incorporated association
which was founded in 1913 to provide technically accurate information and recommendations concerning
explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable data about their use.

The primary concern of IME is the safety and security and protection of employees, users, the public and
the environment in the manufacture, transportation, storage, handling, use and disposal of explosive
materials used in blasting and other essential operations.
Historically, those who manufacture and market commercial explosive materials have had a deep and
active commitment to the safety of their employees, the users of their products, the environment, and
most important of all, the general public. Because commercial explosive materials are not ordinary
commodities, but specialized, inherently dangerous products, companies making them have devoted
substantial attention to safety. The records over the years have proven that those efforts have been
effective.
Through those efforts, the transportation, field storage and distribution in general of billions of pounds of
commercial explosive materials has been handled by many thousands of people with remarkably few
accidents or injuries.
One reason for this excellent performance has been the adoption of and adherence to safety standards and
procedures by member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives.
The function of this publication is to suggest guidelines for the safe distribution of commercial explosive
materials. Emphasis is placed on rules and procedures which experience has shown to be proper and safe
for the worker, user, environment, and the public. The words “shall” or “must” indicate a mandatory
requirement. And the words “should” or “may” indicate a recommendation or that which is advised but
not required.
Since commercial explosive materials are a unique, specialized and highly useful tool in our modern
technology, it is in the best interest of all society to ensure that they are available where they are needed,
when they are needed and at costs consistent with the function they perform.
The commercial explosives industry has a special goal to make this possible through the proper and safe
distribution of explosive materials. To do so, it must practice safety and continue to earn the respect and
confidence of those charged with protecting the public.
This “Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution of Explosive Materials” will help achieve these
ends.

v
 DISCLAIMER

The guidelines in this pamphlet are intended solely for the purpose of general information. They
constitute what the Institute considers to be the minimum requirements for safety and they are
recommended to individuals and companies engaged in the manufacture, transportation, storage, and
handling of commercial explosive materials. Several of these recommended safety standards are included
in federal, state, or local laws or regulations. It is not intended that this Safety Library Publication
duplicate, supersede or replace such laws or regulations, which must be fully complied with when
applicable.

vi
The handling, transporting, shipping, or receiving of any explosive materials or other hazardous materials
must be in compliance with the applicable regulations of Titles 49 and 27 Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR).

TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

1. Vehicle Operator Selection

A. Selection process
The selection process should provide for the employment of persons who meet qualifications
required by federal, state and local regulations and who demonstrate maturity and a sense of
responsibility necessary to assure the protection of the public, company equipment and the
products being transported. Methods in the process include:
1. Written US Department of Transportation (DOT) application for employment;
2. Oral interview which should involve two company representatives;
3. DOT medical examination conducted by a medical examiner as defined in 49 CFR 390.5
(including DOT substance abuse screening);
4. DOT required investigation of previous driving record for the past three years within 30 days
of employment. It is recommended that the driving record be investigated prior to driving;
and
5. Probationary period of employment during which the person must demonstrate the skills and
attitude to handle the job.

B. Vehicle operator qualifications

The DOT requires operators of commercial motor vehicles to meet certain qualifications as
specified in 49 CFR Part 391. The person must:
1. Be at least 21 years of age;
2. Be able to read and speak the English language;
3. Be physically qualified to drive a motor vehicle (49 CFR 391.41);
4. Have a current commercial driver’s license (CDL) and appropriate endorsements;
5. Have prepared and furnished a list of violations or driver’s certificate from the previous three
years (49 CFR 391.27);
6. Not be disqualified to drive a motor vehicle (49 CFR 391.15);
7. Have successfully completed a driver’s road test and received a certificate (49 CFR 391.31 or
391.33); and
8. Demonstrate proficiency in vehicle operation and cargo preparation for the type of vehicle to
be operated.

2. Vehicle Operator Training

A driver must demonstrate the ability to be trained to operate vehicles safely, efficiently and in
compliance with applicable regulations.

A. Training and/or driving test should include:

1. Pre-trip and post-trip inspections (49 CFR 392.7, 396.13 and 396.11);
2. Coupling and uncoupling of combination units, if applicable;
3. Placing the vehicle in operation; fueling precautions and seatbelt use;
4. Use of controls and emergency equipment, and prohibited practices (49 CFR 392.60);
5. Operating in traffic and while passing other vehicles;
6. Turning;

1
 7. Braking and slowing the vehicle by means other than breaking;
8. Backing and parking;
9. Security training; and
10. Specific task training on:
a. cargo tanks;
b. pump trucks and their operation;
c. DOT special permit; and
d. safe loading (49 CFR 392.9).

B. Additional driver training should include:

1. Familiarization with specific products being transported, including:
a. Product characteristics;
b. Specific hazards;
c. Packaging, labeling and placarding;
d. Shipping paper preparation to include descriptions and hazard information;
e. Emergency procedures;
f. Compatibility of products;
g. Routing requirements;
h. Bracing and blocking; and
i. Verification that the vehicle’s GWV and axle weight do not exceed legal limits.
2. Company procedures for handling accidents, incidents and other emergencies;
3. Defensive driving techniques;
4. DOT and company maintenance procedures;
5. Customer locations and specific requirements; and
6. First aid training.

C. Retesting/retraining programs are recommended for:

1. All drivers at least every two years (maximum of three years for hazardous material training);
2. Any driver involved in a preventable accident; and
3. Any person who has an interruption of driving duty of three months or more.

D. DOT “qualified” drivers are required to have a physical examination every two years, a written
statement from the driver regarding his violations each year and a yearly check by the company
of his driving records, and be subject to a random drug test (49 CFR 391).

E. Drivers of vehicles transporting Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 materials must sign for and carry a copy
of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, Part 397 (49 CFR 397.19), and an Emergency
Response Guidebook.

3. Transport Equipment

This section covers minimum recommendations for motor vehicles used to transport explosive
materials. Complete recommendations are found in 49 CFR Part 393. When explosive materials are
transported under authority of a DOT special permit, the special permit must be referred to for
additional specifications.

A. Power Units
1. No part of the fuel system (pump, tank, or intake pipe) shall project beyond the overall width
of the motor vehicle on which it is mounted. Inline fuel heaters can be used in extremely cold
climates to prevent diesel fuel gelling.
2. The fuel line sediment trap shall be made of metal or plastic.

2
3. The exhaust pipe shall be effectively shielded or located remotely from the fuel tank and
cargo floor.
4. Only hot water heaters and defrost systems with fresh air circulation shall be used.
5. Rear view mirrors shall be mounted on each side of the cab.
6. Two electric or air operated windshield wipers and washers shall be provided. Constant speed
vacuum types may be used.
7. Only long life type antifreeze shall be used.
8. The carburetor air filter element shall be non-combustible and designed to diminish and
deflect back-fire flame.
9. Tow hooks or towing connections should be provided at the front and the rear of all vehicles.
10. Other than in the cab and engine compartment, wiring shall be run in loom or shall be
protected by enclosure in a sheath or tube. There should be no electric wiring or lights within
the cargo area.
11. Storage battery, unless located in the engine compartment, shall be covered by a fixed part of
the motor vehicle, or protected by a ventilated cover or enclosure. Protective boots shall be
used over the terminals.
12. No attachments such as spare tire carriers shall be located where they will obstruct the
entrance to, or exit from, either door of the cab.
13. Vehicles shall be fitted with lights, full flash turn signals and markers, conforming to DOT
regulations and state and local requirements.
14. Tubeless tires are recommended. However, if tires with inner tubes are used, they shall be
fitted with a valve stem lock.
15. Recapped tires must not be used on the front wheels of any power vehicle. Recapped tires
may be used on dual rear wheels.
16. Each motor vehicles transporting explosive materials shall be equipped with at least two fire
extinguishers, each with a rating of at least 4-A:40-B:C and located where they will be
accessible for immediate use.
a. Only extinguishers listed or approved by a nationally recognized, fire equipment testing
laboratory shall be used on motor vehicles carrying explosive materials. They shall be
designed, constructed and maintained to permit visual determination of whether they are
charged.
b. Extinguishers shall be located where they will be accessible for immediate use.
c. Extinguishers shall be examined and recharged periodically in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
d. Where trucks are operated in temperatures below 0 deg F (-17.8 deg C), dry powder
extinguishers shall be pressurized with nitrogen gas.
17. Warning devices for stopped vehicles.
a. All vehicles shall be equipped with three bi-directional emergency reflective triangles
that conform to the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 125.
b. Liquid burning emergency flares, fuses, oil lanterns or any signal produced by a flame
shall not be carried on any motor vehicle transporting Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 materials.
18. Trailers and cargo compartments
a. There shall be no sharp projections inside the cargo area which may cause damage to the
packages.
b. Cargo restraining devices should be provided as needed.
c. The floor must be sound and tight.
d. Doors shall be secured and locked or sealed during transit.
e. Units shall be inspected before dispatch to insure compliance with DOT regulations.
f. Inspect the chassis on an annual basis.

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4. Shipping Papers (49 CFR 172, Subpart C)

All explosive materials must be properly identified in accordance with DOT requirements (49 CFR
100-177). Explosive materials are given a proper shipping name, hazard class and division,
identification number (UN or NA) and packing group, all identified in the 49 CFR Table. 172.101.
These identifiers must be used as a description on shipping papers when offering explosives for
shipment, with the exception of the packing group. The inclusion of the packing group is not
necessary for explosives.

A. Every shipment of hazardous materials must have a “shipping paper” which includes the
following information:
1. Consignor (shipper) name and address;
2. Consignee (receiver) name and address;
3. Quantity (number of units and unit of measure—Net explosive mass for explosives);
4. The number and type of packages must be indicated. The type of packages must be indicated
by description of the package. (example 12 1H1 drums).
5. The sequencing of information describing the hazardous material should be as follows with
no additional information interspersed:
a. Identification number (UN or NA numbers);
b. Proper shipping name (n.o.s. entries must include the product’s technical name(s) as
required in 49 CFR 172.203 (k));
c. Hazard Class and Division, and
d. Packing group (with certain exceptions);
(i.e. UN0332, Explosive Blasting Type E, 1.5D, PGII).
6. “RQ” (reportable quantity), where applicable;
7. DOT special permits must be noted on shipping papers, if applicable: (“DOT-SP xxxx”);
8. Shipper’s certification, where applicable, as shown below. Either of the following
certifications may be used.
a. “This is to certify that the above named materials are properly classified, described,
packaged, marked and labeled, and is in proper condition for transportation according to
the applicable regulations of the Department of Transportation.”
Signed:
____________________________________
b. “I hereby declare that the contents of this consignment are fully and accurately described
above by the proper shipping name, and are classified packaged, marked and
labeled/placarded, and are in all respects in proper condition for transport according to
applicable international and national governmental regulations.”
Signed:
____________________________________
9. Emergency response information. This information includes:
a. An emergency response phone number which is monitored at all times that the hazardous
material is in transit (“in transit” is defined as loaded, transported, or temporary storage
awaiting delivery). The name of the provider and company or contract number who
requires the service must be provided.
b. Emergency response information for each hazardous material (The DOT North American
Emergency Response Guidebook, MSDS or similar document will satisfy this
requirement).
10. Additional shipping paper requirements:
a. All hazardous materials must be listed on the shipping paper first (before non-hazardous
items), or be in contrasting color from non-hazardous items or have an “X” placed in a
special column marked “Hazardous Material”.

4
 b. All entries must be clearly printed or typed in ENGLISH. Script or entries written in long
hand are not acceptable.
c. Shipper’s signature and proper date must be legible on all copies of the shipping paper.
d. Shipping papers must be stored as follows:
e. When the driver is at the controls with the seat belt hooked, within driver’s reach or in a
holder mounted on the driver’s door, and readily visible to anyone entering the cab.
f. When the driver is out of the cab, in a holder mounted on the driver’s door, or on the
driver’s seat.
g. When hazardous materials are being transported under a DOT special permit all terms of
the special permit must be followed. A copy of the special permit must accompany the
shipment if the special permit requires it.

5. Placarding (49 CFR 172, Subpart F)

Each vehicle must be properly placarded (49 CFR 172.504). Placards must agree with the bill-of-
lading and the bill-of lading must accurately describe the cargo. (See IME’s Bulk Truck Placarding
Guide for assistance with the complex task of placarding bulk trucks).

6. Inspections (49 CFR 396)

Vehicles must be in proper mechanical condition.

A. Pre-Trip Inspection
1. At the beginning of each trip or each day, drivers must inspect the vehicle and identify
any unsatisfactory items.
2. The driver must review and sign off, if required, the previous day’s post-trip inspection
report.

B. Post-Trip Inspection
1. At the end of the trip all deficiencies must be reported and documented in writing.
2. Reported defects must be reviewed by maintenance personnel who certify that the defect
is repaired and/or certify that the vehicle is in safe operating condition.
3. A copy of the current inspection report and the mechanic’s safety approval must remain
in the vehicle at all times.
C. Enroute Inspection
The driver must examine each tire on a motor vehicle at the beginning of each trip and each time
the vehicle is parked (49 CFR 397.17)

D. Annual Inspection
Annual inspections are required on all mobile equipment (49 CFR 396.17).

7. Loading and Unloading (49 CFR 177, Subpart B)

a. Before loading and unloading a vehicle, stop the engine, set the brakes and chock the
wheels. (Make sure cargo areas are clean and dry.)
b. Cargo tanks must be attended at all times during loading and unloading. This means that
the driver: 1) is awake; 2) has an unobstructed field of view; 3) is within 25 feet of the
vehicle.
c. Loading should be accomplished in a manner that will prevent shifting of cargo.

5
 d. The amount of the cargo versus the size of the vehicle should be considered to keep a
level load with weight distributed in the most stable manner according to the type of
cargo area (i.e., pickup, semi-trailer, etc.).
e. Packaged explosive materials must be braced to prevent movement relative to the
vehicle.
f. Smoking is not allowed when driving, loading or unloading vehicles containing explosive
materials, or within 25 feet of a loaded vehicle.
g. Explosive materials must not be transferred from one vehicle to another on any public
highway, street or road prior to the notification of appropriate authorities, except in cases
of emergency.
h. The explosive materials must be carried entirely within the body of the vehicle and
covered during transport if the cargo area is not enclosed.
i. The cargo area of the vehicle must not have any inwardly projecting bolts, screws, nails,
etc. that could damage packages of explosives.
j. Explosives must be segregated from other hazardous materials and from other explosives
if they are incompatible. The segregation and compatibility charts in 49 CFR 177.848
must be reviewed before loading the vehicle.
k. No tools shall be used during loading and unloading that may damage the packaging of
the explosives.
l. Once shipment is complete, all explosive materials must be transferred from the vehicle
into an approved Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) storage
magazine or to a blast site for use.

8. Driver’s Record of Duty Status (Driver’s Log)

A. Driver’s records must be maintained (49 CFR 395). The regulations specify:
1. Who must keep the record at 395.8 (c) (1);
2. How the record is to be kept at 395.8 (d) & (f);
3. Retention rules for the completed records at 395.8 (k); and
4. Requirements for the use of on-board recording devices at 395.15.

B. Driver records must be kept for vehicles requiring placarding regardless of the vehicle weight or
size. Commercial motor vehicle (CMV) means a motor vehicle or combination of motor vehicles
used in commerce to transport passengers or property if the vehicle:
1. Has a gross combination weight rating of 11,794 or more kilograms (26,001 or more pounds)
inclusive of a towed unit with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 4,536 kilograms
(10,000 pounds); or
2. Has a gross vehicle weight rating of 11,794 or more kilograms (26,001 or more pounds); or
3. Is designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver; or
4. Is of any size and is used in the transportation of materials found to be hazardous for the
purposes of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 5103(b)) and which
require the motor vehicle to be placarded under the Hazardous Materials Regulations (49
CFR part 172, subpart F).

C. The rules on Hours of Service of Drivers are very involved and every operator should be familiar
with and have a copy of the rules to assure compliance. See 49 CFR 395.1 & 395.3.

D. Motor vehicles, except those that operate at any time under the short-haul operations exemptions
[49 CFR 395.1(e)] for drivers' hours of service compliance, should have electronic on-board
recorders installed in the vehicle.

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9. Accidents with Vehicles and Shipments in Transit (49 CFR 177, Subpart D)

A. All shipments of hazardous materials must be transported without unnecessary delay, from and
including the time of commencement of loading of the cargo until its final discharge at
destination.

B. If your vehicle comes in contact with any other vehicle, property, person, etc., regardless of any
injury or damage, a report should be submitted to the proper authorities if required by federal,
state and local regulations.

C. In case of an accident or spill of hazardous material:

1. Place three warning signals immediately as required by 49 CFR 392.22(b);
2. Don’t move injured person(s) unless there is danger of fire or explosion;
3. Summon aid and notify authorities;
4. Notify your company officials;
5. Remain at the accident site until the situation is controlled and appropriate authorities have
arrived. Prevent people from congregating in the area; do not leave explosives unattended
unless evacuation is required;
6. Prepare applicable state, local and company reports before you leave the scene;
7. If a release or spill of a hazardous material occurs, follow your company’s emergency
response guidelines; and
8. Do not disentangle vehicles in the accident until all explosives have been moved at least 200’
away.

10. Accident Reporting (49 CFR 171.15, 171.16; Part 390, Subpart B)

A. A driver must be instructed in his company’s procedures in case of an accident.

B. The U.S. Department of Transportation (49 CFR 390.5) defines “accident” as an occurrence (not
loading/unloading or boarding/alighting) involving a commercial motor vehicle operating on a
public road which results in:
1. a fatality;
2. bodily injury requiring immediate medical treatment away from the scene; or
3. disabling damage to one or more vehicles, requiring the vehicle to be transported away from
the scene by a tow truck or other vehicle.

C. A “register” of accidents must be maintained and be available to appropriate authorities for a

period of three years after an accident occurs. (49 CFR 390.15) The register must include the date
of the accident, location, driver’s name, number of injuries, number of fatalities, and any release
of hazardous material other than fuel from the vehicle’s tanks.

D. If hazardous materials packaging fails, there are reporting requirements as found in 49 CFR
171.16. Within 30 days of an incident a written report (Form F 5800.1) must be sent to the DOT,
even if a call was made under requirements of 49 CFR 171.15.

E. Transportation incidents involving hazardous materials have immediate reporting requirements

(49 CFR 171.15) follow by written reporting if, as a direct result of the hazardous material:
1. A person is killed;
2. A person is hospitalized;
3. An evacuation occurs or a major transportation artery is closed for over one hour;

7
 4. Release of marine pollutant over 119 gallons of a liquid or 882 lbs of a solid;
5. Other situation that exists due to the incident that the person in control believes warrants
reporting.

11. Emergency Response Information (49 CFR 172, Subpart G)

A 24 hour emergency response telephone number and written emergency instructions must
accompany each hazardous material shipment. (See Section 4.a.11, Shipping Papers and 49 CFR 172,
Subpart C).

12. Parking (49 CFR 397.7)

A. A vehicle containing Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosive materials:

1. Must never be parked within 300 feet of an open fire, bridge, tunnel, dwelling, or other
inhabited building or where people congregate except for brief periods when necessary for
operation and it is impractical to park in any other place;
2. Must not park on or within 5 feet of the traveled portion of a public street or highway; and
3. When parking on private property, including fueling or eating facilities, the knowledge and
consent of the person in charge of the property is required and they must be aware of the
nature of the hazardous materials on board.

B. A vehicle containing Division 1.4, 1.5 or 1.6 materials must not be parked within 5 feet of the
traveled portion of a public street or highway except for brief periods when necessary for
operation and it is impractical to park any other place.

13. Vehicle Attendance (49 CFR 397.5)

A. Vehicles containing Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosive materials must be under attendance or
surveillance at all times except when located on the property of a motor carrier, shipper or
consignee, or in a safe haven. DOT has specific criteria for qualification of a site as a safe haven
(49 CFR 397.5(d)(3)).
1. A vehicle is “attended” if the person in charge of the vehicle is:
a. on the vehicle, awake, and not in the sleeper berth; or
b. within one hundred feet of the vehicle and has an unobstructed view of it.
2. The person in charge of the vehicle, while in attendance, must be instructed in emergency
procedures and be capable of moving the vehicle.

B. Vehicles containing Division 1.4, 1.5 or 1.6 explosive materials must be attended by the driver
when it is located on a public street, highway, or the shoulder of a highway, unless the driver is
performing duties required as the operator of the vehicle.

14. In-Transit Cargo Security

A. Before any shipment of bulk or packaged explosives leaves a manufacturing or storage area, the
vehicle carrying the explosives should have seals and/or padlocks provided for the closure
mechanism.

B. If the shipper uses outside carriers, they should establish a procedure that sets a notification
process between the carrier and the shipper in the event explosives are missing while in the care
of the carrier.

8
 C. If the shipper uses outside carriers, the shipper should review the carriers’ qualifications to
transport explosives prior to the first shipment. At a minimum, this review should include:
1. Certificate of authority from federal or state government;
2. A copy of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Rating. The rating should be “satisfactory”; and
3. A copy of the carrier’s insurance, with the shipper named as an additional insured.

15. Routes (49 CFR 397.67 (d))

A written route plan must be prepared prior to transporting any Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosive
materials and must be carried in the vehicle. If routing is changed after departure driver must make
written change on original routing plan.

16. Vehicle Markings (49 CFR 390.21)

Every self-propelled CMV used in interstate commerce must have the following information clearly
marked on both sides, easily readable from 50 feet in daylight:

A. Carrier’s name, as listed on Form MCS-150;

B. FMCSA motor carrier ID number preceded by the letters “USDOT”; and

C. “Home base” or principal office address of the unit. (optional)

17. Railroad Crossings (49 CFR 392.10)

All placarded and certain other vehicles including both empty and loaded cargo tank vehicles must:

A. Stop within 50 feet but not closer than 15 feet from railroad track or tracks;

B. The driver must look and listen prior to proceeding;

C. The vehicle must cross the tracks in a gear capable of moving the vehicle completely across; the
driver must not shift gears while crossing; and

D. Railroad crossing violations will result in disqualifications from operating a CMV (See 49 CFR
383.1(d)).

18. Driver Rules (49 CFR 397.19)

When Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 explosive materials are on a vehicle, each driver should:
A. Have in possession a copy of 49 CFR Part 397. (A copy of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Regulations will satisfy this requirement).

B. Have in possession a document containing instructions to follow in the event of an accident or

delay. DOT’s Emergency Response Guidebook will satisfy this requirement. In addition, this or
another document must include the names and telephone numbers of persons to be contacted in
the event of an emergency.

C. Have in possession a written route plan as required by 49 CFR 397.67

9
 D. Sign a receipt acknowledging that the required documents have been received and such receipt
shall be retained in the driver’s file for one year. A sample receipt shown on page 65.

19. Insurance (49 CFR 387)

Financial responsibility must be provided as called for in 49 CFR Part 387.

20. Controlled Substance Testing (40 CFR, Subpart B)

Drug and alcohol testing and detailed record keeping are required for drivers and employers of such
drivers who operate a commercial motor vehicle in commerce in any state and is subject to the
Commercial Driver’s License (CDL) requirements of 49 CFR 383. Each employee shall ensure that
all alcohol or controlled substance testing complies with the procedures set forth in 49 CFR, Part 40.

A. Minimum testing requirements for five illegal drugs (phencyclidine, cocaine, amphetamines,
opiates, marijuana [THC]) and alcohol are as follows:
1. Pre-employment testing (for drug use only);
2. Random drug and alcohol testing:
a. a random selection of at least 50% of company drivers with a CDL must be tested
annually for drug use; and;
b. a random selection of at least 25% (Could be reduced to 10% if DOT deems warranted.)
of company drivers with a CDL must be tested annually for alcohol use;
3. Reasonable suspicion of use of drugs or alcohol must precipitate further testing; and
4. Post-accident (49 CFR 390.5) testing for drugs or alcohol.

B. The illegal use of legal drugs is prohibited.

21. Training (49 CFR 172, Subpart H)

All hazardous material (HazMat) employees, who in the course of employment, directly affect the
transport of hazardous materials (e.g., handle, ship, drive, prepare paperwork, supervise, etc.), are
required to be trained by their company.

A. This training includes:

1. General awareness/familiarization training;
2. Function-specific training;
3. Safety training for the hazardous materials the employee will come in contact with;
4. Security awareness training; and
5. In-depth security training for the HazMat employees of companies required to have a
written security plan.

22. Registration (49 CFR 107, Subpart G)

The DOT has instituted a registration program for shippers and carriers of some hazardous materials.
A fee is associated with the registration which may be filed to cover periods from one to three years.

A. The requirement to register would apply to any company that offers for transport, or transports, in
foreign, interstate or intrastate commerce any of the following hazardous materials:
1. Any highway route-controlled quantity of a Class 7 (radioactive) material;
2. More than 25 kg (55 pounds) net weight of a Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosive material;

10
 3. More than 1 liter (1.06 quarts) per package of a material extremely toxic by inhalation (Any
material that is poisonous by inhalation and meets the criteria for Hazard Zone A);
4. A hazardous material in bulk for liquids or gases having a capacity equal to or greater than
13,248 liters (3,500 gallons), or more than 13.24 cubic meters (468 c.f.) for solids; or
5. A shipment of other than a bulk packaging of 2,268 kg (5,000 pounds) gross weight or more
of one class of hazardous material for which placarding of a vehicle, railcar, or freight
container is required for that class.

B. A copy of the Certificate of Registration or another document bearing the registration number
must be carried on board each truck and truck tractor (not including trailers and semi-trailers)
used to transport the hazardous material requiring registration.

C. Persons required to register must also develop and implement a security plan as described in
Section 24.

23. Hazardous Material Safety Permit (49 CFR, Parts 385, 386, and 390)

Transporters of 55 or more pounds of Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 materials, an amount of Division 1.5
material requiring placarding under 49 CFR 172, radioactive materials, certain toxic-by-inhalation
materials (TIH), and certain compressed or liquified gases, must obtain a Safety Permit. There is no
fee for this registration.

A. Transporters need a US DOT Census Number. This was obtained by completing a DOT form
MCS 150 for registration and renewal.

B. A MCS 150B will replace this registration for transporters of the subject hazardous materials.

C. The registration and renewal is on a two year cycle.

D. Criteria for issuance of the permit are a carrier's DOT rating (satisfactory required), a current
security program and to not be in the worst 30% of all carriers.
1. The 30% standard is based on accidents and Out of Service (OOS) activity at federal or state
vehicle/driver inspections.
2. The standard will be set at the beginning of each year based on the prior year’s statistics.

E. There are additional requirements for communication if any of the subject hazardous materials
are transported.
1. The drivers must communicate electronically or via a phone system:
a. the time they depart;
b. the time they arrive at a destination; or
c. whenever there is a suspicious occurrence.
2. Records must be kept of all communication.

F. A copy of the Safety Permit must be carried in each vehicle.

G. While the driver is enroute there must be a direct phone contact with the company to an
individual who can verify whether or not the shipment is on a legitimate route.

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 24. Security Plan

DOT adopted security requirements for offerors and transporters of hazardous materials in March
2003. 1 These requirements include additional training requirements (see Section 22) and, for some
employers, the requirement to develop and implement a security plan.

A. Training. The security awareness training requirements discussed in section 21.A.(4) apply to all
hazmat employers and the in-depth requirements discussed in section 21.A.(5) apply to those
persons that are required to develop security plans.

B. Who must develop and implement security plans? All persons that are required to register (see
Section 21) are required to develop and implement security plans. Additionally, persons who
offer for transportation or who transport one of the following are also required to develop and
implement security plans:
1. a select agent or toxin regulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under 42
CFR part 73; or
2. a quantity of hazardous material that required placarding.

C. Security plan components. Security plans must include an assessment of possible transportation
security risks and measures to address those risks. Rather than following a set format or template,
the security plan is to be developed after performing a risk assessment for the specific types of
hazardous materials to be transported, the modes of transportation used, and potential storage
incident to transport.

Security plans are required to have a minimum of three components:

1. Personnel security. Procedures should be developed to verify information provided by job
applicants for positions that involve access to and handling of hazardous materials.
2. Unauthorized access. Risks associated with unauthorized access to hazardous materials
should be evaluated and appropriate measures developed to prevent or minimize unauthorized
access.
3. En route security. The security risks that might occur en route should be evaluated and
appropriate measures developed to minimize those risks and to respond to security events that
might occur en route.

Security plans must be in writing and are to be retained for as long as they remain effective.
Copies of the plan, or appropriate parts of the plan, are to be available to employees that are
responsible for implementation. Security plans should be regularly reviewed and updated. (See
IME SLP-27, “Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage and Use of Commercial
Explosives” for additional information on transportation security).

1
68 FR 14509 - 14521

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 DISTRIBUTION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) of the U.S. Department of Justice
regulates the distribution of explosives. ATF requirements, known as “Commerce in Explosives”, are
found in 27 CFR Part 555 and were revised and strengthened by implementation of the provisions of the
Safe Explosives Act. These requirements include the licensing of manufacturers, dealers, and importers;
permitting of users; verification of distributees and persons authorized to receive explosives on their
behalf; qualification requirements for a licensee/permittee’s responsible persons or employee possessors;
background checks to assure those qualifications are met; recordkeeping requirements, and notification
requirements. Additionally, ATF regulates the storage of explosives, as discussed in Part III. The
following provides a brief overview of these requirements; for a more thorough discussion, ATF’s
“Commerce in Explosives” should be consulted.

1. Licensing and Permitting (Title 27 CFR 555 Subpart D)

All possessors of explosives must have either a license or a permit. Licenses are issued to
manufacturers, dealers, and importers and permits to users.

A. Licensing: Persons who intend to manufacture; sell or otherwise distribute; or import explosives
must obtain a license from ATF. ATF licenses are:
1. valid for a period of three years;
2. renewable; and
3. location-specific, i.e., a separate license is required for each manufacturing, dealing, and/or
importing location.

B. Permitting: Users, other than those listed above, are required to obtain a permit from ATF. ATF
issues three types of permits:
1. User permits are:
a. valid for a period of three years;
b. renewable;
c. valid for interstate and intrastate transactions; and
d. applicable to all user operations of the permittee in the USA.
2. User (limited) permits are:
a. valid for one transaction only;
b. valid for a period of one year;
c. valid for interstate and intrastate transactions; and
d. not renewable.
3. Limited permits are:
a. valid for up to six transactions in a year;
b. valid for a period one year;
c. valid for intrastate transactions only; and
d. renewable.

2. Verification Requirements (Title 27 CFR Subpart F)

ATF requires verification of the identity of explosives distributees prior to acceptance of orders and
upon delivery.

A. Verifications required prior to acceptance of order. Distributees must furnish all of the following
items to the distributor:

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 1. A signed copy of their license or permit. The signature must be original; photocopies of the
signature are unacceptable. If the licensee/permittee is a business entity with multiple
licenses, a certified list with the names, addresses, license or permit numbers, and expiration
dates of all the licenses may be provided in lieu of providing individual copies of each
license.
2. A certified statement that describes how the explosives will be used.
3. A list of persons who are authorized to accept delivery of explosives on behalf of the
distributee (authorized receivers list).

Distributees are required to keep this information updated with their distributors. In the past,
distributees were required to provide distributors with “authorized purchasers lists”; however,
with the implementation of the provisions of the Safe Explosives Act in March 2003, this
requirement was removed.

B. Verifications required upon delivery. Upon delivery, distributors are required to verify:
1. the identity of the person accepting delivery by examining an identification document (for
example a driver’s license, passport, etc.); and
2. that the person accepting delivery is listed on the previously provided authorized receivers
list.

Additionally, if a common or contract carrier is used to transport the explosives to the distributee,
the distributor is required to verify the identity of the person accepting possession of explosives
on behalf of the carrier by examining that person’s drivers’ license. The name of the carrier and
the driver’s full name are to be recorded in the distributor’s permanent records.

3. Qualification Requirements (Title 27 CFR 555.26)

ATF has established qualification requirements for explosives “responsible persons” and “employee
possessors”. A “responsible person” is someone who has the power to direct management and
policies pertaining to explosives materials (such as partners, sole proprietors, and site managers).
“Employee possessors” are persons that are either in immediate (actual) possession of explosives
(such as blasters, assemblers, and magazine keepers) or who have the power to exercise either direct
or indirect control (constructive possession) over explosives (such as shift supervisors, lead men, and
magazine key keepers).

In all cases, these persons cannot:

A. have been convicted of or under indictment for a felony or a crime punishable by imprisonment
of one year or more;

B. be a fugitive from justice;

C. be an unlawful user of or addicted to controlled substances;

D. have been adjudicated a mental defective or have been committed to a mental institution;

E. be an alien, with certain exceptions;

F. have been dishonorably discharged from the armed forces; or

G. have renounced U.S. citizenship.

14
 To ensure that these requirements are met, both responsible persons and employee possessors are
subject to background checks by ATF. These checks are performed at the following times:
1. At the time of application for a license or permit;
2. At the time of renewal of a license or permit;
3. Within 30 days of any change to a responsible person or employee possessor.

Background checks are performed by ATF upon receipt of identifying information, fingerprints, and
photographs for responsible persons or ATF Form 5400.28 for employee possessors.

4. Recordkeeping (Title 27 CFR 555.Subpart G)

ATF requires that various types of records be maintained to aid in the control of explosives
inventories, in the detection of theft and/or loss of explosives, and in the tracing of recovered
explosives.

A. Inventories. Licensees and permittees are required to conduct inventories of their explosive
materials and to keep records of the inventories they’ve conducted. Inventories are required at
business start-up, at the time of relocation to another ATF region, at the time of business closure,
at any time ATF reasonably requires, and at least annually.

B. Acquisition records. Licensees and permittees must maintain records of the explosives they
acquire through manufacture, purchase, importation, or other means. Acquisitions are to be
entered into the licensee/permittee’s permanent records by the close of the business day following
the transaction and the record is to include the information required at 27 CFR 555.122 through
555.125.

C. Disposition records. Likewise, licensees are required to maintain records of the disposition of
explosive materials, including sale and use. Dispositions are to be recorded in permanent records
by the close of the business day following the disposition. The record is to include the
information required at 27 CFR 555.122 through 555.125. Additionally, if a common or contract
carrier is used to transport the explosive materials to a distributee, then the name of the carrier
and the full name of the person accepting possession of the explosive materials on behalf of the
carrier are to be recorded.

D. Distributions to limited permittees. Before distribution of explosive materials to a limited

permittee, the limited permittee must provide an ATF Form 5400.4 to the distributor with an
unaltered, unexpired Intrastate Purchase of Explosives Coupon (IPEC) affixed to it. This is a
multi-part form; the distributor retains one copy and the other is forwarded to ATF in accordance
with instructions on the form.

E. Magazine transactions. Licensees and permittees that have magazines must maintain permanent
records of transactions in and out of those magazines. These records must be kept at the magazine
or at a central location on the facility. Entries into the magazine transaction record are to be
completed by close of the next business day. Magazine transaction records must be maintained by
manufacturer’s name or brand name and must record the total quantity received, the total quantity
issued, and the balance on hand.

F. Discontinuance of business. If there is a successor to the discontinued business, then records are
to be delivered to and maintained by the successor. If there is no successor, then records are to be
delivered to ATF within 30 days of discontinuance of business.

15
 G. Exportation of explosives. Exportation of explosive materials is to be recorded in accordance with
Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act.

5. Notifications

ATF requires that the following notifications be provided:

A. theft or loss of explosives (27 CFR 555.30);

B. theft or loss of IPEC (27 CFR 555.34);

C. change of address (27 CFR 555.54);

D. change in class of explosives (27 CFR 555.55);

E. change in trade name (27 CFR 555.56);

F. change in control of the company (27 CFR 555.57(a));

G. change in responsible persons and employee possessors (27 CFR 555.57(b));

H. discontinuance of business (27 CFR 555.61);

I. changes in magazine construction (27 CFR 555.63(c)) ;

J. acquisition or construction of additional or new magazines (27 CFR 555.63(d));

K. information concerning plastic explosives (27 CFR 555.181); and

L. type, location of magazine capacity, and location of storage to local authorities (27 CFR
555.201(f)).

16
 STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

1. Personnel Selection

A. The selection process should provide for the employment of persons who meet all requirements
of federal, state and local regulations. They should demonstrate maturity and a sense of
responsibility necessary to assume the protection of the public and company property. Methods
used in the process may include:
1. Written application for employment including reference checks;
2. Oral interview; or
3. Probationary period of employment during which the person must demonstrate the skills and
attitude necessary to do the job.

B. The regulations of the ATF at 27 CFR 555.26 contain the requirements for all persons who will
possess explosives. “Possession” can be either actual or constructive (defined in ATF Form
5400.28, Employee Possessor Questionnaire). All employees who could possess explosives must
complete ATF Form 5400.28 and the Licensee or Permittee must submit the completed forms
with a cover letter to the ATF requesting the person to be added as a possessor.

C. Persons working in a storage area for explosive materials should have the following
qualifications:
1. Be at least 18 years of age and under the direct supervision of the person in charge;
2. Be at least 21 years of age if in charge of the operation;
3. Not be an unlawful user of, or be addicted to any drugs or alcohol; and
4. Not be “a prohibited person” as specified in 27 CFR 555.26.

2. Personnel Training

Storage area personnel should be familiar with the regulations of the ATF at 27 CFR 555 Commerce
in Explosives, as well as applicable state and local regulations and company policies. Training
programs should include familiarization with:

A. Record keeping requirements for materials received, shipped and inventory including the
recording of identification codes;

B. Required customer information;

C. Proper handling of transaction records for sales of explosive materials to licensees/permittees and
non-licensees/non-permittees.

D. Storage requirements of the products being stored including:

1) Magazine type;
2) Product compatibility;
3) Maximum quantities per magazine.

E. Housekeeping;

F. Stacking and rotation of stock in the magazine;

G. Truck loading procedures;

17
 H. Handling of damaged product;

I. Magazine repair procedures;

J. Emergency procedures for handling evacuation, fires, thefts, or other incidents; and

K. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and Right-to-Know Regulations.

3. Storage Facilities (27 CFR 555 Subpart K)

Explosive materials shall be stored in magazines which meet the following:

A. Type 1 Magazine – A permanent magazine for the storage of explosive materials that are bullet
sensitive and will mass detonate.

B. Type 2 Magazine – A portable or mobile magazine for the storage of explosive materials that are
bullet sensitive and will mass detonate.

C. Type 3 Magazine – A portable magazine for the temporary storage of explosive materials while
attended. An example is a “day box” at the site of blasting operations.

D. Type 4 Magazine – A permanent, portable, or mobile magazine for the storage of low explosives,
explosive materials that are not bullet sensitive or explosive materials that will not mass detonate.

E. Type 5 Magazine – A permanent, portable, or mobile magazine for the storage of blasting agents.

4. Storage within Magazines (27 CFR 555 Subpart K)

A. Explosives, blasting agents and ammonium nitrate may be stored in the same magazine under the
following conditions:
1. When ammonium nitrate and/or blasting agents are stored with high explosives, the magazine
must be suitable for storage of high explosives.
2. When ammonium nitrate is stored with blasting agents, the magazine must be suitable for
storage of blasting agents.
3. In applying the American Table of Distances or the Separation Table, only one-half the
weight of the ammonium nitrate need be added to determine the total weight of explosive
materials.

B. Detonators must be stored in Types 1, 2, or 3 magazines, except electric blasting caps or

detonators that do not mass detonate may be stored in a Type 4 magazine.

C. Detonating cord must be stored in either Type 1, 2, or 3 magazines and may be stored with
explosive materials other than detonators.

D. Detonators are not to be stored in the same magazine with the other explosive materials, except
under the following circumstances:
1. In a Type 4 magazine, detonators that will not mass detonate may be stored with electric
squibs, safety fuse, igniters, and igniter cord.
2. In a Type 1 or Type 2 magazine, detonators may be stored with delay devices and any of the
items listed in the above paragraph.

18
5. Location of Storage Facilities (27 CFR 555 Subpart K)

A. Distances between storage facilities and inhabited buildings, railways and public highways must
meet the minimum requirements of the most current revision of the American Table of Distances
for Storage of Explosives as established by the Institute of Makers of Explosives (see IME SLP-
2).

B. A Type 3 magazine should be located as far away as practical from neighboring buildings,
railway, highways and other magazines. Two Type 3 magazines may be located at the site of
blasting operations when one magazine is used for detonators.

C. A Type 3 magazine containing explosive materials shall be attended. At the end of the work day,
all explosive materials shall be transferred to Type 1, 2, 4, or 5 magazines, as appropriate.

D. Facility files should contain a signed and dated plot plan, site map, or aerial photograph.

6. Magazine Operations

A. A competent person should be in charge of a magazine. The person should be at least 21 years of
age and conversant with and responsible for the enforcement of all safety precautions.

B. All magazines containing explosive materials should be inspected at intervals or not greater than
seven days (27 CFR 555.204) to determine whether there has been any unauthorized entry into
the magazines or unauthorized removal of the magazines or their contents.

C. Magazine doors should be kept locked when the magazine is unattended (27 CFR 555.205).

D. Safety rules covering the operation of magazines should be posted on the interior of the
magazine.

E. When explosive materials are removed from a magazine for use, the oldest useable stocks should
be removed first.

F. Corresponding grades and brands should be stored together and in such a manner that brand and
grade marks are visible. All stocks should be stored so as to be easily counted and checked (27
CFR 555.214).

G. Packages of explosive materials should be stacked in a stable manner (27 CFR 555.214).

H. Packages of explosive materials should be closed when in a magazine. Only fiberboard packages
may be opened in the magazine. No package without a closed lid should be stored in the
magazine (27 CFR 555.214).

I. Magazines should be used exclusively for the storage of explosive materials.

J. Magazine floors should be kept clean and dry (27 CFR 555.215).

K. Magazine floors stained with nitroglycerin should be cleaned in accordance with instructions by
the manufacturer (27 CFR 555.215).

19
 L. Damaged explosive materials should be handled in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions (27 CFR 555.215).

M. When magazines need interior repairs, all explosive materials should be removed and the floors
cleaned (27 CFR 555.216).

N. In making exterior magazine repairs where there is a possibility of causing sparks or fire, the
explosive materials should be removed from the magazine (27 CFR 555.216).

O. Explosive materials removed from a magazine under repair should either be placed in another
magazine or placed a safe distance from the magazine, properly guarded and protected until
repairs have been completed. Upon completion of repairs the explosive materials should be
promptly returned to the magazine (27 CFR 555.216).

P. Compliance with federal (EPA) and state emergency planning and notification and community
right-to-know laws is mandatory. If threshold quantities are met, notification is required to
designated local and state agencies as well as yearly inventory reporting to those agencies.
Consult 40 CFR 355-372 and state requirements for further details.

7. Safety Precautions

A. Smoking, matches, open flames, flame producing devices, and firearms or cartridges must not be
permitted inside of a magazine, within the same room of an indoor magazine or within 50 feet of
outdoor magazines (27 CFR 555.212).

B. The land surrounding magazines should be kept clear of brush, dried grass, leaves, and similar
combustibles for a distance of 25 feet (27 CFR 555.215).

C. Volatile materials should not be stored within 50 feet of outdoor magazines 27 CFR 555.215).

D. Explosive materials recovered from blasting misfires should be placed in a separate magazine
until competent personnel have determined from the manufacturer the method of handling.

E. Magazine sites should be posted with signs as follows and as applicable:

1. “EXPLOSIVES – KEEP OUT.” Signs should be located such that a bullet shot at a sign
will not hit the magazine.
2. USDOT “BLASTING AGENT” placards on all Type 5 magazines. (Magazines that contain
non-detonator sensitive, non-bullet-sensitive blasting agents).
3. DANGER!
NEVER FIGHT EXPLOSIVES FIRES
EXPLOSIVES ARE STORED ON THIS SITE
CALL (Emergency phone number)

These signs should be weather resistant with a reflective surface and lettering at least two
inches high. It is suggested that the first two lines be in red lettering and the remaining
printing in black lettering. Signs should be placed at all normal access routes and located such
that a bullet shot at a sign will not hit the magazine.

F. Interior magazine lighting must be in accordance with 27 CFR Part 555.217.

20
 MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT

1. Forklift Trucks and Pallet Movers

A. The physical characteristics of the vehicle must be such that it can be safely used in the intended
work environment (e.g., do not use a gasoline powered unit in an explosive dust atmosphere).

B. When using electric forklifts, all connections must be well maintained and kept clean to avoid
arcing.

C. The unit must be sized to handle the intended loads.

D. The type of tires should be selected according to the intended operating surface (hard to soft).

E. Prior to first use read and follow all instructions of the operating manual for the vehicle in use.

F. The lift truck must be inspected daily for safe operating condition. The inspection should include:
1. Wheels and tires (foreign particles, gouges, and cuts);
2. Brakes (brake pedal travel and parking brake adjustment);
3. Hydraulic lines and cylinders (leaks and oil levels);
4. Mast carriage, forks and attachments (loose or missing bolts and damaged chain, mast
backrest and lifting gear);
5. Engine oil and water (leaks and levels);
6. Steering gear (operation);
7. Battery (conductors, charge, cleanliness, electrolyte level);
8. Safety Equipment (rotating light, horn, back-up alarm, driver restraints, fire extinguisher);
9. Fuel (level, leaks);
10. Spark arrester and exhaust system (rust, corrosion, holes);
11. Truck Damage (damages affecting safety);
12. Operational compartments (cleanliness); and
13. Operation (unusual operation or noises)

G. Maintenance records must be filed in accordance with OSHA requirements.

H. Operating Forklift Trucks

1. Operators must be trained in accordance with OSHA requirements.
2. Forklift trucks must not be stored in magazines.
3. Know the rated capacity and do not overload.
4. Keep truck under control at all times by driving slowly and cautiously.
5. Approach the load slowly when inserting forks into pallet. Raise and lower forks only when
the struck is stationary.
6. Loads being carried must not interfere with vision.
7. Center and adjust forks to the maximum width of the pallet.
8. Travel with the forks on a slight angle to the rear and elevated to about six inches from
ground level to bottom of pallet.
9. Maneuver slowly to allow adequate clearance before raising or lowering a load.
10. Be alert for low clearance such as doorways, beams, etc.
11. If necessary to carry loads up or down ramps or steep grades, go up with the load in front; go
down in reverse with load behind.
12. Do not use lift truck to push other vehicles.

21
 13. If a load becomes unstable during transit, stop and restack load.
14. When the forklift is not in use, or when making repairs or adjustments, brakes must be
applied, forks positioned on ground level, controls neutralized and motor shut off. Chock
wheels if the truck is parked on an incline.
15. Passengers are not to be carried on trucks and the forks are not to be used to lift or lower
personnel, unless in an approved enclosure or basket.
16. If the lift truck becomes stuck to the extent that any part of the truck other than the wheels is
touching the ground, get off the truck and seek help. All trucks that are stuck in this manner
are to be pulled free and without a driver on the disabled unit.
17. Other personnel must remain clear of truck while loads are being raised or lowered.
18. Never attempt a turn from a ramp until all wheels are on flat surface.
19. Remove any obstructions from aisles.
20. Always face the direction of travel.
21. Check floors of railroad cars and trailers before loading or unloading.
22. Make sure dock plates are in good condition and secured.
23. Obey traffic signs and drive cautiously.
24. Cross railroad tracks diagonally.
25. When operating in trailers, use safety stands fore and aft.
26. An overhead guard must be used as protection against falling objects.
27. Trucks loading into or out of the magazine must be chocked or locked to the loading dock.

I. Refueling
1. The refueling or recharging operations must be accomplished in a non-hazardous area.
2. If the unit’s fuel supply is exhausted while inside a building, the unit must be towed to a safe
location and refueled.

22
 SAMPLE DOCUMENTS
TRANSPORTATION DOCUMENTS
Driver’s Qualification File Page
1. Driver Application for Employment 24
2. Checklist for Qualification of New Drivers 26
3. Alcohol and/or Drug Test Notification 27
4. Drug Test Results 28
5. Request for Check of Driving Record 30
6. Request for Information – From Previous Employer 32
7. Medical Examiner’s Certificate 33
8. Written Examination and Road Test Certificate 36
9. Certificate of Violations / Annual Review 39
10. Certificate of Compliance 40
11. Driver’s Statement of On-Duty Hours – New Hire 41
12. Driver’s Statement of On-Duty Hours- Intermittent, Casual, or Occasional Driver 42

13. Certification of Physical (wallet card) 43

14. Certification of Road Test (wallet card) 44
15. Driver Qualification and Identification Certificate (wallet card) 45

16. Record of Disqualification – Part 383 46

17. Record of Disqualification – Part 391 48
18. Employment Eligibility Verification (Form I-9) 50
19. Receipt of DOT Safety Book 53
20. Checklist of Minimum Documents for Delivery of Explosive Materials 54

21. Dispatch and Trip Report (for Interstate Shipments) 55

22. Shipping Paper 57
23. Driver Daily Log (Duty Status Record) 58
24. Driver’s Vehicle Inspection Report (Use for pre- and post-trip inspections) 59

25. Annual Vehicle Inspection Report 60

26. Routing Plan 62
27. Emergency Routing Poster 63
STORAGE DOCUMENTS
1. Record of Daily Transactions (Storage Magazine Inventory) 64

2. Explosive Magazine Emergency Procedures Poster 65

3. Magazine Emergency Procedures 66
4. Suggested List of Emergency Telephone Numbers 67
5. Sample Explosives Magazine Rules 68
6. Sample Blasting Supplies Magazine Rules 69
7. Sample Blasting Agent Magazine Rules 70
8. Sample Magazine Inspection Report 71

23
24
25
26
 ALCOHOL AND/OR DRUG
TEST NOTIFICATION
Part 382 - Controlled Substances and Alcohol Use Testing applies to drivers of this company.

§382.113 Requirement for notice.

Before performing an alcohol or controlled substances test under this part, each employer shall notify
a driver that the alcohol or controlled substances test is required by this part. No employer shall falsely
represent that a test is administered under this part.

Company Name:

E
Driver/Applicant Name:
(Print) (First, M.I., Last)

L
You are hereby notified the following test will be administered in compliance with the
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.

1. The test is scheduled: Date:

P
Location:

Time:

2. Check type of test: Alcohol Controlled Substance

M
3. Check reason for test: Pre-employment Random Reasonable suspicion
Post-accident Return to duty Follow-up

4. Appointment instructions/comments:

SA
I understand as a condition of my employment with this company, the above identified test is required.

Witnessed by:
Driver/Applicant’s Signature

Company Representative
Date

Date

© Copyright 2001 RETAIN IN EMPLOYEE CONFIDENTIAL FILE 375-F 3047

Published by J.J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.
Neenah, WI 54957-0368 • www.jjkeller.com
(Rev. 7/01)

27
 DRUG TEST RESULTS
(For compliance with U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulations)
INSTRUCTIONS: This form is to be completed according to 49 CFR §40.163 by the medical review officer. The medical review officer
keeps the gold copy. The original (white) and the canary copy are forwarded to the employer. If the employer wishes to have drug test
results reported by a consortium/third party administrator (C/TPA), the MRO should keep the gold copy and forward the other copies to the
C/TPA. The C/TPA should forward the original (white) and canary copies to the employer and keep the pink copy.
According to §382.411, the applicant/driver is notified:
Pre-employment tests: The applicant/driver must request the results within 60 days of being
notified of the disposition of the employment application.
Random, reasonable suspicion and post-accident tests: If the test results are verified positive.
C/TPAs transmitting drug test result reports
Employers may elect to receive drug test result reports through a C/TPA. If a C/TPA acts as an intermediary for the
reporting of drug test results, the C/TPA must follow the regulations in Sec. 40.345 and Appendix F to Part 40. (See back of this form.)
49 CFR §40.163 How does the MRO report drug test results?
(a) As the MRO, it is your responsibility to report all drug test results to the employer.
(b) You may use a signed or stamped and dated legible photocopy of Copy 2 of the CCF to report test results.

E
(c) If you do not report test results using Copy 2 of the CCF for this purpose, you must provide a written report rt (e.g., a letter) for each
test result. This report must, as a minimum, include the following information:
(1) Full name, as indicated on the CCF, of the employee tested;
(2) Specimen ID number from the CCF and the donor SSN or employee ID number;

L
(3) Reason for the test, if indicated on the CCF (e.g., random, post-accident);
(4) Date of the collection;
(5) Date you received Copy 2 of the CCF;
(6) Result of the test (i.e., positive, negative, dilute, refusal to test, test cancelled)
ncelled) and the date the result was verified by the MRO;

P
(7) For verified positive tests, the drug(s)/metabolite(s) for which the test was positive;
(8) For cancelled tests, the reason for cancellation; and
(9) For refusals to test, the reason for the refusal determination ation (e.g., in the case of an adulterated test result,
re the name of the
adulterant).
(d) As an exception to the reporting requirements of paragraph graph (b) and (c) of this section, the MRO may ma report negative results using an

M
electronic data file.
(1) If you report negatives using an electronicronic data file, the report must contain,
cont as a minimum, the information specified in
paragraph (c) of this section, as applicable
cable for negative test results.
resu
(2) In addition, the report must contain yourr name, address, and phone number, numbe the name of any person other than you reporting

A
the results, and the date the electronic results report is released.
(e) You must retain a signed or stamped and dated copy of Copy 2 of the CCF C in your records. If you do not use Copy 2 for reporting
results, you must maintain a copy of the signed or stamped and dated letter in addition to the signed or stamped and dated Copy
2. If you use the e electronic data file to report negatives, you must
mu maintain a retrievable copy of that report in a format suitable for

S
inspection and auditing by a DOT representative.
(f) You must st not use Copy 1 of the CCF to report drug test te results.
(g) You must st not provide quantitative values to the DER D or C/TPA for drug or validity test results. However, you must provide the test
information
tion in your possession to a SAPS who consults with you (see §40.293(g)).
(h) You mustt maintain reports and records
recor related to negatives and cancelled results for one year; you must maintain reports and
records related to positives
ves and refusals
refu for five years, unless otherwise specified by applicable DOT agency regulations.
For additional regulations
egulations concerning
con drug test result reporting, see the back of this form.
MOTOR CARRIER
R LOCATION CITY STATE ZIP CODE DATE

(1) Full name of employee tested

(2) Specimen ID number
Donor SSN or employee ID number
(3) Reason for the test:
! pre-employment ! random ! reasonable suspicion ! post-accident ! return-to-duty ! follow-up
(4) Date of collection
(5) Date CCF Copy 2 was received
(6) Test result: ! positive ! negative ! dilute ! refusal to test ! test cancelled
Date test was verified by MRO
(7) For positive tests:
Drug/metabolite(s) for which the test was positive
(8) For cancelled tests:
Reason for cancellation
(9) For refusals to test:
Reason for the refusal determination
Medical review officer signature
© Copyright 2012 & Published by J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®
.EENAH 7) s 53! s    EMPLOYER-RETAIN IN
JJKELLERCOM s 0RINTED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES EMPLOYEE’S CONFIDENTIAL FILE 873-FS-C4 (Rev. 1/12) 6794
28
Additional MRO reporting regulations
§40.165 To whom does the MRO transmit reports of drug test results?
(a) As the MRO, you must report all drug test results to the DER, except in the circumstances provided for in §40.345.
(b) If the employer elects to receive reports of results through a C/TPA, acting as an intermediary as provided in §40.345, you must report the
results through the designated C/TPA.
§40.167 How are MRO reports of drug results transmitted to the employer?
As the MRO or C/TPA who transmits drug test results to the employer, you must comply with the following requirements:
(a) You must report the results in a confidential manner.
(b) You must transmit to the DER on the same day the MRO verifies the result or the next business day all verified positive test results, results
requiring an immediate collection under direct observation, adulterated or substituted specimen results, and other refusals to test.
(1) Direct telephone contact with the DER is the preferred method of immediate reporting. Follow up your phone call with appropriate
documentation (see §40.163).
(2) You are responsible for identifying yourself to the DER, and the DER must have a means to confirm your identification.
(3) The MRO’s report that you transmit to the employer must contain all of the information required by §40.163.
(c) You must transmit the MRO’s report(s) of verified tests to the DER so that the DER receives it within two days of verification by the MRO.
(1) You must fax, courier, mail, or electronically transmit a legible image or copy of either the signed or stamped and dated Copy 2 or the
written report (see §40.163(b) and (c)).
(2) Negative results reported electronically (i.e., computer data file) do not require an image of Copy 2 or the written
tten report.
itten

E
(d) In transmitting test results, you or the C/TPA and the employer must ensure the security of the transmission and limit access
a to any
transmission, storage, or retrieval systems.
(e) MRO reports are not subject to modification or change by anyone other than the MRO, as provided d in §40.149(c).
§40.149

L
Regulations for C/TPAs acting as intermediaries in the reporting process
§40.345 In what circumstances may a C/TPA act as an intermediary in the transmission on of drug and alcohol testing information
inform to
employers?
(a) As a C/TPA or other service agent, you may act as an intermediary in the transmission
nsmission of drug and alcohol testing information
informatio in the

P
circumstances specified in this section only if the employer chooses to have ave you do so. Each employer makes the decision
decisio about whether
decis
to receive some or all of this information from you, acting as an intermediary,
rmediary, rather than directly from the service agent
ermediary, a
ag who originates the
information (e.g., an MRO or BAT).
(b) The specific provisions of this part concerning which you may act as an intermediary are listed in Appendix
Append F to this part. These are the only

M
situations in which you may act as an intermediary. You are e prohibited from doing so in all other situations.
situa
(c) In every case, you must ensure that, in transmittinging information to employers, you
tting yo meet all requirements
requir (e.g., concerning confidentiality
and timing) that would apply if the service agentnt originating the information (e.g., an MRO oro collector) sent the information directly to the
employer. For example, if you transmitit drug testing
sting results from MROs to DERs, you yo must
m transmit each drug test result to the DER in

A
compliance with the MRO requirementsments set forth in §40.167.
ements
Appendix F to Part 40–Drug and Alcohol lcohol Testing Information that C/TPAs May Transmit to Employers
1. If you are a C/TPA, you ou may, actingng as an intermediary, transmit the information
in in the following sections of this part to the DER for an

S
employer, if the employer chooses to have you do so. These are the only items that you are permitted to transmit to the employer as an
intermediary.
y.. The use of C/TPA intermediaries is prohibited in all other cases, such as transmission of laboratory drug test results to MROs,
the transmission
ssion of medical information from MROs to employers,
smission e the transmission of SAP reports to employers, the transmission of positive
alcohol test
est results, and the transmission of medical
medica information from MROs to employers.
2. In every case,
se, you must ensure that, in transmitting
ttransm the information, you meet all requirements (e.g., concerning confidentiality and timing)
that would apply
pplyly if the party originating the
t information (e.g., an MRO or collector) sent the information directly to the employer. For
th
example, if you u transmit
ransmit MROs’ drug testing results to DERs, you must transmit each drug test result to the DER in compliance with the
requirements forr MROs set for forth
fort in §40.167.
Drug Testing Information
ation
§40.25: Previous two years’ test results
§40.35: Notice to collectors of contact information for DER
§40.61(a): Notification to DER that an employee is a “no show” for a drug test
§40.63(e): Notification to DER of a collection under direct observation
§40.65(b)(6) and (7) and (c)(2) and (3): Notification to DER of a refusal to provide a specimen or an insufficient specimen
§40.73(a)(9): Transmission of CCF copies to DER (However, MRO copy of CCF must be sent by collector directly to the MRO, not through
the C/TPA.)
§40.111(a): Transmission of laboratory statistical report to employer
§40.127(f): Report of test results to DER
§§40.127(g), 40.129(d), 40.159(a)(4)(ii); 40.161(b): Reports to DER that test is cancelled
§40.129(d): Report of test results to DER
§40.129(g)(1): Report to DER of confirmed positive test in stand-down situation
§40.149(b): Report to DER of changed test result
§40.155(a): Report to DER of dilute specimen
§40.167(b) and (c): Reports of test results to DER
§40.187(a)-(e): Reports to DER concerning the reconfirmation of tests
§40.191(d): Notice to DER concerning refusals to test
§40.193(b)(3): Notification to DER of refusal in shy bladder situation
§40.193(b)(4): Notification to DER of insufficient specimen
§40.193(b)(5): Transmission of CCF copies to DER (not to MRO)
§40.199: Report to DER of cancelled test and direction to DER for additional collection
§40.201: Report to DER of cancelled test 29
 REQUEST FOR CHECK OF DRIVING RECORD
NOTE TO MOTOR CARRIER: SEE BACK SIDE FOR STATES THAT ACCEPT THIS FORM.

I hereby authorize you to release the following information to

(Prospective Employer)
for purposes of investigation as required by Sections 391.23 and 391.25 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. You are
released from any and all liability which may result from furnishing such information.

(Applicant’s Signature) (Date)

In accordance with the provisions of Sections 604 and 607 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, Public Law 91-508, as amended by
the Consumer Credit Reporting Reform 10/2/12 Act of 1996 (Title II, Subtitle D, Chapter 1, of Public Law 104-208), I hereby certify
the following:
1. The consumer (applicant) has authorized in writing the procurement of this report;
2. The consumer (applicant) has been informed in a separate written disclosure that a consumer report may be obtained for
employment purposes;
3. The information requested below will be used for a “permissible purpose” (i.e., information for employment
mplo purposes) and

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will be used for no other purpose;
4. The information being obtained will not be used in violation of any federal or state equal
all opportunity law or regulation; and
5. Before taking an adverse action based in whole or in part on the report the consumer
umer (applicant)
applicant) will receive
recei
rec a copy of the

L
requested report and the summary of consumer rights as provided with the report
eport by the consumer reporting
rep agency.

I also hereby certify that this report request and the above applicant’s release “permissible uses” of
ase notice meet the definition of “permiss

P
state motor vehicle records under the provisions of the Driver’s Privacy
cyy Protection Act of 1994 (Public
blic Law 103-322,
103-
103 Title XXX,
Section 300002(a)).

(Signature of Requester)) (Date)

M
TO:

DEAR SIR/MADAM:
R/MADAM:
MADAM:
□ The following
wing

please furnish
sh the

□ The following named

SA
ing named person has made
ma application
appli

e undersigned with

amed person
. In
with our company for the position of
I accordance with Section 391.23, Federal Department of Transportation Regulations,
wit the applicant’s driving record for the past three years.

perso is employed with our company in the position of

. In accordance with Section 391.25, Federal Department of Transportation Regulations,
please furnish the undersigned with the employee’s driving record for the past year.

NAME OF APPLICANT/DRIVER

ADDRESS
(Number & Street) (City) (State) (Zip Code)

FORMER ADDRESS
(Number & Street) (City) (State) (Zip Code)

DATE OF BIRTH SSN LICENSE NO.

REQUESTED BY

(Name of Company) (Typed Name)

(Address) (Title)

(City) (State)
30 (Signature)
© Copyright 2012 J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.® .EENAH 7) s 53! s    s JJKELLERCOM s 0RINTED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES 729 (Rev. 10/12)
Request for Driver Information
Most states require their specific form to be used to obtain an individual’s driving record. The following states do not
require the use of a state-specific form. This information is current through February 14, 2012, and is subject to change.
State/General Contact Information State/General Contact Information
District of Columbia Kentucky
Department of Motor Vehicles Transportation Cabinet
Driver’s Records Division of Driver Licensing
P.O. Box 90120 Fee Accounting Section
Washington, DC 20090 200 Mero St.
(202) 727-5000 Frankfort, KY 40622

E
Hawaii (502) 564-0278
Traffic Violations Bureau Maine

L
Abstract Section Bureau of Motor Vehicles
1111 Alakea Street, 2nd Floor State House Station
ati 29
Honolulu, HI 96813 Attn: Driving
rivingg Records
Reco

P
(808) 538-5500 Augusta,
ugusta,
gusta, ME 04333-0029
04333-
Idaho1 (207) 624-9000 Ext. 552116
Idaho Transportation Department North Dakota1
Driver Services Section Driver’s License Division

M
P.O. Box 34 6088 E. B
Boulevard Ave
Ave.
Boise, ID 83731-0034 Bismarck, ND 58 58505
(208) 334-8736 328-2604
(701) 328-2
328-26

A
Kansas1 Rhode Island
Rho
Rhod
Department of Revenue
enue Division of Motor Vehicles
D

S
Driver Control Operator Control
P.O. Box 12021
021 600 New London Ave.
Topeka, KS 66612 Cranston, RI 02920
(785) 296-3671
3671
671 (401) 462-0800
1
State-issued form
orm
m or other form of
o written request is considered acceptable.
© Copyright 2012 J. J. KELLER
R & ASSOCIATES, INC.
IN
INC ® .EENAH 7) s 53! s    s JJKELLERCOM s 0RINTED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES 729 (Rev. 10/12) Back

31
32
 © 2013 Copyright Design and Published by J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA
(800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States 26521 (5/13)
INSTRUCTIONS: Write firmly
1. Lift laminate cover 3. Remove liner from laminate 5. Remove top stub and carbon
2. Complete certificate 4. Apply laminate to ply 1 6. Distribute plies 1 and 2

MEDICAL EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE

I certify that I have examined

in accordance with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (49 CFR 391.41-391.49)
391.49) and with know
knowledg
knowledge of
the driving duties, I find this person is qualified; and, if applicable, only when:

E
□ wearing corrective lenses □ driving within an exempt
mpt intracity zone
one (49 CFR 391.62)
□ wearing hearing aid □ accompanied by a Skill Performance Evaluation
uation Certificate (S
(SPE)
□ accompanied by a eration
ration of 49 CFR 391.64
□ qualified by operation
waiver/exemption
PL ation is true
The information I have provided regarding this physical examination ue and complete. A complete
comple examination
form with any attachment embodies my findings completely andnd correctly, and is on file in my office
office.
SIGNATURE OF MEDICAL EXAMINER TELEPHONE

DATE

MEDICAL EXAMINER’S NAME (PRINT) □ MD □ Chiropractor

□ DO □ Advanced
MEDICAL EXAMINER’S LICENSE
E OR CERTIFICATE NO
NO. ISSUING STATE
ST Practice Nurse
M
□ Physician □ Other
Assistant Practitioner
NATIONAL REGISTRY
RY
Y NO.
NO

SIGNATURE
RE OF DRIVER
VER INTRASTATE CDL
SA

ONLY

□ YES □ NO □ YES □ NO
DRIVER’S
RIVER’S LICENSE NO.
N STATE

ADDRESS
DRESS
RESS OF DRIVER

MEDICAL CERTIFICATION
ERTIF EXPIRATION DATE

ORIGINAL – DRIVER

33
E CERTIFICATE
NER’S
MEDICAL EXAMINER’S
NER’
PL FOLD

34
M
DISCLAIMER: IT IS THE
HE SOLE
OLE RESPONSIBILITY
THE PERSON(S) COMPLETING
LETING
RESPONSIBILIT OF
ETING THIS CERTIFICATE
CERTIFIC TO
T
SA
COMPLY WITH ALL REQUIREMENTS
UIREMENTS
IREMENTS CONTAINED IN T THE
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
ORTATION
RTATION FEDERAL MOTOR
CARRIERS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION ON REGULATIONS 49
RATION
CFR PART 391 QUALIFICATIONS OF F DRIVERS.
© 2013 Copyright Design and Published by
J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, eenah, WI • USA
(800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the
e United
ed States
26521
521 (Rev. 5/13)
 MEDICAL EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE

I certify that I have examined

in accordance with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (49 CFR 391.41-391.49)
391.49) and with know
knowledg
knowledge of
the driving duties, I find this person is qualified; and, if applicable, only when:

E
□ wearing corrective lenses □ driving within an exempt
mpt intracity zone
one (49 CFR 391.62)
□ wearing hearing aid □ accompanied by a Skill Performance Evaluation
uation Certificate (S
(SPE)
□ accompanied by a eration
ration of 49 CFR 391.64
□ qualified by operation
waiver/exemption
PL ation is true
The information I have provided regarding this physical examination ue and complete. A complete
comple examination
form with any attachment embodies my findings completely andnd correctly, and is on file in my office
office.
SIGNATURE OF MEDICAL EXAMINER TELEPHONE

DATE

MEDICAL EXAMINER’S NAME (PRINT) □ MD □ Chiropractor

□ DO □ Advanced
MEDICAL EXAMINER’S LICENSE
E OR CERTIFICATE NO
NO. ISSUING STATE
ST Practice Nurse
M
□ Physician □ Other
Assistant Practitioner
NATIONAL REGISTRY
RY
Y NO.
NO

SIGNATURE
RE OF DRIVER
VER INTRASTATE CDL
SA

ONLY

□ YES □ NO □ YES □ NO
DRIVER’S
RIVER’S LICENSE NO.
N STATE

ADDRESS
DRESS
RESS OF DRIVER

MEDICAL CERTIFICATION
ERTIF EXPIRATION DATE

COPY – MOTOR CARRIER

35
 CERTIFICATION OF ROAD TEST

E
Driver’s Name

L
Social Security No.
Operator’s or Chauffeur’s License No.

P
State
Type of Power Unit
Type of Trailer(s)

M
If Passenger Carrier, Type of Bus
This is to certify that the above-named driver was given a road test under

A
my supervision on
20 consisting of approximately miles of driving.

S
It is my considered opinion that this driver possesses sufficient driving skill
to operate safely the type of commercial motor vehicle listed above.

Signature of examiner Title

Organization and address of examiner

© Copyright 2009 J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA 6B-C(RT) 279
(800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States (Rev. 6/09)

36
 E
CERTIFICATION OF WRITTEN EXAMINATION
This is to certify that the person whose signature appears

L
below has completed the written examination under my
supervision.

P
Signature of person taking examination Date of examination

M
Location of examination

SA Signature of examiner

Organization and address of examiner

© Copyright 2009 J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA

Title of examiner

6B-C(WE)
(800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States (REV. 6/09)

37
 DRIVER QUALIFICATION & IDENTIFICATION

E
CERTIFICATE

L
(NAME OF DRIVER) (SS NO.)

P
(SIGNATURE OF DRIVER)
I certify that the above named driver, as defined in Sec. 390.5 is
regularly driving a commercial motor vehicle operated by the
below named carrier and is fully qualified under Part 391, Federal

M
Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. His/her current medical
examiner’s certificate expires on .
(DATE)

A
This certificate expires:
(DATE NOT LATER THAN EXPIRATION DATE OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATE)

S
Issued by Issued On
(NAME OF CARRIER) (DATE)

(ADDRESS)

(SIGNATURE) (TITLE)

© Copyright 2009 J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA 7B-C

(800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States (Rev. 6/09)

38
39
 Motor Vehicle Driver’s

CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE
WITH DRIVER LICENSE REQUIREMENTS

MOTOR CARRIER INSTRUCTIONS: The requirements in Part 383 apply to every driver who
operates in intrastate, interstate, or foreign commerce and operates a vehicle weighing or
rated at 26,001 pounds or more, can transport more than 15 people, or transports hazardous
materials that require placarding.
The requirements in Part 391 apply to every driver who operates in interstate commerce and
operates a vehicle weighing or rated at 10,001 pounds or more, can transport more than 15
people (or more than 8 people when there is direct compensation), or transports hazardous
materials that require placarding.

E
DRIVER REQUIREMENTS: Parts 383 and 391 of the Federal Motor otor Carrier
tor Carrier Safety
Sa
Regulations contain certain driver licensing requirements that you as
as a
a driver
driver must
must comply
comp
com

L
with, including the following:

1) POSSESS ONLY ONE LICENSE: You, ass a a commercial

commercial vehicle
vehicle driver,
driver, may
may not
not

P
possess more than one motor vehicle operator’s license.
operator’s license.
2) NOTIFICATION OF LICENSE SUSPENSION,SUSPENSION, REVOCATION
REVOCATION OR OR CANCELLATION:
CAN
Sections 391.15(b)(2) and 383.33 of the Federal Motor Carrier
nd 383.33 of the Federal Motor Carrier S Safety Regulations

M
require that you notifynotify your
your employer
employer the the NEXT
NEXT BUSINESS
BUS
BU DAY of any
revocation, suspension,
ension, cancellation,
spension, cancellation, or
or disqualification
disqualificatio
disq of your driver’s license
or driving privilege.
privilege. In addition, Section 383.31
e. In addition, Section 383.31
383.3 requires that any time you are

A
convicted
ted of
cted of violating
violating aa state
state or
or local
local traffic
traffic law (other than parking), you must
report it within 30 days to your employing
employin motor carrier. The notification must be
report it within 30 days to your employi
in writing.
in writing.
ng.

S
3) CDL
3) CDL DOMICILE
DOMICILE REQUIREMENT:
REQUIR
REQU Section 383.23(a)(2) requires that your
commercial
commercial d driver’s license
driver’s lic be issued by your legal state of domicile, where you
have your true,
have your tru fixed,
true, fi and permanent home and principal residence and to which
you
you have th
u have the intention of returning whenever you are absent. If you establish
a new
a new ddomicile in another state, you must apply to transfer your CDL within 30
days.
day

The following license is the only one I possess:

Driver’s License No. State Exp. Date

DRIVER CERTIFICATION: I certify that I have read and understood the above requirements.

Driver’s Name (Printed):

Driver’s Signature: Date:

Notes:

(This form is not required for DOT compliance.)

1617
Copyright 2013 J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc.® All rights reserved. Neenah, WI • USA • 800-327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States (Rev. 5/13)
40
41
42
 CERTIFICATION OF ROAD TEST

E
Driver’s Name

L
Social Security No.
Operator’s or Chauffeur’s License No.

P
State
Type of Power Unit
Type of Trailer(s)

M
If Passenger Carrier, Type of Bus
This is to certify that the above-named driver was given a road test under

A
my supervision on
20 consisting of approximately miles of driving.

S
It is my considered opinion that this driver possesses sufficient driving skill
to operate safely the type of commercial motor vehicle listed above.

Signature of examiner Title

Organization and address of examiner

© Copyright 2009 J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA 6B-C(RT) 279
(800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States (Rev. 6/09)

43
 DRIVER QUALIFICATION & IDENTIFICATION

E
CERTIFICATE

L
(NAME OF DRIVER) (SS NO.)

P
(SIGNATURE OF DRIVER)
I certify that the above named driver, as defined in Sec. 390.5 is
regularly driving a commercial motor vehicle operated by the
below named carrier and is fully qualified under Part 391, Federal

M
Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. His/her current medical
examiner’s certificate expires on .
(DATE)

A
This certificate expires:
(DATE NOT LATER THAN EXPIRATION DATE OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATE)

S
Issued by Issued On
(NAME OF CARRIER) (DATE)

(ADDRESS)

(SIGNATURE) (TITLE)

© Copyright 2009 J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA 7B-C

(800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States (Rev. 6/09)

44
 E
CERTIFICATION OF WRITTEN EXAMINATION
This is to certify that the person whose signature appears

L
below has completed the written examination under my
supervision.

P
Signature of person taking examination Date of examination

M
Location of examination

SA Signature of examiner

Organization and address of examiner

© Copyright 2009 J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA

Title of examiner

6B-C(WE)
(800) 327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States (REV. 6/09)

45
46
47
48
49
 Published by J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA • 800-327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States 30129

Employment Eligibility Verification USCIS

Form I-9
Department of Homeland Security OMB No. 1615-0047
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Expires 03/31/2016

START HERE. Read instructions carefully before completing this form. The instructions must be available during completion of this form.
ANTI-DISCRIMINATION NOTICE: It is illegal to discriminate against work-authorized individuals. Employers CANNOT specify which
document(s) they will accept from an employee. The refusal to hire an individual because the documentation presented has a future
expiration date may also constitute illegal discrimination.

Section 1. Employee Information and Attestation (Employees must complete and sign Section 1 of Form I-9 no later
than the , but not before accepting a job offer.)
Last Name (Family Name) First Name (Given Name) Middle Initial Other Names Used (if any)

Address (Street Number and Name) Apt. Number City or Town State Zip Code

E
Date of Birth (mm/dd/yyyy) U.S. Social Security Number E-mail Address Telephone Nu
Number

- -

L
I am aware that federal law provides for imprisonment and/or fines for false statements
ents or use of false docum
documents in
connection with the completion of this form.
I attest, under penalty of perjury, that I am (check one of the following):

P
A citizen of the United States
A noncitizen national of the United States (See instructions))
A lawful permanent resident (Alien Registration Number/USCIS
mber/USCIS
r/USCIS Number):

M
An alien authorized to work until (expiration date,
e,, if applicable, mm/dd/yyyy)
mm/dd/yyyy . Some
So aliens may write "N/A" in this field.
(See instructions)

A
rovide your Alien Registration Number/USCIS Number
For aliens authorized to work, provide N Form I-94 Admission Number:
1. Alien Registration Number/USCIS
umber/USCIS
USCIS Num
Number:
3-D Barcode
OR Do Not Write in This Space

S
2. Form I-94
94
4 Admission Number:

If you
ou obtained your admission number from CBP
CB
C in connection with your arrival in the United
States,
s, include the following:
es, followin

Foreign
ign Passport Number:
umbe

Countryy of Issuance:
Some aliens may write "N/A" on the Foreign Passport Number and Country of Issuance fields. (See instructions)

Signature of Employee: Date (mm/dd/yyyy):

Preparer and/or Translator Certification (To be completed and signed if Section 1 is prepared by a person other than the
employee.)
I attest, under penalty of perjury, that I have assisted in the completion of this form and that to the best of my knowledge the
information is true and correct.

Signature of Preparer or Translator: Date (mm/dd/yyyy):

Last Name (Family Name) First Name (Given Name)

Address (Street Number and Name) City or Town State Zip Code

Form I-9 03/08/13 N Page 7 of 9

50
 Published by J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA • 800-327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States 30129

Section 2. Employer or Authorized Representative Review and Verification

(Employers or their authorized representative must complete and sign Section 2 within 3 business days of the employee's first day of employment. You
must physically examine one document from List A OR examine a combination of one document from List B and one document from List C as listed on
the "Lists of Acceptable Documents" on the next page of this form. For each document you review, record the following information: document title,
issuing authority, document number, and expiration date, if any.)

Employee Last Name, First Name and Middle Initial from Section 1:

List A OR List B AND List C

Identity and Employment Authorization Identity Employment Authorization
Document Title: Document Title: Document Title:

Issuing Authority: Issuing Authority: Issuing Authority:

Document Number: Document Number: Document Number:

Expiration Date (if any)(mm/dd/yyyy): Expiration Date (if any)(mm/dd/yyyy): Expiration Date (if any)(mm/dd/yyyy):
y)(mm/
y)(mm/d

E
Document Title:

L
Issuing Authority:

Document Number:

P
Expiration Date (if any)(mm/dd/yyyy):
3-D Barcode
Document Title: Do
Do Not Write in This Space

M
Issuing Authority:

Document Number:

A
y):
Expiration Date (if any)(mm/dd/yyyy):

Certification

S
I attest, under
der
er penalty of perjury, that (1) I have examined the document(s) presented by the above-named employee, (2) the
above-listed
stedd document(s) appear to be genuine and tto relate to the employee named, and (3) to the best of my knowledge the
employee e is
s authorized to work in the United States.
Sta
The employee's
yee's
ee's first day of employment
employme : ( .)
Signature of Employer
er or Authorized Representative
mployer Repr Date (mm/dd/yyyy) Title of Employer or Authorized Representative

Last Name (Family Name) First Name (Given Name) Employer's Business or Organization Name

Employer's Business or Organization Address (Street Number and Name) City or Town State Zip Code

Section 3. Reverification and Rehires (To be completed and signed by employer or authorized representative.)
A. New Name (if applicable) Last Name (Family Name) First Name (Given Name) Middle Initial B. Date of Rehire (if applicable) (mm/dd/yyyy):

C. If employee's previous grant of employment authorization has expired, provide the information for the document from List A or List C the employee
presented that establishes current employment authorization in the space provided below.
Document Title: Document Number: Expiration Date (if any)(mm/dd/yyyy):

I attest, under penalty of perjury, that to the best of my knowledge, this employee is authorized to work in the United States, and if
the employee presented document(s), the document(s) I have examined appear to be genuine and to relate to the individual.

Signature of Employer or Authorized Representative: Date (mm/dd/yyyy): Print Name of Employer or Authorized Representative:

Form I-9 03/08/13 N Page 8 of 9

51
 Published by J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®, Neenah, WI • USA • 800-327-6868 • jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States 30129

LISTS OF ACCEPTABLE DOCUMENTS

All documents must be UNEXPIRED
Employees may present one selection from List A
or a combination of one selection from List B and one selection from List C.

LIST A LIST B LIST C

Documents that Establish Documents that Establish Documents that Establish
Both Identity and Identity Employment Authorization
Employment Authorization OR AND

1. U.S. Passport or U.S. Passport Card 1. Driver's license or ID card issued by a 1. A Social Security Account Number
State or outlying possession of the card, unless the card includes one of
2. Permanent Resident Card or Alien
United States provided it contains a rict
ic
the following restrictions:
Registration Receipt Card (Form I-551)

E
photograph or information such as (1) NOT VALID
ALID FOR EMPLOYMENT
name, date of birth, gender, height, eye
3. Foreign passport that contains a color, and address (2) VALID FOR WORK ONLY WITH
temporary I-551 stamp or temporary NS AUTHORIZATIO
INS AUTHORIZATION

L
I-551 printed notation on a machine- 2. ID card issued by federal, state or local (3) VALID
LID FOR WOR
WORK ONL
ONLY WITH
readable immigrant visa government agencies or entities, DHS AUTHORIZATION
aph or
provided it contains a photograph
4. Employment Authorization Document information such as name, e, date of birth, on of Birth Abroad issued
2. Certification i

P
that contains a photograph (Form olor, and address
gender, height, eye color, artment of S
by the Department St
State (Form
I-766) FS-545))
ard
rd with a photograph
3. School ID card
5. For a nonimmigrant alien authorized 3. Certification of Report of Birth
to work for a specific employer 4. Voter's
er's registration card b the Department of State
issued by

M
because of his or her status: (F
(Fo
(Form DS-1350)
5.. U.S. Military card or draft record
rec
a. Foreign passport; and 4. Original or certified copy of birth
6. Military dependent's ID card certificate issued by a State,
b. Form I-94 or Form I-94A that has
as

A
county, municipal authority, or
the following: 7. U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Mariner
M territory of the United States
e as the
(1) The same name e passport; Card bearing an official seal
and
8.
8 Native American tribal document
ative America

S
(2) An endorsement
ndorsement of the alien's
alien 5. Native American tribal document
onimmigrant status as long as
nonimmigrant 9. Driver's license
l issued by a Canadian
6. U.S. Citizen ID Card (Form I-197)
hat period of endorsement has
that government
gov
gove authority
not yet expired and the
th 7. Identification Card for Use of
roposed employment is not in
proposed i For persons under age 18 who are Resident Citizen in the United
conflict
nflict
ct with any restrictions or
o unable to present a document States (Form I-179)
ations
ons identified on
limitations o the
th form. listed above:
8. Employment authorization
6. Passport from
m the Fede
Federated States of document issued by the
10. School record or report card
Micronesia (FSM)
SM) or
o the Republic of Department of Homeland Security
the Marshall Islands (RMI) with Form 11. Clinic, doctor, or hospital record
I-94 or Form I-94A indicating
nonimmigrant admission under the 12. Day-care or nursery school record
Compact of Free Association Between
the United States and the FSM or RMI

Illustrations of many of these documents appear in Part 8 of the Handbook for Employers (M-274).

Refer to Section 2 of the instructions, titled "Employer or Authorized Representative Review

and Verification," for more information about acceptable receipts.

Form I-9 03/08/13 N Page 9 of 9

52
 -----------------------------

DRIVER’S RECEIPT

This issue of the FMCSR Pocketbook includes all revisions

nss issued
issu
issue on
or before June 10, 2013.

I acknowledge receipt of this FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER ARRIER SAFETY

SAFET
REGULATIONS POCKETBOOK (347). In addition, ddition,
ion, I agree to

E
rrier Safety
familiarize myself with the Federal Motor Carrier ety Regulations
sportation, Parts
(FMCSR) of the U.S. Department of Transportation, arts 40, 380,
382, 383, 387, 390-397, 399 Subchapter B,, Chapter 3, Title 49 of the
- - -CORNER

Code of Federal Regulations, as contained

d therein.
ned there

PL
- - - -FROM
- - -SLOWLY - - -RIGHT
- - - TOP

DRIVER’S NAME (PLEASE PRINT) DATE

M
- - - --PULL
- - - - - - PAGE

DRIVER’S SIGNATURE
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -RREMOVABLE

SA

SUPERVISOR OR CARRIER REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE

7/13

NOTE:E: Thi
This rreceipt shall be read and signed by the driver. A responsible company
supervisor or carrier representative shall countersign the receipt and place in the
driver’s qualification file.

-1-

53
 CHECKLIST OF MINIMUM
DOCUMENTS FOR DELIVERY
OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

TRIP REPORT (INTERSTATE SHIPMENTS)

SHIPPING PAPERS

DRIVER’S DAILY LOG (May be combined with the Driver’s Vehicle Inspection
Report)

DRIVER’S VEHICLE INSPECTION REPORT (May be combined with the Driver’s

Duty Status Log)

ROUTING INSTRUCTIONS

EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS INCLUDING EMERGENCY TELEPHONE

NUMBERS

MANUFACTURER’S PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CODE LIST

LIST OF PERSONS AUTHORIZED TO SIGN FOR RECEIPT OF MATERIALS

FORM ATF F 5400.8 WHEN EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ARE PICKED UP BY

CUSTOMER OR BY CUSTOMER’S CARRIER

FORM ATF 5400.4 WHEN EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ARE SOLD TO

CUSTOMER HAVING NO ATF LICENSE OR PERMIT

PROOF OF DOT HAZARDOUS MATERIAL REGISTRATION, IF REQUIRED

54
55
56
57
 Original - File at home terminal RECAP
/ / Duplicate - Driver retains in his/her possession for eight days Complete at
DRIVER’S DAILY LOG (Month) (Day) (Year)
end of workday.
(24 HOURS)

Name of Carrier or Carriers On-duty hours

today. (Total
lines 3 & 4)
Total Miles Driving Today Total Mileage Today Main Office Address
70 Hour/
8 Day
Drivers
Home Terminal Address
I certify these entries are true and correct:
A.
Truck/Tractor and Trailer Numbers or Total hours on
License Plate(s) / State (show each unit) Driver’s Full Signature Co-Driver’s Name duty last 7 days,
MID- TOTAL including today.
NIGHT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 NOON 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 HOURS
B.
1. OFF DUTY
2. SLEEPER
E Total hours
available
tomorrow.
70 hr. minus A.*

58
BERTH
3. DRIVING
4. ON DUTY
(NOT DRIVING)
L C.
Total hours on
duty last 8 days,
including today.

60 Hour/
MID- 7 Day

REMARKS
NIGHT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P
10 11 NOON 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

A.
Drivers

Total hours on
duty last 6 days,
including today.

SHIPPING
M B.
Total hours
available
tomorrow.
60 hr. minus A.*
DOCUMENTS:

B/L or Manifest No.

or
A C.
Total hours on
duty last 7 days,
including today.
*If you meet the
34-hour restart
Shipper & Commodity
From:
S Enter name of place you reported and where released from work and when and where each change of duty occurred.

USE TIME STANDARD AT HOME TERMINAL

To:
© Copyright 2012 & Published by J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.®
requirements
in §395.3, you
have 60/70
hours available
again.

8542 (Rev. 10/12)

59
 ANNUAL VEHICLE INSPECTION REPORT
VEHICLE HISTORY RECORD
REPORT
NUMBER FLEET UNIT NUMBER

DATE

MOTOR CARRIER OPERATOR INSPECTOR’S NAME (PRINT OR TYPE)

ADDRESS THIS INSPECTOR MEETS THE QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS IN SECTION 396.19.

YES
CITY, STATE, ZIP CODE VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION (# AND COMPLETE) LIC. PLATE NO. VIN OTHER

VEHICLE TYPE TRACTOR TRAILER TRUCK BUS INSPECTION AGENCY/LOCATION (OPTIONAL)

(OTHER)

VEHICLE COMPONENTS INSPECTED

E
OK NEEDS REPAIRED
REPAIR DATE ITEM OK NEEDS REPAIRED
REPAIR DATE ITEM OK NEEDS REPAIRED
REPAIR DATE ITEM
1. BRAKE SYSTEM 6. SAFE LOADING 10. TIRES
TIRE
a. Service Brakes a. Part(s) of vehicle or a. Tires
res on
o any steering axle

L
b. Parking Brake System condition of loading such of a power
powe unit.
pow
c. Brake Drums or Rotors that the spare tire or anyy b. All other tires.
tire
d. Brake Hose part of the load or dunnage
nnage 11. WHEELS AND RIMS R
e. Brake Tubing can fall onto the
he roadway. a. Lock or Side Ring

P
f. Low Pressure Warning b. Protectionon against shifting
tion b. Wheels and Rims
Device cargo.
argo.
rgo. c. Fasteners
F
Fa
g. Tractor Protection Valve c. Container
ntainer securement d. Welds
h. Air Compressor devices on intermodal
intermoda 12. WINDSHIELD GLAZING

M
i. Electric Brakes equipment. Requirements and exceptions
j. Hydraulic Brakes 7. STEERING MECHANISM
MECH as stated pertaining to any
k. Vacuum Systems a. Steering Wheel FreeF Play crack, discoloration or vision
2. COUPLING DEVICES b. Steering Column reducing matter (reference

A
a. Fifth Wheels c. Front Axle Beam
Bea and All 393.60 for exceptions).
b. Pintle Hooksoks Steering Components 13. WINDSHIELD WIPERS
c. Drawbar/Towbar
awbar/Towbar Eye Other
Ot
Oth Than Steering Any power unit that has an

S
d.. Drawbar/Towbar Tong Tongue Column inoperative wiper, or missing
e. Safety DeDevices d. Steering Gear Box or damaged parts that render
f. Saddle-Mounts
e-Moun e. Pitman Arm it ineffective.
3. EXHAUST SYSTESYSTEM f. Power Steering 14. OTHER
a Exhaust system leaking
a. g. Ball and Socket Joints List any other condition(s)
orward of or directly below
forward h. Tie Rods and Drag Links which may prevent safe
driver/sleeper
the driver/sleep
driver/sleepe i. Nuts operation of this vehicle.
compartment.
compartm
mpartm j. Steering System
b. Buss e exhaust system 8. SUSPENSION
leaking or discharging in a. Any U-bolt(s), spring
violation of standard. hanger(s), or other axle
c. Exhaust system likely to positioning part(s) cracked,
burn, char, or damage the broken, loose or missing
electrical wiring, fuel supply, resulting in shifting of an
or any combustible part of axle from its normal position.
the motor vehicle. b. Spring Assembly
4. FUEL SYSTEM c. Torque, Radius or Tracking
a. Visible leak. Components
b. Fuel tank filler cap missing. 9. FRAME
c. Fuel tank securely attached. a. Frame Members
5. LIGHTING DEVICES b. Tire and Wheel Clearance
All lighting devices and c. Adjustable Axle
reflectors required by Part 393 Assemblies (Sliding
shall be operable. Subframes)
INSTRUCTIONS: MARK COLUMN ENTRIES TO VERIFY INSPECTION: ✔ OK, X NEEDS REPAIR, NA IF ITEMS DO NOT APPLY, REPAIRED DATE

CERTIFICATION: THIS VEHICLE HAS PASSED ALL THE INSPECTION ITEMS FOR THE ANNUAL VEHICLE INSPECTION IN
ACCORDANCE WITH 49 CFR PART 396.
© Copyright 2012 J. J. KELLER & ASSOCIATES, INC.® 2240
Neenah, WI • USA • (800) 327-6868 (Rev. 11/12)
jjkeller.com • Printed in the United States ORIGINAL
60
 Part 396, Appendix G to Subchapter B – Minimum Periodic Inspection Standards
A vehicle does not pass an inspection if it e. Brake Tubing. hoses, or chambers (other than slight oil (1) Any leaves in a leaf spring assembly North American Uniform Driver-Vehicle
has one of the following defects or (1) Any audible leak. weeping normal with hydraulic seals). broken or missing. Inspection Procedure (North American
deficiencies: (2) Tubing cracked, damaged by heat, (2) Integrity. (2) Any broken main leaf in a leaf spring Commercial Vehicle Critical Safety Inspection
1. Brake System. broken or crimped. (a) Any cracks. assembly. (Includes assembly with more than Items and Out-Of-Service Criteria)
a. Service brakes.–(1) Absence of braking f. Low Pressure Warning Device missing, (b) Movement of 1⁄4 inch between subframe one main spring). The vehicle portion of the FMCSA’s North
action on any axle required to have brakes inoperative, or does not operate at 55 psi and and drawbar at point of attachment. (3) Coil spring broken. American Uniform Driver-Vehicle Inspection
upon application of the service brakes (such below, or 1⁄2 the governor cut-out pressure, e. Safety Devices. (4) Rubber spring missing. Procedure (NAUD-VIP) requirements, CVSA’s
as missing brakes or brake shoe(s) failing to whichever is less. (1) Safety devices missing. (5) One or more leaves displaced in a North American Commercial Vehicle Critical
move upon application of a wedge, S-cam, g. Tractor Protection Valve. Inoperable or (2) Unattached or incapable of secure manner that could result in contact with a tire, Safety Inspection Items and Out-Of-Service
cam, or disc brake). missing tractor protection valve(s) on power attachment. rim, brake drum or frame. Criteria and Appendix G of subchapter B are
(2) Missing or broken mechanical unit. (3) Chains and hooks. (6) Broken torsion bar spring in a torsion similar documents and follow the same
components including: shoes, lining, pads, h. Air Compressor. (a) Worn to the extent of a measurable bar suspension. inspection procedures. The same items are
springs, anchor pins, spiders, cam rollers, (1) Compressor drive belts in condition reduction in link cross section. (7) Deflated air suspension, i.e., system required to be inspected by each document.
push-rods, and air chamber mounting bolts. impending or probable failure. (b) Improper repairs including welding, wire, failure, leak, etc. FMCSA’s and CVSA’s out-of-service criteria
(3) Loose brake components including air (2) Loose compressor mounting bolts. small bolts, rope and tape. c. Torque, Radius or Tracking Components. are intended to be used in random roadside
chambers, spiders, and cam shaft support (3) Cracked, broken or loose pulley. (4) Cable. Any part of a torque, radius or tracking inspections to identify critical vehicle
brackets. (4) Cracked or broken mounting brackets, (a) Kinked or broken cable strands. component assembly or any part used for inspection items and provide criteria for
(4) Audible air leak at brake chamber braces or adapters. (b) Improper clamps or clamping. attaching the same to the vehicle frame or placing a vehicle(s) out-of-service. A
(Example-ruptured diaphragm, loose chamber i. Electric Brakes. f. Saddle-Mounts. axle that is cracked, loose, broken or missing. vehicle(s) is placed out-of-service only when
clamp, etc.). (1) Absence of braking action on any wheel (1) Method of attachment. (Does not apply to loose bushings in torque or by reason of its mechanical condition or
(5) Readjustment limits. (a) The maximum required to have brakes. (a) Any missing or ineffective fasteners. track rods.) loading it is determined to be so imminently
pushrod stroke must not be greater than (2) Missing or inoperable breakaway (b) Loose mountings. 9. Frame. hazardous as to likely cause an accident or
the values given in the tables below and at braking device. (c) Any cracks or breaks in a stress or load a. Frame Members. breakdown, or when such condition(s) would
§393.47(e). Any brake stroke exceeding the j. Hydraulic Brakes. (Including Power Assist bearing member. (1) Any cracked, broken, loose, or sagging likely contribute to loss of control of the
readjustment limit will be rejected. Stroke must Over Hydraulic and Engine Drive Hydraulic (d) Horizontal movement between upper frame member. vehicle(s) by the driver. A certain amount of
be measured with engine off and reservoir Booster). and lower saddle-mount halves exceeds 1⁄4 (2) Any loose or missing fasteners including flexibility is given to the inspecting official
pressure of 80 to 90 psi with brakes fully (1) Master cylinder less than 1⁄4 full. inch. fasteners attaching functional component such whether to place the vehicle out-of-service at
applied. (2) No pedal reserve with engine running 3. Exhaust System. as engine, transmission, steering gear, the inspection site or if it would be less
CLAMP-TYPE BRAKE CHAMBERS except by pumping pedal. a. Any exhaust system determined to be suspension, body parts, and fifth wheel. hazardous to allow the vehicle to proceed to a
(3) Power assist unit fails to operate. leaking at a point forward of or directly below b. Tire and Wheel Clearance. Any repair facility for repair. The distance to the
Brake Brake
readjustment readjustment (4) Seeping or swelling brake hose(s) under the driver/sleeper compartment. condition, including loading, that causes the repair facility must not exceed 25 miles. The
Outside limit: limit: application of pressure. b. A bus exhaust system leaking or body or frame to be in contact with a tire or roadside type of inspection, however, does not
Type diameter standard long (5) Missing or inoperative check valve. discharging to the atmosphere: any part of the wheel assemblies. necessarily mean that a vehicle has to be
ne
nec
stroke stroke

E
chamber chamber (6) Has any visually observed leaking (1) Gasoline powered–excess of 6 inches c. (1) Adjustable Axle Assemblies (Sliding defect-free in order to continue in service.
def
defe
hydraulic fluid in the brake system. forward of the rearmost part of the bus. Subframes). Adjustable axle assembly with h In ccontrast, the Appendix G inspection
6 .......... 4½ in. (114 mm) 1¼ in. (31.8 mm).
9 .......... 5¼ in. (133 mm) 13⁄8 in. (34.9 mm).
(7) Has hydraulic hose(s) abraded (chafed) (2) Other than gasoline powered–in excess locking pins missing or not engaged. procedure requires that all items required to
pro
procedu
12 ........ 511⁄16 in. (145 mm)
13⁄8 in. (34.9 mm) 1¾ in. (44.5 mm). through outer cover-to-fabric layer. of 15 inches forward of the rearmost part of 10. Tires. inspected are in proper adjustment, are not
be inspec
16 ........ 63⁄8 in. (162 mm)1¾ in. (44.5 mm) 2 in. (50.8 mm). (8) Fluid lines or connections leaking, the bus. a. Any tire on any steering g axle of a power defectivev a and function properly prior to the
20 ........ 625⁄32 in. (172 mm)
1¾ in. (44.5 mm) 2 in. (50.8 mm). restricted, crimped, cracked or broken. (3) Other than gasoline powered–forward of unit. vehicle being placed in service.
ehicle bein
be
2½ in. (63.5 mm).1 (9) Brake failure or low fluid warning light a door or window designed to be opened. (1) With less than n 4⁄32
32 inch tread
ad when

L
24 ........ 77⁄32 in. (184 mm) 1¾ in. (44.5 mm) 2 in. (50.8 mm). Between the Out-of-Service
Differences B
on and/or inoperative. (exception: Emergency exits). measured at any ny point on a majorr tread FMCSA’s Annual Inspection
Criteria & FMCS
2½ in. (63.5 mm).2
30 ........ 8 ⁄32 in. (206 mm) 2 in. (50.8 mm)... 2½ in. (63.5 mm).
3 k. Vacuum Systems. Any vacuum system c. No part of the exhaust system of any groove.
which: motor vehicle shall be so located as would be (2)) Has body ply or belt material exposed System.
1. Brake Syste
36 ........ 9 in. (229 mm)..... 2¼ in. (57.2 mm).
1 For type 20 chambers with a 3-inch (76 mm) rated stroke. (1) Has insufficient vacuum reserve to likely to result in burning, charring, or through
rough the
hrough th tread or sidewall. The Appendixdix G criteria rejects vehicles
2 For type 24 chambers with a 3-inch (76 mm) rated stroke. permit one full brake application after engine damaging the electrical wiring, the fuel supply, (3) Has any tread or sidewall separation. with any defective br brakes, any air leaks, etc.
is shut off. or any combustible part of the motor vehicle. (4) Has a cut where the ply or belt material The out-of-service criteria allows 20%
ut-of-service crit
cri
BENDIX DD–3 BRAKE CHAMBERS defective brakes o on non-steering axles and a

P
(2) Has vacuum hose(s) or line(s) 4. Fuel System. xposed.
is exposed.
Type Outside diameter
Brake restricted, abraded (chafed) through outer a. A fuel system with a visible leak ak at any (5) Labeled “Not
“N for Highway Use” or latitude on air leaks before placing a
certain latitud
readjustment limit vehicle o out-of-service.
ou
cover to cord ply, crimped, cracked, broken or point. displaying other marking which would exclude
30........ 81⁄8 in. (206 mm) ............ 2¼ in. (57.2 mm). 2 Coupling Devices.
2.
has collapse of vacuum hose(s) when vacuum issing.
b. A fuel tank filler cap missing. use on steering axle.axle
BOLT-TYPE BRAKE CHAMBERS is applied. ecurely
curely attached to the
c. A fuel tank not securely (6) A tube-type radial tire without radial tube tu Appendix G rejects vehicles with any fifth
Brake (3) Lacks an operative low-vacuum warning motor vehicle by reason n of loose, broken
br or stem markings. These markings include a red re wheel mounting fastener missing or
Type Outside diameter readjustment limit ineffective. The out-of-service criteria allows
device as required. missing mountingnting
ting bolts or brackets (some fuel band around the tube stem, the word “radial” “radia
“radi
A ......... 6 ⁄16 in. (176 mm) ..........
15
1 ⁄8 in. (34.9 mm).
3
2. Coupling devices. tanks usesee springs or rubber bushings to permit embossed in metal stems, or the word “radial” up to 20% missing or ineffective fasteners on
B ......... 93⁄16 in. (234 mm) ............ 13⁄4 in. (44.5 mm). a. Fifth Wheels. vement).
ment).
movement). molded in rubber stems. frame mountings and pivot bracket mountings

M
C ......... 81⁄16 in. (205 mm) ............ 13⁄4 in. (44.5 mm).
(1) Mounting to frame. Devices All lighting
5. Lighting Devices. hting devices and (7) Mixing bias and radial tires ti on the same and 25% on slider latching fasteners.The out-
D ......... 51⁄4 in. (133 mm) ............. 11⁄4 in. (31.8 mm). of-service criteria also allows some latitude on
E ......... 63⁄16 in. (157 mm) ............ 13⁄8 in. (34.9 mm). (a) Any fasteners missing or ineffective. ors required by Section 393 shall be
reflectors axle.
(b) Any movement between mounting operable.e. protru
(8) Tire flap protrudes through valve slot in cracked welds.
F ......... 11 in. (279 mm) .............. 21⁄4 in. (57.2 mm).
G ......... 97⁄8 in. (251 mm) ............. 2 in. (50.8 mm). components. 6. Safefe Loading. rim and touches stem. 3. Exhaust System.
acked
(c) Any mounting angle iron cracked ed or (s) of vehicle or condition of loading
a. Part(s) Regro
(9) Regrooved tire except motor vehicles Appendix G follows Section 393.83
ROTOCHAMBER-TYPE BRAKE CHAMBERS verbatim. The CVSA out-of-service criteria
broken. such that the spare tire or any part of the load s
used solely in urban or suburban service (see
Brake allows vehicles to exhaust forward of the
Type Outside diameter readjustment limit (2) Mounting plates and nd pivot brackets.
ts. roa
or dunnage can fall onto the roadway. ex
exception in 393.75(e).
dimensions given in Section 393.83 as long as

A
(a) Any fasteners missing or ineffective. e b. Protection Against Shifting Cargo–Any (10) Boot, blowout patch or other ply repair.
9.......... 49⁄32 in. (109 mm) ........... 1½ in. (38.1 mm). the exhaust does not leak or exhaust under
12........ 413⁄16 in. (122 mm) ........... 1½ in. (38.1 mm). (b) Any weldss or parent
par metal cracked. structu or
vehicle without a front-end structure (11) Weight carried exceeds tire load limit.
(c) More hen ⁄8 inch horizontal movement
e then 3
equivalent device as required. This includes overloaded tire resulting from the chassis.
16........ 513⁄32 in. (138 mm) ........... 2 in. (50.8 mm).
20........ 515⁄16 in. (151 mm) ........... 2 in. (50.8 mm). betweenen pivott bracket pin and bracket. c. Container securement devices on o low air pressure. 4. Fuel System.
24........ 613⁄32 in. (163 mm) ........... 2 in. (50.8 mm). (d) Pivot bracket
racket pin missing or
o not intermodal equipment—All devices devi
devic used to (12) Tire is flat or has noticeable (e.g., can Same for Appendix G and the out-of-
30........ 71⁄16 in. (180 mm) ............ 2¼ in. (57.2 mm). secured. ccontai
secure an intermodal container to a chassis, be heard or felt) leak. service criteria.
36........ 75⁄8 in. (194 mm) ............. 2¾ in. (69.9 mm).
(3) Sliders. suppo frames, tiedown
supp
including rails or support (13) Any bus equipped with recapped or 5. Lighting Devices.
50........ 87⁄8 in. (226 mm) ............. 3 in. (76.2 mm).

S
(a) Any latching
hing fasteners missing or pi
p
bolsters, locking pins, clevises, clamps, and retreaded tire(s). Appendix G requires all lighting devices
ineffective. tha are cracked, broken, loose, or
hooks that (14) So mounted or inflated that it comes in required by Section 393 to be operative at all
(b) For actuator types not listed in n these
(b) Any fore or aft stop missing or not missing. contact with any part of the vehicle. times. The out-of-service criteria only requires
tables, the pushrod stroke mustt not be greater
securely attached. 7 Steering Mechanism.
7. b. All tires other than those found on the one stop light and functioning turn signals on
than 80 percent of the rated d stroke
roke marked on
(c) Movement more than 3⁄8 inch between a. Steering Wheel Free Play (on vehicles steering axle of a power unit: the rear most vehicle of a combination vehicle
uator manufactur
the actuator by the actuator manufacturer, or
slider bracket and d slider base. equipped with power steering the engine must (1) Weight carried exceeds tire load limit. to be operative at all times. In addition one
tment
greater than the readjustment nt limit m
marked on
(d) Any slider compone
component cracked in paren
parent be running). This includes overloaded tire resulting from operative head lamp and tail lamp are
the actuator by the actuator or manufacturer.
metal or we
weld. low air pressure. required during the hours of darkness.
(6) Brake linings or pads. Manual Power
(4) Lower coupler. Steering wheel (2) Tire is flat or has noticeable (e.g., can 6. Safe Loading.
mly
(a) Lining or pad is not firmlyy attached to steering steering
(a)
a) Horizontal movemen
movement be between the diameter system system be heard or felt) leak. Same for both Appendix G and the out-of-
the shoe;
upperr and lower fifth whee
whe halves exceeds 1⁄2
wheel (3) Has body ply or belt material exposed service criteria.
(b) Saturated with oil, grease,, or brake fluid;
h.
inch. 16" ................................... 2" 4 1⁄2" through the tread or sidewall. 7. Steering Mechanism.
or
Opera
(b) Operating handle not in closed or locked 18" ................................... 2 1⁄4" 4 3⁄4" (4) Has any tread or sidewall separation. Steering lash requirements of Appendix G
(c) Non-steering axles: Lining with th a
position. 20" ................................... 2 1⁄2" 5 1⁄4" (5) Has a cut where ply or belt material is follows the new requirements of § 393.209.
thickness less than 1⁄4 inch at the shoe e center 22" ................................... 2 3⁄4" 5 3⁄4"
K
(c) Kingpin not properly engaged. exposed. 8. Suspension.
for air drum brakes, 1⁄16 inch or less at the
he shoe
( Separation between upper and lower
(d) (6) So mounted or inflated that it comes in Appendix G follows the new requirements
center for hydraulic and electric drum brakes,
rakes,
kes,
coupler allowing light to show through from b. Steering Column. contact with any part of the vehicle. (This of § 393.207 which does not allow any broken
and less than 1⁄8 inch for air disc brakes.
side to side. (1) Any absence or looseness of U-bolt(s) includes a tire that contacts its mate.) leaves in a leaf spring assembly. The out-of-
(d) Steering axles: Lining with a thickness ss
(e) Cracks in the fifth wheel plate. or positioning part(s). (7) Is marked “Not for highway use” or service criteria allows up to 25% broken or
less than ⁄4 inch at the shoe center for drum
1

Exceptions: Cracks in fifth wheel approach (2) Worn, faulty or obviously repair welded otherwise marked and having like meaning. missing leaves before being placed out-of-
brakes, less than 1⁄8 inch for air disc brakes
ramps and casting shrinkage cracks in the ribs universal joint(s). (8) With less than 2⁄32 inch tread when service.
and 1⁄16 inch or less for hydraulic disc and
of the body of a cast fifth wheel. (3) Steering wheel not properly secured. measured at any point on a major tread 9. Frame.
electric brakes.
(f) Locking mechanism parts missing, c. Front Axle Beam and All Steering groove. The out-of-service criteria allows a certain
(7) Missing brake on any axle required to
broken, or deformed to the extent the kingpin Components Other Than Steering Column. 11. Wheels and Rims. latitude in frame cracks before placing a
have brakes.
is not securely held. (1) Any crack(s). a. Lock or Side Ring. Bent, broken, vehicle out-of-service. Appendix G follows the
(8) Mismatch across any power unit
b. Pintle Hooks. (2) Any obvious welded repair(s). cracked, improperly seated, sprung or new requirements of 393.201 which does not
steering axle of:
(1) Mounting to frame. d. Steering Gear Box. mismatched ring(s). allow any frame cracks.
(a) Air chamber sizes.
(a) Any missing or ineffective fasteners (a (1) Any mounting bolt(s) loose or missing. b. Wheels and rims. Cracked or broken or 10. Tires.
(b) Slack adjuster length.
fastener is not considered missing if there is (2) Any crack(s) in gear box or mounting has elongated bolt holes. Appendix G follows the requirements of
Wedge Brake Data.–Movement of the
an empty hole in the device but no brackets. c. Fasteners (both spoke and disc wheels). 393.75 which requires a tire tread depth of 4⁄32
scribe mark on the lining shall not exceed 1⁄16
corresponding hole in the frame or vice versa). e. Pitman Arm. Any looseness of the Any loose, missing, broken, cracked, stripped inch on power unit steering axles and 2⁄32 inch
inch.
(b) Mounting surface cracks extending from pitman arm on the steering gear output shaft. or otherwise ineffective fasteners. on all other axles. The out-of-service criteria
b. Parking Brake System. No brakes on the
point of attachment (e.g., cracks in the frame f. Power Steering. Auxiliary power assist d. Welds. only requires 2⁄32 inch tire tread depth on power
vehicle or combination are applied upon
at mounting bolt holes). cylinder loose. (1) Any cracks in welds attaching disc unit steering axles and 1⁄32 inch on all other
actuation of the parking brake control,
(c) Loose mounting. g. Ball and Socket Joints. wheel disc to rim. axles.
including driveline hand controlled parking
(d) Frame cross member providing pintle (1) Any movement under steering load of a (2) Any crack in welds attaching tubeless 11. Wheel and Rims.
brakes.
hook attachment cracked. stud nut. demountable rim to adapter. The out-of-service criteria allows a certain
c. Brake Drums or Rotors.
(2) Integrity. (2) Any motion, other than rotational, (3) Any welded repair on aluminum amount latitude for wheel and rim cracks and
(1) With any external crack or cracks that
(a) Cracks anywhere in pintle hook between any linkage member and its wheel(s) on a steering axle. missing or defective fasteners. Appendix G
open upon brake application (do not confuse
assembly. attachment point of more than 1⁄4 inch. (4) Any welded repair other than disc to rim meets the requirements of the new 393.205
short hairline heat check cracks with flexural
(b) Any welded repairs to the pintle hook. h. Tie Rods and Drag Links. attachment on steel disc wheel(s) mounted on which does not allow defective wheels and
cracks).
(c) Any part of the horn section reduced by (1) Loose clamp(s) or clamp bolt(s) on tie the steering axle. rims non-effective nuts and bolts.
(2) Any portion of the drum or rotor missing
more than 20%. rods or drag links. 12. Windshield Glazing. (Not including a 2 12. Windshield Glazing.
or in danger of falling away.
(d) Latch insecure. (2) Any looseness in any threaded joint. inch border at the top, a 1 inch border at each The out-of-service criteria places in a
d. Brake Hose.
c. Drawbar/Towbar Eye. i. Nuts. Nut(s) loose or missing on tie rods, side and the area below the topmost portion of restricted service condition any vehicle that
(1) Hose with any damage extending
(1) Mounting. pitman arm, drag link, steering arm or tie rod the steering wheel.) Any crack, discoloration has a crack or discoloration in the windshield
through the outer reinforcement ply. (Rubber
(a) Any cracks in attachment welds. arm. or vision reducing matter except: (1) coloring area lying within the sweep of the wiper on the
impregnated fabric cover is not a
(b) Any missing or ineffective fasteners. j. Steering System. Any modification or or tinting applied at time of manufacture; (2) drivers side and does not address the
reinforcement ply). (Thermoplastic nylon may
(2) Integrity. other condition that interferes with free any crack not over 1⁄4 inch wide, if not remaining area of the windshield. Appendix G
have braid reinforcement or color difference
(a) Any cracks. movement of any steering component. intersected by any other crack; (3) any addresses requirements for the whole
between cover and inner tube. Exposure of
(b) Any part of the eye reduced by more 8. Suspension. damaged area not more than 3⁄4 inch in windshield as specified in 393.60.
second color is cause for rejection.)
than 20%. a. Any U-bolt(s), spring hanger(s), or other diameter, if not closer than 3 inches to any 13. Windshield Wipers.
(2) Bulge or swelling when air pressure is
d. Drawbar/Towbar Tongue. axle positioning part(s) cracked, broken, loose other such damaged area; (4) labels, stickers, Appendix G requires windshield wipers to
applied.
(1) Slider (power or manual). or missing resulting in shifting of an axle from decalcomania, etc. (see 393.60 for be operative at all times. The out-of-service
(3) Any audible leaks.
(a) Ineffective latching mechanism. its normal position. (After a turn, lateral axle exceptions). criteria only requires that the windshield wiper
(4) Two hoses improperly joined (such as a
(b) Missing or ineffective stop. displacement is normal with some 13. Windshield Wipers. Any power unit that on the driver’s side to be inspected during
splice made by sliding the hose ends over a
(c) Movement of more than 1⁄4 inch between suspensions. Forward or rearward operation has an inoperative wiper, or missing or inclement weather.
piece of tubing and clamping the hose to the
tube). slider and housing. in a straight line will cause the axle to return to
alignment).
damaged parts that render it ineffective. BACK 2240
(d) Any leaking, air or hydraulic cylinders, Comparison of Appendix G, and the new
(5) Air hose cracked, broken or crimped.
b. Spring Assembly. (Rev. 11/12)

61
 SAMPLE

WRITTEN PLAN OF ROUTES REPORT

XYZ COMPANY
123 MAIN STREET
ANYTOWN, U.S.A. 00001
PHONE: 101/555-0000
Written Plan of Routes Report to comply with 49 CFR 397.9(a)(b) of the Federal Motor Carrier
Safety regulations on Transporting Class A and Class B explosives and other hazardous materials.

TRIP NO: ________________________________________________________

DRIVER: _________________________________________________________

DATE FROM PLANNED TO

ROUTES

62
 EMERGENCY ROUTING
When Transporting Hazardous Materials

WEATHER ROAD CONDITIONS

POWER OUTAGE CIVIL STRIFE

Avoiding Emergency Routing Situations If Emergency Situation is Encountered

Phone and review routes with your supervisor or dispatcher. Phone your dispatcher for instructions as soon as you are clear
Make appropriate changes in your route plan (required when of the area involved. Follow the dispatcher’s instructions.
transporting Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 cargo).
If you cannot reach your dispatcher, follow a route that avoids
Tell your supervisor to advise consignee if rerouting will cause completely the area involved. Advise the consignee by phone
delay in delivery. and contact your dispatcher on arrival at your destination.
Whenever you are in doubt about a particular area, check local If your vehicle is disabled, make every effort to move it to an
law enforcement agencies to determine that conditions over area of reasonable safety. Then seek law enforcement
proposed routes are acceptable. assistance and mechanical assistance and move the vehicle out
of the area as soon as possible. Advise your dispatcher and
Keep written records of all contacts with law enforcement follow his instructions.
officers and with your dispatcher, including time, date, names
and instructions received. If your vehicle cannot be moved and is in danger of cargo
damage, contact a law enforcement agency and the fire
Important! department immediately and advise them of your cargo. Assist
the law enforcement agents and firemen to safeguard the cargo
Never leave a loaded vehicle unattended except by order of a and then phone your dispatcher for instructions.
law enforcement officer. When transporting bullet-sensitive
explosive materials during periods of civil strife, do not accept
an offer of a police escort through the strife area. Explain the After completing emergency procedures,
situation to the police and request routing to bypass the area.
call this number to report an incident.

1120 Nineteenth Street, NW | Washington, D.C. 20036

(202) 429-9280 | www.ime.org Write number here

2/2013 63
 SAMPLE RECORD OF DAILY TRANSACTIONS MAG.
PRODUCTION-SHIPMENT-RECEIPT-SALE BLDG.
COUNTRY OF MANUFACTURE---USA NO.
SHIPPER MANUFACTURER

SHIPPER LOCATION PRODUCT OF DESCRIPTION

FEDERAL LIC NO. PRODUCT CODE

CLASS OF BLASTING AGENT MARKS OF IDENTIFICATION

EXPLOSIVE HIGH LOW
BILL OF SHIPPED FEDERAL LICENSE NO. OR 5400.4
DATE RECEIVED WITHDRAWN BALANCE
LADING TO TRANSACTION SERIAL NO.

All records required to be maintained by federal government (18USC Ch. 40) shall be retained on premises
for a period of not less than five years. Entries to this record made not later than the close of the next
business day following the date of the transaction.

64
65
 SAMPLE MAGAZINE EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
GENERAL PRIMARY CONCERN DURING ANY MAGAZINE EMERGENCY IS TO PROTECT AND
SAFEGUARD EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS FROM ANY ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSION AND/OR
UNAUTHORIZED USE.

Every person storing explosive materials must be familiar with the characteristics of the materials
being stored.

They must be prepared to readily recognize the extent of the emergency which may exist and the
action to be taken under prevailing circumstances.

Each person involved with the magazine operation must be familiar with and follow the
recommended rules for operating a magazine and other precautions relative to storage of explosive
materials.

Some of the basic emergencies that may arise and the recommended procedures to follow are:

FIRE Do not attempt to combat fire that is in direct contact with any explosive materials or a fire in the
magazine.

All personnel should be removed immediately from the area to a safe location.

The perimeter of the evacuated area should be patrolled to prevent entrance of persons into the
area.

Brush and/or forest fires may e combated and kept as far from the magazines as possible. Obtain
help from law enforcement agencies and fire departments.

Should vehicular fire occur, move the vehicle from the magazine if possible.

Notify the appropriate corporate offices.

THEFT OR Safeguard the explosive materials from further theft.

ATTEMPTED
THEFT Take care not to destroy any evidence that may be of assistance to law enforcement agencies in
their investigations.

Report the theft or attempted theft immediately to local and state law enforcement agencies, BATF,
FBI and corporate headquarters.

Effect necessary repairs in accordance with proper procedures.

CIVIL STRIFE Maintain close contact with law enforcement agencies to keep informed of impending civil
disorders. Advise them of the nature of materials stored.

Be alert to danger signals which might indicate the need for emergency protective measures.

Safeguard the explosive materials from being obtained by unauthorized persons. Report the law
enforcement agencies any suspicious persons who try to purchase explosive materials. Obtain
vehicle license number, if possible.

Keep corporate offices advised.

FORCES OF Always be alert to danger signs which may have some effect on the operation of
NATURE the magazine or the explosive materials stored. This can be unusual weather conditions,
earthquakes and other ground disturbances, termites and carpenter ants, rodents, snakes, etc.

Be prepared to take whatever action may be necessary to safeguard magazine personnel, the
magazine and access thereto and the explosive materials stored.

Keep corporate offices advised.

66
 SUGGESTED LIST OF
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS

Name Telephone No.

Local Law ____________________ ______________
Enforcement Agencies
____________________ ______________

____________________ ______________

State Police ____________________ ______________

____________________ ______________

Fire Department ____________________ ______________

____________________ ______________

Hospital and/or ____________________ ______________

Ambulance
____________________ ______________

ATF Office ____________________ ______________

FBI Office ____________________ ______________

Corporate Offices ____________________ ______________

____________________ ______________

____________________ ______________

____________________ ______________

67
 SAMPLE EXPLOSIVES MAGAZINE RULES

1. ALWAYS store the following in this magazine:

DYNAMITE
Cast and extruded boosters
Blasting agents such as ANFO
Blasting agent type slurries/water gels and emulsions
Ammonium Nitrate
Black and Smokeless Powders
Detonating Cords
Safety Fuse
All other high or low explosives, except those listed in No. 2 below.
2. NEVER store the following in this magazine:
DETONATORS
MS Detonating cord connectors
Igniter cord
Quarrycord
Electric squibs
3. NEVER allow unauthorized persons in or near magazine.
4. ALWAYS keep doors securely locked when not working in magazine.
5. NEVER allow shooting or permit anyone to have firearms or ammunition in or near magazine.
6. NEVER allow combustible materials to accumulate within 25 feet of the magazine.
7. NEVER allow any lighters, matches, open flame or other source of ignition within 50 feet of the magazine.
8. ALWAYS inspect this magazine and the contents once every 7 days for evidence of unauthorized entry or
theft. Any theft must be reported to the BATF by telephone within 24 hours of discovery, 1-800-800-3855,
and local authorities.
9. NEVER store primed explosive materials in this magazine, i.e., explosive materials with detonator or
detonating cord attached.
10. ALWAYS store cases flat, TOP SIDE UP. Corresponding grades, brands, and Date-Plant-Shift-Codes
should be stored together, with markings exposed for easy identification. Store fiber drums rigid cartridges
on end. NEVER store packages higher than building eave line.
11. NEVER store open packages or loose explosive materials in this magazine.
12. ALWAYS handle packages carefully. NEVER drop or throw. NEVER slide along floor or over each other,
or handle roughly.
13. NEVER store ignition sources or flame producing devices, calcium carbides or lamps, oils, firearms,
electric storage batteries, acids, corrosive compounds, or flammable substances in this magazine.
14. ALWAYS keep the inside of the magazine clean, dry, and well-ventilated.
15. NEVER use metal bale hooks in handling packages.
16. ALWAYS rotate stocks so the oldest material in the magazine is the first out.
17. NEVER unpack or repack containers of explosive materials, except fiberboard containers, inside or within
50 feet of a magazine.
18. ALWAYS look for damaged, defective, or deteriorated packages. If any are found, put them to one side in
the magazine and report details promptly to your management.
19. ALWAYS use only a UL-approved flashlight or battery lantern if artificial light is needed.
20. ALWAYS report leaks in roof and walls or other needed repairs promptly to your management.
21. ALWAYS get approval from your management before making magazine repairs.
22. ALWAYS ventilate magazine before entering if nitroglycerine sensitized explosives are stored inside.
23. Magazine storage limit is _____________________________________.

68
 SAMPLE
BLASTING SUPPLIES
MAGAZINE RULES

1. ALWAYS store the following in this magazine:

Detonators
MS Detonating cord connectors
Safety fuse
Electric squibs
Igniter cord
Quarrycord
**NOTE: If this magazine is not bullet resistant, NEVER store any type of mass detonating explosive
materials in this magazine.
2. NEVER store the following in this magazine:
Black or smokeless powders
Blasting agents such as ANFO
Blasting agent type slurries/water gels and emulsions
Ammonium Nitrate
Cap sensitive slurries/water gels and emulsions
Dynamite
Detonating cords
Cast or extruding boosters
Other high or low explosives, except those items listed in No.1 above.
3. NEVER allow unauthorized person in or near magazine.
4. ALWAYS keep doors securely locked when not working in magazine.
5. NEVER allow shooting or permit anyone to have firearms or ammunition in or near magazine.
6. NEVER allow combustible materials to accumulate within 25 feet of the magazine.
7. NEVER allow any lighters, matches, open flame or other source of ignition within 50 feet of the magazine.
8. ALWAYS inspect this magazine and the contents once every 7 days for evidence of unauthorized entry or theft.
Any theft must be reported to the BATF by telephone within 24 hours of discovery, 1-800-800-3855, and/or
local authorities.
9. NEVER store primed explosive materials in this magazine, i.e., explosive materials with detonator or detonating
cord attached.
10. ALWAYS store cases flat, TOP SIDE UP. Corresponding grades, brands, and Date-Plant-Shift-Codes should
be stored together, with markings exposed for easy identification. Store fiber drums rigid cartridges on end.
NEVER store packages higher than building eave line.
11. NEVER store open packages or loose explosive materials in this magazine.
12. ALWAYS handle packages carefully. NEVER drop or throw. NEVER slide along floor or over each other, or
handle roughly.
13. NEVER store ignition sources or flame producing devices, calcium carbides or lamps, oils, firearms, electric
storage batteries, acids, corrosive compounds, or flammable substances in this magazine.
14. ALWAYS keep the inside of the magazine clean, dry and well-ventilated.
15. NEVER use metal bale hooks in handling packages.
16. ALWAYS rotate stocks so the oldest material in the magazine is the first out.
17. NEVER unpack or repack containers of explosive materials, except fiberboard containers, inside or within 50
feet of magazine.
18. ALWAYS look for damaged, defective, or deteriorated packages. If any are found, put them to one side in the
magazine and report details promptly to your management.
19. ALWAYS use only a UL-approved flashlight or battery lantern if artificial light is needed.
20. ALWAYS report leaks in roof and walls or other needed repairs promptly to your management.
21. ALWAYS get approval from your management before making magazine repairs.
22. Magazine storage limit is _________________________________________.

69
 SAMPLE
BLASTING AGENTS MAGAZINE RULES

1. ALWAYS store the following in this magazine:

Blasting agents such as ANFO
Blasting agent type slurries/water gels and emulsions
Ammonium Nitrate
2. NEVER store the following in this magazine:
Black or smokeless powders
Explosive-type slurries/water gels or emulsions
Dynamite
Cast or extruded boosters
High or low explosives
Detonators
MS Detonation cord connectors
Safety fuse
Electric squibs
Igniter cord
Quarrycord
Detonating cords
Other types of explosive materials that must be stored in bullet-resistant magazines.
3. NEVER allow unauthorized persons in or near magazine.
4. ALWAYS keep doors securely locked when not working in magazine.
5. NEVER allow shooting or permit anyone to have firearms or ammunition in or near magazine.
6. NEVER allow combustible materials to accumulate within 25 feet of the magazine.
7. NEVER allow any lighters, matches, open flame or other source of ignition within 50 feet of the magazine.
8. ALWAYS inspect this magazine and the contents once every 7 days for evidence of unauthorized entry or
theft. Any theft must be reported to the BATF by telephone within 24 hours of discovery, 1-800-800-3855,
and local authorities.
9. NEVER store primed explosive materials in this magazine, i.e., explosive materials with detonator or
detonating cord attached.
10. ALWAYS store cases flat, TOP SIDE UP. Corresponding grades, brands, and Date-Plant-Shift-Codes
should be stored together, with markings exposed for easy identification. Store fiber drums rigid cartridges
on end. NEVER store packages higher than building eave line.
11. NEVER store open packages or loose explosive materials in this magazine.
12. ALWAYS handle packages carefully. NEVER drop or throw. NEVER slide along floor or over each
other, or handle roughly.
13. NEVER store ignition sources, or flame producing devices, calcium carbides or lamps, oils, firearms,
electric storage batteries, acids, corrosive compounds, or flammable substances in this magazine.
14. ALWAYS keep the inside of the magazine clean, dry, and well-ventilated.
15. NEVER use metal bale hooks in handling packages.
16. ALWAYS rotate stocks so the oldest material in the magazine is the first out.
17. NEVER unpack or repack containers of explosive materials, except fiberboard containers, inside or within
50 feet of a magazine.
18. ALWAYS look for damaged, defective, or deteriorated packages. If any are found, put them to one side in
the magazine and report details promptly to your management.
19. ALWAYS use only a UL-approved flashlight or battery lantern if artificial light is needed.
20. ALWAYS report leaks in roof and walls or other needed repairs promptly to your management.
21. ALWAYS get approval from your management before making magazine repairs.
22. ALWAYS place at least one DOT “BLASTING AGENT” placard on the magazine in the most visible
location from the access point.
23. Magazine storage limit is _____________________________________.

70
 SAMPLE MAGAZINE INSPECTION REPORT
SECTION 1 – TO BE ANSWERED BY INSPECTOR
DRAWING NO: ____________________________________

Magazine Keeper: ______________ Location: ________________________________________________

Inspection Date: _______________ Inspected By: ________________ Magazine No/Letter: __________
Owner of Land: ________________ Owner Magazine: _________________________________________
Basis of Operation (Cosigned or Direct Sales): ________________________________________________

Commodities Stored Quantity on Above Dates Maximum Permitted

________________________ ___________________________ _____________________
________________________ ___________________________ _____________________
________________________ ___________________________ _____________________

A. EXTERIOR OF MAGAZINE
1. Are Leaves, undergrowth, and trash kept clear to prevent fires? ____________
2. Are all “Explosives – Keep Out” Signs properly posted? ______________
3. Are prohibited articles being stored near the magazine? _____________
4. Are doors, hinges, and locks in good condition? ______________
5. Are DOT Placards on Type 5 magazines containing blasting agents? __________

B. INTERIOR OF MAGAZINE
1. Is floor clean? __________
2. Are there any NG Stains? ___________
3. Is magazine ventilated? _______________
4. Is it dry? ________________
5. Is license posted? ____________
6. Are proper magazine rules posted? _______________
7. Is magazine number or letter in inside of magazine door? ___________
8. Are prohibited articles stored? _______________
9. Are stocks properly stacked and segregated? _____________
10. Are there any badly damaged or leaking containers? ______________
11. Are there any stocks which must be removed or destroyed? _______________
12. Are repairs of any kind needed? _________________

C. MAGAZINE OPERATIONS
1. Is magazine limit exceeded? _____________
2. Are stocks being properly rotated? _______________
3. Are sweeping explosive waste, and defective materials being properly handled? _______
4. Do employees appear to be properly trained? ______________
5. Review securely, fire protection and emergency procedures. Do they appear adequate? _____
6. Are customers being provided IME instructions and warning with material purchases? ______

D. REMARKS
Note: any departures from accepted practices and list items in need of attention as observed during
this inspection – show corrective action taken.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The following sections must be completed during initial inspection and whenever any changes occur

SECTION 2 – RAILROAD SERVICE

Distance from unloading siding to magazine ___________________________________________

Name on RR that cars arrive on _____________________________________________________

71
 SECTION 3 – MAGAZINE CONSTRUCTION

Type of construction _______________________________________________________________

Exact outside dimensions of building __________________________________________________

Kind and thickness of walls __________ (studding ____________ in) (Wood lining __________ in)
(Filing, if any – kind and thickness ________in) Kind of foundation _______________________
Construction of roof ____________________ is magazine so located that roof can be shot into ______
Has roof been bullet-proofed _____________ if so, state kind and thickness _____________________
Kind and thickness of other type ceiling, if any _________________Kind of locks ________________
Number of doors _______ Thickness of doors _______________in (wood _____ in) (metal ______ in)
Number of doors barred on inside ________ Total thickness of floor ___________ in (Plank _____ in)
(T & G boards __________ in)
Describe and give number of vents and of screened ________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION 4 – SPACING AND EXPOSURES

Distance Owner Occupant Type and size Commodities Is it Protected Kind of
(Must be exact) Stored From Mag Protection
Being
Reported on

Land surrounding Magazine is On North ______ On South _____ On East _____ On West _______
______________ _______ _____ _______
(Give whether land is hilly, wooded, rolling or flat, bare or in cultivation)

Distance from Magazine to Nearest Number of How Is It Protected How Protected? If Protected,
Feet Measured from Mag Do You
Consider It
Fully So
Town
Factory
School
Church
Building in which people assemble
Public Road
Private Road
Passenger RR
Freight RR
Nearest
Occupied
Building

Show on attached sheets any changes in surrounding conditions since previous report, or shown on survey
drawing such as erection of new magazines, dwellings, or other buildings or improvements giving distance from
magazine whether barricaded or un barricaded, also, when any of these are dismantled, become vacant, etc.

72
 www.apt-research.com

Providing Safe Solutions

Importing Site Images
Loading a Registered Image Cache

Institute of Makers of Explosives

IMESAFR
Safety Analysis for Risk

What is IMESAFR?
IME Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) is a software model that was developed
through a joint effort by the Institute of Makers of Explosives and APT Research.
IMESAFR is a probabilistic risk assessment tool used to calculate risk to person-

IMESAFR uses the donor structure and activity, the structure of the exposed

program provides users with the ability to work in metric or Imperial measures,
and allows users to import maps or drawings of their site to assist with visualiz-
ing facility layouts and results.

Why Was IMESAFR

Developed?
IMESAFR was developed to provide a
more comprehensive assessment of
the overall risk of explosives opera-
tions. The commercial explosives
industry in the United States uses the
ATD as the basis for safe siting of
explosives storage facilities. ATD
siting involves the evaluation of a
specific magazine and inhabited
building or public highway, which are
referred to as a Potential Explosion
Site (PES)/Exposed Site (ES) pair in
IMESAFR. This evaluation yields the
recommended separation distance
Identifying Risk Drivers based on the factors that affect risk,
Risk drivers can control the overall risk at a site so it is important to determine
what they are before spending time and money on mitigation efforts.
including whether a barricade exists.
Consider a hypothetical scenario with the consequences shown below: Although the same criteria can be
applied to explosives manufacturing
1e-02
operations, the ATD was intended for
1e-04

1e-06
use in limited permanent storage
1e-08

1e-10
situations. In addition to permanent
1e-12

Overpressure Glass Building Collapse Debris

storage situations, IMESAFR accounts
Based on the bar chart above, what is the risk driver?
What could be done to address the risk driver?
for other activities such as manufac-
Would removing all of the glass from the ES be effective?
turing, assembly, and loading and
unloading.
M6-7

4950 Research Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805

M-13--00100
00
73
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.

74
 MEMBER COMPANIES (As of October 2015)

Accurate Energetic Systems Secured Land Transport

McEwen, Tennessee Glendale, Arizona
Austin Powder Company Senex Explosives, Inc.
Cleveland, Ohio Cuddy, Pennsylvania
Baker Hughes SLT Secured Systems International LLC
Houston, Texas Tolleson, AZ
Davey Bickford North America Special Devices, Inc.
Sandy, Utah Mesa, Arizona
Detotec North America, Inc. Teledyne RISI
Sterling, Connecticut Tracy, California
DYNAenergetics, US Inc Tread Corporation
Lakeway, Texas Roanoke, Virginia
Dyno Nobel Inc. Tri-State Motor Transit Company
Salt Lake City, Utah Joplin, Missouri
General Dynamics – Munitions Services Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Joplin, Missouri Torrington, Connecticut
GEODynamics, Inc. Visionary Solutions LLC
Millsap, Texas Knoxville, Tennessee
Hunting Titan W.A. Murphy, Inc.
Houston, Texas El Monte, California
Jet Research Center/Halliburton
Alvarado, Texas Liaison Class Members:
Maine Drilling & Blasting
Auburn, New Hampshire Canadian Explosives Industry Association
Maxam North America, Inc. (CEAEC)
Salt Lake City, Utah Ottawa, ONT, Canada
MP Associates, Inc.
Federation of European Explosives
Ione, California
Manufacturers
MuniRem Environmental LLC Brussels, Belgium
Athens, Georgia
Nelson Brothers International Society of Explosives Engineers
Birmingham, Alabama (ISEE)
Nobel Insurance Services Cleveland, Ohio
Dallas, Texas
Orica USA Inc. National Institute for Explosives Technology
Watkins, Colorado (NIXT)
Owen Oil Tools LP Lonehill, South Africa
Godley, Texas
Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc. SAFEX International (SAFEX)
Schaumberg, Illinois Blonay, Switzerland
Explosives Safety & Technology Society –
Visfotak
Maharashtra, India
Copyright © 2015 Institute of Makers of Explosives
 1120 NINETEENTH STREET, N.W.
SUITE 310
WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3605
(202) 429-9280
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

The Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) is the safety association of the commercial explosives
industry in the United States and Canada. The primary concern of IME is the safety and protection of
employees, users, the public, and the environment in the manufacture, transportation, storage, handling,
use, and disposal of commercial explosive materials.

Founded in 1913, IME was created to provide technically accurate information and recommendations
concerning commercial explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable data about their use.
Committees of qualified representatives from IME member companies developed this information and
significant portions of their recommendations are embodied in regulations of federal and state agencies.

The Institute’s principal committees are: Environmental Affairs; Legal Affairs; Safety and Health;
Security; Technical; and Transportation and Distribution.

i
ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................... v

DISCLAIMER ........................................................................................................................... vi

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 1

REGULATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 2
A. Federal Agencies ...............................................................................................................2
B. State and Local Agencies ................................................................................................. 3

CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ............................................................ 4

A. Current Classification Divisions ...................................................................................... 4
B. Prior Classification Divisions .......................................................................................... 4
C. Classification Divisions for Storage Purposes ................................................................. 5

TRANSPORTATION ................................................................................................................. 7

STORAGE ................................................................................................................................... 7

COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS ........................................................................ 8

A. Dynamite .......................................................................................................................... 8
B. Permissible Explosives .................................................................................................... 9
C. Demil Explosives ............................................................................................................. 9
D. Emulsions, Slurries and Water Gels .............................................................................. 10
E. Division 1.5 Materials (Blasting Agents) .......................................................................10
F. Boosters ......................................................................................................................... 11
G. Initiation Components and Systems ................................................................................12

BLASTING MACHINES, TESTING MACHINES,

AND ACCESSORIES ............................................................................................................... 17
A. Blasting Machines for Electric Detonators .....................................................................17
B. Shock Tube Starters ........................................................................................................18
C. Testing Equipment for Electric Detonators ....................................................................18
D. Electronic Detonator Blasting Accessories .....................................................................18
E. Other Accessories ...........................................................................................................19

FIELD USE OF INITIATION SYSTEMS ..............................................................................19

A. Electric Detonators ..........................................................................................................19
B. Electronic Detonators ......................................................................................................19
C. Nonelectric Detonators ...................................................................................................19

GROUND VIBRATION AND AIRBLAST .............................................................................20

A. Ground Vibration ............................................................................................................20
B. Airblast ............................................................................................................................23
C. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................23

METAL/NONMETAL MINING ..............................................................................................24

A. Surface Operations ..........................................................................................................24
B. Underground Operations .................................................................................................26

iii
COAL MINING .........................................................................................................................29
A. Surface Operations ..........................................................................................................29
B. Underground Operations .................................................................................................30
C. Misfires: Machine-Cut and Solid Shooting ....................................................................32

CONSTRUCTION .....................................................................................................................33
A. General ............................................................................................................................33
B. Surface ............................................................................................................................33
C. Underground ...................................................................................................................34

SEISMIC PROSPECTING .......................................................................................................34

A. General ............................................................................................................................34
B. Specific Recommendations .............................................................................................34

COYOTE BLASTING ...............................................................................................................35

AGRICULTURAL BLASTING ...............................................................................................36

A. Stump Blasting ................................................................................................................36
B. Ditch Blasting .................................................................................................................37
C. Pond Blasting ..................................................................................................................40
D. Boulder Blasting .............................................................................................................40
E. Stemming ........................................................................................................................40

POST-BLAST INSPECTION WITH PRE-BLAST INFORMATION

SURFACE OPERATIONS .......................................................................................................41
A. Pre-Blast Preparation ......................................................................................................41
B. Post-Blast Inspection ......................................................................................................42
C. Post-Blast Inspection Review .........................................................................................42

MISFIRES ..................................................................................................................................43
A. Prevention Plan ...............................................................................................................43
B. Waiting Period ................................................................................................................44
C. Misfire Resolution Procedures ........................................................................................44

FUMES .......................................................................................................................................47
A. Surface Blasting ..............................................................................................................47
B. Underground Blasting .....................................................................................................49

DRILLING ..................................................................................................................................49

ANNEX A - BLAST SITE CHECKLIST .................................................................................51

ANNEX A – POST-BLAST INSPECTION ..............................................................................52
ANNEX A – POST-BLAST INSPECTION REVIEW ............................................................53

iv
 SLP-17
Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling and Use of Explosive Materials

FOREWORD

The Institute of Makers of Explosives distributed the first edition of this publication in 1932 to encourage
and promote safe practices by the users of explosive materials. In the interim, revisions have been made
to reflect new developments in products and procedures.

The current issue discusses not only dynamites, the commercial explosives that have been the standard of
the industry for many years, but also slurries, water gels, emulsions, ANFO, cast boosters and the newest
initiation systems. The latest addition to the document is a section on drilling.

The various applications of explosive materials are considered briefly with the safety considerations for
each application being stressed.

The regulatory aspects for the safe, approved and legal manufacture, transportation, storage, handling and
use of explosive materials are noted and appropriate regulations referenced.

v
 DISCLAIMER

Explosive materials are powerful tools which, when used properly, are literally capable of “moving
mountains”. Improperly used by untrained or inexperienced persons, explosive materials can cause death,
injury or property damage.

This publication outlines methods for the safe transportation, storage, handling and use of explosive
materials. It is not intended to cover every situation or all of the many details of any particular situation
that might possibly be encountered in the field. Such an endeavor is beyond the scope or intention of this
publication.

The information contained in this publication is of a general nature and is based upon data developed
through years of experience in the handling of explosive materials. Product literature and technical data
sheets published by the manufacturers of explosive materials should be consulted for detailed information
on the characteristics of a particular product and recommended applications for specific products.

vi
 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

To establish and maintain the highest safety standards in the handling of explosive materials, all phases concerning
manufacturing, storage, transportation, and use must be accorded the same degree of consideration. Everyone involved
with any aspect of explosives handling must realize that proper handling promotes safe handling.

At any operation where explosive materials are handled, an authorized person should be responsible for establishing and
enforcing procedures to ensure that all safety precautions and regulatory requirements are being followed.

Personnel involved in explosives handling (manufacturing or mixing personnel, magazine keeper and magazine crews,
truck drivers and helpers, blasters and loading crews) should all be familiar with the characteristics and hazards of the
products they are handling and trained in proper handling procedures.

Reference materials on the handling of explosive materials are available from a number of sources, including:

Institute of Makers of Explosives (Safety Library Publications);

National Safety Council (Data Sheets);
Product data sheets and technical data sheets published by manufacturers of explosive materials;
Case Inserts or Warnings (packed in cases or cartons of explosives materials);
U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF);
U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) (Information Circulars, Reports of Investigation);
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH);
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT);
U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA);
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA);
Office of Surface Mining (OSM);
State and Local Explosive Regulatory Agencies;
American National Standards Institute (ANSI);
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA);
International Association of Geophysical Contractors (IAGC);
The American Welding Society (AWS);
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE); and
International Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE).

Personnel assigned to explosives handling operations must be at least 18 years of age and physically and mentally able to
perform the work required. They should be able to understand written and oral orders in the English language, and must
not be addicted to alcohol, narcotics or dangerous substances. Additionally, truck drivers, persons in charge of storage
magazines, or blasters must be at least 21 years of age. The person in charge of a particular operation must be familiar
with all federal, state and local regulations pertaining to his or her particular area of responsibility and must have obtained
all necessary licenses and permits required for these positions.
Explosive materials must be stored in magazines that are properly constructed and located in compliance with all federal,
state and local regulations to minimize public exposure, prevent unauthorized access to dangerous products and reduce
deterioration of the explosive materials.
Vehicles used for transporting explosive materials must be strong enough to carry the load and be in good mechanical
condition.
Explosive materials should be transported in their original containers in “day boxes” or in enclosed vehicles. When open-
bodied vehicles are used to transport explosive materials the explosive materials should be loaded into magazines or
closed containers securely fastened to the truck bed. Detonators may be transported over public highways with other
explosive materials on the same vehicle only in accordance with Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations—U.S. Department
of Transportation.

1
Smoking should not be permitted within 50 feet (ft) (15 meters [m]) of explosive materials nor should anyone working
around explosive materials carry matches, lighters or flame producing devices (except that the blaster may possess a
device for the specific purpose of lighting safety fuse).
The handling of all explosive materials should be discontinued during the approach and progress of a thunderstorm and all
personnel should move to a safe location.
Explosive materials should not be carried in pockets of clothing or glove compartments of vehicles or left lying around
unsecured or unguarded. Any explosive materials remaining from a loading operation should be promptly returned to the
storage magazine.
Explosive materials that show leakage or deterioration should not be used and the manufacturer should be contacted for
proper handling recommendations. Explosive materials should only be disposed of by competent personnel in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations.
No persons should attempt to use explosive materials unless they are adequately trained and are fully aware of the nature
and hazards of the materials they are handling.

REGULATIONS

Regulatory controls at the federal, state and local level concerning the manufacture, transportation, storage, sale, and use
of explosive materials have and will continue to increase. Some agencies issue regulations that are concerned with
protecting the public, while others are involved with the safety of the user, the protection of the environment or the
prevention of the illegal sale and/or distribution of explosive materials. Although this publication will assist you in
regulatory compliance, it does not contain all applicable regulatory criteria. Explosives users must make sure they know
and comply with the regulations that apply to their particular operations. Agencies administering regulations that involve
explosive materials are listed below:

A. Federal Agencies
1. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
3. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)
4. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
5. Office of Surface Mining (OSM)
6. United States Coast Guard (USCG)
7. United States Department of Transportation (DOT)
a. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMSCA)
b. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
c. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)
d. Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA)

B. State and Local Agencies

1. Department of Mining and Minerals
2. Department of Natural Resources
3. Department of Environmental Resources
4. Department of Energy
5. Fire Marshal
6. Department of Transportation
7. Department of Labor and Industry
8. Sheriff
9. State Police

2
 AREAS OF CONCERN, RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY ARE:

Area of Agency Responsibility Authority∗

Concern
Manufacture OSHA Safety & Health of Worker 29 CFR

ATF Accountability (Identification and Record 27 CFR

Keeping)
MSHA
Permissibility 30 CFR
EPA
Waste Handling/Disposal, “Right-to-Know”, 40 CFR
Discharges or Emission
Transportation DOT Public Safety (All Modes) 49 CFR

OSHA Safety & Health of Worker (Construction & 29 CFR

General Industry)

MSHA Safety & Health of Worker (Mines & Quarries) 30 CFR

USCG Public Safety (Ports and Navigable Waters) 46 CFR

EPA Waste Handling 40 CFR

Storage ATF Security (Accountability) 27 CFR

EPA Waste Handling/Disposal, “Right-to-Know” 40 CFR

Use MSHA Safety & Health of Worker (Mines & Quarries) 30 CFR

OSHA Safety & Health of Worker (Construction & 29 CFR

General Industry)

OSM Environment & Public Safety (Surface Coal 30 CFR

Mines)
EPA 40 CFR
Waste Handling/Disposal, “Right-to-Know”,
Discharges or Emissions
Miscellaneous State & All of the above Various state
Local and local
Agencies regulations

∗ Reference Title Code of Federal Regulations. Available from the U.S. Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

For transportation purposes, explosives are classified by DOT in accordance with 49 CFR and under these regulations all
explosives are listed as Hazard Class 1 materials. Class 1 materials are divided into six divisions to note the principal
hazard of the explosive. These six divisions are as follows:

A. Current Classification Divisions

1. Division 1.1
Explosives that have a mass explosion hazard. A mass explosion is one which affects the entire load
instantaneously. Typical examples: dynamite, detonator (cap) sensitive emulsions, slurries, water gels, cast
boosters, and mass detonating detonators.

3
 2. Division 1.2
Explosives that have a projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard. Typical examples: certain types of
ammunition, mines, and grenades.
3. Division 1.3
Explosives that have a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard or both, but not
a mass explosion hazard. Typical examples: certain types of fireworks, propellants, and pyrotechnics.
4. Division 1.4
Explosives that present a minor explosion hazard. The explosive effects are largely confined to the package
and no projection of fragments of appreciable size or range is to be expected. An external fire must not cause
virtually instantaneous explosion of almost the entire contents of the package. Typical examples: safety fuse
and certain electric, electronic, and nonelectric detonators.
5. Division 1.5
Explosives that are very insensitive. This division is comprised of substances which have a mass explosion
hazard but are so insensitive that there is very little probability of initiation or of transition from burning to
detonation under normal conditions of transport. Typical examples: blasting agents, ANFO, non cap sensitive
emulsions, blends, slurries, water gels, and other explosives that require a booster for initiation.
6. Division 1.6
Extremely insensitive explosives which do not have a mass explosive hazard. This division is comprised of
articles which contain only extremely insensitive detonating substances and which demonstrate a negligible
probability of accidental initiation or propagation. The risk from articles of Division 1.6 is limited to the
explosion of a single article. Generally, commercial explosives are not classified as Division 1.6.

B. Prior Classification Divisions

Until October 1, 1991, DOT classified explosive materials as Explosives A, B, C, or Blasting Agent. Essentially,
these classes were as follows:

4
 1. Class A Explosives
Explosives that detonate or have maximum hazard. Typical examples: dynamites, cast boosters, cap sensitive
emulsions, slurries, water gels, and certain initiators and detonators.
2. Class B Explosives
Explosives that function by rapid combustion rather than detonation. Typical examples: pyrotechnics, certain
propellants and fireworks, flash powders, and signal devices.
3. Class C Explosives
Explosives which contain Class A or B explosives as components but in restricted quantities that present
minimum hazard. Typical examples: safety fuse, igniter cord, certain detonators, and specialty explosive
devices.
4. Blasting Agents
Explosive materials that have been tested and found to be so insensitive that it is unlikely that they will
initiate or detonate in a fire during normal transportation conditions. Typical examples: ANFO, blends,
emulsions, slurries, and water gels that are not cap sensitive.
For comparing the old and new DOT classification systems, note the chart below:

CURRENT CLASSIFICATION PRIOR DOT CLASSIFICATION

Division 1.1 Class A Explosives

Division 1.2 Class A or Class B Explosives

Division 1.3 Class B Explosives

Division 1.4 Class C Explosives

Division 1.5 Blasting Agents

Division 1.6 No Applicable Hazard Class

C. Classification Divisions for Storage Purposes

For storage purposes, ATF separates explosives into three classes as follows:
1. High Explosives
Explosive materials that can be caused to detonate by means of a blasting cap when unconfined, (for example,
dynamite, flash powders, and bulk salutes). Typical examples: dynamites, cast boosters, and certain
emulsions, slurries and water gels.
2. Low Explosives
Explosive materials that can be caused to deflagrate when confined (for example, black powder, safety fuses,
igniters, igniter cords, fuse lighters, and “display fireworks” classified as UN0333, UN0334, or UN0335 by
the U.S. Department of Transportation regulations at 49 CFR 172.101, except for bulk salutes). Typical
examples: black powder, safety fuse, igniters and fuse lighters.

5
3. Blasting Agents
Any material or mixture, consisting of fuel and oxidizer, that is intended for blasting and not otherwise
defined as an explosive; if the finished product, as mixed for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by means
of a number 8 test blasting cap when unconfined. A number 8 test blasting cap is one containing 2 grams (g)
of a mixture of 80 percent mercury fulminate and 20 percent potassium chlorate, or a blasting cap of
equivalent strength. An equivalent strength cap comprises 0.40-0.45 grams of PETN base charge pressed in
an aluminum shell with bottom thickness not to exceed to 0.03 of an inch (in), to a specific gravity of not less
than 1.4 g/cc, and primed with standard weights of primer depending on the manufacturer. Typical examples:
ANFO, blends, and certain emulsions, slurries, and water gels.

6
 TRANSPORTATION
The commercial explosives industry is a global enterprise. These products and materials are shipped to and from the
United States by a variety of modes, but within the United States, transportation is dominated by truck. When these
materials are transported in intrastate, interstate, or foreign commerce within the United States, including loading,
unloading, and storage incidental to the movement, they are subject to the regulations of the DOT found in Title 49 CFR.
Transportation in commerce by truck includes any movement that utilizes or crosses a public road. Transportation that is
entirely on private property in not considered “in commerce” and is not subject to the requirements of the HMR. Property
is regarded as “private” if public access is legally and actually restricted from the area where transportation occurs.
In order to ensure the highest level of safety in the commercial transportation of explosives and other hazardous materials,
Congress authorizes DOT to insist on a high degree of uniformity in the domestic regulation of this activity. DOT also
works hard at the international level to harmonize domestic transport requirements with those of other countries so the
safety is not compromised and that commerce is not unnecessarily impeded. Despite this high level of regulation, states,
counties and cities sometimes impose additional or different requirements on the transportation of explosives. As a
transporter of explosives, you should be aware of these local laws. In some cases, it may be impossible to comply with
local laws and DOT's requirements or be less safe than complying with DOT regulations. (Refer to 49 CFR 107 Subpart C
to determine if such non-federal rules are legal and what your options are for complying with these local requirements.)
When transporting explosives on private property, other federal regulatory agency rules apply. On mine sites (both surface
and underground), the transporter should follow MSHA regulations prescribed in Title 30 CFR. Explosive materials
hauled over general industrial and construction sites (underground or surface) are subject to OSHA regulations at Title 29
CFR. More complete coverage of the subject of transporting explosive materials can be found in:
IME Safety Library Publication Number 14, Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution of Explosive
Materials; and
IME Safety Library Publication Number 22, Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of Detonators in a
Vehicle with Certain Other Explosive Materials and Generic Loading Guide for the IME-22 Container.

STORAGE
All explosive materials, detonators (including electric, electronic, and nonelectric), detonating cord, shock tube, safety
fuse, igniters, and squibs must be stored in magazines constructed and located in accordance with federal, state and local
regulations. Magazines should be kept locked at all times except for inspection, inventory, or the movement of explosive
materials in or out of the magazine.
Approved storage facilities are designed to prevent unauthorized persons from having access to the explosives and to
protect the explosive materials from deterioration. Accordingly, magazine sites should be inspected frequently (at least
every seven days). Accurate inventories should be kept of all explosive materials and stocks of older materials should be
used first. Roofs, walls, doors, floors, locks and ventilators of magazines must be kept in good repair. The area inside the
magazine should be kept clean and orderly. No combustible material should be stored within 50 feet (15.2 m) of the
magazine and all dry grass or brush cleared for a distance of 25 feet (7.6 m) around the magazine.
Commerce in explosives, including licensing and permitting, business operations, record keeping and storage, is regulated
by ATF in accordance with 27 CFR. However, a number of states and local authorities have particular regulations,
especially concerning licenses, permits, and location of storage magazines. Anyone contemplating building or locating a
storage magazine or purchasing explosive materials should make sure that they are in compliance with all applicable
regulations.
The storage of explosive materials on mining property (underground and surface) is regulated by MSHA under 30 CFR
while general industry and construction site storage (underground and surface) is regulated by OSHA under 29 CFR.

7
For more detailed information on the storage of explosive materials, please consult the following publications:
IME Safety Library Publication Number 1, Construction Guide for Storage Magazines
IME Safety Library Publication Number 2, The American Table of Distances
IME Safety Library Publication Number 3, Suggested Code of Regulations for the Manufacture, Transportation,
Storage, Sale, Possession, and Use of Explosive Materials
IME Safety Library Publication Number 14, Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution of Explosive
Materials

COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

Commercial explosive materials include a wide variety of products used for mining, quarrying, construction, geophysical
prospecting and agricultural blasting. Basically, explosive materials are products that undergo rapid decomposition,
accompanied by the development of extremely high temperature and pressure.
Consult the following publications for detailed information on the handling of commercial explosive materials:
IME Safety Library Publication Number 3 Suggested Code of Regulations for the Manufacture, Transportation,
Storage, Sale, Possession and Use of Explosive Materials
The National Fire Protection Association Publication Number 495, Manufacture, Transportation, Storage and
Use of Explosive Materials
American National Standards Institute Publication A10.7, Safety Requirements for Transportation, Storage,
Handling, and Use of Commercial Explosives and Blasting Agents – American National Standard for
Construction and Demolition Operations

Common types of commercial explosive materials are as follows:

A. Dynamite
Dynamite, as invented by Alfred Nobel, consisted of nitroglycerin absorbed in an inert base, kieselguhr. This
original dynamite was known as guhr dynamite. Subsequently, straight dynamite was developed by replacing the
inert kieselguhr absorbent with active absorbents that entered into the explosive reaction and contributed to the
energy of the dynamite.

Today there are five general types of dynamites;

1. Straight dynamite;
2. Ammonia or extra dynamite;
3. Gelatin dynamite;
4. Ammonia or extra gelatin dynamite; and
5. Semi-gelatin dynamite.
As previously noted, the straight dynamite consists of nitroglycerin absorbed in an active base. The strength of
straight dynamite is expressed by the percentage of nitroglycerin that it contains. Thus, 50% straight dynamite
contains 50% nitroglycerin.
In ammonia or extra dynamite, a portion of the nitroglycerin has been replaced by a sufficient amount of ammonium
nitrate to maintain the grade strength. For example, 40% extra or ammonia dynamite is supposed to have the same
strength as 40% straight dynamite but it does not contain 40% nitroglycerin.

Gelatin dynamite contains nitrocotton, which gelatinizes the nitroglycerin. This gelatinized nitroglycerin is then
combined with the types of active dopes found in straight dynamite.

8
Ammonia or extra gelatin dynamite is essentially gelatin dynamite in which a portion of the nitroglycerin has been
replaced by ammonium nitrate.
Semi-gelatin dynamites are a modified form of ammonia gelatin dynamites, which have higher cartridge counts than
the ammonia gelatins but better water resistance than the ammonia dynamites. Semi-gelatins are fairly cohesive and
generally have good fume properties so they are well suited for underground blasting work.
In addition to these five grades of dynamites, low-density dynamites are produced by altering the formulations of the
extra and extra gelatin dynamites to produce high cartridge counts.
Dynamites are produced in a wide range of strengths and detonation velocities. These two properties, along with the
density of the explosive, are probably the most important characteristics in selecting dynamite for a particular
application. Water resistance, fume properties, and sensitivity are also characteristics that must be evaluated when
materials are to be used for wet work, in underground mining operations, or for propagation ditching.
Manufacturers normally supply dynamites in cartridges of 7/8 to 8 inches (22 to 203 millimeters [mm]) in diameter,
but smaller or larger diameter cartridges may be manufactured for special purposes. Although the 8 inch (203 mm)
length cartridges have long been the “standard” of the industry, cartridges are also manufactured in other lengths from
4 inches to 24 inches (100 mm to 610 mm). Cartridges of less than 6 inches (150 mm) in diameter are usually
packaged in fiberboard cases having nominal net weights of 50 or 55 pounds (lb) (23 or 25 kilograms [kg]). Larger
diameter cartridges (4 inch [100 mm] or larger) are usually shipped uncased. Individual large diameter cartridges can
weigh from 10 to 60 pounds (4.5 kg to 27 kg) each (depending on diameter and length) and are shipped as single units
or bundled to form units of 50 pounds (23 kg) or more.

B. Permissible Explosives
Permissible explosives are MSHA approved explosives, (dynamites, water gels or emulsions) which have been
tested by MSHA and approved for use in mines where gasses and/or dusts produce explosive atmospheres.
Permissible explosives are designed to produce a flame of low temperature, small size, and short duration.
Permissible explosives, when used under blasting conditions that comply with MSHA's permissible blasting
regulations, reduce the possibility of igniting explosive gases or dusts.

C. Demil Explosives
The term “DEMIL Explosive” is used throughout the commercial explosives industry to describe explosive
products that contain certain types of military explosives as major ingredients or components. Usually, these
military explosives can be divided into the simplified classes of high explosives, such as trinitrotoluene (TNT)
and cyclonite (RDX), or propellants, such as smokeless powder (M-1, M-6, and M-30 gun propellants) and
composite propellants, made up of ammonium perchlorate, aluminum and a binder (a rubber-like solid). One use
for these composite propellants is in the solid booster motors used to launch the space shuttle. The explosive
properties of these materials determine how they are used as energetic ingredients and sensitizers in commercial
explosive products.
These energetic materials can come from a number of sources within the military or aerospace industries. They
can result from the demilitarization and disposition of old or outdated military weapons systems, thus the term
“DEMIL”, or as surplus energetic ingredients generated during the production of military weapons and rocket
motors.
The use of “DEMIL” energetic materials as ingredients in commercial explosives is not a recent development.
The commercial explosive industry has long used these materials as low cost sensitizers and energetic raw
materials, whenever they have become available. This has usually coincided with the military scale-down at the
end of a war (such as the recent end of the Cold War) or the development of more advanced weapons systems,
(such as the development of the “smart-bomb” weapon systems). The advancement of environmental concerns
and regulations has also led to a more determined effort to recycle “DEMIL” energetic materials as ingredients in
commercial explosives.

9
 Some examples of the incorporation of military explosives as ingredients into commercial “DEMIL” explosives
are the use of TNT, RDX, and Tritonal (TNT and aluminum) as ingredients in cast boosters. When in a suitable
particle size, these molecular explosives are also used as energetic ingredients and sensitizers in packaged ANFO,
water gel, slurry, and emulsion high explosives and blasting agents. Smokeless powder propellants that have been
demiled from the propelling charges of small and large caliber guns have been used as sensitizers and energetic
ingredients in packaged water gel slurry and emulsion blasting agents. Composite rocket propellants have also
been properly sized and used as similar energetic raw materials. The use of these molecular explosives and
propellants in commercial explosive products usually entails the implementation of increased safety precautions
during the manufacturing and handling of these “DEMIL” explosives. However, as long as their use provides
certain economic, environmental and performance advantages, “DEMIL” explosives will continue to hold a place
in the commercial explosive market.

D. Emulsions, Slurries and Water Gels

Emulsions, slurries and water gels are explosive materials that contain fuels, oxidizers, water, sensitizers and
gelling, crosslinking or emulsifying agents. While some are sensitized with high explosives, others contain
aluminum or other metals, special fuels or oxidizers and/or microscopic air bubbles or micro-balloons.
Emulsions, slurries and water gels that pass the test criteria for Division 1.5 materials (blasting agents), as
outlined in 49 CFR, can be shipped and stored as Division 1.5 materials (blasting agents). However, any product
that does not meet DOT requirements for Division 1.5 materials (blasting agents) must be shipped and stored as
Explosives 1.1 (Class A), even though none of its formulation ingredients are classified as high explosives.
Although emulsions, slurries and water gels may be premixed and packaged at an off-site mixing plant, some
operations mix the materials at the blast site immediately before loading into the blasthole. Packaged materials
range from conventional paper cartridges to flexible plastic tubes with metal clips or heat sealed closures at each
end. Rigid plastic, self-coupling seismic cartridges; continuous length tubing; and plastic tubes with woven plastic
or spiral wound fiberboard overwraps are available for special applications. In addition to on-site mixing, bulk-
loading operations may also utilize pumping trucks that receive their materials premixed from storage tanks. For
underground loading or the loading of small diameter holes, pressure pot type loaders or small pumping units are
employed. These loaders are usually supplied by dumping bulk or large size packaged material into their holding
tanks.

E. Division 1.5 Materials (Blasting Agents)

Division 1.5 materials (blasting agents) are explosive materials that meet prescribed criteria for insensitivity to
initiation.

For storage, ATF regulations (Title 27 CFR, Section 55.11) define a blasting agent as any material or mixture,
consisting of fuel and oxidizer, intended for blasting and not otherwise defined as an explosive; provided that the
finished product, as mixed for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by means of a Number 8 Test Detonator
when unconfined.
For transportation, DOT regulations (Title 49 CFR) define Division 1.5 materials (blasting agents) as very
insensitive explosives. Classification tests show that these materials, though they have a mass explosion hazard,
are so insensitive that there is very little probability of initiation or of transition from burning to detonation under
normal transportation conditions. Division 1.5 materials (blasting agents) that contain no ingredients other than
prilled ammonium nitrate and fuel oil are only required to pass a cap sensitivity test (Number 8 Test Detonator
test).
As previously noted, a number of bulk and cartridged emulsions, slurries and water gels are classified as Division
1.5 materials (blasting agents). Perhaps the most common is the mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil
commonly referred to as ANFO. ANFO is available as a premixed, free running, bagged material that can be
poured or blown into blastholes, or as a bulk product that is loaded directly into blastholes.

10
 Open pit operations employing bulk loading of ANFO may choose to obtain the prills and oil separately and do
their own mixing, either at a fixed location or in portable equipment at the loading site.
At many locations, bulk ANFO is supplied by explosive manufacturers or distributors who either deliver the
material to on-site storage bins for use by the operation's loading crew, or load the bulk ANFO directly into
blastholes. ANFO blends consisting of bulk AN or ANFO, which is mixed with a water-based explosive or
oxidizer matrix, is also supplied by explosive manufacturers or distributors who normally blend the materials at
the blast site and load the blends directly into the blastholes. Ingredients to make ANFO blends (AN or ANFO
and matrices) can be supplied in bulk by explosive manufacturers or distributors to locations that operate their
own blending trucks. The use of ANFO blends enables the blaster to adjust the properties (density, water
resistance, energy, etc.) of the product being loaded into the blasthole to accommodate specific conditions or
requirements.
When used for underground operations ANFO is usually loaded by pneumatic equipment which blows the ANFO
directly into the blasthole. Regulations prohibit the mixing of ammonium nitrate/fuel oil in underground locations.
ANFO used underground is of the premixed variety and may contain special oils and/or additives to enhance its
handling and fume characteristics.
ANFO type explosives (blasting agents) are characterized by low density and poor water resistance, making them
ill-suited for wet hole blasting. However, they can be used for wet work, by crushing the ammonium nitrate,
adding densifying agents to increase density, and packaging the finished product in a dimensional water resistant
cartridge. Cartridged high-density (HD) ANFO products will perform satisfactorily if water conditions are not too
severe, exposure time is not excessive, cartridges are loaded and remain intact, and the column of cartridges is
adequately primed and boostered.

F. Boosters
Boosters are an explosive charge, usually of high detonation velocity and detonation pressure, designed to be used
in the explosive initiation sequence between an initiator and the main charge. When a booster contains: (1) a
detonator; or (2) detonating cord to which is attached a detonator designed to initiate the detonating cord, the unit
becomes a primer. Explosive materials most commonly used as boosters include:
1. Cast, extruded, or pressed solid high explosive that is #8 detonator or detonating cord sensitive. May contain
pentolite, TNT, composition B or similar type explosives and usually contain wells and/or tunnels to facilitate
their use with electric, electronic, or nonelectric detonators or detonating cords.
2. Cartridges of high velocity, high density dynamites.
3. Packages of cap sensitive emulsions, slurries or water gels.
Both bulk blasting agents and cartridged blasting agents, due to their relative insensitivity, require high detonation
pressure primers and boosters to assure maximum efficiency. Since the combination of high density and high
detonation velocity produces the desired high detonation pressure, boosters, as a rule, are made of high velocity,
high density explosives.
In recent years, new initiation and delay systems have been developed and special boosters are available for use
with these systems. Components of all initiation and delay systems, especially detonating cords, are not
compatible with all boosters. Booster, detonating cord, and initiating system manufacturers should be consulted
regarding the use and application of their particular products.

G. Initiation Components and Systems

1. Cap and Fuse Systems
Cap and fuse systems utilize a fuse detonator with safety fuse. Multi-hole blasting may also include the use of
igniter cord.

11
 a. Fuse Detonators (Blasting Caps)
Fuse detonators (blasting caps) are copper alloy or aluminum shells approximately 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) in
diameter and about 1 inch (25 mm) to 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) long, which contain a charge of a dense, high
strength explosive. One end of the shell is closed and the other end is open to allow the insertion of a
safety fuse.
In use, safety fuse is inserted into the open end of the detonator with the end of the fuse resting on the
explosive charge. Using a special tool (cap crimper), the detonator is crimped to the fuse to lock it in
place.
The end spit of the burning safety fuse initiates the detonator, which will in turn initiate cap sensitive
explosive materials such as dynamite, detonating cord, cast boosters, emulsions, slurries or water gels.
Fuse cap detonators will mass detonate and are very sensitive to flame, heat, friction and shock. They
should never be carried in pockets of clothing, and must never be stored in the same magazine with other
explosive materials other than detonators, electric squibs, safety fuse and igniter cord in a Type 1 or Type
2 magazine.
b. Safety Fuse
Safety fuse is a flexible cord containing an internal burning medium by which fire or flame is conveyed at
a continuous and uniform rate from the point of ignition to the point of use, usually a fuse detonator.
The safety fuse most commonly used in North America has a burning speed of approximately 40 seconds
per foot. Since manufacturing tolerances, storage, weather, atmospheric pressure, mishandling and
conditions of use affect the burning speed, it should be checked at frequent intervals on the job by timing
a 3 foot (0.9 m) section from that part of the supply roll to be used.
A minimum of 3 feet (0.9 m) of safety fuse is recommended for use with each detonator.
c. Igniter Cord
Igniter cord is a flexible, small diameter pyrotechnic cord that burns rapidly at a uniform rate with an
external flame. Igniter cord is used to ignite a single fuse or a series of safety fuses.
Igniter cord connectors are small metal capsules containing an ignition compound. In use, a connector is
crimped to the fuse; then the igniter cord is inserted under the “lip” of the connector and the lip is pressed
closed with the thumb. As the igniter cord burns along its length, it ignites each connector that, in turn,
starts each fuse burning.
In addition to lighting a single fuse, igniter cord and igniter cord connectors, when used with safety fuse,
allow the ignition of multihole blasts in a delayed sequence without having to cut the safety fuse to
different lengths. With this system the safety fuse is cut in equal lengths and the desired timing is
accomplished through the burning speed of the igniter cord.
Detailed information on igniter cord systems can be obtained from an explosive materials supplier.
2. Detonating Cord Systems
a. Detonating Cord
Detonating cord is a flexible cord containing a center core of high explosives that is used to initiate other
explosives. Detonating cord supplied for commercial blasting contain coreloads of 4.5 to 400 grains of
explosive per foot. The coreload may be covered by textiles, waterproofing compounds, and plastics designed
to protect the explosive core from damage by water or oil penetration. A detonator, such as an electric or
electronic detonator, fuse cap, or other type of nonelectric blasting cap can initiate the detonating cord.
Detonating cords with coreloads of 18 grains per foot or greater can be reliably initiated through knotted
connections. For coreloads of less than 18 grains per foot, follow the manufacturer's recommendations.

12
The detonation velocity of detonating cord is fairly consistent (approximately 22,000 feet [6700 m] per
second) for all coreloads. However, the ability to initiate other explosives is a function of the weight per foot
of explosive coreload, and users should consult the manufacturer to determine compatibility with cast
boosters, nitroglycerin dynamite, emulsions, slurries, water gels and blasting agents.
Detonating cord allows the blaster to have a continuous initiating medium from the bottom to the top of the
blasthole. This facilitates the introduction of boosters or primers anywhere in the explosive column and is
especially desirable where the formation is badly fractured or backbreak is a serious problem and deck
loading is necessary to implement proper distribution of the explosive charge.
When loading the hole, the detonating cord downline is securely attached to the first cartridge of dynamite or
to the first cap sensitive booster to be placed in the hole. This unit is then lowered to the bottom of the hole
and the detonating cord cut is from its spool. The spool is removed from the collar of the hole and the free end
of the detonating cord downline is secured before loading commences. During loading, cap sensitive boosters
of a diameter large enough to contact the detonating cord may be loaded into the blasthole, or cast boosters
may be threaded on the detonating cord downline and allowed to slide down the column.
Detonating cord may be initiated and/or delayed by use of electric, electronic, or nonelectric in-the-hole or
surface detonators. Detonating cord downlines may also be used to initiate in-the-hole cast boosters that
contain delay detonators. Many combinations of systems may be devised using components from different
manufacturers; it is imperative to check with the manufacturers to make sure that components are compatible.
Because detonating cord can cause high levels of airblast, which could lead to blasting complaints, surplus
tails exceeding 8 inches (200 mm) should be cut from downlines and trunklines. When severe noise problems
exist, it is recommended that surface lines of detonating cord be covered with 12 to 18 inches (300 to 460
mm) of sand or screenings to reduce noise.

Knotted connections for detonating cord lines should be tight and connected at right angles to the trunkline.
When attaching detonators to detonating cord downlines or trunklines the “business end” of the detonator is
pointed in the direction that the detonation is to travel.

CAUTION: Detonating cord downlines may adversely affect the performance of some explosive materials, especially
in small and medium diameter blastholes. Consult the explosives manufacturer for specific application
recommendations.

b. Standard Detonating Cord System

Detonating cords is used for trunklines and downlines in multi-hole blasts and have coreloads between
7.5 and 50 grains per foot. There are many variations of systems employing combinations such as surface
delay connectors and sliding primers. Heavier grain coreload detonating cords (up to 400 grains per foot)
are used in specialized applications as both an initiator and main column charge, such as in presplit
applications.
c. Miniaturized Field-Assembled Detonating Cord System
The field-assembled miniaturized detonating cord system is comprised of a low coreload (about 2.4 to 6
grains per foot) detonating cord, instantaneous starters for connection with downlines and trunklines,
millisecond surface delay connectors and in-hole delay detonators. The surface delays may be used with
conventional detonating cord downlines or combined with in-hole detonators to produce a range of delay
timings. The various components of the system are assembled at the blast site to accommodate the
particular blast requirements.
d. Miniaturized Factory-Assembled Units
Factory assembled miniaturized detonating cord units consists of a length of miniaturized detonating cord
crimped to a nonelectric detonator. In application, the miniaturized detonating cord lead is attached to a
detonating cord trunkline or other suitable means of initiation.

13
 Miniaturized detonating cord systems are not compatible with nitroglycerin sensitized explosives, since
they will side-initiate these types of explosives. Miniaturized detonating cord systems, however, may be
compatible with emulsions, slurries, water gels, and blasting agents. Questions regarding compatibility of
detonating cord systems should be referred to the supplier or manufacturer of the system.
3. Shock Tube Initiation System
The shock tube initiation system consists of a small diameter plastic tube that contains a thin coating of a
reactive material on the inside surface. When initiated, this coating reacts and transmits a shock wave at
approximately 6,000 to 7,000 feet (1800 to 2100 m) per second through the tube. For field use, factory-
assembled units consisting of instantaneous or delay detonators, or other types of delay devices, crimped to
lengths of shock tube are employed to provide in-the-hole or surface delays. These units can be used by
themselves or in conjunction with other delay and initiation devices. Shock tube can be initiated by detonating
cord, electric, electronic, or nonelectric detonators, cap and fuse or special starter equipment.
4. Electric Detonators (Electric Blasting Caps)
a. Standard Electric Detonators
Standard electric detonators, instantaneous and delay, are closed aluminum, stainless steel or copper alloy
shells approximately 1/4 to 1/3 inches in diameter (6.4 to 8.4 mm). Instantaneous electric detonators are 1
inch to 2 inches (25 to 50 mm) long while the delay electric detonators may be as long as 4 inches (100
mm). Two legwires, or other specialized conductors, are attached to one end of the detonators through a
plug that has been crimped into the end of the detonator to provide a water resistant closure.
Inside an instantaneous detonator, the two legwires (or conductors) are connected to an ignition system
that is positioned over the priming charge. The ignition system consists of a bridge element, connected
across the legwire ends, and surrounded by a heat-sensitive pyrotechnic material. When electric current or
pulse discharge is applied through the legwires, the bridge element heats up or vaporizes and ignites the
surrounding pyrotechnic material, which, in turn, ignites the priming charge. The priming charge
undergoes transition from deflagration to detonation and initiates a base charge. The detonation of the
base charge initiates the detonator (cap)-sensitive explosives in which the detonator is embedded. In delay
detonators, a delay element is positioned between the ignition system and the priming charge to introduce
a predetermined delay between the application of firing current and the detonation of the base charge.
Delay electric detonators are available in long period and millisecond delay series. The long period delays
have nominal delay intervals of one half to one second, while millisecond delays may range from 25
milliseconds (25 thousandths of a second) to 150 milliseconds (150 thousandths of a second) per delay
interval. Electric detonators are sensitive to flame, heat, shock, and friction, and should not be handled
roughly or carried in clothing pockets. They are also subject to accidental detonation by stray current or
other sources of electrical energy and should be kept shunted at all times except when being tested or
hooked into the blasting circuit.
b. High Energy Electric Detonators
High-energy electric detonators (HEED) bear a close resemblance to standard electric detonators but
operate in a fundamentally different manner; they contain no primary explosives. Two primary types of
HEED exist, exploding bridgewire detonators (EBW) and exploding foil initiators (EFI). Both require
electric current of over 150 amperes delivered in less than five microseconds. The associated high
electrical power is generally obtained from a high-energy capacity discharge circuit. The resulting shock
or pressure wave initiates a low-density secondary explosive in an EBW, or accelerates a flyer in an EFI.
5. Electronic Detonators
There are numerous types of electronic detonator systems, each of which are differentiated from all other
types of detonators because of their utilization of a stored electrical energy device (e.g. capacitor) to provide
energy for their firing or timing and firing circuits. In addition to having an energy storage device for firing
the igniter, electronic detonators also differ from other detonators by utilizing an Integrated Circuit (IC) or an
Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) to provide millisecond precise timing as well as a level of
communication and control over the firing circuit. Electronic detonators typically incorporate additional
14
internal components designed to provide increased protection against accidental initiation from extraneous
electrical energy (static, stray current, radio frequency, etc.).
The communication capability provided by the IC or ASIC found in electronic detonators provides a security
feature not found with other standard detonator technologies. Wired types of electronic detonators can
communicate specific information about the status of a detonator either prior to loading or post loading the
unit into a blast hole. Communication features of these systems also offer the ability to “interrogate” the entire
system prior to charging and firing a blast. Electronic detonator systems often use proprietary (coded)
communication protocols, blast keys, and or logic circuits that can prevent the accidental initiation due to
operator error or unauthorized use which provide a higher level of blast site security and misuse of the
product.
Unlike an electric detonator, the igniter or firing device inside an electronic detonator is physically separated
from the leads by a circuit board or electronic assembly. It is because of these design differences that
traditional safety testing equipment such as a blaster’s galvanometer as well as shunting practices cannot be
applied to electronic detonators. In fact, most electronic detonator systems and assemblies incorporate specific
connectors, wiring techniques, or wire-harness designs that make it impractical or undesirable to make a
“traditional” shunt in the detonator or blasting circuit.
Refer to Safety Library Publication 12 (SLP 12) for the definition of “shunting” and its applicability to both
Electric and Electronic detonator systems.
As stated above, there are numerous types of electronic detonator systems. Each are unique in design and
functionality. It is essential that users become fully educated on the products, procedures and recommended
practices prior to use.
Their differences include detonator construction, timing precision, communication protocol, blasting
machines, tie-in, connectors, etc. Although they are each uniquely different from one another, there are
certain design features that are common to all.
Electronic detonator systems are grouped into two basic categories: Factory Programmed Systems (fixed
delay) and Field Programmed Systems (variable delay). Factory Programmed Systems, in most cases, have a
close resemblance to the conventional hardware and components found with standard electric detonators. In
some cases, the user may even have a difficult time differentiating a wired electronic detonator from a wired
electric detonator. Even though these units may not appear to be different, electronic detonators generally
cannot be fired or shot using conventional blasting machines or firing devices. Each system can have a unique
firing code or communication protocol used to fire the detonators in the blast.
Factory Programmed Systems can be further grouped into specific types or styles. There are Electrically
Wired Systems, where each manufacturer has a specific wiring style or methodology; and Factory
Programmed Systems that utilize shock tube technology to energize an electronic timing circuit within the
detonator.
a. Factory Programmed Systems
Factory Programmed Systems utilize “fixed” delay periods for the blast design. Holes are generally
loaded and hooked up in the same manner as standard electric or shock tube systems. Depending on the
manufacturer, some type of surface connector may be utilized for ease of wiring, or maintenance of
correct electrical polarity. With some systems, correct polarity must be observed when electronic
detonators are attached to the firing circuit, otherwise a misfire may occur. In all cases though, users of
these systems should ALWAYS consult the manufacturer for specific application information and
instructions.
b. Field Programmed Systems
Field Programmed Systems utilize electronic technology to program delay times at the blast site. Each
system is manufactured for, or with, unique system architectures, styles, hardware, and communication
protocol. There are no fixed delay times associated with these detonators. These systems rely on direct
15
communication with the detonator (either prior to loading, after loading, or just prior to firing) for the
proper delay time and subsequent blast design. In general, these systems will utilize some type of
electronic memory, which allows them to be reprogrammed at any time up until the fire command is
given.
As with a Factory Programmed System, it is very important that users always consult the manufacturer for
the specific instructions on the operation of any Field Programmed System. Each system is unique.
Blasting machines, equipment, and detonators from one system should never be mixed with other
systems. By design, a system from one manufacturer will not work with one from another; such attempts
would only result in a misfire.
For ease of identification, all detonators manufactured in North America (except HEEDs) have the safety
warning, “EXPLOSIVE - EXPLOSIF - DANGER - DÉTONATEUR - BLASTING CAP” printed on the
shell.

16
 BLASTING MACHINES, TESTING MACHINES, AND ACCESSORIES

The proper supplies, quality accessories, and equipment maintained in a state of good repair, are essential to any blasting
operation. Equipment should be checked and tested periodically and any worn, broken or malfunctioning items repaired or
replaced promptly. When conducting blasting operations or otherwise handling explosive materials, the quality or
serviceability of equipment and supplies cannot be compromised.

A. Blasting Machines for Electric Detonators

Blasting machines are devices used to initiate blasts. There are several different types depending on the
application.
1. Generator-Type Blasting Machines
Generator-type blasting machines are direct current generators manually operated by pushing down a rack bar
or twisting a handle. Peak energy is delivered at the end of the generating action. Generator-type machines
have no energy storage capacity or any built-in means of indicating their operating condition or output. Both
the push down and twist type generators have been in use for many years and are rugged, reliable blasting
machines. Following the manufacturer's rating on the blasting machine and operating the machine vigorously
when firing a blast will assure optimum performance. Machines should be tested periodically to ensure they
are delivering rated the output.
2. Capacitor Discharge Blasting Machines
Capacitor discharge (CD) blasting machines contain one or more energy storage capacitors that are charged
by batteries or a manually-operated generator. Most CD blasting machines have a meter or lamp that indicates
when the capacitors are fully charged, and a firing switch to discharge the electrical energy from the
capacitors into the electric blasting circuit. Some machines, however, automatically discharge the capacitors
when a preset voltage has been reached. The ability of CD blasting machines to store electric charge on the
capacitors, and then discharge this charge rapidly into the blasting circuit, makes them extremely efficient in
terms of the number of detonators that can be fired in a blast. CD machines are characterized by small size
and high firing capacity. Some weigh only a few ounces and are rated to fire 10 or more detonators. Larger
machines are available that are rated to fire 1,000 or more detonators. Since there are few moving parts in CD
blasting machines, the most important considerations for keeping them in good operating condition are to
safeguard the shelf life of the capacitors by not exposing them to temperature extremes and to replace the
batteries as necessary.
CAUTION: When using a blasting machine that is a combination firing unit and circuit tester for any type of initiation
system, the blast area must first be cleared of all personnel before testing the circuit.

3. Sequential Blasting Machines

Sequential Blasting Machines are specially designed machines that discharge individual capacitors at
predetermined time intervals in order to produce a delay sequence. Sequential blasting machines are available
for a number of applications, and can be furnished with special cables, terminal boards, and testing
equipment.
4. Permissible Blasting Machines
Permissible blasting machines are either generator or capacitor discharge type machines that have been
approved by MSHA for use in underground coal mines. Permissible blasting machines must bear the MSHA
seal of approval.

CAUTION: All electric blasting machines can deliver high voltage and current. Care should be taken when connecting
the blasting lead line to the terminals to make sure that bare leads do not touch each other, cannot be
grounded against the blasting machine case, and cannot be accidentally touched by the operator firing the
blast.

17
B. Shock Tube Starters
Shock tube is initiated with devices called shock tube starters, which typically use shot shell primers or small
electric sparks to initiate the shock tube. The shock tube lead line should not be inserted into the device until the
blast area is cleared and guarded, and the final warning signal has been given.
CAUTION: Do not use any device or method that is not specifically designed for or recommended by the shock tube
manufacturer.

C. Testing Equipment for Electric Detonators

CAUTION: Use only those meters specifically designed for testing electric detonators and blasting circuits. Some meters look
like blasting test meters, but they utilize test currents that may be capable of firing an electric detonator.

Blasting galvanometers and blasting ohmmeters are electrical resistance measuring devices designed specifically
for the testing of electric detonators and electric blasting circuits. Either a silver chloride cell or a dry cell with
special current limiting circuitry may power these devices, keeping the test current below specified limits.
Blaster's multimeters are versatile, multipurpose test instruments designed to measure resistance and voltage in
electric blasting operations. They can also be employed for measuring stray current.
Ground current monitors are designed to monitor extraneous DC and AC currents. Lightning detectors, or
atmospheric electrostatic field monitors, are used to monitor electrical phenomena associated with thunderstorms.
They can warn of the approach of a thunderstorm and give indication of its closeness and severity.
Blasting machine testers can be the rheostat-type unit used for testing generator-type blasting machines, or special
testers to measure the output energy from CD or sequential blasting machines.

D. Electronic Detonator Blasting Accessories

Historically, blasting machines are generic to the industry and can be used with, or for, most any standard electric
detonator. One should NEVER attempt to use electronic detonators with a conventional electric blasting machine.
Due to varying design and specification of electronic detonator systems (e.g., field programmed vs. factory
programmed, communication protocols, connector style, etc.) there may be multiple components and accessories
that are required for proper operation of each system. These may include a blasting machine, programming unit,
logging unit, testers, special connectors, memory modules, computer interface, and other peripherals.
NEVER attempt to use blasting machines, testers, or instruments with electronic detonators that are not
specifically designed for the system.
NEVER test or program an electronic detonator in a booster, cartridge or other explosive component (Primer
Assembly) before it has been deployed in the borehole or otherwise loaded for final use.
ALWAYS check wired electronic detonators for proper hook-up and/or programming with the testing and
logging equipment specified by the manufacturer before the holes are stemmed unless otherwise directed by the
manufacturer.
NEVER use test equipment designed for electric detonators with electronic detonators.
Whenever possible, individual programmed delay times should be verified against the blast plan prior to arming
the system or final hook-up.
Shock tube electronic detonators may be handled in the same manner as other shock tube devices.

18
 E. Other Accessories
A blaster needs proper tools and accessories to perform efficiently and safely. In addition to proper personal
protective equipment (PPE), a good powder knife, a measuring tape with lead weight, loading poles, lowering
rope and hooks, mirror, powder punch, wire strippers and cap crimpers are examples of basic, essential tools for
routine daily blasting work. Some blasting may require special tools or equipment such as blasting mats, tamping
bags, fall prevention or fall arrest restraints, water, or air supplies.
Additionally, specialized electronic equipment, such as laser profilers, borehole deviation measurement devices,
global positioning systems (GPS), and video recorders are being used to enhance the safety and productivity of
blasting operations, as well as improving record keeping.
The blaster should not start or attempt a blasting job unless he or she is properly equipped.

FIELD USE OF INITIATION SYSTEMS

A preblast sketch should be made of the blasthole pattern, showing the proposed delay pattern and the detonator layout.
Based on this sketch and the measured depth of holes, the blaster will know how many and what length of detonators are
required for the blast. Frequently, for assurance, blastholes are “double primed”; a second primer is placed in the hole,
usually near the top of the powder column, to serve as a back-up initiator in case the first primer fails to function or there
is a cutoff due to rock movement. This back-up primer may be of the same or a later delay interval than the primary
detonator.
Detonators and cast boosters, or other priming medium used as boosters, can be laid out at the collar of the hole in
accordance with the delay layout so that the primers can be made up as the holes are loaded. Detonators should be
securely contained within the booster so that they will be adequately protected and maintain intimate contact with the
booster.
ALWAYS discontinue operations at the approach of an electrical storm.

A. Electric Detonators
Electric detonators should be checked for continuity with a blasting galvanometer, blasting ohmmeter, blaster's
ohmmeter or blaster's multimeter before the holes are stemmed. After testing, detonator leg wires are reshunted
until wired into the blasting circuit. Consult IME SLP-20, “Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency
Radiation Hazards in the use of Commercial Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps)” for guidelines on the safe use
of standard electric detonators near radio frequency sources.

B. Electronic Detonators
Field use of any electronic detonator system must begin with the user becoming fully trained on the specific
system intended for use. Individual manufacturers will provide the necessary training materials, instructions, and
or, equipment for proper use of their systems. Users that do not obtain adequate training from the manufacturer
should not attempt to use any electronic detonator system. Most manufacturers of these systems will typically
require “competency based” training and assessment programs prior to use of their product.

C. Nonelectric Detonators
Many blasting projects utilize nonelectric delay systems to achieve the surface or in-the-hole delay sequence of
their blasting pattern. These systems can consist of millisecond delay surface connectors, shock tube, miniaturized
detonating cord, down-the-hole delay primers, or a combination of these systems. When utilizing these systems,
insure that shock tube to detonating cord connections are at right angles to prevent angle cut-offs. Avoid
situations where initiation system components can become entangled in machines, equipment, vehicles or moving
parts thereof, because pulling, stretching, kinking or putting tension on a shock tube could cause it to break or
otherwise malfunction. Protect surface delay connectors from unintended energy sources, such as: impact from
falling rock, impact from track vehicles or other mobile equipment, drilling equipment, flame, friction, electrical

19
 discharge from power lines, static electricity and lightning. Follow the manufacturers' recommendations when
cutting and splicing lead-in trunkline shock tube. An initiation signal will not pass through a knotted connection if
two lengths of shock tube are tied together. Do not hook-up a surface delay connector to its own shock tube or
remove the detonator from a surface delay connector block. Leaving an un-hooked surface delay connector in
close proximity to the shock tube of a loaded blasthole or attempting to initiate detonating cord with a surface
delay connector designed for the initiation of shock tube only may result in a misfire. If a misfire occurs, always
unhook surface delay connectors before handling the misfire. Because these systems can consist of millisecond
delay surface connectors, shock tube, miniaturized detonating cord, down-the-hole delay primers, or a
combination of these systems, the systems are sometimes not compatible with each other or with certain types of
blasting materials. The user should consult the manufacturer or supplier for details regarding the properties and
applications of a particular nonelectric delay system.

GROUND VIBRATION AND AIRBLAST

A. Ground Vibration
In all commercial blasting operations, a portion of the energy released upon detonation of the explosives is
manifested as ground vibration and airblast. Except in geophysical prospecting, ground vibration is an undesirable
by-product of blasting. Although ground vibration cannot be eliminated from blasting operations, it can be
controlled or minimized by employing good blast design.
Generally, blast patterns designed with excessive burdens and spacings can be expected to produce rather high
ground vibration while the accompanying airblast may be rather low. On the other hand, blast patterns with
extremely light burdens and spacings may produce rather high airblast with comparatively low ground vibration.
Blast patterns should be designed to produce optimum results—minimum ground vibration and minimum air
blast.
When an explosive material detonates in a borehole, the near-instantaneous generation of a shock wave and high
pressure produces an intense stress wave in the surrounding rock. Practically all the energy in the explosion is
expended in shattering and displacing the rock around it. The energy left over will be dissipated through the
ground in the form of elastic waves that radiate away from the blast site. The explosion will have a three-zone
effect near the borehole. Immediately adjacent to the borehole, the explosive action pulverizes the material. As the
stress wave propagates outward from the hole, it rapidly decreases in intensity and the crushing action is reduced
to a fragmenting stage. Finally, the strength of the stress wave is so attenuated that no breakage occurs, and the
remaining vibratory energy is propagated outward as a seismic wave. This wave has no permanent displacement
effect, and all vibrating rock particles eventually return to their original position. This latter zone, known as the
“elastic zone”, might contain homes and other structures where occupants, fearful of personal injury and/or
structural damage, may complain about the vibrations.
Blasting vibrations can be reduced by a good blast design that provides an optimum powder factor and maximum
practical relief. In addition, shorter holes in lower benches, deck loading and the use of delay initiators with
sequential blasting machines, electronic initiating systems, or nonelectric delays and surface delay connectors to
reduce the charge-weight-per-delay will help to decrease undesirable vibration.
Blasting vibrations can be detected and recorded by seismographs, and are usually measured in one of three
modes: particle displacement, particle velocity or particle acceleration. These are measured as a function of time
and are recorded in three mutually perpendicular directions. Particle velocity measurement is most widely used
when monitoring commercial blasting operations.
Based on a study of blasting vibration, published by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) in Bulletin 656,
the following equation was developed to determine maximum peak particle velocity:

20
 Vmax = k ( )
W
D
1/ 2
−m

Where:
Vmax = peak particle velocity (in/sec)
D = distance between the explosion and receiving sites (ft)
W = maximum weight of explosives that can be detonated within any
period less than 8 milliseconds (lbs)
k and = Site factors based on the geology and ground transmission
–m characteristics of the rock at the blast site as determined by
seismographic measurements.

Vmax = 160 ( )
D
W 1/ 2
−1.6

Based on a large number of field measurements made at actual blasting operations it has been determined that the
following propagation equation can be used to conservatively estimate peak particle velocity for blast planning
purposes.

Where:
Vmax = peak particle velocity (in/sec)
D = distance between explosion and recording site (ft)
W = maximum weight of explosives that can be detonated
within any period less than 8 milliseconds (lbs)

NOTE: For particular sites the equation may have to be modified as site-specific seismic data becomes available.

To set limits for ground vibration from blasting, some regulatory agencies, federal, state, or local, require that
blasting operations conform to a specified scaled distance (Ds). For ground vibrations, scaled distance (Ds) is
defined as the ratio of the distance “D” from the blast to a location of concern, divided by the square root of the
explosive weight “W” detonated in any delay interval of 8 milliseconds or greater.
The formula for scaled distance is expressed as:

Ds = WD1 / 2
Thus:
D s (ft / lb ) = W 1 / 2 ( lb )
1/ 2 D ( ft )

1/ 2 D(m)
D s (m/ kg )=
W 1/ 2 (kg)
Usually blasting vibration regulations also specify that the maximum peak particle velocity generated in any of
three mutually perpendicular directions, vertical, horizontal, or transverse, may not exceed a certain limit. The
USBM study in Bulletin 656 concluded that 2.0 in/sec (50.8 mm/sec) was a safe blasting limit.
In recent studies (USBM Report of Investigations 8507) the bureau found that particle velocity is still the best
single ground motion descriptor. The bureau also investigated the roles of blast frequency and building
construction as factors in damage potential from blasting vibrations. The bureau's latest conclusions on safe levels
of blasting vibration for residences are shown in Figure 1 below.

21
 10

Drywall
Plaster

Particle Velocity, in/sec

1
0.75

0.1
2.65 15
1 10 100
Blast Vibration Frequency, Hz

Figure 1 1
Alternative Blasting Criteria

For surface coal mine blasting operations, vibration and airblast are regulated by the Office of Surface Mining
(OSM) in 30 CFR, Parts 816 and 817. Under the OSM regulations, an operator may elect to use one of the
following options to control blasting vibration:

1. Maximum allowable peak particle velocity from column 1 of Table I

or

2. Scaled distance factor from column 2 of Table I

.
or

Table 26.182 - Scaled Distance

1
Figure B-1 from USBM Report of Investigations 8507
2 Table 26.18 from ISEE ‘ Blaster’s Handbook 18th Edition’

22
 3. The blasting level chart, Figure 2 (a modification of USBM chart from RI 8507).
10

Maximum Allowable Particle Velocity,

in/sec 1
0.75

0.1 11
1 10 100
Blast Vibration Frequency, Hz

Figure 2 2
Alternative Blasting Level Criteria

B. Airblast
Many airblast complaints to blasting operations are based upon the annoyance that airblast can cause, rather than
upon actual structural damage. The startling effect of noise and the rattling of windows cause people to naturally
assume that their residence has been shaken so violently that structural damage has occurred. Actually, the airblast
from normal blasting operations is rather unlikely to cause structural damage. Airblast limits specified by OSM
regulations in 30 CFR for surface coal mining (noted below in Table II) represent acceptable safe limits, which
are generally accepted by state and local regulatory agencies for commercial blasting operations.

TABLE II
Lower Frequency Limit of Measuring Maximum Level
System, in Hz (±3dB) in decibels (dB)
0.1 Hz or lower-flat response* 134 peak
2 Hz or lower-flat response 133 peak
6 Hz or lower-flat response 129 peak
C-weighted—slow response* 105 peak dBC

* Only when approved by the regulatory agency.

Hz = Hertz = Cycles per second dB = Decibels

Airblast can be affected by many factors including blast site orientation, stemming, initiation system, blast pattern
and atmospheric conditions such as temperature, wind direction, fog, haze, and temperature inversion. All of these
factors must be evaluated if airblast poses a problem at blasting operations.

C. Conclusion
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in litigation involving claims for damages reportedly caused by
ground vibration and/or airblast from blasting operations. One of the best defenses against such claims is, of
course, a combination of complete and accurate blasting logs and seismographic records. Anyone involved in

2
Modified from Figure B-1 from USBM Report of Investigations 8507

23
 blasting where damage claims for vibration and/or airblast are likely should make sure that detailed blasting logs
are kept of all blasts, and that permanent seismic recordings are retained. The accuracy of records can be
advanced by the use of laser profilers, borehole deviation devices, and GPS to document burdens, hole placement
and the location of nearby structures.
Before starting any blasting work, a program to establish good public relations with the residences and businesses
located near the blasting operations should be instituted; this may include a preblast survey. Experience has
shown that such a program can be of great help in reducing blasting vibration and airblast complaints. The public
relations program should be designed to explain the blasting operation, the need for the blasting, the precautions
(scaled distances, weight limitations, stemming, matting, etc.) that are employed to mitigate the effects of
blasting, and the monitoring equipment and methods that will be employed to assure that blasting effects are kept
within safe and legal limits.
When possible, blasts should be scheduled during busy hours of the day when they will be less noticeable and less
disturbing. A blasting time schedule should be developed and a system to provide adequate notification and
warning to neighbors should be implemented. Any complaints involving adverse effects from the blasting
operations should be recorded and investigated as soon as possible.
The advancement of electronic detonator technology allows an operator to use detonator timing that drastically
reduces potential delay overlap in blasts. This has the potential to reduce vibrations.

METAL/NONMETAL MINING

A. Surface Operations
Large portions of the commercial explosive materials consumed in the United States are used in surface or open
pit operations. The materials produced from these mines and quarries include ferrous and non-ferrous metals, trap
rock, granite, sandstone, limestone and shale. The efficient blasting of these materials requires different
combinations of drilling equipment, blasting materials, procedures, and techniques; a detailed discussion of which
would be far beyond the scope of this publication. Rather, the following paragraphs present general
recommendations for the safe use of the different types of commercial explosive materials and blasting
accessories in some of the applications that may be encountered in open pit operations.
1. Vertical Blastholes
Explosive materials perform most effectively when loaded and confined in boreholes or blastholes. These
holes can range in diameter from approximately 1-1/2 inches to 18 inches (38 to 460 mm) or larger.
Depending on geological conditions (rock hardness, stratification, jointing, etc.), blastholes may be drilled
with a percussion, rotary-percussion or rotary drill. For convenience in describing the respective techniques,
blastholes are classified into small diameter (less than 5 inches 130 mm]), medium diameter (5 to 7 inches
[130 to 180 mm]) and large diameter (larger than 7 inches [180 mm]).
2. Drill Patterns, Explosive Materials and Procedures
Blastholes ranging from 1-1/2 to 18 inches (38 to 460 mm) in diameter are drilled to depths up to 150 feet (46
m) and, in some special situations to depths exceeding 150 feet (46 m). To insure that the holes break to full
depth when a parting plane does not exist at floor level, they are overdrilled or subdrilled below the floor
level. Subdrilling can range from about 0.2 to 0.3 times the burden distance.
The drill pattern consists of the burden (distance from the blasthole and the nearest free face or the distance
between blastholes measured perpendicular to the spacing) and the spacing (distance between blastholes; in
bench blasting the distance is measured parallel to the free face and perpendicular to the burden). Holes may
be drilled on a square or staggered pattern, whichever configuration will produce optimum breakage and
fragmentation with maximum control. Patterns with less than optimum burdens and spacings can result in
excessive throw and airblast, while extremely large drill patterns may cause poor fragmentation, flyrock and
excessive vibration. Drill patterns must be designed to accommodate the diameter and depth of the blasthole,
type and formation of the rock, fragmentation desired, and type of explosive being used. When areas to be
24
blasted are measured for the location of blastholes, the position of each blasthole should be marked so that the
driller will set up and drill on the designed burden and spacing pattern.
Blastholes may be loaded with dynamite, emulsions, slurries, water gels, ANFO, ANFO blends, or a
combination of these materials. The type of formation, the hardness of the rock, water conditions, and the size
of loading and crushing equipment will influence the type and amount of explosive materials loaded into a
blasthole. In the loading operation, bulk explosive materials may be pumped or augered into the holes,
cartridged or packaged materials may be dropped or poured, or a combination of packaged and bulk explosive
materials can be used.
Before loading is started, the general conditions of the blastholes should be checked, including depth and
water content. This checking can be done with a loading pole, nonmetallic tapeline with lead or brass weight
and/or a mirror or spotlight. Depths of hole and water are noted on a loading schedule or a marker at the collar
of the hole so that the loading crew can estimate the amount of explosive materials (total, and water-resistant)
to be loaded in the blasthole.
Primers are made up at the blasthole and lowered (never dropped) into the hole. Generally, the primer is
placed at or near the bottom of the hole, often below floor level, to ensure, in case of a cutoff or misfire, that
the primer is below the surface of the floor. When cast boosters are employed to prime large diameter wet
holes in which cartridged or bulk water resistant explosive materials are to be loaded, a cartridge or charge of
water-resistant bulk explosive material is often loaded first to ensure that the primer is not buried in drill
cutting sludge at the bottom of the hole.
If cartridged explosive materials are to be loaded, the cartridge diameter should be slightly smaller than the
diameter of the blasthole to facilitate loading. Cartridges can usually be dropped down the hole, but large
diameter [4 inches (100 mm) or larger] cartridges should never be dropped directly on the primer. Slit
cartridges of water gel, slurry, or emulsion may be dropped on the primer. In water-filled blastholes or holes
where the primer is under several feet of water, the water will act as a cushion and prevent dropped cartridges
from impacting directly on the primer. In dry holes several feet of free flowing explosive material should be
poured, or several cartridges should be lowered on top of the primer, to act as a cushion and prevent any
dropped cartridges from impacting directly on the primer. In very deep holes that are partially filled with
water, it may be prudent to lower the cartridges to the water line to prevent their tendency to bridge and block
the hole upon impact with the water.

Bulk explosive materials are widely used by quarries and open pit mines. ANFO, the most common explosive
material used today, may be poured from 50 pound (23 kg) multiwall bags or dispensed directly into the
blasthole from bulk ANFO trucks. These bulk ANFO trucks generally mix the ammonium nitrate and fuel oil
on-site and are capable of loading holes at rates in excess of 500 pounds (230 kg) per minute. Bulk mixing
and loading equipment is also available for emulsions, slurries, water gels and blends of these materials.
These products are either augered or pumped into the blastholes. As a rule, bulk loading systems of any type
may be used effectively where blasthole diameter is five inches (130 mm) or larger.
Although a number of quarry and open pit mining operations own and operate their own bulk loading
equipment, others prefer not to become involved in the manufacture of explosive materials and contract for
“down-the-hole” delivery of bulk explosive materials. Materials can be delivered from off-site locations or, in
some instances, taken from storage facilities located on the mine property.
If, during loading, bulk explosive material bridges or a cartridge hangs up in the blasthole, the blockage can
usually be freed by using a tamping pole or, in very deep, large-diameter holes, by bumping the blockage with
a weighted, wooden tamping block (dolly) attached to a length of rope. The sharpened end of a tamping pole,
or a small diameter semi-rigid plastic pipe, can be used to burrow a hole through a bridge of bulk material.
Pouring water into the hole will often help to loosen a hung cartridge or wash a hole through bridged material.
In freeing a blocked hole, care must be taken to prevent damaging the primer, detonating cord, or detonator
leads. Once the hole is cleared, the primer should be checked and, if necessary, a new primer introduced.

25
 It is generally not necessary or efficient to tamp explosive materials in large diameter blastholes. However,
cartridges are often tamped in small diameter holes to compact the cartridges, increase loading density, and
enhance explosive coupling. When tamping small diameter blastholes to compact the charge and increase
charge density, the cartridges are usually slit before being loaded into the hole. PRIMER CARTRIDGES
ARE NEVER SLIT OR TAMPED.
Holes are stemmed to confine the explosive energy, increase blasting efficiency, control flyrock and reduce
airblast. Although drill cuttings are commonly used to stem blastholes, excessively fine or dusty drill cuttings
do a poor job of confining explosive gasses. In addition, they tend to mix with the water in wet holes to form
sludge, which can cause separations in the explosive column. Large stones or combustible materials should
not be used for stemming blastholes. Clean sharp sand is recommended for stemming blastholes less than 3
inches (76 mm) in diameter, and clean, crushed stone, (1/4 to 1 inch [6.4 to 25 mm]) is recommended for
larger diameter blastholes.
Surface blasts are initiated electrically (using electric or electronic systems) or nonelectrically depending upon
local conditions and operating requirements. Whichever system is employed, the delay sequence for each
blast should be planned before loading starts to insure proper relief and control.
Improper procedures or mistakes by the loading crew can cause holes to detonate out of sequence or without
proper relief, which can result in flyrock, excessive vibration, cutoffs and misfires. Errors are most apt to
happen under the following conditions: 1) when a large number of holes are being blasted; 2) when the blast
consists of multiple rows; 3) when there are several crews loading the blast; 4) when the blast pattern is
irregular or a combination of delay systems (electric detonators with a sequential blasting machine, shock
tube/delay primers, etc.) is being deployed, and 5) improper programming of electronic delays. To ensure that
the designed delay pattern is being followed, the blaster normally “lays out” the pattern by placing the
initiators and/or delay devices at the collar of the hole before loading. This eliminates any possibility of the
loading crews selecting the wrong initiator or delay and allows the blaster to effectively monitor the loading
operation.

B. Underground Operations
1. Drilling
Before starting to drill in underground operations, the area around the blast site including the face and the roof
(back) near the face should be inspected. The face should be checked for evidence of unexploded explosive
materials and any “bootlegs” or drill hole sockets left from previous blasting; the face, roof, and adjacent
pillars should also be checked for loose or unconsolidated material that might be jarred free during drilling.
“Bootlegs” are extremely attractive spots to locate new blastholes since the socket from the previous hole
facilitates initial penetration of the drill bit. HOWEVER, BLASTHOLES SHOULD NEVER BE
STARTED OR COLLARED IN “BOOTLEGS”. “Bootlegs” may contain a detonator or other unexploded
explosive materials and the heat, friction and impact of the drill bit could cause them to detonate.
The depth and angle of drill holes should be determined and the position of the holes marked on the face
before drilling.
2. Explosive Materials and Procedures
All drilling operations at the face to be loaded must be completed before the loading of explosives starts. In
some underground mining operations, loading of blastholes is done from the platform of the drill jumbo; it is
especially important in these operations that all drilling be completed before loading begins.
Dynamites, emulsions, slurries and water gels are all used for underground blasting. Cartridged explosives
range in size from the standard 1-1/4 x 8 inches (32 x 200 mm) to diameters of 2-1/2 inches (64 mm) and
lengths of 12, 16 and 24 inches (300, 410 and 610 mm). Cartridge diameters of 1-1/2 inches (38 mm), 1 inch
(25 mm), and smaller are used for small diameter holes and perimeter or controlled blasting.

26
Pneumatically loaded ANFO is widely used at many operations. Pumped emulsions, slurries and water gels
may also be employed. Holes can be initiated and delayed with the electric, electronic, or nonelectric systems
described previously. Millisecond, long period delays, and programmed delays are generally used.
When pneumatically loading ANFO, precautions must be taken to ensure that a static electricity hazard is not
created. Adequate grounding techniques, the use of semi-conductive loading hose and frequent monitoring of
loading procedures should be mandatory. Normally, the primer is loaded first and pushed to the back of the
hole. (This is to preclude the possibility of explosive material behind the primer becoming separated and
failing to fire in a “bootleg hole”.) If cartridged explosives are used the cartridges are generally slit and
tamped in the hole. THE PRIMER CARTRIDGE IS NEVER SLIT OR TAMPED. Cartridges should be of a
diameter that can be freely accommodated in the blasthole but which will expand to fill the cross section of
the hole when slit and tamped.
Horizontal blastholes underground are rarely stemmed in noncoal mining. If holes are stemmed, paper
tamping bags containing drill cuttings or sand are normally employed. Tamping plugs, clay dummies and
pneumatically placed stemming materials can also be used. Stemming blastholes can prevent explosives from
being sucked out during rotational firing and reduce the probability of separation in the powder column and/or
unfired explosives in the muckpile. Illumination systems used at the face during loading should be selected,
designed, and located to minimize any possibility of stray current. Electric cap lamps should be of a type
approved by MSHA for use in underground mines. The leg wires of electric detonators are kept shunted at all
times except when testing for continuity or connecting into the blast circuit.
After the face is completely loaded, remove all surplus explosive materials from the area.

27
28
 COAL MINING

A. Surface Operations
Overburden associated with bituminous coal seams may consist of sandstones, limestones or shales. In anthracite
coal, the overburden rock is frequently altered towards the metamorphic types. The thickness and hardness of the
rock formations above the coal greatly influences the selection of blasthole diameter, drill pattern and explosive
materials. Holes may have to be spaced closer together, be of a larger diameter and be loaded with denser, higher
strength explosive material when the rock immediately above the coal is a massive sandstone or limestone.
Typical blastholes for coal stripping operations range from 5 to 18 inches (130 to 460 mm) in diameter, the most
common being 6 to 9 inches (150 to 230 mm). Hole depths vary from less than 20 feet (6.1 m) to more than 100
feet (30 m) for large dragline operations.
There are essentially two blast practices in surface mining coal. Buffer shooting, where little movement of the
overburden material is desired, and cast blasting, where the end result is maximum cast or throw of the
overburden material to minimize machine extraction of the material. Cast blasting powder factors are much higher
than in buffer blasting.
1. Drill Patterns
Hole spacings and burdens will vary with diameter and depth of hole, rock formation, excavating equipment
available, and type of blasting—buffer or cast. Typical buffer blasting examples: burdens and spacings of 10
to 15 feet (3.1 to 4.6 m) for 5 inch (130 mm) diameter holes while 40 to 50 feet (12 to 15 m) might be
employed for 18 inch (460 mm) diameter holes. These expanded drill patterns can be effectively employed in
thinly laminated shales or weathered, fractured rock where it is only necessary to “bump” or loosen
overburden. Closer burdens and spacings are required to effectively blast hard limestones or massive
sandstones and in cast blasting. Typical cast blasting examples: burdens and spacings of 25 to 30 feet (7.6 to
9.1 m) for 10-5/8 inch (270 mm) diameter holes.
2. Explosive Materials
ANFO is the explosive material most commonly used for overburden blasting. It is augered directly into the
boreholes from bulk trucks, and, in smaller operations, poured directly from 50-pound (23 kg) multiwall bags.
Bagged ANFO is also used primarily at operations that have unusual terrain, or other places where the use of
bulk equipment cannot be justified.
Bulk emulsions, slurries or water gels are regularly used at coal stripping operations because of water
conditions, unusually tough blasting conditions or expanded drill patterns. Bulk emulsions, slurries and water
gels are used in conjunction with ANFO or blended with ANFO to serve either as a water resistant charge, a
high energy charge for bottom loading, a column load to increase powder factor, or a boostering charge for
the ANFO column.
Cartridges of emulsions, slurries or water gels are also used with bulk ANFO when water resistant materials
are needed to load wet portions of holes. These emulsions, slurries and water gels are combined with ANFO
to produce packaged ANFO blends that are loaded into wet holes.
ANFO has no intrinsic water resistance and when wet holes are encountered and the operator does not wish to
use cartridged emulsion, slurries, water gels or blends, cartridged HD ANFO is used. HD ANFO consists of
water resistant packaging into which a mixture of ground ammonium nitrate, fuel oil, and other ingredients
are packed. Cartridged ANFO must have a specific gravity of 1.10 or higher to sink readily in wet blastholes.
ANFO, however, will lose sensitivity if it exceeds a specific gravity of 1.20. When priming or boostering long
columns of cartridged HD ANFO in deep, wet holes, consideration should be given to the use of a detonating
cord downline with a booster introduced into the hole after every two cartridges. In this manner, a booster is
touching every cartridge. This ensures propagation throughout the entire column.

29
 Where ANFO is used and water conditions are not severe or holes are not “making” water, the use of
dewatering pumps may be implemented. As soon as the hole is dewatered, a hole liner consisting of plastic
tubing sealed on one end is lowered to the bottom of the hole. To provide stability, the end of the tubing being
lowered into the hole is weighted with drill cuttings or other ballast. ANFO, low percentage ANFO blends,
primers, initiators, boosters, etc., are then loaded inside the hole liner, which protects the explosive column
from moisture.
3. Loading Procedures
Blastholes for coal stripping are normally drilled to a depth just above the coal seam, or to the coal seam and
backfilled proportionally to provide a cushion against chilling, shattering, or cratering the coal. Often the
layer of rock just above the coal is extremely hard or massive, and high strength explosive materials must be
loaded in this portion of the blasthole to obtain acceptable breakage and displacement. Also, the overburden
may have alternate bands of hard and soft rock, and the loading plan may alternate the types of explosive
materials used up the hole or employ decking (alternate decks of explosive materials and stemming employed
in order to properly distribute the explosive energy). Coal stripping operations may be located near populated
areas where blast vibration is of paramount concern, and deck loading is employed to reduce the pounds of
explosive materials detonated per delay interval. In some instances as many as eight decks or more are used in
a single blasthole.
Cast boosters are used extensively in coal strip blasting for priming bulk explosives which make-up the
majority of column loads. Although a single primer may be sufficient to bring a blasting agent up to steady
state velocity, good practice dictates the use of a second or “insurance” primer, especially in deep, rough
holes where column cut-offs are possible. Some regulations and company blasting programs require two
primers in every hole depending on depth. Dynamites, detonator sensitive emulsions, slurries and water gels
are also used for priming and boostering blasting agents.
Blastholes at coal stripping operations may be initiated by electric millisecond delay detonators (employed
with or without sequential blasting machines), electronic detonators, shock tube detonators (in-the-hole and/or
surface delay), detonating cord, or miniaturized detonating cord; often a combination of systems is employed.
Because not all systems are compatible with each other and some systems are not compatible with other
explosive materials, the manufacturer or supplier should be contacted for information on applications.
4. Horizontal Blastholes
Although vertical blastholes comprise the majority of holes used for strip mine blasting, some mine operators
use auger type drills to drill a single line of horizontal holes into the overburden about one foot (0.3 m) above
the coal seam. The holes are drilled as long as 100 feet (30.5 m) into the overburden, which may be up to 50
to 60 feet (15 to 18 m) high. Hole depth should always be greater than the burden (height of overburden).
Holes should be on close spacings (about 10 to 15 foot [3.1 to 4.6 m]) to assure breakage between holes.
Horizontal holes are best suited for thinly laminated formations where displacement will provide acceptable
fragmentation. Horizontal hole blasting may not provide the required fragmentation for massive formations.
Horizontal holes may be loaded with cartridged explosive materials, bulk ANFO, ANFO blends, emulsions,
slurries or water gels which may be blown or pumped into the holes. A suitable primer should be placed at the
back of the hole with additional primers or boosters at intervals of about 10 feet (3 m). A final primer should
be placed in the explosive material column before placing any stemming in the hole. Holes are normally
stemmed with bagged drill cuttings, sand or dirt.

B. Underground Operations
1. Machine-Cut Coal
For most blasting of coal seams in underground mines, a cutting machine is used to create a kerf (undercut) or
a shearing (vertical cut) in the coal seam to provide relief for the blastholes. The room and pillar method of
mining generally used in these mines entails driving parallel rooms and leaving pillars at regular intervals to
support the roof.

30
 a. Drilling
Holes are usually drilled with an auger type drill, which has a diameter of 2 inches (50 mm). Holes should
not be drilled any closer than 6 inches (150 mm) from the back of the kerf or shearing and any holes
drilled beyond the back of the kerf or shearing must be backfilled with non-combustible stemming to a
point 6 inches (150 mm) less than the depth of the cut. Holes should never extend laterally beyond the
undercut, since these holes in the solid beyond the rib line could cause a blown out shot.
b. Explosive Materials
Only explosives marked with the words “MSHA approved” are permissible and may be used for blasting
in underground bituminous coal mines. This applies to both blasting coal and rock in underground coal
mines. Unless an MSHA variance has been obtained, the same rules apply to gassy metal/nonmetal mines
or gassy anthracite coal mines. The use of safety fuse, black powder, and detonating cord is prohibited.
Dynamites approved as permissible are manufactured in gelatinous and granular grades, of various
densities (cartridge counts) and detonation velocities. Emulsions and water gels that have been approved
as permissibles are also available. The most common size cartridge diameter is 1-1/4 inches (32 mm),
although 1-1/8 and 1-1/2 inch (29 and 38 mm) diameter cartridges are available in some grades. Cartridge
lengths are usually 8, 12, 16, or 24 inches (200, 300, 410, or 610 mm).
Secondary blasting in gassy mines should only be done with MSHA approved sheathed explosive
charges.
Only electric or electronic detonators, with copper or copper alloy shells, are approved for use in
underground coal mines. The interval between successive delay intervals must be a minimum of 50
milliseconds. Electric or electronic detonators with aluminum shells or components or aluminum legwires
are not allowed for blasting in underground coal mines.
c. Loading Procedures
Holes must have a minimum of 24 inches (610 mm) of burden in all directions unless restricted by the
height of the coal seam. The primer, with the “business end” of the detonator pointing toward the collar of
the hole, must be the first cartridge in the hole. The remaining cartridges are file or string-loaded, being
pushed to the back of the hole with the loading pole. PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES MUST NEVER BE
SLIT OR TAMPED. The total weight of explosive loaded in a blasthole must not exceed 3 pounds (1.4
kg) and the total weight of explosives loaded in a blasthole less than 6 feet (1.8 m) deep shall be reduced
2 pounds (0.23 kg) for each foot (0.3 m) of blasthole less than 6 feet (1.8 m) in depth. Blastholes 4 feet
(1.2 m) or deeper must be stemmed for at least 24 inches (610 mm). Blastholes less than 4 feet (1.2 m)
deep must be stemmed at least half the depth of the blasthole. Only noncombustible material shall be used
for stemming.
Circuit testing equipment and blasting machines used in underground coal mines must be of a type
approved by MSHA.
2. Shooting “Off-the-Solid”
In some mines, cutting machines are not used and coal is displaced by shooting “off-the-solid”. Because no
relief is provided by a kerf or shearing, more explosive material is required for this type of blasting. Although
shooting “off-the-solid” in low seam coal may produce fewer tons of coal per pound of explosive material
than shooting machine-cut coal, these seams are of high quality and the higher mining costs are justified. All
permissible conditions governing the blasting of machine cut coal also apply when shooting “off-the-solid”.

31
C. Misfires: Machine-Cut and Solid Shooting
If a misfire (an explosive charge that fails to detonate completely) should occur when blasting machine-cut coal or
shooting “off-the-solid”, it may be handled by one of the following methods:
1. Washing the stemming and explosives material out of the hole with water.
2. Washing out the stemming, inserting a new primer with the “business end” of the detonator pointing toward
the charge, stemming the hole and firing the new primer.
3. Drilling a new hole at least 2 feet (0.6 m) away from and parallel to the misfired hole, then loading, stemming
and firing the new hole. A thorough search should be made of the muck pile to recover any unfired explosive
materials dislodged from the misfired hole.
(For complete coverage of explosive usage in underground coal mines see MSHA Regulations, 30 CFR, Part
75.)

32
 CONSTRUCTION
A. General
Explosive materials are used in construction blasting for both surface and underground locations. Some of the
more common applications are:

Surface Underground
Highways Tunnels
Dams Shafts
Foundations Storage Caverns
Site preparations
Pipelines
Utility lines (sewer, water,
telephone)
B. Surface
Construction of highways and dams generally utilize drilling and blasting techniques very similar to those used
for open pit mines and quarries. If the project is located away from populated areas, large diameter blastholes can
be used and the drilling pattern expanded to accommodate the hole diameter. However, on some highway and
dam work, the proximity of populated areas or existing structures requires that special consideration be given to
rock displacement, vibration and airblast. To provide the utmost control over blasting results, the use of small
diameter, short depth, lightly charged blastholes is often necessary. It is also necessary under these restrictive
conditions to employ very sophisticated delay patterns in order to keep the pounds of explosive material detonated
per delay interval to an absolute minimum.
On some projects, special controlled blasting techniques such as presplitting, line drilling and cushion blasting are
employed to produce smooth walls and reduce overbreak. Most explosives manufacturers can supply the products
and technical information needed for this specialized blasting.
For pipeline blasting, holes are generally drilled 2 to 3-1/2 inches (50 to 90 mm) in diameter and 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to
0.6 m) below grade. For ditches up to 5 feet (1.5 m) wide, two rows of staggered holes are drilled about 4 inches
(100 mm) inside the ditch line. Holes are spaced 2-1/2 to 4 feet apart (0.76 to 1.2 m). In dry work ANFO primed
with a high explosive primer can be used for most formations. For hard, dense rock or wet work, dynamites,
emulsions, slurries or water gels are used. In open country, detonating cord with surface delays provides a quick
way of hooking up long lengths of ditch. However, where noise, vibration and flyrock are of concern, an electric,
electronic, or nonelectric shock tube delay detonator is generally employed in each blasthole.
Utility lines and foundations are usually blasted in very congested areas and small diameter, shallow blastholes
must be employed. Holes range from 1-1/2 to 2 inches (38 to 50 mm) in diameter and cartridged explosive
materials, dynamite, emulsions, slurries or water gels, 1-1/4 and 1-1/2 inches (32 and 38 mm) in diameter are used
for loading the holes. Holes are initiated with electric, electronic, or nonelectric shock tube delay detonators.
At times, utility lines and foundations are located so that track drills can be used and larger diameter (2 to 3-1/2
inch [50 to 89 mm]) holes can be employed. These holes are drilled to depths up to 20 feet (6.1 m) and are,
depending on rock and water conditions, loaded with ANFO, dynamite, emulsions, slurries or water gels.
The controlled blasting techniques noted under highway and dam blasting are often used for utility and foundation
blasting, especially when overbreak must be controlled or existing structures must be protected.
Blasting for utility lines and foundations in urban areas may require the use of blasting mats to prevent flyrock. In
addition, blasting in urban areas requires that a thorough investigation be made to locate all existing utility lines
(gas, electric, water, sewer, etc.), so that adequate measures can be taken to protect them from possible blast
damage. When electric detonators are to be used near such utilities, a survey for extraneous electricity should be
made before blasting is started.
33
C. Underground
Many of the techniques used for underground metal and nonmetal mining are employed for the driving of tunnels,
sinking of shafts and the construction of underground storage caverns. Although some shafts or tunnels pass
through ore bodies, the material blasted for underground construction projects is usually not processed into a
finished product. Occasionally the rock (muck) is crushed for aggregate but even muck that is disposable fill must
be fragmented and displaced so that it can be readily handled by loading and hauling equipment.
Blastholes for tunnel work, depending on the diameter of the tunnel bore, can range from 1-1/2 to 2-5/8 inches (38
to 67 mm) in diameter. In the top heading and bench method of driving tunnels, the top portion of the tunnel is
driven by conventional methods using horizontal holes, and the lower portion removed with vertical holes. These
vertical holes can be of larger diameter (3 to 4 inches [76 to 102 mm]) and fired in multiple rows.
For shaft sinking, blasthole diameters vary with the diameter of the shafts. For small shafts, blasthole diameters of
1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches (38 to 64 mm) are common, while for larger shafts, blastholes up to 3-1/2 to 4 inches (89 to
100 mm) in diameter may be used. For very large shafts or shafts where the vertical crater retreat (VCR) method
of blasting (dropping blasted material to an opening at the bottom of the shaft) is used, hole diameters up to 8
inches (200 mm) have been employed. Depending on their size, depth and location, underground storage caverns
may employ any combination of the drilling techniques used for tunnels and shafts.
ANFO is used extensively for underground construction blasting and can be poured into vertical holes or loaded
pneumatically into horizontal or “up” holes. Where water conditions prohibit the use of ANFO (most shafts are
extremely wet), cartridged dynamites or emulsions, slurries or water gels are used. For very large projects, bulk
emulsions, slurries or water gels may be pumped into the blastholes. Dynamites, emulsions, slurries and water
gels may also be used in hard rock or tight formations where higher loading densities are required.
Underground construction blasts can be initiated with electric detonators, electronic detonators, nonelectric (shock
tube) detonators, or miniaturized detonating cord detonators. Millisecond, long period, or programmed delay
detonators can be used in tunnel work.
Blasting for tunnels, shafts and underground storage caverns can present a number of safety problems. The work
is usually closely allied to a tight completion schedule and “shortcuts” to save time may be attempted.
Illumination at the face of a tunnel or in a shaft or underground cavern must be of a type that will not create stray
current problems if using electric detonators. All equipment for pneumatically loading explosive materials should
be grounded and a semiconductive loading hose used. A well defined schedule for drilling, blasting and mucking
should be developed with emphasis on signaling systems and methods of accounting for the location and safety of
personnel. Drillers should be cautioned about starting holes in bootlegs or sockets from previous rounds, and
blasters should be instructed in proper procedures for transporting and storing explosive materials. Thunderstorms
are a particular hazard for tunnel and shaft blasting. All loading of explosive materials should be halted at the
approach of a thunderstorm, and personnel evacuated to a safe location.

SEISMIC PROSPECTING

A. General
The use of explosive materials in seismic prospecting for gas and oil deposits involves a number of safety
considerations that are seldom encountered in other types of blasting. The combination of “sleeper” charges
(loaded charges remaining in the ground for days or weeks before being detonated), specially designed explosive
charges or cartridges with coupling devices, special seismic detonators and unique firing procedures create
situations quite different from those found in mining, quarrying or construction blasting.
Seismic exploration with explosive materials is carried out by using several basic techniques. For land, bay or
marsh work, explosive materials are loaded into shot holes that may range from five feet (1.5 m) to several
hundred feet or meters deep. The charges are often loaded and allowed to “sleep”, or remain undetonated in the

34
 shot holes, for days or weeks while additional holes are drilled and loaded. Other land work entails the plowing of
long lines of detonating cord beneath the surface of the ground or suspending pouches of explosive materials on
stakes several feet above the ground.
For marine work, canisters of explosive materials are placed at predetermined depths in the water behind moving
boats, or long lengths of detonating cord are placed in the water.
When the explosive materials are detonated, the resulting seismic waves are reflected or refracted by various
geological structures located as deep as several miles below the earth's surface. These waves are detected by
sensitive transducers placed on the earth's surface or trailing in the water, and are recorded on magnetic tapes or
other media for subsequent data processing to determine subsurface geological structures. Certain kinds of
structures, such as anticlines or faults, are favorable for the accumulation of gas and oil.

B. Specific Recommendations
While at the work area, explosive materials must be kept in a Type 3 magazine or other suitable container. The
magazine or container must be kept closed and the lid secured except when explosive materials are being removed
or replaced. No equipment, persons or activity other than that required for loading holes with explosive materials
shall be near the hole.
Only the quantity of explosive materials required to make up one charge should be removed from the Type 3
magazine or container. Charges should not be made up in advance but should be primed at the shot hole and
loaded immediately after priming. The detonator should be as near the top of the charge as safely possible, and
when more than one cartridge is loaded the last cartridge loaded is primed.
For marine work, the detonators and high explosives must be stored in separate magazines on deck, separated a
minimum distance of 25 feet (7.6 m) and no closer than 15 feet (4.6 m) to any ducts exhausting hot air or 10 feet
(3.1 m) from unshielded radio equipment or antenna leads. Magazines must be securely fastened to the deck.
When electric detonators are used, radio transmission should be suspended, or operations should conform to
recommendations contained in IME Safety Library Publication Number 20, “Safety Guide for the Prevention of
Radio Frequency Radiation Hazards in the Use of Commercial Electric Detonators (Blasting Caps)”.
For offshore work, the surface float of a positioned charge must be clearly visible to the shooter and assistant
shooter at all times, and must be visible and at a prescribed distance from the boat before the electric detonator
wires are connected to the firing line. The charge must be at the shooting point before the assistant shooter
unshorts his shorting plug and communicates to the shooter, “ready to fire”. Only with the charge at the shot point
and still visible does the shooter unplug his shorting plug in final preparation for firing.

COYOTE BLASTING
Coyote blasting, while still practiced in a few locations, is an older technique of blasting that was common before large
downhole drills were available. It was often used in quarries or in construction projects where massive amounts of
material were needed in a short period. It was also used where the nature of the terrain, such as steeply pitching or
inaccessible slopes, made conventional drilling unsafe, uneconomical or impossible. Coyote blasting for aggregate is most
effective where the rock formation is well-jointed or columnar and the rock easily fragments once displaced. It can also be
effective where massive stone is needed for armor stone or rip rap. Coyote blasting does not work well where the bedding
planes are horizontal and massive.
With this method of blasting, small tunnels or “coyote” drifts are driven into the formation to a predetermined depth, and
wings or “T's” are driven perpendicular to the access tunnels and parallel to the face of the formation. Carefully calculated
charges of explosive materials are loaded at points in the wings to assure proper distribution of explosive energy.

35
The charges used for coyote blasting generally consist of blasting agents (bulk or bagged ANFO) primed with cast
boosters or other cap sensitive high explosives. Charges are normally initiated by detonating cord trunklines; common
practice is to use a double trunkline with numerous cross ties. The detonating cord is brought out of the main tunnel to the
face where a detonator is attached.
The main tunnel or “coyote” drift is backfilled or stemmed to confine the charges in the wings, but this stemming may
contain some coarse material that could damage the detonating cord trunklines. In practice, the detonating cord is
protected by covering the lines with planks, running them through plastic pipe or covering them with sand bags.
Because of the large amounts of explosive materials involved, the manner in which the explosive charge is placed, and the
nature of the formation to be blasted, a poorly executed coyote blast could result in extensive flyrock which might injure
personnel and/or cause property damage. In coyote blasting, the area to be blasted must be accurately surveyed to
determine height of face, depth and width of tunnels and the total amount of rock to be displaced. The pitch of the rock
formation must also be examined, along with a full evaluation of the controlling geology. Additionally, the amount of
explosive materials to be loaded and the location and size of the individual charges must be carefully calculated. Coyote
blasting should never be attempted by anyone who is not experienced in this type of blasting.

AGRICULTURAL BLASTING
Explosive materials are often used for agricultural blasting (ditching, stumping and land clearing), and are economically
attractive because of the great amount of time, labor and machinery costs that can be saved. However, it should be
stressed that persons who are inexperienced in the handling of explosive materials should not attempt this type of blasting.
Many states require that all users of explosives possess a valid blaster's license or permit, as well as a purchase or storage
permit, even when blasting on one's own property.

A. Stump Blasting
In addition to the size of the stump (usually the diameter measured one foot (0.3 m) above ground), the blasting of
stumps must also consider the condition of the stump (whether it is green, old but solid or partly rotted), and the
type of ground in which the stump is situated. A green stump will require more explosive materials than an old or
rotted one. Loose, sandy soils offer very little confinement and much of the explosive energy is lost because these
soils are so easily displaced. To overcome the lack of confinement in sandy soils it may be necessary to increase
the explosive charge or to place the charge deeper under the stump. Heavy soils such as clay, loam or silty loam
offer much better confinement for the explosive charge and stump blasting is more effective in these soils.
Explosive cartridges loaded in blastholes under the stump should be slit and tamped tightly so they will compact
and completely fill the cross section of the hole. As with any type of blasting, the primer cartridge is never slit or
tamped. Heavy clay or loam are excellent materials for stemming holes.
When possible, stumping blastholes should be initiated with electric or nonelectric detonators, or detonating cord.
1. Estimating Explosive Materials
Because of the many variables involved, it is impossible to state exactly how much explosive material will be
required to blast any given stump. Quantities which experience has found to be satisfactory for average
conditions of the country, except the Pacific Northwest, are shown below:

36
 Number of Cartridges
Diameter of Stump
Green Old But Partly Rotted
One Foot Above
Stump Solid Stump Stump
Ground
6” (150 mm) 2 1-1/2 1
12” (300 mm) 4 3 2
18” (460 mm) 6 4 3
24” (610 mm) 8 6 4
30” (760 mm) 10 7 5
36” (910 mm) 13 9 6
42” (1100 mm) 16 12 8
48” (1200 mm) 20 15 10

This table is based on the use of 1-1/4 x 8 inch (32 x 200 mm) cartridges of explosive materials in dense, firm
soil. If soil is dry and light, the amount of explosive materials may have to be increased.
In the Pacific Northwest, it has been found that green hemlock stumps will require about one 1-1/4 x 8 inch
(32 x 200 mm) cartridge for each inch (25 mm) of diameter. This charge can be reduced approximately one-
third for spruce, one-half for alder and maple and even more for cedar. In the Pacific Northwest, stump
diameters are usually measured 4 feet (1.2 m) above the ground.
Precautions must be taken in stump blasting to see that all persons are at a safe distance and under protective
cover so they will not be endangered by flying missiles from the blast.

B. Ditch Blasting
Explosive materials may be used to blast new ditches or clean out old ones.
The geometry of a blasted ditch will depend on the blasting method, quantity of explosive materials used and type
of ground. It can be of any length, 2-1/2 to 12 feet (0.76 to 3.7 m) in depth, and 4 to 40 feet (1.2 to 12 m) in width
at the top. As the sides usually slope toward the center at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, the width at the
bottom will be significantly less than at the top.
Ditch blasting requires that the blaster be familiar with the techniques to be employed, and the conditions (type
and moisture content) of the ground in which the ditch is to be blasted. The determination as to soil type and
moisture content will allow the blaster to decide on the quantity and type of explosive materials, and the depth
and spacing of holes for a test blast.
In theory, there is no limit to the length of a ditch blast. In practice, however, it has been found best to limit the
length to about 300 to 500 feet (90 to 150 m) per blast. This limitation allows changes to be made in loading
procedures to accommodate vibrations in soil conditions that may occur as the ditch blasting progresses.
When blasting a ditch through timbered country, it is necessary to first cut the timber and brush from the right-of-
way. If trees and brush overhang the line of the ditch, they will catch large quantities of the blasted material,
which will often fall back into the ditch. Cartridges of explosive materials should be loaded into vertical holes to a
uniform depth. Holes should follow a straight line and a centerline of rope or range poles placed every 25 feet (7.6
m) should be used to guide the blaster setting the charges.
All holes should be stemmed to achieve optimum results. In wet or mucky ground, water or mud will usually
cover the charge to provide adequate stemming, however, in ground where water or mud does not cover the
charges, stemming material must be introduced. It is extremely important that all large diameter holes (post holes)
are adequately stemmed.
1. Ditching by the Propagation Method
In wet soils, the propagation method of ditching is generally the quickest and most economical. In this
37
 method only one hole is primed, the concussion from the detonation of this hole being sufficient to propagate
the explosive wave through the wet earth and set off the entire line of holes containing explosive materials.
The propagation method of ditching requires a relatively sensitive explosive to achieve satisfactory results;
“ditching dynamite” is recommended for this work.
Ditching dynamite is a 50% straight nitroglycerin dynamite packed in cartridges 1-1/4 inches (32 mm) in
diameter by 8 inches (200 mm) long, with each cartridge weighing about one-half pound (0.23 kg).
In propagation ditching, priming is done with an electric or nonelectric detonator.
2. Ditching by the Electric, Electronic, or Nonelectric Detonator or Detonating Cord Method
When the ground is too dry or too hard for the successful use of the propagation method, the use of electric,
electronic, or nonelectric detonators or detonating cord will permit the blasting of ditches in all but the driest
and sandiest of soils. In this method, an electric, electronic, or nonelectric detonator or detonating cord is
inserted in one cartridge in each hole.
The electric detonators are connected in series or in series-in-parallel, and fired simultaneously by means of a
blasting machine. The length of the ditch that can be blasted at one time will be determined by the electrical
output of the blasting machine. Always connect electronic detonators according to the specific manufacturer's
recommended practices. The length of the ditch will be determined by the specific system used.
When nonelectric shock tube detonators are used, the shock tube is connected to a trunkline of detonating
cord, or to the appropriate initiating unit and the holes are fired simultaneously. In-hole and surface delay
units may be utilized when delay firing sequence is desirable.
When detonating cord is used, one cartridge in each hole is primed and connected to a single detonating cord
trunkline. There is no limit to the number of holes or lengths of ditch that may be fired at one time. The
detonating cord trunkline is initiated by electric or nonelectric detonators. For blasting a ditch with
miniaturized detonating cord, a combination of in-hole delay detonators, instantaneous starters and surface
delays may be employed. The manufacturer should be consulted for advice on specific applications.
3. Loading Methods
There are two methods of placing the explosive materials when blasting a ditch: the punch bar and the post
hole method. Usually the desired dimensions of the ditch will determine the method used.
a. Punch Bar Loading Method
The punch bar method consists of a single line of holes spaced at equal intervals along the center line of
the proposed ditch. Cartridges should not be placed too deep; the top of the last cartridge loaded in the
hole should not be more than 12 inches (300 mm) below the ground. In extremely wet and soft soil, the
top of the last cartridge should be no more than 4 inches (100 mm) below ground.
The last hole in a single-line ditch will give a rounded end instead of a square end. To prevent this, two
holes should be placed in a “Y” position beyond the last hole.
The loads and distributions listed below are designed for normal conditions. Test shots, 25 to 50 feet (7.6
to 15 m) long, will determine whether the recommended loads and distances are satisfactory or whether
adjustments should be made.
PUNCH BAR LOADS

Weight of
1-1/4 X 8 in Depth to Depth Top Width Distance Explosives
(32 x 200 mm)
Cartridges Top of of of Between Per 100 ft
Per Hole Column Ditch Ditch Holes (30.5 m)
of Ditch
½ 6-8 in 1.5-2 ft 4-5 ft 12 in 25 lbs
(150-200 mm) (0.46.0-.61 m) (1.2-1.5 m) (300 mm) (11 kg)

38
 Weight of
1-1/4 X 8 in Depth to Depth Top Width Distance Explosives
(32 x 200 mm)
Cartridges Top of of of Between Per 100 ft
Per Hole Column Ditch Ditch Holes (30.5 m)
of Ditch
1 6-12 in 2.5-3 ft 6 ft 15 in 40 lbs
(150-300 mm) (0.76-0.91 m) (1.8 m) (380 mm) (18 kg)
2 6-12 in 3-3.5 ft 8 ft 18 in 67 lbs
(150-300 mm) (0.91-1.1 m) (2.4 m) (460 mm) (30 kg)
3 6-12 in 4-4.5 ft 10 ft 21 in 86 lbs
(150-300 mm) (1.2- 1.4 m) (3.1 m) (530 mm) (39 kg)

4 6-12 in 5-5.5 ft 13 ft 24 in 100 lbs

(150-300 mm) (1.5- 1.7 m) (4.0 m) (610 mm) (45 kg)

5 6-12 in 6-6.5 ft 16 ft 24 in 125 lbs

(150-300 mm) (1.8-2.0 m) (4.9 m) (610 mm) (56.8 kg)

b. Post Hole Loading Methods

The post hole method is used when it is necessary to blast ditches over 6 feet (1.8 m) deep. Large diameter
holes are required and post hole diggers are commonly used, hence, the name for the method.
The post hole method has been used successfully with as little as 3 pounds (1.4 kg) of explosive materials
loaded in holes spaced 3 feet (0.9 m) apart. The charge is placed 1/2 to 1/3 the required depth of the ditch
in a single line of holes, and usually produces a ditch with a bottom width equal to the depth and a top
width equal to 3 times the depth. Details for charges of 3 pounds to 50 pounds (1.4 to 23 kg) per hole,
with anywhere from 3 to 6 feet (0.9 to 2 m) distance between holes are given in the chart below. The
maximum size of ditch given in the table shows a top width of 36 feet (11 m) and a depth of 12 feet (3.7
m).
If the proposed ditch requires a relatively large quantity of explosive materials, the use of larger diameter
cartridges to replace equivalent weights of 1-1/4 x 8 inch (32 x 200 mm) cartridges will expedite loading.
POST HOLE LOADING

Weight of
3 lbs 5 lbs 10 lbs 15 lbs 25 lbs 50 lbs
explosive per
(1.4 kg) (2.3 kg) (4.5 kg) (6.8 kg) (11 kg) (23 kg)
hole
Distance 3 ft 3.5 ft 4 ft 4.5 ft 5 ft 6 ft
between holes (0.9 m) (1.1 m) (1.2 m) (1.3 m) (1.5 m) (1.8 m)
4 ft 5 ft 6 ft 7 ft 8.5 ft 12 ft
Depth of ditch
(1.2 m) (1.5 m) (1.8 m) (2.1 m) (2.6 m) (3.7 m)
Bottom width 4 ft 5 ft 6 ft 7 ft 8.5 ft 12 ft
of ditch (1.2 m) (1.5 m) (1.8 m) (2.1 m) (2.6 m) (3.7 m)
Top width of 12 ft 15 ft 18 ft 21 ft 25.5 ft 36 ft
ditch (3.7 m) (4.6 m) (5.5 m) (6.4 m) (7.8 m) (11 m)
2.67 ft 3.3 ft 4 ft 4.67 ft 5.67 ft 8 ft
Depth of load
(.8 m) (1 m) (1.2 m) (1.4 m) (1.7 m) (2.4 m)
Diameter of 4 in 4 in 4 in 4 in 8 in 8 in
Post-Hole (100 m) (100 m) (100 m) (100 m) (200 m) (200 mm)
Weight of
100 lbs 142.5 lbs 250 lbs 333 lbs 500 lbs 833 lbs
explosive per
(45 kg) (64.6 kg) (113 kg) (151 kg) (227 kg) (378 kg)
100 ft. (30.5 m)
Volume of
materials 118 yd3 185 yd3 266 yd3 363 yd3 533 yd3 1067 yd3
moved per 100 (90 m3) (141 m3) (203 m3) (277 m3) (407 m3) (814 m3)
ft. (30.5 m)

39
CAUTION: All types of ditch blasting produce large amounts of flying debris, mud, stones, roots, etc. This material may be
carried long distances by strong winds. Houses or equipment may be splattered. All personnel should be at a safe
distance, upwind and under protective cover.

C. Pond Blasting
Explosive materials have been used for blasting ponds in wet locations for water storage, drainage, irrigation and
enhancement of wildlife habitats. As a rule-of-thumb, one pound (0.45 kg) of explosive material can be expected
to remove one cubic yard (0.76 cubic meters) of earth.
For shallow ponds 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 0.9 m) in depth, the punch bar method of ditching may be used with parallel
lines of holes spaced about 30 inches (760 mm) apart. Each hole is loaded with one 1-1/4 x 8 inch (32 x 200 mm)
cartridge of explosive material. To aid in scouring the pond and preventing soil from falling back into the hole, an
additional hole is placed between each row at the center of the pond. In addition, the explosive charge in each hole
of this center row is doubled to increase throw. If the propagation method of ditching is used, “ditching dynamite”
must be employed. When holes are initiated by detonating cord or electric or nonelectric detonators, any cap
sensitive explosive material with sufficient water resistance for the conditions involved may be used.
The post hole method of ditching may also be utilized for pond blasting, especially when large, deep ponds are
required. In recent years, ANFO has been used for blasting water holes in marsh lands to improve wildlife
environment. Normally, the ANFO is placed in a waterproof plastic bag to protect it from moisture. Since the
ANFO is not cap sensitive, a high explosive primer containing a detonator or a length of detonating cord must be
attached to, or inserted into, the bag of ANFO. Care must be taken to make sure that the completed ANFO
package (with primer) is waterproof.
CAUTION: Pond blasting will result in soil, roots, stones and other missiles being thrown considerable distances. All
personnel should move to a safe distance and be under adequate protective cover.

The U.S. Forest Service and the Conservation Departments of a number of states have been very active in
promoting the creation of ponds for wildlife. The reader should contact these agencies for detailed information
about their programs

D. Boulder Blasting
Two principle methods of using explosive materials for fragmenting boulders are blockholing and mudcapping. In
blockholing, a hole is drilled about halfway through the boulder, and a primed charge of explosive material is
loaded into the hole and stemmed with clay or damp sand. For mudcapping, a charge of primed explosive material
is placed on the outer surface of the boulder (usually in a depression or a spot where good contact is provided) and
the charge is covered with 4 to 6 inches (100 to 150 mm) of mud to provide confinement.
In blockhole shooting, a loading ratio of about one-quarter to one-half cartridge of 1-1/4 x 8 inch (32 x 200 mm)
explosive material per cubic yard (0.76 m3) of rock is usually sufficient to break the boulder into pieces that can
be handled. Because of the lack of confinement, the mudcapping method requires about 10 times as much
explosive and about 2 to 3 pounds (0.9 to 1.4 kg) of explosive material per yard of rock is needed with this
method.
Although blockholing uses considerably less explosive material than mudcapping, the time for drilling holes in
each boulder to be blasted and/or the drilling equipment available must be considered. Today, mudcapping is
generally employed when drills are not available, the boulder is not accessible for drilling, or the boulder presents
an immediate hazard to equipment or personnel.
CAUTION: Mudcap blasting may result in airblast and flyrock. All personnel and property should be moved to a safe
distance and be under adequate protection.

Although single blockholes or mudcaps can be fired with a fuse detonator and safety fuse, when multiple charges
are being fired electric, nonelectric (shock tube), or detonating cord should be used. With safety fuse initiation,
holes detonate in a delayed sequence, and there is the possibility that detonators may be separated from explosives
40
 and unfired explosive materials may be scattered among the boulders.
Blasters should make sure that blockholes are adequately stemmed and that mudcaps are covered with 4 to 6
inches (100 to 150 mm) of wet mud. Flyrock can be produced from boulders being mudcapped and personnel
should take adequate protective cover.

E. Stemming
All holes containing explosive materials should be stemmed whenever possible to provide maximum
confinement, allowing the explosive material to utilize all its potential energy and perform at maximum
efficiency. Stemming also minimizes flyrock and reduces airblast. In the rotational firing of closely spaced holes,
stemming helps to keep the charge from being sucked out of the hole.
Although drill cuttings are normally satisfactory, light, dusty cuttings will mix with water in the blastholes to form
a muck or slurry that may prevent cartridges of explosive materials from sinking, resulting in gaps in the
explosive column, and may result in inadequate charge confinement.
For large diameter blastholes that contain appreciable amounts of water, 1/4 to 1 inch (6.4 to 25 mm) clean
crushed stone is recommended for stemming. Clean sharp sand can be used for smaller diameter blastholes.
Combustible materials or large rocks should not be used for stemming. Large rocks can bridge in the blastholes
causing gaps that prevent adequate confinement. Large rock can also be ejected from the blasthole, like shot from
a gun barrel resulting in a serious flyrock problem.
For the stemming of horizontal or “upper” blastholes, stemming material packed in flexible plastic tubes or paper
tamping bags are employed. Horizontal or “upper” holes are sometimes stemmed pneumatically.
Whenever stemming or tamping blastholes, care must be exercised to make sure that fuses, leg wires, tubes and
detonating cords are protected from damage.

POST-BLAST INSPECTION WITH PRE-BLAST INFORMATION

SURFACE OPERATIONS
A checklist has been developed to aid in the completion of this task. It is available in the ANNEX Section of this
document. The checklist and this section information have been developed to help ensure proper post-blast
inspections are completed minimizing dangerous situations which could arise after a blast. The pre-blast portion
of this section was added to offer a protocol for work to be completed just prior to the blast. More pre-blast
information is available in the other sections of this SLP and in SLP 3 and 4.

PRE-BLAST PREPARATION
This section concerns the immediate work to be completed in anticipation of initiating the loaded i blast. It does
not cover the proper loading, stemming and pattern development for the blast. Under this part, the blaster in
charge and/or his crew should set up the cameras, blasting seismographs and other monitoring equipment. The
blast area must be cleared and guarded to prohibit entry into the blast area (which includes the blast site). The
blaster in charge (“BIC”) or his designee will connect and test blasting equipment, including initiation circuits.
The blaster(s) and others in the blast area must retreat to adequate shelter at a safe distance during initiation. The
BIC assures that the blast area is secure by communicating with the blocking crew and/or use of an unmanned
aerial system (“UAS”) or drone 3 as it is commonly known. One or more audible pre-blast warnings shall be
issued through the communications system and/or with an air horn. A “ten second until blast” announcement
shall be given through the communications system and verbally for the other blasting personnel. After the ten
second announcement, the communications system must remain quiet, and the BIC must listen for any abort
communications from the blocking crew or others on the communications system. The controlled blast will be
initiated and the BIC will announce that the blast has been detonated, but that blocking must remain in place until

3
Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS or drones) must be conducted in compliance with all local, state and federal requirements.
41
an ALL CLEAR signal has been issued. The firing device will be disconnected from the leading line, which must
then be shunted in the case of an electric (not electronic) initiating system. For nonelectric firing, the lead-in-line
will be disconnected from the initiating system. Post-Blast Inspection Procedures will commence at this point.

POST-BLAST INSPECTION
This section describes procedures to be conducted following a blast and before the blast area is declared safe and
released back to the mine. The BIC or his qualified designee must examine the blast site before anyone
approaches the post-blast site. If fumes are evident, the BIC must inform the blocking crew and advise them to
continue restricting entry into the blast area. The BIC or his designee must describe the cloud movement and
ensure that the fumes are clear before allowing entry into the blast area. If necessary, binoculars may be used to
aid in this evaluation. During this period, the BIC or his designee may review any videos of the blast to assist in
determining the blast completeness. If available and deemed appropriate, a UAS may be used for additional
aerial evaluation of the blast area. The blast review process is used to determine anticipated heave/movement,
preliminary initiation system function and possible misfires.
Again, after the fumes have cleared, the BIC (or his designated experienced person) must inspect the blast site
(having a spotter watch the inspection from a safe distance). The blast site inspection must be conducted
following these elements:

• Check blast site for anticipated heave or movement. Poor heave or movement may indicate an
undetonated hole or portion of the blast or may also be attributed to unusual geologic conditions such as
old underground works or fault zones;
• When using mats to cover a blast, the blast should be viewed to ensure predicted heave was achieved
across the complete blast. Generally, a blasting mat may not be removed until the BIC announces ALL
CLEAR. However, if a problem is noticed (such as incomplete heave), a minimum number of personnel
should be used to uncover the suspected problem;
• Examine initiation system function by looking for undetonated shock tube, by using a blasters multi-
meter to test blast lines to downhole wires and by looking for live surface detonators. If a blast mat is
used, check the tell tails for each row to determine that the surface detonators have all functioned;
• Examine for misfires or undetonated material in the muck pile;
• Look for overhanging or loose material from a blast that would pose risks to operators in that area;
• Examine for excessive back break which will change the dynamics of operating or mucking in that area;
and
• Misfires or burning material in the muck pile shall cause immediate halt to the inspection and delay the
ALL CLEAR signal. Where misfires or burning materials are found, waiting periods per applicable
regulations should be followed.
If the blast site is determined to be safe, the BIC or his appointee will give the ALL CLEAR signal for re-entry
into the blast area and blast site. This signal functionally returns blast area and blast site control to the mine or
project management.

POST-BLAST INSPECTION REVIEW

The BIC or his appointee will review any seismic data and compare the expected PPV to the recorded PPV. The
BIC or his appointee will also review any acoustic data and compare expected data to actual performance. If not
done prior to the site release, the BIC or his appointee should review the video of the blast for initiation
completeness and any other blasting issues. The BIC or his appointee must complete the required blast report in a
legible and precise manner, including a post blast inspection checklist if required. If unused explosives have not
been returned to a magazine after loading the blast, ensure all explosive material is returned to the proper
magazine storage. All returned explosives must be recorded back into inventory. The BIC must sign the blast
report and post blast-inspection checklist, if required.

42
 UNDERGROUND MINES AND SHAFTS
Due to the varied operational considerations in underground mine or shafts, a checklist or prescriptive directions
for handling post-blast inspection for underground works has not been created. There are additional concerns or
specific mine conditions that could be extremely hazardous to a miner’s safety and these are best handled on site
or at the mine level; however, some general recommendations follow:

• The ventilation plan for the mine should be used as a guide in handling blast considerations and post blast
inspections. Most blasts are not inspected until the fumes have cleared overnight while others have a
shorter time allowed for the inspection. In either case, a gas meter must always be used by the inspection
team to determine the air quality in the mine and especially near the blast area.
• The face should be checked for bootlegs, the muck should be examined for undetonated explosives, and
potential overhanging corners should be checked. No drilling should be allowed to commence until the
site is inspected and released by the BIC, which should be in done in consultation with the drillers who
are familiar with the face work and who may be drilling the next round in that area.

MISFIRES
Every precaution must be taken to prevent misfires. Experience has shown that if proper procedures are followed the
probability of misfires occurring is reduced to an absolute minimum. Detection of misfires during the post-blast inspection
is paramount since history shows that many serious accidents involve misfired explosives of which workers are unaware.
When a misfire occurs, it is sometimes difficult to detect the presence of the unexploded materials. If a misfire is
suspected, do not give the “all-clear” signal and immediately barricade the area and notify managerial level personnel as
soon as possible and by the end of the shift. This identified misfired area should be barricaded from unauthorized entry
until the misfire is successfully resolved. For this reason, never drill into or near a borehole that has previously been
loaded with explosive materials. Accidents could occur if misfired explosive material is impacted by a drill steel or bit.
Because misfires occur under so many varied conditions, and are caused by so many different factors, it is impossible to
offer detailed instructions to cover every situation. Moreover, due to the potential hazards involved, misfires should only
be handled by persons who are thoroughly trained and experienced in the properties of explosive materials and their
use in blasting operations.
A. Prevention Plan
A thorough investigation should always be made of all misfire incidents so the cause can be determined and
corrective action can be taken to prevent recurrence. Some of the more frequent causes of misfires are:
1. inadequate or improperly made primers;
2. use of nonwater-resistant explosive materials in wet work;
3. improper loading practices;
4. physical damage to leg wires of electric or electronic detonators, shock tube leads, detonating cord, or
primers;
5. failure to light fuse or to connect the delay detonators into the blasting circuit;
6. failure or improper initiation system connection;
7. insufficient or excessive electric current;
8. damage to the fuse powder train;
9. improper programming of electronic delay detonators;
10. dead pressing or other damage caused by the detonation of nearby charges;
11. lost or dropped downlines from the collar of the borehole during the loading or stemming process;
12. inadequate or improper inert decking material; and
13. improper delay timing between decked charges or boreholes.

43
 Occasionally, the primer will detonate, but not initiate a portion of the explosive materials in the borehole. These
failures should be handled in the same manner as failures of the entire charge. Partial failures are usually caused
by:
1. cutoff holes or sections of holes;
2. improper or inadequate priming;
3. deteriorated explosive materials;
4. improper loading or drill cuttings between cartridges or unplanned separation of explosive column;
5. effect of water or moisture on the explosive materials; and
6. dead pressing or other damage caused by the detonation of nearby charges.
Minimizing cutoffs in the borehole may be accomplished by properly priming the explosive materials throughout
the borehole, by properly delaying the blast, using multiple or “insurance” primers, and by designing the round
with due consideration to burdens and spacing and all visible seams and partings.

B. Waiting Period
If a misfire is known to occur involving the use of cap and fuse, the blast area should be kept clear for at least 30
minutes. If electric or nonelectric (shock tube) detonators, or detonating cord systems are involved in a misfire,
the waiting period should be at least 15 minutes. If electronic detonators are involved in a misfire, wait a
minimum of 30 minutes before reentering the blast area, unless the manufacturer recommends additional time.
Entry to the blast area should be restricted during the waiting period. If electric initiation has been used, the lead-
in-line should be disconnected from the blasting machine, the lines shunted and the blasting machine secured. If
shock tube initiation has been used, the lead-in-line should be disconnected from the blasting machine and the
blasting machine secured.

C. Misfire Resolution Procedures

After the appropriate waiting period, the blaster-in-charge (BIC) and an absolute minimum number of authorized,
competent, and experienced personnel required to assess the situation may enter the blast area. The BIC should
develop a plan for resolving the misfire and communicate that plan to essential personnel before work begins.
Figure 3 shows the basic elements of a logic flow diagram for a typical misfire resolution procedure.

Figure 3
Misfire Resolution Protocol

44
1. Refiring
The safest and surest way to dispose of any misfired explosive material is by detonation (providing there is
sufficient burden or cover to contain the blast). The BIC should, before taking any action, make an evaluation
to determine the amount and location of the unfired explosive material and the condition of the ground
surrounding the misfires.
If the blast was fired electrically, a check should be made of all apparently unfired circuits. Electric detonator
circuits should be checked for continuity by use of a blasting galvanometer, blasting ohmmeter, blaster’s
ohmmeter or blaster's multimeter. Electronic detonator circuits should be checked for continuity with
equipment recommended by the manufacturer of the electronic system. Misfires attributable to malfunctions
of the electrical circuit may be reconnected and fired if the holes have sufficient burden. When entire holes or
groups of holes have failed to fire, the problem may have been failure of the initiation system to deliver
energy to that portion of the pattern. In this case, the primers may still be functional and the holes can be
refired.
When detonating cord or nonelectric detonators are involved in misfires, it is virtually impossible to test for
circuit continuity. However, the blaster can check any lines coming out of the hole and, if they appear to be
intact, reconnect them and try to detonate the misfired holes.
Due to the varying and unique designs of electronic detonator systems, misfires must be handled according to
the specific manufacturer's recommended procedures.
Often only a portion of the blast will fire and crater or otherwise disturb the area around the collar of the
blastholes. In this situation, an examination should be made to locate and mark the individual blastholes. If
there are detonator leg wires, leads, or detonating cord downlines in the holes they should be checked to
determine the feasibility of refiring the holes.
Probably one of the greatest hazards associated with the handling of misfires is the possibility of excessive
flyrock when refiring the charge. This is especially true when only a portion of the blast has fired, reducing
the burdens and shattering the ground surrounding the misfired holes. A thorough evaluation should be made
of the area containing misfired holes before any action is taken to refire the holes. Sometimes it may be
necessary to eliminate certain holes to prevent excessive flyrock, or to cover the area with rock screenings,
sand, and/or mats to contain the blast. In all instances of refiring misfired charges, the possibility of excessive
flyrock is an important consideration and personnel and equipment must be moved beyond the normal blast
area or provide proper shelter.
2. Repriming
In blastholes where the leg wires are discontinuous, or leads or detonating cord are cut off in the hole, there
may still be explosive materials in the hole, which can be reprimed and fired. If the powder column is visible,
it may be possible to place a fresh primer on top of the column. When stemming is still in the blasthole, it can
be removed by vacuuming, blowing it out with air, or washing it out with water. Care should be taken to
ensure that the introduction of electrically powered equipment into the blast site does not present a hazard.
Normally, the use of air to blow out stemming in large diameter holes is impractical due to the large volume
of air required. A jet of water introduced into the hole through a rubber or plastic hose will often work in large
diameter holes, especially where drill cuttings have been used for stemming. Air or water will work equally
well for small diameter holes. When blowing stemming out of blastholes, dirt, stone chips and mud will be
ejected from the hole with great velocity and personnel should take proper precautions. When misfires
involve electric detonators, special precautions must be implemented to prevent premature detonation from an
extraneous electrical charge such as static generated by moving particles. These precautions may prevent
certain stemming removal procedures.
When attempting to remove stemming from a misfired blasthole, only plastic or rubber hoses or wooden
tamping poles should be used. Exercise care so that explosive materials are not vacuumed. Ferrous metal

45
 tools, pipes or rods should not be used. Never allow a drill to set up over a misfired hole to drill or blow out
the stemming or the explosive charge.
In holes where the stemming has been removed and the powder column is accessible, a new primer should be
placed in the hole and the hole refired. Because the explosive material to be primed may have gotten wet in
the process of removing the stemming, the new primer should be of high strength to assure initiation of the
misfired explosive material.
The sound of the new primer firing is not a dependable indication that the entire charge of misfired explosive
material has detonated. The primer may have caused some of the charge to burn, creating a “hangfire” which
could eventually detonate from a build up of heat and pressure. It is recommended that no one return to the
blast area for at least one hour following the firing of a reprimed misfired charge.
3. Hangfires
In addition to the specific risk of explosives burning following the repriming of a misfired blasthole, misfires
of any kind always create the possibility that some of the misfired explosive material may start to burn. This
burning explosive, which is commonly called a “hangfire”, could eventually result in an explosion, especially
if the burning explosive is confined in the blasthole. Burning explosives generally result from an interruption
in the explosive column caused by drill cuttings or loose material in the blasthole creating separations, a
shifting or squeezing of the blasthole due to rock movement, or by other factors which slow down or interrupt
the steady state velocity of the explosive charge. Whenever a misfire occurs the area should always be
checked for signs of explosives burning near or in the blastholes. In the event of a burning charge, personnel
should leave the area and entrance to the site should be restricted until all evidence of burning has ceased.
Another possible cause of burning explosive materials is “arcing” of long-period delay electric detonators
when using an AC or DC power line. “Arcing” can be eliminated by using capacitor discharge type blasting
machines or time limiting switch on the powerline.
4. Washing Out
Where conditions do not permit the refiring of a misfired charge, it is often possible to wash the charge out of
the hole. Consideration must be given to the environmental impact and compliance of such an activity.
5. Recovering
When misfired holes cannot be refired, or the explosive materials cannot be readily recovered or washed out
of the holes, consideration must be given to recovering the misfired charge from the ground. A written
procedure for this type of recovery should exist for the operation. This procedure should consider the
following elements:
a. Nonmetallic Tools. When attempting to remove the explosive charge from a misfired blasthole, only
plastic, rubber, or wooden tools and tamping poles should be used. Ferrous metal tools, pipes or rods
should not be used.
b. Experienced Persons. Designate an experienced person as the ground spotter knowledgeable of the
location, loading, and properties of the misfired explosives. The ground spotter or his designated
responsible representative should be present and direct all operations during the search and movement of
any materials suspected of containing misfired explosives. Any equipment operator involved should be
informed of the potential hazards of the operation and shown items for which he should be watchful.
c. Protect Operator. A barricade should be provided to give protection to the operator of equipment used for
the recovery. A barricade could be constructed of high velocity impact resistant plastic, such as Lexan®
plastic, or other material sufficient to protect the operator from flying materials (such as rock fragments)
resulting from the accidental detonation of misfired explosives.
d. Protect Ground Spotter. Either a protective shelter should be available, or the movement of the equipment
should occur in a manner so that the ground spotter is barricaded from any potential flying materials such
as rock fragments resulting from any accidental detonation of misfired explosives.
e. Communication. The equipment operator and the ground spotter should have a constant method of
communication such as a dedicated two-way radio system.
46
 f. Discovery. Any person involved in the procedure should halt the operation immediately whenever any
remnants of misfired explosives are observed. When any explosive material is discovered, the ground
spotter should control procedures to safely remove the hazard. This may include continuation of physical
recovery, procedures to safely detonate the explosives in place, or other procedures.
g. Digging. Movement of any material that may contain misfired explosives should only be performed in the
immediate presence and direction of a ground spotter. Digging should be approached from a direction that
reduces the probability of contact with multiple misfired charges.
h. Primer and Downline Protection. When digging approaches the location of a suspected misfired primer or
downline, extra care should be taken to ensure that forces capable of initiating the primer or downline are
not delivered to the primer or downline. The excavation elevation should be changed (either elevated or
lowered) to prevent the probability of impact of the equipment digging edge with the misfired primer
assembly.
i. Material Inspection. Material suspected of containing misfired explosives should be spread out in a thin
pile for further examination. Whenever any misfired explosives are observed, they should be carefully
removed for safe disposal. When this material is sent for further processing such as crushing or milling, the
processing personnel should be notified. As the material is being unloaded for processing, the material
should be visually checked again from a safe location for the presence of explosives.
j. Material Handling. Transport equipment for the material should be oriented in a manner to protect the
operator from any potential flying materials such as rock fragments resulting from accidental detonation of
misfired explosives. The operators of equipment used for transport of mucked material should remain
inside the equipment.
6. Displacing
As a last resort, drilling and blasting holes adjacent to the misfired hole(s) and displacing the unfired
explosive materials may be considered. Extreme care should be exercised since intersection of the misfired
charge with the drill may cause detonation. When possible, drilling should be conducted remotely, protecting
the drill operator from the forces of such a detonation. Unfired explosives remaining in misfired blastholes
may be initiated or ignited by the detonation of adjacent blastholes. For this reason no misfired blastholes
should be left near a blast with the intention of firing the misfired holes later.
CAUTION: This method can be extremely hazardous and should be attempted only by experienced, qualified persons.

7. Disposal of Misfired Explosives

Misfires should be disposed of as promptly as possible to eliminate the potential hazard of any misfired holes
being accidentally initiated. All recovered explosive material to be disposed of should be taken to a separate
storage magazine and managed in accordance with applicable laws and regulations pertaining to waste
disposal. In some locations, misfires must be reported to regulatory agencies that will prescribe procedures for
proper handling.

FUMES
When detonated, all explosive materials produce fumes in amounts dependent on the type of product, priming, water
conditions, size of borehole, confinement and the amount and type of stemming.
Adequate postblast ventilation of a blast area is required to assure that fumes, dust and smoke have been reduced to safe
limits before personnel reenter the area. Many times after a blast has been fired, potentially dangerous conditions such as
rock slides, backbreak, overhangs, loose rock, unstable muck piles and unfired charges may be present. These conditions
may not be readily detectable due to restricted visibility and it is advisable to stay out of the blast area for a time sufficient
for the smoke and dust to clear.

A. Surface Blasting
Blasting operations produce toxic and nontoxic gases as a normal by-product regardless of the types of explosive
materials used. Normally, prevailing winds or air currents readily dilute and dissipate to the atmosphere any gases
generated in open pit blasting or outdoor construction blasting. However, there have been reports of incidents

47
where carbon monoxide (CO) from outdoor blasting operations has migrated into underground enclosed spaces.
Emergency responders reportedly detected CO at concentrations that approached or exceeded the threshold limit
values (time weighted average of 25 ppm) established by the American Conference of Governmental and
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
In the incidents noted above, it appears that a unique set of circumstances combined to contribute to high
concentrations of CO measured in the underground enclosed spaces following the detonation of the explosive
materials. These circumstances included:
1. The blasts were located very close to the underground enclosed spaces. Five of the blasts were within 20 to 50
feet (6.1 to 15 meters) of the underground enclosed spaces, three were 100 to 150 feet (30 to 46 meters) away,
and one was nearly 500 feet (150 meters) away.
2. The blastholes were stemmed to 50 percent or more of their depth. On firing the blasts, very little vertical
displacement of the overburden and essentially little or no venting of the gas from the explosives occurred.
3. In each case, excavation of the blasted material did not take place immediately after blasting, but remained in
place.
4. The underground enclosed spaces had some type of opening(s) through which the gas could readily enter.
These entry points were typically drainage slots in floating slabs, pits for sump pumps, and floor drains.
Unsealed entry points for new or existing utility lines also served as conduits and places of entry.
5. In each case where persons were adversely affected by the CO, monitoring of the underground enclosed
spaces for CO did not occur until after the toxic effects of the CO were felt.
Shots where blastholes are drilled though clay or dirt overburden and shot with the overburden in place to
minimize vertical movement, control displacement, and prevent flyrock, may not allow venting of explosive gases
from the blasted area and can cause accumulation of these gases in the broken rock below the surface of the
ground. This condition may have little adverse effect when operations are remote and no dwellings are nearby the
operation. Blasters should be aware that under certain blasting or geologic conditions, gases may migrate and
collect in the basements of adjacent buildings or in nearby underground locations such as manholes, sumps, or
tunnels.
In addition, in deep trench blasting or the blasting of access ramps where there is no vertical displacement of
material and no venting of blastholes, gases from the blast may be trapped in the unexcavated rock. The gases
may remain trapped until excavation of the shot rock. Blasters and excavators may encounter detonation gases in
deep narrow trenches or while digging ramps-blasted-to-full-depth to grade. Employers should make operating
employees aware that entrapped gases may be present in deep, narrow trenches or ramps where the underlying
rock strata has been blasted with the overburden in place or the blast holes have been loaded to minimize swell or
displacement of the blasted material. Where necessary, monitoring and/or venting practices to detect and
eliminate entrapped gases should be employed.
1. To minimize any hazardous exposure from the gases produced by outdoor blasting, it is essential that the
blaster:
a. Be aware that lack of ground displacement may prevent venting of the blasted material and result in the
entrapment of gases.
b. Excavate blasted material as soon as possible after blasting. Excavation should start as close to the
underground enclosed space as possible in order to provide for venting of any entrapped gases.
Additionally, it is recommended that the blaster:
c. Be aware of and look for geologic pathways for CO such as old trenches, horizontal partings, faults,
joints, hillseams, unconsolidated material, water, and voids that would allow movement of gas towards
underground enclosed spaces.
d. Be aware that when blasting very close to underground enclosed spaces, fractures caused by the
48
 detonation may create a pathway for the gases.
e. Conduct a preblast survey to determine any possible problem areas when blasting near inhabited buildings
or underground facilities (tunnels, manholes, etc.).
f. Monitor possible problem areas to determine if any gases have migrated from the blasting operation.
g. If gases are detected, use adequate and positive ventilation (open windows and exhaust fans) to limit the
accumulation of gases at inhabited buildings or other facilities away from the blasting operation until the
gas is removed from the ground.
h. Keep accurate and complete records of all blasts. Blast records should include the names of the blaster-in-
charge and crew, the exact blast site location, the weather conditions, site-specific loading and geologic
data, vibration compliance data, a sketch of the blast site, and the blaster's signature.

Drilling monitoring holes between the blasting operation and the inhabited building or other area of concern can
detect the movement of CO from the blast site. However, these monitoring holes, even on close spacing, may not
intersect the geologic pathway and therefore may not allow detection of CO. These holes will not provide adequate
passive venting of migrating gases. If located too close to the blast, these holes may actually create a hazard by
allowing blast gases to rifle up them and create flyrock.
One technique has successfully and quickly removed migrated CO from the ground. This technique involved applying
negative pressure to the earth and removing the CO from the ground surrounding the underground enclosed space.
Even rudimentary systems involving placing a fan on top of a vertically buried large-diameter pipe with holes drilled
in the side have worked.

B. Underground Blasting
Miners' concern over fumes when they used explosive materials for underground blasting goes back well over 100
years. Special efforts such as using low fume producing products and providing fresh air ventilation minimize
miners' exposure to gases generated by underground blasting. For underground mining operations, explosive
materials with IME Fume Class 1, 2, or 3 ratings can be ordered from an explosive supplier. Fume Class 1
explosives are recommended for use in poorly ventilated areas such as dead headings and blind-raises. Explosives
complying with the requirements of Fume Class 2 and Fume Class 3 may be used if adequate ventilation has been
provided. No explosives other than those rated in Fume Class 1, 2, or 3 should be used underground.
The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regulates ventilation for underground metal and nonmetal
mines in 30 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 57, Subpart G. MSHA regulates ventilation for underground
coal mines in 30 CFR, Part 75, Subpart D. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulates
ventilation for underground construction work in which blasting may be involved (including, shaft sinking,
tunnels, caissons and cofferdams) in 29 CFR, Part 1926, Subpart S. These regulations cover monitoring and
control techniques.

DRILLING
Drillers or blasters should create and maintain a record of observations and conditions during drilling and loading. This
information should be used by the BIC to prevent flyrock and obtain optimal results. Observations and conditions
typically recorded include, but are not limited to the following:

• An overhead sketch of the blast site and location of boreholes,

• Distance and direction to nearest occupied structure, and
• Comments on geologic conditions such as:
o Geological structures, (slips, dips, joints, or seams)
o Excessive back break from a previous shot,
o Surface or face abnormalities, (caves, clay pockets, etc.)
o Overdigging,
o Toe, and
o Boulders.

49
The above geologic conditions could create situations that may vent explosive energy from the front row, overconfine
energy from the front row, or result in flyrock.
The specific information typically recorded by drillers on each individual borehole is dependent on site conditions and
may vary in format. This information should be easily correlated to the blast site sketch. Drillers and blasters should
establish a system of communication, usually accomplished by some manner of corresponding numbers on the boreholes
shown on the blast site sketch and the data on each specific borehole. Specific information recorded on each borehole
should include at least:

• Hole diameter,
• Hole depth,
• Face height,
• Subdrilling,
• Hole angle and directional orientation, (if angled holes are used)
• Type of material being drilled, (These notes may include general terms such as solid, hard, or soft and
specific types of geology such as shale, coal, limestone, granite, sandstone, and others.)
• Depth of broken rock, soft or unconsolidated overburden, and
• Abnormalities encountered. (Any anomalies encountered during drilling should be noted.
These anomalies could include overburden, cracks or broken zones, mud seams, water, and voids.)
Burden on face holes should be measured to confirm appropriate design burden. Loading in any areas of weak burden
should be adjusted accordingly.

50
 Annex A

BLAST SITE CHECKLIST

Customer / Operation: _______________________________________________ Date: _______________________

Blaster in Charge: __________________________ Blast Number: ______ Blast Location: _____________________

Pre-Blast/Blast Preparation
Initials
1. Set up cameras, blasting seismographs or other monitoring equipment _____

2. Walk the loaded blast and check all connections _____

3. Clear blast site and area _____

4. Connect and test blasting equipment, including initiation circuits _____

5. Blaster(s) and others in blast area must use adequate shelter at a safe distance during initiation _____

6. Assure the blast area is cleared through communications with blocking crew _____

7. Sound pre-blast warning _____

8. Provide a 10 second blast announcement via communication system

9. Listen for any “abort” communications _____

10. Initiate blast _____

11. Announce blast has been detonated, but all clear is not given _____

12. Disconnect firing device _____

13. Start post-blast inspection procedures _____

1 of 3
51
 Annex A

Post-Blast Inspection
Initials

1. Wait for fumes to clear _____

2. Conduct a visual blast site inspection before approaching _____

3. Review video of blast if a visual review discloses a concern or abnormal performance _____
(1)
4. Use binoculars to examine blast in exigent cases _____
(2)
5. Employ drone for additional blast site aerial inspection if deemed appropriate _____

6. Blaster in Charge (or designated experienced personnel) inspects blasted material _____
(ensure that a spotter is watching inspection from a safe distance)

7. Inspect blast site (including blasts with and without blasting mats) for:

Anticipated heave/movement _____

Initiation system function _____

Misfires _____

8. Inspect blast site for hazardous conditions, such as:

Overhanging or loose material _____

Excessive backbreak _____

Suspected misfires (if misfires are found or suspected, follow misfire procedures) _____

Burning material in muck pile (if burning material is found, follow applicable regulations) _____

9. If blast site is determined to be safe, give the “all clear” signal for re-entry into the blast area _____

10. Return blast area and blast site control to mine or project management _____

2 of 3

52
 Annex A

Post-Blast Inspection Review

Initials

1. Review seismic and acoustic data and compare the expected data versus the recorded data _____

2. Review video of blast (if not reviewed previously) _____

3. Complete required blast report legibly and precisely, including post blast inspection if required _____

4. Ensure all unused explosives are returned to proper magazine storage _____

5. Record all returned explosives to inventory _____

Blaster in Charge Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ________________________

Reviewer Signature: ______________________________________________ Date: ________________________

(1)
Binoculars or other vision extending devices should be used when dangers may be present on the blast site.
These dangers can include atmospheric conditions, i.e. rain, snow or sleet, or if the site has known geologic features that
could be considered dangerous, such as old mine workings, fault zones or collapsed areas that seemed problematic.
(2)
If a drone with a video package is included in the process, one must adhere to current local, state and federal
regulations for such usage. Also ensure that drone usage and communications are compatible with the electric or
electronic firing systems.

Exceptions Noted:

3 of 3

53
IMESAFR
Institute of Makers of Explosives Safety Analysis for Risk

What is IMESAFR? Why was

Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) is a
software model that was developed through a joint effort by IME and
IMESAFR
A-P-T Research, Inc. developed?
IMESAFR is a probabilistic risk assessment tool used to calculate risk IMESAFR was developed
to personnel from explosives facilities. This software not only to provide a more
calculates Quantity Distances (QD) based on the American comprehensive
Table of Distances and other QD regulations, it can assessment of
determine a level of safety based upon risk. the overall risk of
explosives operations.
The commercial
explosives industry
in the United States
uses the American
Table of Distances
(ATD) as the basis for
safe siting of explosives
storage facilities. ATD
siting involves the evaluation
of a specific magazine and
inhabited building or public
highway, which are referred to
as a Potential Explosion Site
(PES)/Exposed Site (ES) pair in
IMESAFR. This evaluation yields
the recommended separation
IMESAFR uses the donor structure and activity, the structure of the exposed distance based on the factors
sites, and duration of exposed personnel to determine a level of safety. The that affect risk, including
program provides users with the ability to work in metric or imperial measures, whether a barricade exists.
and allows users to import maps or drawings of their site to assist with Although the same criteria
visualizing facility layouts and results. can be applied to explosives
manufacturing operations,
the ATD was intended for
Importing Site Images
Loading a Registered Image Cache use in limited permanent
The first time a registered
storage situations. In addition
image is loaded into the to permanent storage
program, an image cache
file is created the situations, IMESAFR accounts
computer.
for other activities such as
manufacturing, assembly, and
Identifying Risk Drivers
Risk drivers can control the overall risk at a site so it is important to determine
loading and unloading.
what they are before spending time and money on mitigation efforts.
Consider a hypothetical scenario with the consequences shown below:

1e-02

1e-04

1e-06

1e-08

1e-10

1e-12

Overpressure Glass Building Collapse Image tiles can be easily loaded right into the
Debris

Based on the bar chart above, what is the risk driver?

What could be done to address the risk driver? program for future use.
Would removing all of the glass from the ES be effective?

M6-7 M4-11
 IMESAFR Training Course
The course is presented over three Course Content Course Outline
days with eight hours of mixed
lecture and discussion each day for The IMESAFR Training Course will 1. Overview
a total of 24 classroom hours. Daily guide the user through the overall 2. QD Concepts & Background
class hours are from 8am to 5pm user interface of the IMESAFR 3. QRA Concepts & Background
with an hour for lunch and breaks Software. Some of the topics
4. IMESAFR Features
mid-morning and mid-afternoon. A discussed are listed below.
5. Class Exercise 1
competency test will be given at the A background on the concepts
end of the course. 6. Risk Management
and terminology used in the
7. Advanced Tools
Class Size: minimum of 10, IMESAFR risk assessment
software. 8. Architecture - Part 1
maximum of 25.
9. Architecture - Part 2
A thorough guide on using input
Where 10. IMESAFR Protocols
screens and choosing the proper
The class is normally held at the 11. Linking Architecture to Testing
input selection.
APT Safety Engineering and Analysis
12. Class Exercise 2
Center (SEAC) in Huntsville, AL, A description of the capabilities
conveniently located in Cummings’ of IMESAFR including menu 13. Approval Process
Research Park near Redstone options, functions of the tool 14. Input Decisions
Arsenal. bar, help menu and generating 15. Group Exercise
See www.apt-research.com/ reports. 16. Test
contacts/contactUs.html Each student is
An overview of the 26-step
for detailed directions. responsible for
process used by IMESAFR to
The class may also familiarize the user with the bringing a laptop to
be offered at exposure and consequence training. A training
other locations. analysis. book is included in
On-site training the course fee.
Multiple examples (some worked
courses can be
individually and some as a
arranged, as
group) demonstrating the various
well as courses
capabilities of IMESAFR.
that run in
conjunction with Practical applications of the
conferences and software and its use in the risk
meetings. management process.

Schedule Cost Registration Information

www.apt-research.com/ New IMESAFR 2.0: To register for a class in Huntsville
capabilities/training.html Non IME member: US$1800 or if you are interested in setting up
IME member: US$750 a training course at a location other
CEU than Huntsville, please contact:
Upon completion of this course, Upgrade IMESAFR 2.0:
attendees will be credited with 2.0 Non IME member: US$750 Dean Nichols
Continuing Education Units (CEU). IME member: US$375 256.327.3373
Training voucher: US$1800 imesafrtraining@apt-research.com

institute of makers of explosives APT Point of Contact

202.429.9280 John Tatom 4950 Research Drive
www.ime.org 256.327.3373 Huntsville, AL 35805
aptinfo@apt-research.com www.apt-research.com

M-09-00810
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.
 20
December 2011

SAFETY GUIDE FOR THE PREVENTION

OF RADIO FREQUENCY RADIATION
HAZARDS IN THE USE OF
COMMERCIAL ELECTRIC DETONATORS
(BLASTING CAPS)
 Member Companies (As of December 2011)

Accurate Energetic Systems

McEwen, Tennessee Orica USA Inc.
Austin Powder Company Watkins, Colorado
Cleveland, Ohio Owen Oil Tools LP
Baker Hughes Godley, Texas
Houston, Texas R&R Trucking
Davey Bickford North America Duenweg, Missouri
Sandy, Utah Safety Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Detotec North America, Inc. Schaumberg, Illinois
Sterling, Connecticut Senex Explosives, Inc.
Douglas Explosives, Inc. Cuddy, Pennsylvania
Philipsburg, Pennsylvania Secured Land Transport
Dyno Nobel Inc. Glendale, Arizona
Salt Lake City, Utah SLT Secured Systems International, LLC
General Dynamics – Munitions Services Tolleson, Arizona
Joplin, Missouri Special Devices, Inc.
GEODynamics, Inc. Mesa, Arizona
Millsap, Texas Teledyne RISI
Hunting Titan Tracy, California
Milford, Texas Tread Corporation
IBQ-Britanite Roanoke, Virginia
Quatro Barras, Parana, Brazil Tri-State Motor Transit Company
Jet Research Center/Halliburton Joplin, Missouri
Alvarado, Texas Vet’s Explosives, Inc.
Maine Drilling & Blasting Torrington, Connecticut
Auburn, New Hampshire Viking Explosives & Supply, Inc.
Maxam North America, Inc. Rosemount, Minnesota
Salt Lake City, Utah W.A. Murphy, Inc.
Mineria Explosivos Y Servicios, S.A. El Monte, California
Panama City, Panama
MP Associates, Inc.
Ione, California Associate Status:
Nelson Brothers Federation of European Explosives
Birmingham, Alabama Manufacturers
Nobel Insurance Services Brussels, Belgium
Dallas, Texas

Copyright © 2011 Institute of Makers of Explosives

 1120 NINETEENTH STREET, N.W.
SUITE 310
WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3605
(202) 429-9280
www.ime.org
info@ime.org

The Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME) is the safety & security association of the commercial
explosives industry in the United States and Canada. The primary concern of IME is the safety and
security of employees, users, the public, and environment in the manufacture, transportation, storage,
handling, use, and disposal of explosive materials used in blasting and other essential operations.

Founded in 1913, IME was created to provide technically accurate information and recommendations
concerning commercial explosive materials and to serve as a source of reliable data about their use.
Committees of qualified representatives from IME member companies developed this information and a
significant portion of their recommendations are embodied in regulations of state and federal agencies.

The Institute’s principal committees are: Environmental Affairs; Legal Affairs; Safety and Health;
Security; Technical; and Transportation and Distribution.

1
2
 Table of Contents
FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. 9
DISCLAIMER .............................................................................................................................. 10
PURPOSE AND SCOPE .............................................................................................................. 11
PART I ......................................................................................................................................... 13
A. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 13
B. Magnitude of the RF Energy Hazard ................................................................................. 13
C. RF Initiation ....................................................................................................................... 13
D. RF Sources Presenting Hazards to Blasting Operations .................................................... 14
E. Cellular Telephones ............................................................................................................ 16
F. Low Power Handheld RF Sources in Close Proximity to Blasting Circuits ...................... 17
G. RFID Tags and Tag Readers .............................................................................................. 18
H. RF Pickup Circuits ............................................................................................................. 18
I. Military RF Installations .................................................................................................... 24
J. General Precautions to Be Followed .................................................................................. 24
K. Monitoring and Alternate Means of Blast Initiation .......................................................... 25
L. Transportation .................................................................................................................... 25
PART II........................................................................................................................................ 26
A. Radar and Safe Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators ............................................. 35
B. Safe Field Strength as a Function of Frequency................................................................. 36
C. Multiple Sources of RF in the Vicinity of Electric Blasting Circuits ................................ 37
PART III ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Radar and Safe Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators ....................................... 41
PART IV ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Radio Frequency Sources and Definitions ................................................................................ 42

3
4
 LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1 Recommended Distances for 1 Ohm Electric Detonators for 28
Commercial AM Broadcast Transmitters (Ref Figure 4)
Table 2 Recommended Distances for 1 Ohm Electric Detonators from 28
Transmitters up to 50 MHz (excluding AM Broadcast) Calculated
(Ref Figure 5)
Table 3, 3a Recommended Distances for 1 Ohm Electric Detonators from 29
Fixed and Mobile Transmitters (including amateur & Citizens’
Band)
Table 4 Recommended Distances for 1 Ohm Electric Detonators from 30
VHF TV and FM Broadcast Transmitters
(Ref Figure 6)
Table 5 Recommended Distances for 1 Ohm Electric Detonators from 30
UHF TV Transmitters (Ref Figure 7)
Table 6 Recommended Distances for 1 Ohm Electric Detonators from 35
Maritime Radionavigational Radar
Table 6a Recommended Distances for 1 Ohm Electric Detonators from 35
Radio Navigation Beacons
Table 7 Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Resistorized Oilfield 39
Electric Detonators from Commercial AM Broadcast Transmitters
Table 8 Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators 39
from Transmitters up to 50 MHz (excluding AM Broadcast)
Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators 40
Table 9, 9a from Fixed and Mobile Transmitters, Cellular Telephone
Transmitters, and Citizen’s Band
Table 10 Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators 41
from VHF TV & FM Broadcast Transmitters
Table 11 Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators 41
from UHF TV Transmitters
Table 12 Recommended Distance for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators 42
from Maritime Radionavigational Radar
Table 12a Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators 42
from Radio Navigation Beacons
Table 13 Abbreviated List of Common Sources of RF Energy 43

Table 14 Table of Definitions 46

Table 15 List of Safety Library Publications 49

Table 16 List of IME Guidelines & Recommended Practices 50

5
6
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1 Dipole and Long Wire Pickup Circuits 20

Figure 2 Loop Pickup Circuits 21

Figure 3 Antenna Types Associated with the Radio Services 22

Figure 4 Recommended Distance from Commercial AM Broadcast 31

Transmitter for One Ohm Electric Detonators
Figure 5 Recommended Distance from Transmitters up to 50 MHz 32
(excluding AM Broadcast)
Figure 6 Recommended Distance from VHF TV and FM Transmitters 33

Figure 7 Recommended Distance from UHF TV Transmitters 34

Figure 8 Acceptable Field Strength for a One Ohm Electric Detonator 36

Figure 9 50 Ohm Resistorized Oilfield Electric Detonator 38

Figure 10 Oilfield Wireline Unit with Fault Condition Resulting in RF Pickup 38

7
8
 FOREWORD
Those who manufacture and market commercial explosive materials have an absorbed and active
commitment to the safety of their employees, the users of the products, the environment, and most
important of all, the general public. Because commercial explosive materials and explosive devices are
not ordinary commodities, but specialized and inherently dangerous products, companies making them
have devoted substantial attention to safety and security in the commerce of these products. When the
safety record of the explosives industry is examined, it becomes clear that their efforts have been
effective.

One reason for this excellent performance has been the adoption of and the adherence to safety standards
and procedures by the member companies of the cognizant manufacturer’s association, the Institute of
Makers of Explosives.

Recently the marked increase in the proliferation of RF sources, particularly portable sources such as
mobile radio transmitters, wireless asset tracking systems, and cellular telephone systems, has placed
added focus on the need for re-examination of the safety issues associated with electrically-initiated
blasting operations in the vicinity of fixed and mobile RF sources. The function of this pamphlet is to
suggest guidelines for the safe use of commercial electric detonators in locations near to RF energy
sources. Safety Library Publication 20 was recently expanded to include safe distance tables from radio
frequency sources pertaining to 50 ohm resistorized electric detonators commonly used in oilwell
perforating or other wellsite services using explosive devices. However, this pamphlet does not apply to
other sources of electrostatic or electromagnetic energy such as atmospheric electrostatic charge,
lightning or power transmission systems.

9
 DISCLAIMER
The guidelines in this pamphlet are intended to provide a basis for assessing the hazards associated with
conducting blasting operations utilizing commercial one ohm conventional electric detonators or 50 ohm
oilfield electric detonators in the presence of radio frequency (RF) energy fields by indicating
recommended safe distances from non-military RF sources. The recommendations presented herein were
based on analysis and research of the RF sensitivity of commercial electric detonators for which “no-fire”
current levels and RF sensitivity were established. For information on a specific commercial electric
detonator being used, it is suggested that the user of the device contact the manufacturer to obtain “no-
fire” current data and test results of RF sensitivity tests. The following tables do not apply to military
electro-explosive devices such as detonators, igniters, or other electro-pyrotechnic devices such as those
devices used in weapons systems, propulsion systems or other military related applications.

It is not possible that every configuration of blasting circuit and RF source could be covered in this
pamphlet, particularly in the case where multiple RF sources of different frequencies and RF field
intensities are present. If there is any doubt as to conducting electrically initiated blasting operations in a
location where RF field intensity is a concern, it is recommended that competent expert advice be
obtained, RF field intensity measurements be made and, if necessary, means of shot initiation employed
which are relatively insensitive to RF energy.

It is also important to note that the recommendations presented in this pamphlet, as with all of the other
IME Safety Library Publications, are subject to revision as new technology is developed in the industry,
the blaster’s working environment changes or new regulations are imposed. It is the responsibility of the
persons using explosive products to ensure that the most recent issues of the safety library publications
are used for reference. It is necessary to check for revisions to the SLPs periodically. The IME may be
contacted through the address, telephone number or fax (shown in Table 15), or e-mail at info@ime.org.

10
 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

This guide is intended to provide a basis for assessing the hazards associated with initiation of
commercial electric detonators by radio frequency (RF) energy by indicating safe distances from
commercial RF sources.

Part I presents basic information of the mechanism of RF initiation and its avoidance.

Part II presents tables of safe distances from RF sources for conventional one ohm electric detonators
developed by analytical calculations and supported by many field tests. Adherence to these tables will
give the blaster a high degree of assurance that his blasting layout will be safe against RF initiation.

Part III presents tables of safe distances from RF sources that apply to 50 ohm resistorized oilfield electric
detonators. These tables are based on test data obtained from testing samples of oilfield electric detonators
at an independent test laboratory and establishing a “worst case no-fire” power level that applies to this
type of electro-explosive device.

Part IV presents data on some common sources of radio frequency emissions.

The statements in this booklet apply solely to commercial electric detonators that have been
characterized by a credible test laboratory. They do not apply to military, or other specialized,
electric firing devices. They are based on competent analysis and research and are believed to be
accurate. However, no guarantee of their applicability is made because we cannot cover every
possible application nor anticipate every variation encountered in the use of electric detonators.

Occasionally, situations develop where adherence to the tables of safe distances as stipulated in this
booklet becomes an operational handicap. Or situations develop which are so unusual as not to be
covered in this booklet. In these instances, we recommend that competent experts be consulted to
evaluate your particular situation. These experts will have the ability to make field measurements at the
blasting site so that the RF hazard can be evaluated.

11
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

12
 PART I
A. Introduction
Radio-Frequency (RF) transmitters, which include (among other types of service) AM and FM radio,
television, radar, cellular phones, wireless data acquisition systems, Global Positioning System (GPS)
base stations, and radio navigational beacons, etc. create powerful electromagnetic fields, decreasing in
intensity with distance from the transmitter antenna. Tests have demonstrated that electric detonator
wires, under certain circumstances, may pick up enough electric energy from such fields to cause the
detonators to explode.

A need was recognized to revise this pamphlet as a direct result of recent changes to the RF spectrum and
a substantial increase in the numbers of portable RF emitters and communications services. As with the
previous versions of this pamphlet, this version applies only to commercial electric detonators. The
pamphlet does not apply to electronic detonators with protective circuits, exploding bridge wire
detonators, exploding foil initiators, or detonators designed for use in RF environments. Users of such
devices should consult with the manufacturer of the device to determine the RF environment for which
the device is safe for use, the proper firing system for reliable initiation and any restriction on firing
circuit configuration or length.

B. Magnitude of the RF Energy Hazard

From a practical standpoint, the possibility of a premature explosion of electrical detonators due to RF
energy is extremely remote.

The estimated annual consumption of electric detonators in North America is in the tens of millions.
They are used in every region of the continent. To date there have been a few authenticated cases of a
detonator being fired accidentally by RF pickup. Investigation showed that if the recommended
separations had been adhered to, even these events would not have happened. This long-term experience
and also numerous tests indicate that if proper precautions are taken, such as adherence to the enclosed
table of distances, the probability of an accidental firing from RF energy is practically nil.

C. RF Initiation
The usual method for firing an electric detonator is to apply electric energy from a blasting machine,
power line or other source of electric power to the firing line connected to the electric detonator. Electric
current flows through the wires to the detonator and a small resistance wire inside the detonator heats a
surrounding pyrotechnic material to its ignition temperature.

If the electric detonator wires are in a strong RF field (near a transmitter that is radiating RF power), the
unshielded leg wires or circuit wires, whether connected to a blasting machine or not, or shunted (short-
circuited ends) or not shunted (open ends), will act as an antenna similar to that on a radio or TV receiver.
The RF field will induce an electric current in the circuit wiring which will flow through the electric
detonator connected to it.

In certain cases, depending on the strength of the RF field and the antenna configuration formed by the
detonator wires and its orientation, sufficient RF energy may be induced in the wires to fire the electric
detonator.

13
 D. RF Sources Presenting Hazards to Blasting Operations

1. Blasting Operations on the Surface

Commercial AM broadcast transmitters (0.535 to 1.605 MHz*) are potentially the most hazardous. This
is because they combine high power and low enough frequency so that there is little loss of RF energy in
the lead wires.

Frequency-modulated FM and TV transmitters are unlikely to create a hazardous situation. Although

their power is extremely high and antennas are horizontally polarized, the high-frequency currents are
rapidly attenuated in detonators or lead wires. These RF sources usually employ antennas on top of high
towers. This has an additional effect of reducing the electro-magnetic field at ground level.

Mobile radio, as well as other wireless products, must be rated as a potential hazard because, although
their power is low, they can be brought directly into a blasting area. New wireless products, such as
cellular phones, Global Positioning Systems, data acquisition systems, and remote vehicle entry systems,
are continually being brought to market.

Citizens Band (CB) radios are an unusual problem for several reasons: 1) there are millions of units being
used by the general public; 2) their operating frequency is in range that is considered to be worst-case for
typical electric blasting circuits and 3) some irresponsible operators use illegal linear amplifiers to
increase their transmission range. Safe distances are recommended for the FCC approved, double
sideband (4 watts maximum output power) and single sideband (12 watts peak envelope power) units in
Table 3. It is not possible to specify safe distances for the illegal units because they do not operate within
established FCC limits that can be used for making definitive worst-case assumptions.

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices (MUTCD), December 2009 requires the posting of signs within 1,000 ft. of construction
sites warning that two-way radios and cell phones should be turned off because of blasting. Observance
of the posted signs will provide the necessary degree of safety if the units are a maximum of 200 watts
peak power. It is recommended, therefore, that all CB operators, users of mobile transceivers and cellular
telephones obey posted signs and turn off their units in observance of posted warnings or if they know
that there are blasting operations in the area.

Two way radios and wireless data transmission and control radios are routinely used in surface mining
and blasting operations. When radios are used for this purpose, the minimum separations specified in
Table 3, for a particular transceiver (frequency and power) should be maintained.
There is little possibility that sources of RF energy such as microwave relay will ever constitute a
practical problem. They are all characterized by one or more of the following: (1) location in areas where
blasting is unlikely, (2) ultra high frequency, and (3) restricted radiation patterns. However, particular
attention should be paid to all directional RF sources such as fixed and mobile marine radar. Directional
RF sources such as radar use specialized antennas that concentrate the transmitter power in primarily one
direction. Such high gain antennas significantly increase the effective radiated power of the transmitter.
In the vicinity of high power radar installations, blasting should not be conducted.
*MHz – Megahertz = 1,000,000 cycles per second.

14
 2. Blasting Operations Underground
In the case of underground mining, only MSHA approved tracking and communication equipment should
be used and then only within the restrictions or limitations specified in the MSHA approval.

Radio-frequency transmitters used in underground mining operations could present a hazardous situation.
As a result of several recent serious incidents in underground mining, the Mine Improvement and New
Emergency Response Act of 2006, (MINER Act), was enacted requiring the adoption of miner
communication and tracking systems for improving the safety of underground miners. The act contains
two parts, the first requiring an emergency response plan providing for redundant means of
communication between the underground miners and the surface enabling personnel on the surface to
determine the location of miners underground prior to and immediately following an incident. The second
part requiring a means of communication with miners trapped underground following an incident. The
communications and tracking, (CT), systems encompass a number of different technologies operating in
an environment much different than the free field electromagnetic environment on the surface.
Systems for tracking and communication in underground mines may be wired or wireless, technically
however, there is a considerable grey area between the two. For example, a two-way walkie-talkie pair is
purely a wireless communication system, whereas, a cellular telephone system is not. The wireless links
in a cellular telephone system are the system segments between the personal communication devices and
the cellular towers. The cellular towers communicate to a landline telephone system. The manner in
which the MINER Act’s requirements could be interpreted is that the miners themselves are to be un-
connected by hardwires to a communication system, and the communication system must be survivable.
Wired systems in mines may be local landline telephone systems or trolley telephones where rail systems
exist. Neither is particularly robust in the event of a rockfall, roof collapse, or other disturbance.
Wireless systems consist of discrete and distributed antenna systems, leaky feeder systems, and nodal-
type wireless systems. A major concern insofar as the use of wireless communication and tracking
systems is the possible problems with their close proximity to electric detonators and electrically-initiated
blasting circuits using conventional hot-wire detonators. MSHA should be contacted to determine if a
particular system is approved for use in underground mines and any limitations that may be imposed on
its use.
In the case where low frequency or medium frequency systems are used, (10 MHz or less), in
underground mining, a dominant form of coupling between the electromagnetic source and the electric
detonator and/or its associated wiring is by magnetic coupling in the immediate vicinity or near field of
the electromagnetic current source and its current-carrying conductors. Blasting wiring should be kept
well away from trackage and trolley phone systems. Since physical conditions in the drift vary and
communication systems vary in characteristics and configuration, it is prudent to have a qualified
independent test laboratory survey the installation and establish safe distance requirements. This
particularly applies to metal/non-metal mines as well as underground coal as the presence of nearby
metallic objects or metallic ore bodies may have a pronounced effect on the electromagnetic fields.
Although researchers try to establish “worst case” scenarios for establishing safe operating distances
between RF or electromagnetic sources and electric detonators and their associated wiring, it is never
prudent to attempt to use guidelines on safe distances where they do not apply
Because of the uncertainties of RF absorption and scattering within mine tunnels, the potential hazard can
only be evaluated with the aid of consultants.

In the case of underground mining operations, it is also suggested to refer to the United States Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Mines Report Investigations RI 9479, “Effect of Ultralow Frequency Signaling

15
on Blasting Array Current”, dated 1993 for information on electromagnetic fire warning systems and
blasting circuit safety.

3. General Precautions concerning electrically-initiated blasting and RF

It must be noted that not all antenna systems radiate RF energy at equal intensity in all directions. For
certain broadcasting operations, a broadcaster may wish to target a particular audience for its transmission
and the antenna is configured to radiate at maximum intensity in preferred directions. Or low power
transmitters, to make maximum effective use of their permitted transmitter power, may use highly
directional antennas to radiate in certain preferential directions. A directional antenna is characterized by
a gain larger than one, thus the maximum effective radiated power of the antenna is the power input to the
antenna multiplied by the antenna gain. Some cases where directional antennas are frequently
encountered are noted in Tables, 4, 5, 6, and 7 and the power levels in the tables are listed as maximum
effective radiated power.

E. Cellular Telephones
The rapid growth in the use of cellular telephones and cellular telephone service installations has raised
concern in the explosives industry over the safety of such personal communications devices and
installations operating in the vicinity of electric blasting circuits. The following should assist in providing
guidelines for the safety of electrically-initiated blasting operations and these devices.

1. Cellular Telephone Service Towers

In 1981, the United States Federal Communications Commission adopted rules creating a
commercial cellular radio telephone service. In the U.S., four sections of the 800-900 MHz UHF
frequency bands are designated for the service’s operations, 824-849 MHz, 869-894 MHz, 896-
901 MHz, and 935-940 MHz. A cellular system operates by dividing a geographical region into
cells. As a subscriber to the service travels through the area, a call is transferred from one cell to
another without interruption except perhaps by local terrain features. All of the cells are
connected to a switching center by landline or microwave service to link the call to a public
wireline telephone service. Therefore, this system requires the construction and operation of a
series of UHF wireless towers to support the service. In the United States, the
Telecommunications Act of 1996 specifically leaves in place the authority that local zoning
boards have over the placement of cellular telephone facilities.

It may be quite possible that such towers are located in the vicinity of fixed blasting locations
such as mines or quarries or locations of temporary blasting operations such as construction or
demolition sites.

Generally the average cellular telephone service tower height is 110 to 120 feet and operates with
a maximum effective radiated power of 500 watts, however, the radiated power in any one
direction would rarely exceed 50 watts.

If a 500 watt assumption is used for the estimated output of the tower, the resultant safe distance
to blasting circuits should be adequate as the rolloff of the antenna RF output with vertical angle
between the radiator and the ground is very sharp. It must be noted that some antenna towers are
difficult to identify as they may be concealed to blend into their surroundings for aesthetic
reasons.

If it is suspected that the blasting circuit would be located at approximately the same elevation as
the tower’s antenna cluster then RF field strength measurements should be made at the location of
the blasting circuit and competent expert advice sought.

16
 2. Cellular Telephones
Although the hand-held battery-powered cellular telephone is, by design, a low-power device,
operating at 0.6 watt or 3.0 watt, to keep the specific absorption rate, (SAR), below recommended
safe levels for human tissue, there are concerns with the use of cellular telephones in the vicinity
of blasting circuits.

First, due to the portability of the cellular telephone, the device can be brought into very close
proximity or contact with a blasting circuit. An antenna of a cellular phone could be damaged
allowing the bare metal antenna mast to contact the leg wires of a detonator or the blasting circuit
leads. Cellular telephone handsets with output of 3 watts or less should be kept 13 feet from
blasting circuits. Cellular telephone handsets with an output of 0.6 watts should be kept 8 feet
from blasting circuits.

Second, the battery charging jack or charging points of a cellular telephone could also come into
contact with a detonator’s leg wires or the leads of a blasting circuit. In any case, the result is a
potentially dangerous situation. It is recommended that cellular telephones not be permitted to
come into direct contact with, or near to, blasting circuits. The requirements for personal
communications at or near blasting operations should be restricted to those means of
communications having the knowledge and approval of those persons in charge of the blasting
operation and operated in accordance with approved procedures. As an added precaution, the
charging jack or points may be covered by a non-conducting tape or cover to avoid direct electric
contact with a detonator or blasting circuit.

F. Low Power Handheld RF Sources in Close Proximity to Blasting Circuits

The recent proliferation of small, handheld, low power RF sources, (keyless entry systems, RF
transmitters for remote control of equipment, garage door openers, wireless warehouse stock control
systems, etc.), raises many issues concerning the safe use of these devices in the vicinity of blasting
circuits or electro-explosive devices. First, it must be noted that these small low power RF sources fall
into two general categories:

1. coded output pulsed RF transmitters

2. frequency modulated continuous output RF transmitters

The first type of device is a pulse modulated device with a very low duty cycle resulting in relatively low
average power delivery to a nearby blasting circuit or electro-explosive device. The second type of
device transmits continuously with the possibility of delivering relatively higher average power to a
blasting circuit. Since the blaster may not have information regarding the type of RF source in use, the
following recommendations are made:

1. If the low power handheld RF device is of unknown output mode, a safe distance of 11 feet
should be observed for handheld transmitters of 2 watts output or less.
2. If it is necessary to use a low power handheld RF source at closer distances to blasting
circuits or to electro-explosive devices, then a competent laboratory should be consulted and
the RF source tested to determine the nature of its output and an assessment made to fix a
safe distance between the particular type of RF source and the blasting circuit or electro-
explosive device.

It must be noted that as in the case of cellular telephones, these small handheld RF sources also contain
batteries which can result in the inadvertent application of DC current to a blasting circuit or to an electro-

17
explosive device should such a device come into direct contact with a blasting circuit or electric detonator
leadwire.

Inventory and stock management systems use bar code readers to read and record the bar codes on
packaged products. Some bar code readers store the inventory or stock data in an on-board memory for
downloading to a computer workstation at some later time. These units do not pose a threat to packaged
electric detonators providing the construction of the bar code reader meets the electrical requirements for
use in areas containing explosives. However, some bar code readers transmit the inventory data to a
workstation by wireless means; these should not be used for magazine inventory or in receiving or
shipping facilities where electric detonators are present. The RF transmitters built into the wireless bar
code reader would be in operation in extremely close proximity to packaged electric detonators. Since the
distance between the electric detonator and the wireless bar code reader is within the near field of the
transmitter, the prediction of the response of the electric detonator to the EM field would be very difficult.
Therefore, it is recommended to keep all RF transmitting devices of this type the appropriate safe distance
from electric detonators.

G. RFID Tags and Tag Readers

Radio frequency identification systems are wireless systems incorporated into an asset or product in order
to identify or track the asset or item. RFID systems date back to the late 1980s when they were used to
identify livestock assets and in the early 1990s for timing sports events and for tracking assets such as
sea-land containers. RFID systems consist of RFID tags attached to the item being tracked or managed,
and readers, which wirelessly interrogate the tags for their pertinent data.
RFID tags may consist of either active tags which are self-powered and can transmit data-bearing signals
autonomously or passive tags which require an external source to “awaken” and transmit data. Some
passive tags also contain internal power sources to extend the range they can be read. The passive tags use
the concept of reflected power or backscatter to send data back to the reader.
Many industries, services, and government organizations use RFID systems to track and communicate
with persons or assets. As of 2006, RFID tags were included on all newly issued U.S. passports.
Both active and passive RFID tags exhibit very low RF power output; the active tag emitting the greater
RF power for reading at a longer range. RF output power for active RFID tags for containers may be
10mW requiring a 10 foot distance from blasting circuits. The reflected RF energy from passive or
battery-assisted RFID tags is in the microwatt range; too low to be of concern.
However, the RFID readers required to interrogate the tags, may have an RF power output of 4 watts in
the U.S. under FCC requirements. An appropriate distance of 200 feet should be maintained between the
RFID reader and electric detonators and the detonator’s associated wiring.

H. RF Pickup Circuits
For the radio frequencies used in AM radio broadcasting and mobile operation, detonator and lead-wire
layouts can act as RF circuits (receiving antennas).

1. Dipole Pickup Circuit

One sensitive RF pickup circuit that might be encountered in electric blasting operations is the dipole
circuit. The most hazardous conditions exist when: 1) the circuit wiring and/or electric detonator leg
wires are elevated several feet off the ground, 2) the length of this wiring is equal to one-half the
wavelength of the radio wave or some multiple of it, and 3) the electric detonator is located at a point
where the RF current in the circuit wiring is at a maximum. A specific example of this circuit is shown in
Figure 1a where the wiring is equal to a half wavelength and the electric detonator is located at the center.

18
 2. Long-wire Pickup Circuit
Another hazardous situation, similar to the dipole antenna, occurs when the electric detonator is at one
end of wiring which: 1) is elevated in the air, 2) has a length equivalent to one-quarter the radio
wavelength or an odd multiple of it, and 3) is grounded to earth through the electric detonator. This type
of circuit is illustrated in Figure 1b.

Radio wavelengths in feet are approximately obtained by dividing 1,000 by the frequency in megahertz.
Both of these circuits require that the lead or detonator wires be suspended above the ground, a situation
not usually found in blasting operations. Both antennas achieve their maximum current pickup when they
are (1) parallel to a horizontal transmitting antenna, FM, TV or amateur radio or (2) pointed toward a
vertical antenna, AM mobile, cellular phone, etc.

3. Magnetic Loop Pickup Circuit

Another sensitive RF pickup circuit and one commonly encountered in blasting operations is the loop
circuit shown in Figure 2. The loop circuit is sensitive to the magnetic portion of the electromagnetic
field. In general, the larger the loop area, the greater the magnitude of the RF current pickup. The loop
orientation for maximum pickup results when it is placed in the plane of the transmitting antenna. The
loop configuration was selected for the calculations derived from the safe distance tables for one ohm
electric detonators in the vicinity of AM broadcast transmitters and mobile transmitters, both employing
vertical antennas. This pickup circuit was applied to AM broadcast, medium wave, and high frequency
sources of RF emission. This condition could arise if one leg of the shot line were to be elevated above
the ground while connected to the electric detonator with the shot line shunted forming an isosceles
triangle pickup loop.

Since the magnetic loop pickup is a highly directional receiving antenna and is most sensitive to RF
sources lying in the plane of the loop, it is most sensitive in the configuration shown in Figure 2b. The
preferred case is shown in Figure 2a. It is to be noted that although shunting or shorting electric detonator
leadwires is required, shorting of leadwires does not prevent induced current from RF fields from flowing
through the detonator’s bridgewire if the leadwires are unfolded and separated. In general, loop areas can
be reduced by picking up both lead wires as in a duplex wire circuit and making wire splices as close to
the ground as possible.

Antennas associated with the various radio services are shown in Figure 3. These sketches will help the
blaster recognize common RF sources that may be near a blasting site.

19
20
21
22
23
 I. Military RF Installations
Military transmitters are becoming very numerous and they cover the frequency range from kilohertz to
thousands of megahertz, often having extremely large power outputs.

Because of the nature of military work, much data on the systems is classified for security reasons.
Installations may vary from day to day, and multiple transmitters may cause the energy to be pyramided
at a particular location. If blasting must be done in the vicinity of military areas, it is strongly
recommended that you communicate with the office of the commander in charge of the military
establishment and explain your schedule to him. Such cooperation will be your best protection. Presenting
this booklet to the military authorities will enable them to assist in determining whether or not your
blasting operation will be safe from RF hazards.

A specific type of blasting operation where military radar is of major concern is that of offshore or marine
blasting operations such as those operations that may take place during the exploration and production of
offshore oil/gas resources, the removal of fixed or mobile offshore installations such as oil/gas drilling
rigs and production platforms, and marine construction blasting or salvage operations.

The offshore waters are shared by many commercial and government interests and it is possible that
military naval operations may take place in the vicinity of marine blasting. It is to be noted that certain
types of military radars such as radars used to detect incoming hostile threats to surface ships have
extremely high intensity and “paint” the surrounding area at wave height to detect surface skimming
missiles.

The safe distance from this type of radar to an electrically-initiated blasting operation is 3 miles. It is
recommended that if a blasting operation is planned offshore, that the cognizant authorities be informed
of such operation so that adequate notification can be made to other mariners in the area. For example,
the local districts of the United States Coast Guard publish a weekly supplement to the “Notice to
Mariners”. It is suggested that the commander of the Coast Guard district be notified of the time,
location, and nature of the blasting operations in their district so that commanders of military vessels
operating in the area are aware of the blasting work and can take precautions regarding the use of their
radar equipment.

It is essential to be aware of the RF environment prior to commencing blasting operations. Some RF

sources are not easily observed by mere line-of-sight.

J. General Precautions to Be Followed

The following list of precautions will further increase safety and reduce hazards associated with
conducting electric blasting operations near RF energy sources.

1. When blasting electrically at a fixed location, such as a quarry, make sure that there are no radio
transmitters located closer to your blasting site than the applicable separation recommended in the
following section. Be on the lookout for the installation of new transmitters. Check them out
before they go into service to insure that they will not pose a hazard to your blasting operation.

When planning to blast electrically at a new location, as in construction work, inspect the area for
RF transmitters before blasting is started. This will permit you to secure technically qualified
assistance, if necessary, in planning your blasting procedures to minimize any RF hazard.

24
 2. KEEP MOBILE TRANSMITTERS AWAY FROM BLAST SITES. Place adequate signs to
remind operators to turn off transmitters when at the blast site. Where two-way radios, wireless
data transmissions, and control radios are used, these devices should be tested and certified for
use prior to installation. In all cases, the minimum separation specified in Table 3, for the type
transceiver used, should be maintained.

3. Use the higher frequency bands, 450 MHz and above, for mobile transmitters if there is a choice.
RF pickup is less efficient at these frequencies than at the lower frequencies.

4. Avoid large loops in blasting wiring by running lead wires parallel to each other and close
together (preferably twisted pairs).

5. If loops are unavoidable, keep them small and orient them broadside towards the transmitting
antenna (see Figure 2a).

6. Keep wires on the ground in blasting layouts. Bare connecting points should be elevated slightly
to prevent current leakage.

7. Keep all lead lines out of the beam of directional devices such as radar or microwave relay
stations.

K. Monitoring and Alternate Means of Blast Initiation

For the cases not specifically covered by the tables, for cases where there may be multiple RF sources
present of varying power and frequency, and marginal cases where doubt exists as to the safety of
electrically-initiated blasting, broadband monitoring of the RF field intensity at the blast site should be
performed along with consultation with competent experts. The measurement of RF fields should not be
attempted by persons unfamiliar with RF field theory as many pitfalls exist that could lead to erroneous
results. As an alternative, there are devices available on the market such as exploding wire detonators,
exploding foil initiators, electronic detonators, and deflagration-to-detonation detonating devices that are
designed to be less susceptible to RF stimuli than conventional electric blasting caps. One of these
devices could be used in place of conventional commercial blasting caps, or a means of non-electrical
initiation used.

L. Transportation
All available evidence indicates that radio energy is not a hazard in the transportation of electric
detonators so long as they are in their original containers. This is because the wires are coiled or folded in
a manner which provides highly effective protection against current induction. Furthermore, almost all
truck bodies and freight cars are made of metal and this virtually eliminates the penetration of RF energy.
Since the barrier laminate construction of the IME 22 container contains a layer of steel or sheet metal,
shielding of the detonators contained within from RF energy is provided by the container’s design (See
SLP 22).

If vehicles equipped with radio transmitters are used in transporting electric detonators to or from a job, it
is recommended that (1) they be carried in a closed metal box, and (2) the transmitter be turned off when
the detonators are either being put into or taken out of the box. To protect against shock and friction, the
metal box should be lined with a soft material such as wood or sponge rubber.

It is recognized that the instantaneous communication capability of vehicle mounted, two-way radios is a
valuable safety asset if a critical situation arises on an explosive material delivery truck or on construction

25
jobs, at mining operations, etc. where electric blasting is practiced. However, when a vehicle is driven or
parked closer to a blast site than the recommended separation in Table 3, the possibility exists that a
person, unaware of the potential hazard or not thinking of the vehicle’s location, may attempt to use the
radio transmitter.

To prevent such accidental transmission, a “positive means” of preventing transmission should be

employed.

The preferred “positive means” is to physically disconnect the two-way radio from its power supply. If
this is not practical, the switch operated microphone should be physically disconnected from the radio. If
this also is not practical, a stop should be placed under or a cover over the transmit switch or the switch
secured in the “off” position by a piece of masking tape so that anyone attempting to make a transmission will be
made aware or reminded that he should not transmit from that location.

PART II

Tables of Recommended Safe Distances from RF Sources for Conventional 1 Ohm

Electric Detonators

These tables of distances are designed for the convenience of the commercial blaster. The selected
groupings include all the obvious types of RF transmitters that will be encountered around blasting sites.

These tables were derived from analytical “worse-case” calculations. They are based on an assumed 40-
milliwatt no-fire level of commercial detonators of nominal one ohm resistance. Actual field tests have
shown that these tables are conservative as would be expected. Because of the uncertainties involved in
field tests as to the efficiency of RF energy pickup and its delivery to the detonator, we strongly
recommended that these tables be followed. If these tables present distances which are operationally
inconvenient to use, we suggest field tests be made by expert consultants and the procedures detailed for
providing minimum RF pickup be adhered to.

The data upon which these tables are based were derived by Franklin Institute Research Laboratories for
the Institute of Makers of Explosives (IME). Subsequent review and analysis by representatives of the
American National Standards Institute and the IEEE C95.4 Committee on Radio-Frequency Radiation
Hazards resulted in better clarification and continuity of the Tables. These modifications enabled the IME
Pub. No. 20 to be accepted as a guide by the C95 Committee. The Franklin Research Laboratories reports
pertinent to this work include:

F-B2256 – Investigation of the RF Hazards to Electric Blasting Caps, October 1968;

F-B2256 – RF Pickup of Antennas Simulating Blasting Wire Configurations Measurement Results,
October 1968;
F-C195 1 – Measurement of the RF Coupling between an Antenna Simulating a Blasting Wire
Configuration and Nearby Mobile Transmitting Antennas, October 1968.
FIRL Report F-C3102 – “Evaluation and Determination of Sensitivity of Electromagnetic
Interactions of Commercial Blasting Caps”, R. H. Thompson, August 1973.

26
For further information, please contact:

Franklin Applied Physics

98 Highland Avenue
P.O. Box 313
Oaks, PA 19456
Phone: (610) 666-6645
Fax: (610) 666-0173
Electronic Mail: info@FranklinPhysics.com

All of the following tables, where transmitter power or effective radiated power is listed for specific types
of broadcasting or radio transmission services, were updated from the Code of Federal Regulations 47,
“Telecommunications”, revised as of Oct. 1, 2010. Other sources include the United States Coast Guard
covering aids to marine navigation, and the American Radio Relay League covering amateur radio
transmission. It should be noted that Table 14 listing the various types of radio transmission services is a
summary only and does not include every conceivable type of RF source. Also, the radio frequency
spectrum and its allocation are subject to change as older technologies are no longer required and new
types of information transmission are introduced. It is essential that the blaster use the latest version of all
safety library publications.

For additional information on the subject of electric detonators and RF hazards to electrically-initiated
blasting:

IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining Safe Distances from Radio Frequency
Transmitting Antennas when using Electric Blasting Caps during Explosive Operations,
ANSI/IEEE Std C95.4-2002.

A Study of RF Hazards at Low and Medium Frequencies to Blasting in Underground Coal Mines,
Mining Research Contract Report, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, January 1985.

Thompson, R. H., “Safe Distances for Blasting Wiring from Commonly Encountered
Underground Electromagnetic Energy Sources”, Final Report C5490, Franklin Research Center,
Philadelphia, PA, September 1983.

MIL-STD-1512, Military Standard, “Electroexplosive Subsystems, Electrically Initiated, Design

Requirements and Test Methods, July 1963.

MIL-STD-1576, Military Standard, Electroexplosive Subsystem Safety Requirements and Test

Methods for Space Systems, July 1984.

27
 Table 1
Recommended Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators from Commercial
AM Broadcast Transmitters,
Small Loop Pickup, 0.535 to 1.605 MHz (Figure 4)

Transmitter Power (1) (Watts) Minimum Distance (Feet)

Up to 4,000 720
5,000 800
10,000 1,130
25,000 1,790
50,000 (2) 2,500
100,000 3,600
500,000 8,000
(1)
Power delivered to transmitting antenna.
(2)
50,000 watts is the present maximum power of U.S. Class A broadcast transmitters in this frequency
range.

Table 2
Recommended Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators from Transmitters up to
50 MHz (Excluding AM Broadcast) Calculated
For a Specific Loop Pickup Configuration (1) (2) (Figure 5)

Transmitter Power (3) (Watts) Minimum Distance (Feet)

100 790
200 1,120
500 1,770
1,000 2,500
1,500 3,070
5,000 5,590
50,000 17,700
(4)
500,000 55,900
(1)
Based on the configuration shown in Fig. 2b, using 22.8 MHz, which is the most sensitive frequency.
(2)
This table should be applied to International Broadcast Transmitters (shortwave), in the 10-25 MHz range.
(3)
Power delivered to antenna.
(4)
Present maximum for International Broadcast.

28
 Table 3
Recommended Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators from RF Sources such as Fixed and
Mobile Transmitters Including Cellular Telephone Service, Amateur Radio and Citizens’ Band
MINIMUM DISTANCE (Feet)

Transmitter(1) MF 1.7 to 3.4 MHz HF VHF VHF UHF

Power (Watts) Fixed, Mobile, 28 to 29.7 MHz 35 to 36 MHz Public Use 144-148 MHz Amateur 450 to 470 MHz Public
Maritime Amateur 42 to 44 MHz Public Use 150.8-161.6 MHz Public Use
50 to 54 MHz Amateur Use Cellular Telephones
Above 800 MHz
1 15 47 37 12 8
3 25 81 64 21 14
5 33 105 82 27 18
10 46 148 116 38 25
50 102 331 259 85 55
100 144 468 366 120 78
180 (2) 193 627 491 161 104
200 204 661 518 170 110
250 228 739 579 190 123
500 (3) 322 1045 818 268 174
600 (4) 353 1145 897 294 190
1,000 455 1,478 1,157 379 245
1,500(5) 557 1,810 1,417 464 300
10,000(6) 1,438 4,673 3,659 1,198 775

Table 3a (Continued)
Recommended Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators from
Citizens Band, Class D Transmitters 26.965 MHz
(Channel 1) 27.405 MHz (Channel 40)

Recommended Minimum Distance

Type Hand-Held Vehicle-Mounted
Double Sideband – 4 Watts maximum Transmitter 5 ft 65 ft
Power
Single Sideband – 12 Watts (Peak Envelope 20 ft 110 ft
Power)
1)
Power delivered to the antenna.
2)
Maximum power to two-way mobile units in VHF (150.8 or 161.6 MHz range) and for two-way mobile
and fixed station units in UHF (450 to 460 MHz range).
3)
Maximum power for major VHF two-way mobile and fixed station units in 35 to 44 MHz range.
4)
Maximum power for two-way fixed station units in VHF (150.8 to 161.6 MHz range).
5)
Maximum power for amateur radio mobile use.
6)
Maximum power for some base stations in 42 to 44 MHz band and 1.6 to 1.8 MHz band.

29
 Table 4
Recommended Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators from VHF TV and FM
Broadcast Transmitters (Figure 6)

Effective Radiated Power Minimum Distance

(Watts) (1) (2) (3) (Feet)
Channels 2 to 6 FM Radio Channels 7 to 13
Up to 1,000 820 667 502
10,000 1,450 1,190 892
45,000 2,121 NA NA
100,000 2,580 2,115 1,585
160,000 NA NA 1,780
316,000 3,450 2,820 2,130
1,000,000 4,600 3,770 2,820
10,000,000 8,190 6,690 5,020
(1)
Present maximum effective radiated power for Class C FM radio is 100,000 Watts.
(2)
Present maximum ERP for Channels 2-6, 100,000 Watts video, 10,000 Watts audio and 45,000 Watts
digital.
(3)
Present maximum ERP for Channels 7-13, 316,000 Watts video, 31,600 Watts audio and 160,000 Watts
digital.

Table 5
Recommended Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators from UHF TV Transmitters (Figure 7)

Effective Radiated Power (Watts) Minimum Distance (Feet)

Up to 10,000 600
1,000,000 (1) 2,000
(1)
5,000,000 3,000
(1)
Present maximum power for UHF TV Channels 14 to 36 and 38 to 51 is 5,000,000 Watts audio, 1,000,000
Watts digital. As of 12 June 2009, all U.S. full power analog TV stations ceased broadcasting and replaced
analog transmissions with digital broadcasting on the same transmission channel.

30
31
32
33
34
 A. Radar and Safe Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators

Occasionally 10 cm. (3,000 MHz) and 3 cm. (9,000 MHz) Maritime Radionavigation Radar will be
encountered at blasting sites. This radio frequency source may be characterized by a high effective
average radiated power*, in some cases exceeding 50,000 watts. While outside the beam, no hazard
exists at the blasting site. Generally, if the boat or ship can be seen that is using radar, one can assume
that they may be within the beam.

Generally the strength and potential hazard of the radar sources will depend on the type of boat or ship it
is on. The following table gives some guidelines as to what may be encountered at river, harbor or ocean
blasting sites.

Table 6
Recommended Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators from
Maritime Radionavigational Radar

Effective Radiated Wave length (cm) Minimum Distance

Type of Service
Power , ERP(Watts)* (Feet)
Small Pleasure Craft 500 3 20
Harbor Craft, River Boats, etc. 5,000 3 50
Large Commercial Shipping 50,000 3 & 10 300

The above tables should be used only if the exact nature of the radar hazard is understood. In cases where
an uncertainty exists as to the nature of the radar signal as well as ground scatter and reflection of the
radar signal, a recommended minimum distance of 1,000 feet should be maintained from the radar
antenna.

Long-range radar (non-military) of frequency 1.3 to 1.35 GHz (wavelength 0.2m) can have a million
watts peak power (100,000 watts average). This is hazardous within one mile. Consult local authority.

*Effective Radiated Power = (Maximum antenna gain x antenna input power)

Table 6A
Recommended Distances for One Ohm Electric Detonators from Radio Navigation Beacons

Minimum Distance
Type of Service Power (Watts) Frequency (MHz)
(Feet)
Loran-C 1,000,000 0.1 650
VOR (VHF Omni- 100 110 110
directional radio)
Localizer 100 110 110
Glide Slope 15 315 25

35
 B. Safe Field Strength as a Function of Frequency
The purpose of this section is to offer a guideline on the acceptable electric field strength, (E Field), at a
location where a conventional electric detonator may be expected to be present with respect to the source
or sources of radio frequency, (RF), radiation.
IME believes that it would be useful to provide this data to manufacturers and developers of RF emitting
devices that may wish to design their equipment for use near blasting circuits and electric detonators. The
following log-log plot shows the acceptable electric field strength, (E Field in volts/meter), as a function
of frequency in Megahertz (MHz), that the one ohm electric detonators can be exposed to while
minimizing the risk of inadvertent initiation due to energy extracted by the detonator and its wiring from
an RF field. This chart is a plot of the maximum acceptable RF electric field strength from sources of
electromagnetic energy at a location where any part of the electric detonator or attached wiring is
expected to be present with respect to the RF source or sources.

Figure 8
Acceptable Field Strength for a One Ohm Electric Detonator

1000
Field Strength (volts/meter)

100

10

0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Frequency (MHz)

36
 C. Multiple Sources of RF in the Vicinity of Electric Blasting Circuits
Where multiple sources of RF are present, the ratio of actual measured or computed field strength,
(volts/meter), divided by the maximum acceptable field strength at that frequency, (volts/meter), can be
formed for each RF source. Squaring each ratio and summing those squared ratios for each RF source
should produce a value less than one to consider the electric detonator’s location with respect to multiple
RF sources as having a very low likelihood of inadvertent initiation.

(E1/E1max)2 + (E2/E2max)2 + (E3/E3max)2 + … + (En/Enmax)2 < 1

Where:
E1, E2, E3, … En are the measured or computed electric field strengths at the detonator location
with respect to the RF sources and;
E1max, E2max, E3max, … Enmax are the maximum acceptable electric field strengths for that
frequency from the above plot.

Also, it must be clear that the above plot applies to far field conditions only, that is, circumstances where
the electric detonator and its lead-wires is separated from the RF source; (i), by a distance of at least a
few wavelengths and (ii), at a distance larger than the maximum physical dimension of the transmitting
antenna. At closer distances within the transmitting antenna’s near field, the field can be very difficult to
predict and simple equations may not accurately represent the source and receiver or the detonator’s
energy extraction from the electromagnetic fields. Computer-based numerical methods are usually
employed in such cases and the results can vary greatly from those predicted by far field equations.

It is not the intent of the Institute of Makers of Explosives or its member companies to publish design
specifications or make recommendations concerning the design of equipment producing non-ionizing
radiation used in the vicinity of electric detonators and blasting circuits. The above referenced plot is to
serve as a guideline for determining the design and administrative controls necessary to reduce the
likelihood of the inadvertent initiation of electric detonators by RF fields.

PART III

Tables of Recommended Safe Distances from RF Sources for 50 Ohm Oilfield Resistorized
Electric Detonators

The 50 ohm resistorized electric detonator is frequently used in the upstream oil and gas industry at the
wellsite for the downhole initiation of perforating guns, explosive cutters for pipe recovery, backoff shots
and with other types of explosive tools used in oil and gas wells during wireline-conveyed operations.
This type of electric detonator, equipped with a pair of series resistors in the detonator’s header, provides
some degree of safety above conventional one ohm electric detonators by requiring a higher current to
initiate the device. The American Petroleum Institute’s “Recommended Practice for Oilfield Explosives
Safety”, API Recommended Practice 67, second edition, May 2007, specifies that the resistorized electric
detonator be considered to be the minimum level of protection against inadvertent initiation of the
detonator that should be used at the wellsite. A cross-sectional diagram of a resistorized electric detonator
is depicted in Figure 8.

37
 Figure 9 50 Ohm Resistorized Electric Detonator

In order to obtain “no-fire” current or “no-fire” power data for these specialized detonators to apply to the
equations computing the safe distances from radio frequency sources, it was necessary to conduct “one-
shot” tests on samples of the detonators supplied by different manufacturers. The result was a wide range
of “no-fire” current levels ranging from 271 milliamps to 45 milliamps and “no-fire” power levels
ranging from 4.0 watts to 0.1 watt. The reason this occurred is that the resistorized electric detonators
exhibited differing failure modes. In some cases, series resistors would open at low current levels,
rendering the device under test a dud. In keeping with the U.S. Department of Defense testing standards
for electro-explosive devices, any application of a low electrical current which results in rendering the
initiating device useless for its intended use, (whether the device fires or not), is considered to be a
failure. Thus the “no-fire” power level that was applied for use in the safe distance tables in this document
for 50 ohm oilfield electric detonators was the lowest “no-fire” power observed with a 0.999 probability
of not firing with a 95% confidence level; namely 0.1 watt.
Furthermore, if the blasting circuit or electric detonator was to be considered a pickup circuit extracting
energy from a radio frequency field, then the configuration that could be encountered in oilfield
operations had to be examined. In the case of AM broadcast and medium wave RF up to 50 MHz, the
small magnetic loop model used for the one ohm electric detonator was abandoned and replaced by a
short dipole pickup model instead. The reason was that the oilfield electric detonator could be connected
to a wireline unit at the wellsite with an armored cable elevated 100 feet or so vertically to run the tool
string into a lubricator assembly attached to the wellhead. For a nearby vertically polarized AM broadcast
transmitter, this was considered to be a sensitive configuration if the ground was opened on the cable
armor, the wireline’s center conductor grounded, and an electric detonator connected between the two.
Figure 9 depicts this ground fault that could extract RF energy from an electro-magnetic field.

38
 Recommended Tables of Safe Distances from RF sources for 50 Ohm Resistorized
Oilfield Electric Detonators

Table 7
Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators from Commercial AM Broadcast
Transmitters, 0.535 to 1.605 MHz

Transmitter Power (Watts)1 Minimum Distance (Feet)

Up to 4,000 960
5,000 1,072
10,000 1,516
25,000 2,400
2
50,000 3,391
100,000 4,794
500,000 10,720
1
Power delivered to the transmitting antenna.
2
50,000 watts is the present maximum power of U.S. broadcast transmitters in this frequency range.

Table 8
Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators from Transmitters up to 50 MHz
(Excluding AM Broadcast) Calculated for a Dipole Pickup Configuration1 2

Transmitter Power (Watts)3 Minimum Distance (Feet)

100 446
200 531
500 667
1,000 794
1,500 878
5,000 1,187
50,000 2,110
4
500,000 3,753

1
Based on the configuration shown in Figure 2b, using 22.8 MHz which is the most sensitive frequency.
2
This table should be applied to International Broadcast Transmitters (shortwave), in the 10-25 MHz range.
3
Power delivered to the antenna.
4
Present maximum for International Broadcast.

39
 Table 9
Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators from RF Sources such as
Fixed and Mobile Transmitters
Include Cellular Telephone Service, Amateur Radio and Citizen’s Band
Minimum Distance (Feet)

VHF
MF HF 35 to 36 MHz VHF UHF
Transmitter(1) 1.7 to 3.4 MHz 28 to 29.7 MHz Public Use 144 to 148 MHz 450 to 470 MHz
Power (Watts) Fixed, Mobile Amateur 42 to 44 MHz Amateur Public Use
Maritime Public Use 150.8 to 161.6 MHz Cellular Telephones
50 to 54 MHz Public Use above 800 MHz
Amateur
1 7 29 23 6 3
3 11 50 39 11 5
5 14 65 50 14 6
10 20 91 71 19 8
50 43 204 158 42 18
100 61 288 223 60 25
180 (2) 82 386 299 80 33
200 86 407 315 84 35
250 96 455 352 94 39
500 (3) 136 643 498 133 54
600 (4) 149 704 545 145 60
1,000 192 909 704 188 77
1,500 (5) 235 1,113 862 230 94
10,000 (6) 607 2,874 2,225 592 241

Table 9a (Continued)
Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators from Citizen’s Band, Class D
Transmitters
26.965 MHz (Channel 1) to 27.405 MHz (Channel 40)
Recommended Minimum Distance
Type Hand-Held Vehicle-Mounted
Double-Sideband – 4 Watts 4 feet 42 feet
maximum Transmitter Power
Single Sideband – 12 Watts 13 feet 70 feet
(Peak Envelope Power)
(1)
Power delivered to the antenna.
(2)
Maximum power to two-way mobile units in VHF, (150.8 to 161.6 MHz range), and for two-way mobile
and fixed station units in UHF, (450 to 460 MHz range)
(3)
Maximum power for major VHF two-way mobile and fixed station units in 35 to 44 MHz range.
(4)
Maximum power for two-way fixed station units in VHF, (150.8 to 161.6 MHz range).
(5)
Maximum power for amateur radio use.
(6)
Maximum power for some base stations in 42 to 44 MHz band and 1.6 to 1.8 MHz band.

40
 Table 10
Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators from VHF TV and FM
Broadcasting Transmitters

Effective Radiated
Minimum Distance (Feet)
Power (ERP)1,2,3
Channels 2 to 6 FM Radio Channels 7 to 13
Up to 1,000 853 670 480
10,000 1,520 1,200 850
45,000 2,210 NA NA
100,000 2,700 2,120 1,511
160,000 NA NA 1,700
316,000 3,600 2,850 2,014
1,000,000 4,800 3,770 2,690
10,000,000 8,600 6,700 4,780

Table 11
Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators from UHF TV Transmitters

(Effective Radiated Power (Watts) Minimum Distance (Feet)

Up to 10,000 520
1
1,000,000 1,640
1
5,000,000 2,500
1
Present maximum ERP for UHF TV Channels 14 to 36 and 38 to 51 is 5,000,000 Watts video, 500,000 Watts audio, and
1,000,000 Watts digital. As of 12 June 2009, all U.S. full power analog TV stations ceased broadcasting and replaced analog
transmissions with digital broadcasting on the same transmission channel.

Radar and Safe Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators

Occasionally 10 cm. (3,000 MHz) and 3 cm. (9,000 MHz) Maritime Radionavigation Radar will be
encountered at blasting sites. This radio frequency source may be characterized by a high effective
average radiated power*, in some cases exceeding 50,000 watts. While outside the beam, no hazard
exists at the blasting site. Generally, if the boat or ship can be seen that is using radar, one can assume
that he may be within the beam.

Generally the strength and potential hazard of the radar sources will depend on the type of boat or ship it
is on. The following table gives some guidelines as to what may be encountered at river, harbor or ocean
blasting sites.

1
Present maximum ERP for Class C FM radio is 100,000 Watts.
2
Present maximum ERP for Channels 2-6, 100,000 Watts video, 10,000 Watts audio, and 45,000 Watts digital.
3
Present maximum ERP for Channels 7-13, 316,000 Watts video, 31,600 Watts audio, and 160,000 Watts digital.

41
 Table 12
Recommended Distance for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators from Maritime Radionavigational
Radar

Effective Radiated Minimum Distance

Type of Service Wavelength (cm.)
Power (Watts)* (Feet)
Small Pleasure Craft 500 3 13
Harbor Craft, River 5,000 3 32
Boats, Etc.
Large Commercial 50,000 3&5 190
Shipping
The above tables should be used only if the exact nature of the radar hazard is understood. In cases where an uncertainty exists
as to the nature of the radar signal as well as ground scatter and reflection of the radar signal, a recommended minimum distance
of 1,000 feet should be maintained from the radar antenna.
Long-range radar (non-military) of frequency 1.3 to 1.35 GHz (wavelength 0.2m) can have a million watts peak power (100,000
watts average). This is hazardous within one mile. Consult local authority.
*Effective Radiated Power = (Maximum antenna gain x antenna input power)

Table 12A
Recommended Distances for 50 Ohm Oilfield Electric Detonators from Radio Navigation Beacons

Type of Beacon Power Frequency Minimum Distance

(Feet)
Loran-C 1,000,000 0.1 412
VOR 100 110 70
Localizer 100 110 70
Glide Slope 15 315 16

PART IV
Radio Frequency Sources and Definitions
A partial list of RF sources is given in Table 13 and standard definitions related to radio frequency
sources are given in Table 14 and SLP-12 Glossary Terms.

42
43
44
45
 Table 14
Table of Definitions

A number of these definitions have been abstracted from FCC regulations. Also, please refer to
Federal Standard 1037C, dated 7 August 1996, for a more complete list of definitions and terms
related to telecommunications.
Amateur Service
A service of intercommunications and technical investigations carried on by duly authorized persons interested
in radio technique.

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

A form of RF transmission where the information contained in the signal varies the strength of the RF carrier.
Antenna
An electrical conductor or series of conductors configured to radiate or receive RF electromagnetic energy.
Antenna Gain
A characteristic of a directional antenna; the ratio of the RF field strength at a particular location in the
direction of maximum radiation and that field intensity produced by an isotropic antenna operating at the same
power input.
Aviation Services
Services of fixed and land stations, and mobile stations on land and on board aircraft “primarily for the safe
expeditious and economical operation of aircraft.”
Band
A group of RF frequencies bounded by an upper and a lower frequency limit generally dedicated to one type of
radio transmission service.
Bluetooth
A wireless system utilizing frequency hopping spread spectrum technology which may connect a variety of
devices such as personal computers, laptops, mobile phones, video game consoles, printers, cameras, etc., into a
local area network. The systems operate in the 2.4 to 2.48 GHz band and a maximum power of 100 milliwatt.
Broadcasting Service
A radio communication service in which the transmissions are intended for direct reception by the general
public.
Citizens Band Radio
A radio communication service of fixed, land, and mobile stations intended for personal or business radio
communication, radio signaling, (and) control of remote objects or devices.
Double Sideband
A type of radio transmission characterized by a modulated carrier signal whose upper sideband is the sum of
the carrier and the modulating frequencies and the lower sideband is the difference between the carrier and the
modulating frequencies.
Fixed Service
“A service of radio communication between specified fixed points.”
Fixed Station
A station in the fixed service.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
A form of radio transmission where the information contained in the signal varies the frequency of the RF
carrier.

46
Glide Slope
Used as a portion of an aviation instrument landing system, (ILS), a Glide Slope station provides “up” and
“down” steering data to aircraft on landing approach.
Global Positioning System
A system of orbiting satellites and sometimes fixed base stations used in conjunction with a receiver to
accurately locate the receiver in three dimensional space.
Horizontal Polarization
A configuration where an electromagnetic wave has an electric field that is parallel to a reference plane such as
the Earth’s surface.
International Broadcast Service
A service “whose transmissions are intended to be received directly by the general public in foreign countries.”
Isotropic Antenna
A hypothetical antenna characterized as a point source which radiates uniformly in all directions.
Land Station
A station in the mobile service not intended to be used while in motion.
Localizer
Used as a portion of an aviation instrument landing system, (ILS), an ILS localizer station provides “left” and
“right” steering data to aircraft on landing approach.
Loran-C
Loran-C is a radio-navigational aid providing maritime position fixing capability. With the development of
Global Positioning Systems, Loran-C in the U.S. was phased out as of 08 February 2010. U.S. participation in
the Russian-American and Canadian Loran-C chains will temporarily continue supporting those international
agreements.
Maritime Services
Services intended for maritime radio communication and including fixed stations, land stations, and mobile
stations on land an on board ships.
Mobile Services
“A service of radio communication between mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations.”
Mobile Station
“A station in the mobile service intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points.”
“No-Fire” Power Level
The maximum “no-fire” power level is the maximum DC or RF power at which a blasting cap or detonator
will not fire with a probability of .999 at a confidence level of 95 percent as determined by test and computer
simulation.
PAVE PAWS
An acronym for “Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry-Phased Array Warning System, a phased-array radar
system operating between 420-450 MHz in pulsed mode with a power level per face of 577,000 watts. The
purpose of the system is the detection of incoming sea-launched missiles and ICBMs.
RACON
A radar transponder beacon that is commonly used to mark maritime navigational hazards. They may be
operated by the U.S. Coast Guard or the owners of offshore oil platforms. Most operate on the X band and S
band marine radar bands.

47
Shoran
Used for short-range navigation; shoran consists of a pulse transmitter and receiver with two transponder
beacons at fixed location.

Single Sideband Transmission

An amplitude modulated transmission where only one sideband of the central carrier frequency contains the
information to be transmitted; generally used due to its ability to efficiently use the power of the transmitted
carrier.

Spread Spectrum
A specified type of radio which intentionally spreads its transmissions across a specified band of frequencies so
to reduce interference with and from transmitters operating in the same range of frequencies.

Standard Frequency Terms and Bands

1 Megahertz, MHz = 1,000,000 cycles per second
1 Gigahertz, GHz = 1,000,000,000 cycles per second
Medium Frequency Band – MF 0.3-3 MHz
High Frequency Band – HF 3-30 MHz
Very High Frequency Band – VHF 30-300 MHz
Ultra High Frequency Band – UHF 300-3,000 MHz
Extremely High Frequency (EHF) 30 – 300 Gigahertz
Transmitter
An electronic device used to generate an RF carrier signal, add the information to the carrier and deliver the
energy to an antenna system for transmission.
Vertical Polarization
A configuration where an electromagnetic wave has an electric field that is perpendicular to a reference plane
such as the Earth’s surface.
Watt
A unit of electrical power.

WiFi
A type of wireless local area network, (WLAN), system that enables a variety of devices such as personal
computers, video game consoles, mobile phones, MP3 players, etc., to connect to the Internet. The FCC limit the
equivalent isotropic radiated power, (EIRP), to 1 watt for frequency hopping systems operating in the 2.4 GHz to
2.483 GHz band employing 75 hopping channels or more.

48
 Table 15
List of Safety Library Publications
The IME Safety Library is comprised of publications addressing a variety of subjects relating to safety.
These publications are revised, as necessary, by staff and technical representatives of IME member
companies. Currently, the Safety Library consists of the following publications:

SLP 1 Construction Guide for Storage Magazines (Sept 2006)

SLP 2 The American Table of Distances (June 1991-incorporates

changes through October 2011)
SLP 3 Suggested Code of Regulations (October 2009)

SLP 4 Warning and Instructions for Consumers in Transporting,

Storing, Handling and Using Explosive Materials (October
2009)
Glossary of Commercial Explosives Industry Terms
SLP 12
(July 2010)

SLP 14 Handbook for the Transportation and Distribution of

Explosive Materials (April 2007)
SLP 17 Safety in the Transportation, Storage, Handling and Use of
Explosive Materials (October 2011)
SLP 20 Safety Guide for the Prevention of Radio Frequency
Radiation Hazards in the Use of Commercial Electric
Detonators (December 2011)
SLP 22 Recommendations for the Safe Transportation of
Detonators in a Vehicle with Certain Other Explosive
Materials (Feb 2007)
SLP 23 Recommendations for the Transportation of Explosives
Division 1.5, Ammonium Nitrate Emulsions, Division 5.1,
Combustible Liquids, Class 3, and Corrosives, Class 8 in
Bulk Packagings (October 2011)
SLP 25 Explosives Manufacturing & Processing Guideline to
Safety Training (May 2011)
SLP 27 Security in Manufacturing, Transportation, Storage and Use
of Commercial Explosives (January 2005)
SLP 28 Recommendations for Accountability and Security of Bulk
Explosives and Bulk Security Sensitive Materials
(September 2007)
SLP-29 Recommendations for the Environmental Management of
Commercial Explosives (March 2011)

49
For further details and information, or to order the IME Safety Library and Safety Publication, you may
fax, mail, call, or place and order through the IME Web site at www.ime.org/ecommerce. The IME’s
safety library publications are also available in electronic form for downloading in Portable Document
Format, (PDF) from the IME Web site.
Order via:
Phone: 1-202-429-9280
Fax: 1-202-293-2420
Address: 1120 19th St., N.W.
Suite 310
Washington, D.C. 20036
Prepayment is required unless an account has been established with IME. VISA, MASTERCARD, and
AMERICAN EXPRESS credit cards are accepted.

Table 16
List of IME Guidelines and Recommended Practices

In addition to the Safety Library Publication, IME has approved the following recommended practices for
use within the industry. Further information on these guidelines and practices may be found on the IME
Web site at www.ime.org.

1. Date/Plant/Shift Code
2. Shelf Life of Explosive Materials
3. Inert Production and Distribution Standard
4. Perchlorate White Paper
5. Best Blasting Practices
6. Guidelines for the Pumping of Bulk, Water-based Explosives
7. X-Ray Radiation Effects on Explosives

50
 www.apt-research.com

Providing Safe Solutions

Importing Site Images
Loading a Registered Image Cache

The first time a registered

image is loaded into the
Institute of Makers of Explosives

IMESAFR
program, an image cache
file is created the
computer.

Safety Analysis for Risk

What is IMESAFR?
IME Safety Analysis for Risk (IMESAFR) is a software model that was developed
through a joint effort by the Institute of Makers of Explosives and APT Research.
IMESAFR is a probabilistic risk assessment tool used to calculate risk to person-
nel from explosives facilities. This software not only calculates Quantity
Distances based on the American Table of Distances (ATD) and other QD regula-
tions, it can determine a level of safety based upon risk.
IMESAFR uses the donor structure and activity, the structure of the exposed
sites, and duration of exposed personnel to determine a level of safety. The
program provides users with the ability to work in metric or Imperial measures,
and allows users to import maps or drawings of their site to assist with visualiz-
ing facility layouts and results.

Why Was IMESAFR

Developed?
IMESAFR was developed to provide a
more comprehensive assessment of
the overall risk of explosives opera-
tions. The commercial explosives
industry in the United States uses the
ATD as the basis for safe siting of
explosives storage facilities. ATD
siting involves the evaluation of a
specific magazine and inhabited
building or public highway, which are
referred to as a Potential Explosion
Site (PES)/Exposed Site (ES) pair in
IMESAFR. This evaluation yields the
recommended separation distance
Identifying Risk Drivers based on the factors that affect risk,
Risk drivers can control the overall risk at a site so it is important to determine
what they are before spending time and money on mitigation efforts.
including whether a barricade exists.
Consider a hypothetical scenario with the consequences shown below: Although the same criteria can be
applied to explosives manufacturing
1e-02
operations, the ATD was intended for
1e-04

1e-06
use in limited permanent storage
1e-08

1e-10
situations. In addition to permanent
1e-12

Overpressure Glass Building Collapse Debris

storage situations, IMESAFR accounts
Based on the bar chart above, what is the risk driver?
What could be done to address the risk driver?
for other activities such as manufac-
Would removing all of the glass from the ES be effective?
turing, assembly, and loading and
unloading.
M6-7

4950 Research Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805

M-13-00100
 DESTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

At times it may be necessary to destroy commercial explosive materials. These may consist of explosives
or blasting agents from containers that have been broken during transportation or may be materials that
have exceeded their recommended shelf life or are believed to be overage or are no longer needed.

Due to the many developments in explosive technology over the past few years, the appearance and
characteristics of products have undergone marked changes. To be sure that you are familiar with the
properties of the product that you plan to destroy, the manufacturer of that product should be consulted
for the most current product information and the recommended method of disposal and/or destruction.

The member companies of the Institute of Makers of Explosives have agreed to supply advice and
assistance in destroying explosives. If the manufacturer is known, seek his assistance. If the
manufacturer is not known, a member company of the Institute of Makers of Explosives may provide
advice or assistance.

The above policy of IME member companies relates only to commercial explosive materials. It does not
include handling improvised explosive devices or bombs, military ordnance, military explosives, or
homemade explosive materials.

IME member companies also cannot become involved in destroying explosive materials, which have been
used for illegal purposes, are reportedly stolen property or are considered as evidence in any potential
civil litigation or criminal prosecution.
 28
September 2007

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY

AND SECURITY OF BULK EXPLOSIVES
AND BULK SECURITY SENSITIVE MATERIALS

IME 1120 Nineteenth

1120 Nineteenth Street,
Street, N.W
N.W
institute of makers of explosives Suite 310
Washington, DC 20036-3605
202/429-9280
Fax 202/293-2420

www.ime.org
www.ime.org
info@ime.org
info@ime.org

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