1

†hfv‡e cÖkœ n‡e :

cvuP ev Z‡ZvwaK ev‡K¨i GKwU Text _vK‡e| Text wUi cvuPwU evK¨‡K eª¨v‡K‡U Instruction †`Iqv _vK‡e| Instruction Aek¨B ¯•ó
_vK‡e| A_©vr cÖkœKZ©v hw` g‡b K‡ib A_© wVK †i‡L evK¨wU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e, Z‡e Aek¨B without changing the meaning
D‡jÐL _vK‡e| evK¨My‡jv‡K Numbering Kivi Rb¨ a-e e¨envi Kiv n‡e| Gevi j¶ Ki :
Read the text and change the sentences as directed. 15=5
Taimur was one of the greatest conquerors of the world. (a) Once Taimur attacked the province of a
powerful prince (Make it passive). (b) He entered the kingdom of the prince and captured a large village
(Make a question). (c) As soon as the prince heard the news, he came with a large army (Make it a
negative sentence without changing the meaning). (d) The village was surrounded from all sides (Make it
active). Taimur was defeated. (e) Taimur disguised himself as a poor traveler to survive (Make it a
complex sentence). [NCTB Sample Question]
†hfv‡e DËi wjL‡Z n‡e :
wk¶v_x©iv Number e¨envi K‡i iƒcvš@wiZ evK¨My‡jv ch©vqµwgKfv‡e wjL‡e| cÖwZwU ev‡K¨i Rb¨ 1 K‡i †gvU Marks _vK‡e 05|
Solution:
(a) Once the province of a powerful prince was attacked by Taimur.
(b) Didn't he enter the kingdom of the prince and capture a large village??
(c) No sooner had the prince heard the news than he came with a large army.
(d) The army surrounded the village on all sides.
(e) Taimur disguised himself as a poor traveler so that he could survive.

The old man was very wise.

Wasn't the old man very wise?
How wise the old man was?
The old man was not unwise at all.
Dc‡i †`Lv hv‡ŕQ A‡_©i †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q Sentence-†K GK form †_‡K Aci form-G cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| †gvU K_v Sentence-
Gi A_©MZ w`K AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L iƒcMZ cwieZ©b KivB nj Changing Sentence ev Transformation of Sentence †hgb :
(a) The old man had three sons. (Negative)
= The old man had not more than/ not less than three sons.
(b) The sons were in bad terms. (Negative)
= The sons were not in good terms.
Sentence-Gi wbgœwjwLZ cwieZ©bMy‡jv Transformation-Gi g‡a¨ c‡o|
* A_© Abyhvqx Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Optative and Exclamatory, Negative, Affirmative
Sentence-Gi cvi¯•wiK cwieZ©b|
* MVb Abyhvqx Simple, Complex, Compound-Gi cvi¯•wiK cwieZ©b|
* Degree of Comparison-Gi cvi¯•wiK cwieZ©b|
* Active I Passive-Gi cvi¯•wiK cwieZ©b|
* Narration
 2

Segment1 Transformation: Sentence As Meaning

Affirmative  Negative

mvaviYZ auxiliary verb Gi mv‡_ not †hvM K‡i †Kv‡bv evK¨‡K negative Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j g–j verb Gi
c–‡e© do not/does not/did not ewm‡q Negative Ki‡Z nq| †hgb :
Affirmative : The test was difficult for Osman. (Make it negative without changing meaning)
Negative : The test was not difficult for Osman. (Incorrect)
Correct : The test was not easy for Osman.
Affirmative: The Mayor broke his promise. (Make it negative without changing meaning)
Negative: The Mayor did not keep his promise.
Gfv‡e cwieZ©b Kivq evK¨ `ywUi A_© cwiewZ©Z n‡q wM‡q‡Q| ZvB Transformation of sentence Gi †¶‡Î GKUz wfbœfv‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
nq| KviY Transformation Gi e¨vcviwU n‡jv, A_© wVK †i‡L ïay Structure cwieZ©b Kiv| G‡¶‡Î Avgiv wZbwU wbqg AbymiY Kwi|
(i) wbw`©ó Phrase cwieZ©b
(ii) antonym + cÖkœvbyhvqx negative/affirmative
(iii) interrogative + cÖkœvbyhvqx negative/affirmative
(i) wbw`©ó Phrase cwieZ©b
Affirmative Negative
1 Only / alone None but (e¨w³) / nothing but (e¯‘) / not more /
Ex : Only Shova deserves the award. less than (msL¨v / cwigvY) nowhere but (¯’vb)
Ex : None but Shova deserves the award.
2 Must / have to + verb Gi g–j form Cannot help + Ving / cannot but + V0
Ex : She must cry hearing the news. Ex : She cannot help crying hearing the news.
Or, She cannot but cry hearing the news.
3 had to + verb Gi g–j form Could not help + Ving/ could not but + V0
Ex : She had to laugh. Ex : She could not but laugh.
4 Both --------- and/ besides Not only ----------- but also
Ex : He eats both meat and fish. /He eats Ex : He eats not only meat but also fish.
meat besides fish.
5 For the last time Never again shall --------- verb
Ex : I have come here for the last time. Ex : Never again shall I come here.
6 Every + ……. + have verb There is/was no + ……. + without
Ex : Every girl has a soft heart. Ex : There is no girl without a soft heart.
7 Every + ----- + Ab¨ verb There is/was no ---- + but + Ab¨ verb
Ex : Every teacher wishes good for the Ex : There is no teacher but wishes good for the
students. students.
Too----------to So ---------- that
Structure : Sub + verb + too + adj + for + sub Structure : Sub + verb + so + adj + that + sub +
8 as obj + to + verb. cannot /could not + verb.
Ex: The problem was too hard for me to Ex : The problem was so hard that I could not solve
solve. it.
As soon as -------, ------ No sooner had/Scarcely had/ Hardly had -- than
9 Ex: As soon as I entered the room, the bell Ex : No sooner had I entered the room than the bell
rang. rang.
10 Comparative/ Superlative Positive degree
Explanation
Rule-1
Only/ alone _vK‡j e¨w³i †¶‡Î None but e¯Ŗi Rb¨ nothing but msL¨v ev cwigvY Gi Rb¨ not more than ev less than
e¨envi K‡i Negative sentence Ki‡Z nq; Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| Avevi wecix‡Z, None but/ nothing but/ not
more/ less than Gi cwie‡Z© only/ alone ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence Ki‡Z nq|
(i) Only God can help us. (Negative)
= None but God can help us.
(ii) It is compared to flame. It begets only the worst. (Negative) [DinajB '16]
 3

= It begets nothing but the worst.

(iii) Ibrahim likes only money. (Negative)
= Ibrahim likes nothing but money.
(iv) Shimul is not more than sixteen. (Affirmative)
= Shimul is only sixteen.
(v) Anannya went there not more than once. (Affirmative)
= Anannya went there only once.
Rule-2
Must ev have to + verb _vK‡j Cannot help + ing ev cannot but + base form e¨envi K‡i Negative sentence Ki‡Z
nq; Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| Avevi wecix‡Z, Cannot help / cannot but Gi cwie‡Z© must ev have to + verb Gi base
form ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence Ki‡Z nq|
(i) You have to submit the report today. (Negative)
= You cannot but submit the report today.
(ii) I cannot but go there. (Affirmative)
=I must/have to go there.
(iii) Tabu cannot help playing tennis. (Affirmative)
= Tabu must play/ has to play tennis.
Rule-3
Had to + verb Gi base form _vK‡j Could not help + ing ev could not but + base form e¨envi K‡i Negative
sentence Ki‡Z nq; Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| Avevi wecix‡Z, Could not help/ Could not but Gi cwie‡Z© had to + verb
Gi base form ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence Ki‡Z nq|
(i) He had to suffer for his sins. (Negative)
= He could not but suffer for his sins.
(ii) Setu could not but go there. (Affirmative)
=Setu had to go there.
(iii) He had to leave the country. (Negative)
= He could not help leaving the country.
Rule-4
Both ------- and A_ev besides Gi cwie‡Z© Not only ----------- but also ewm‡q Negative sentence Ki‡Z nq; Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b n‡e bv| Avevi wecix‡Z, Not only ----------- but also Gi cwie‡Z© Both ------- and A_ev besides ewm‡q
Affirmative Sentence Ki‡Z nq| (besides-Gi ci verb-Gi ing nq, wKšŖ not only --------- but also-Gi †¶‡Î verb-wU
GKB tense nq|)
(i) Besides taking five wickets, he scored a hundred in the last match. (Negative)
= He not only took five wickets but also scored a hundred in the last match.
(ii) Not only he but also I came here. (Affirmative)
= Both he and I came here.
= Besides Rahim, Karim came here.
(iii) The lady not only ate mutton chop but also drank coffee. (Negative)
=The lady ate mutton chop besides drinking coffee.
Rule-5
For the last time Ges verb Gi present form _vK‡j Never again shall e¨envi K‡i Negative sentence Ki‡Z nq; Ab¨
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| Avevi wecix‡Z, Never again shall Gi cwie‡Z© ev‡K¨i †k‡l for the last time Ges verb Gi present
form ewm‡q Affirmative sentence Ki‡Z nq|
(i) I go there for the last time. (Negative)
=Never shall I go there again.
(ii) He is playing for the last time. (Negative)
= Never shall he play again.
Rule-6
Every/all ---- have/has/had _vK‡j There is/was no ----------- without e¨envi K‡i Negative sentence Ki‡Z nq;
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| Avevi wecix‡Z, There is/was no ----------- without hy³ Negative sentence †K There
is/was no-Gi cwie‡Z© Every/all Ges without Gi cwie‡Z© have/has/had ewm‡q Affirmative sentence Ki‡Z nq|
(i) Every girl has a mother inside. (Negative)
= There is no girl without a mother inside.
(ii) There is no rose without thorns. (Affirmative)
= Every rose has thorns.
(iii) Every bird has feathers. (Negative)
 4

= There is no bird without feathers.

(iv) Every flower has petals. (Negative)
= There is no flower without petals.
Rule-7
Every/ all _vK‡j There is/ was no + Every Gi c‡ii kã + but + Verb e¨envi K‡i Negative sentence Ki‡Z nq; Ab¨
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e bv| wecix‡Z, There is/ was no ------ but/ who/ which hy³ Negative sentence †K Affirmative
sentence Ki‡Z There is/ was no Gi cwie‡Z© Every/ all em‡e Ges but/who/ which ev` hv‡e; Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e
bv|
(i) Everybody wants friends. (Negative) [CtgB '16]
= There is no body but wants friends.
(ii) There is no mother but loves her child. (Affirmative)
= Every mother loves her child.
(iii) Everybody fears death. (Negative)
= There is nobody but fears death.
(iv) There is no one but hates a liar. (Affirmative)
= Everyone hates a liar.
Rule-8
Too --------- to hy³ Affirmative sentence-†K Negative Kivi wbqg : cÖ`Ë sentence Gi subject + verb e‡m + too Gi
cwie‡Z© H RvqMvq so e‡m + to Gi cwie‡Z© that e‡m + cÖ_g subject Avevi e‡m + tense Abyhvqx cannot / could not e‡m +
evwK Ask| wecix‡Z, So ........ that hy³ Negative sentence †K Affirmative sentence G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg : So Gi cwie‡Z© too
em‡e that Gi cwie‡Z© to em‡e + subj, auxiliary I not ev` w`‡q evwK Ask em‡e|
(i) He is too weak to go. (Negative)
= He is so weak that he cannot go.
(ii) Della was too poor to buy a chain. (Negative)
= Della was so poor that she could not buy a chain.
(iii) He is so weak that he cannot move. (Affirmative)
= He is too weak to move.
(iv) Jerry was so honest that he could not show excuse. (Affirmative)
= Jerry was too honest to show excuse.
(AwaK Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ GB †jm&‡bi Complex-Simple Gi Practice Ask †`L|)
Rule-9
As soon as hy³ Affirmative sentence †K Negative sentence G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg :As soon as Gi cwie‡Z© No sooner
had em‡e + Kgvi c–e© ch©š@ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e (Z‡e verb-wU 3rd form n‡e) + Kgvi cwie‡Z© than em‡e + evwK Ask e‡m hv‡e|
wecix‡Z, No sooner had -------- than hy³ Negative sentence †K Affirmative sentence G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg :No
sooner had Gi cwie‡Z© as soon as em‡e + than Gi c–e© ch©š@ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e (Z‡e verb-wU 2nd form n‡e) + than Gi
cwie‡Z© Kgv em‡e + evwK Ask e‡m hv‡e|
(i) As soon as the bell rang, the students went out. (Negative)
= No sooner had the bell rung than the students went out.
(ii) As soon as the rain stopped, the game started. (Negative)
= No sooner had the rain stopped than the game started.
(iii) No sooner had I gone to the station than the train left. (Affirmative)
= As soon as I went to the station, the train left.
(iv) No sooner had the teacher entered the class than the students stood up. (Affirmative)
= As soon as the teacher entered the class, the students stood up.
Rule-10
Positive Degree mvaviYZ Negative _v‡K| ZvB G‡K wb‡Pi wbq‡g Comparative K‡i Affirmative Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbqg: †k‡li NP + Verb + Adjective (Comparative) + than + any other + cÖ_g NP
(i) No other girl in the class is as beautiful as Tania. (Affirmative)
= Tania is more beautiful than any other girl in the class.
(ii) No other animals are as ferocious as tigers. (Affirmative)
= Tigers are more ferocious than any other animal/ all other animals.
Rule-11
(i) wbw`©ó `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvi Rb¨ NP cwieZ©b bv K‡i less hy³ Affirmative sentence †K Negative Kivi wbqg :
less Gi RvqMvq not as e‡m Ges than Gi RvqMvq as e‡m|
Affirmative : Gold is less precious than Diamond.
Negative : Gold is not as precious as Diamond.
(ii) wbw`©ó `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvi Rb¨ NP cwieZ©b bv K‡i As ------ as hy³ Negative sentence †K Affirmative Kivi wbqg :
 5

cÖ_g not as RvqMvq less e‡m| †kl as Gi RvqMvq than e‡m|

Negative : Shima is not as beautiful as Rima.
Affirmative : Shima is less beautiful than Rima.
Rule-12
(i) wbw`©ó `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvi Rb¨ NP cwieZ©b K‡i than hy³ Affirmative sentence †K Negative Kivi wbqg :
cÖ_‡g 2nd NP em‡e + verb negative n‡e + as ewm‡q adjective-Gi positive Ki‡Z n‡e + 2q as em‡e + 1st NP.
Affirmative : Rani runs faster than Shilpa.
Negative : Shilpa does not run as fast as Rani.
(ii) wbw`©ó `y‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvi Rb¨ NP cwieZ©b K‡i As -------- as hy³ Negative sentence †K Affirmative Kivi wbqg :
cÖ_‡g 2nd NP em‡e + verb affirmative n‡e + cÖ_g as ev` w`‡q adjective-Gi comparative + 2q as Gi cwie‡Z© than
em‡e + 1st NP.
Negative : Gold is not as valuable as iron.
Affirmative : Iron is more valuable than gold.
AviI Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ Transformation: Degree †jm&bwU †`L|
(ii) Antonym + negative/ affirmative
†hme sentence Gi †Kv‡bv k‡ãi antonym e¨envi Kiv hvq †m‡¶‡Î cÖkœvbyhvqx negative ev affirmative K‡i antonym e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb :
(i) A frugal man lives a solvent life. (Negative) [DB '17]
= A frugal man doesn't live an insolvent life.
(ii) They will never be forgotten by their countrymen to the end. (Affirmative) [JB '17, CB '16]
=They will always be remembered by their countrymen to the end.
(iii) One day she thought Solomon's wisdom should not remain untested. ( Affirmative) [CtgB '17]
= One day she thought Solomon's wisdom should be tested.
wKQy wecixZv_©K k‡ãi bgybv
Word Antonym
a few (wKQy/AwZ Aí) many (A‡bK)
a little (mvgvb¨/AwZ mvgvb¨) much (A‡bK)
absent (Abycw¯ŗZ) present (Dcw¯ŗZ)
active (mwµq) inactive (wbw®Œq)
agreed (m¤§Z) disagreed (Am¤§Z)
all (affirmative) (meB) no (†KD bv)
all (negative) (meB bv) some (wKQy)
always (affir) (me mgq) never (KL‡bv bv)
always (negative) (me mgq bv) sometimes (gv‡S gv‡S)
comfortable (¯^w¯@Ki) uncomfortable (A¯^w¯@Ki)
doubtful (m‡›`ngq) undoubtful / doubtless (m‡›`ngy³)
formal (AvbyôvwbK) informal (AbvbyôvwbK)
friend (eÜz) foe (kÎŔ)
good (fvj) bad (g›`)
grateful (K…ZÁ) ungrateful (AK…ZÁ)
happy (myLx) unhappy (AmyLx)
hard (KwVb) easy (mnR)
healthy (¯^v¯ŗ¨Ki) unhealthy (A¯^v¯ŗ¨Ki)
honest (mr) dishonest (Amr)
honesty (mZZv) dishonesty (AmZZv)
honour (m¤§vb) dishonour (Am¤§vb)
literate (wkw¶Z) illiterate (Awkw¶Z)
love (fv‡jvevmv) hate (N„Yv Kiv)
moral (ˆbwZK) immoral (A‰bwZK)
obey (gvb¨ Kiv) disobey (Agvb¨ Kiv)
ordinary (mvaviY) extraordinary (AmvaviY)
patriot (†`k‡cÖwgK) traitor (†`k‡`ªvnx)
pious (avwg©K) impious (Aavwg©K)
 6

pleasant (cÖxwZKi) unpleasant (AcÖxwZKi)

pleased (mšŖó) displeased (AmšŖó)
possible (m¤¢e) impossible (Am¤¢e)
punctual (mgqwbô) late (†`wi)
real (cÖK…Z) unreal (AcÖK…Z)
regular (wbqwgZ) irregular (AwbqwgZ)
remember (¯§iY Kiv) forget (fz‡j hvIqv)
responsible (`vwqZ¡kxj) irresponsible (`vwqZ¡nxb)
rich (abx) poor (Mwie)
right (mwVK) wrong (fzj)
sincere (Avš@wiK) insincere (Avš@wiKZvnxb)
solvent (¯^ŕQj) insolvent (A¯^ŕQj)
very (Lye) less (Kg)
willing (BŕQyK) unwilling (AwbŕQyK)
wise (Ávbx) unwise (g–L©)
lazy (Ajm) industrious (cwikÖgx)
honour (m¤§vb) dishonour (Am¤§vb)
mortal (giYkxj) immortal (AgiYkxj)
obedient (eva¨MZ) disobedient (Aeva¨MZ)
(iii) interrogative + cÖkœvbyhvqx negative/affirmative
Universal truth sentence/ev †hme sentence †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cwieZ©b m¤¢e n‡ŕQ bv †m‡¶‡Î Affirmative interrogative †`qv
_vK‡j Zv cwieZ©b K‡i Negative assertive Ges Affirmative assertive †`qv _vK‡j Zv cwieZ©b K‡i Negative interrogative
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Assertive : The earth moves round the sun.
Interrogative : Doesn't the earth move round the sun?
Practice
6.1. Change the sentences according to the direction.
(i) Transform the following sentences into Negative :
(a) Tea is a popular drink. (b) His wife Catherine loves gardening. (c) Most of the drivers of our country
are illiterate. (d) At first he only treated animals. (e) We must be grateful and kind to the cow. (f) Nazneen
belongs to a small family. (g) They are honest and pious. (h) They are our friends. (i) He passed his early
life in sorrows. (j) Everybody must be conscious of health.
(ii) Transform the following sentences into Negative:
(a) By working hard, they can improve their condition. (b) They are always sincere to their duties. (c) The
literacy rate in Bangladesh is very poor. (d) Haji Mohammad Muhsin was a very kind man. (e) He must go
from one house to another in fair weather or foul. (f) They are honest and pious. (g) He is a regular
student. (h) She was a very hardworking and responsible loanee. (i) Everybody wants friends. (j) Books
are your real friends in your life.
(iii) Transform the following sentences into Affirmative :
(a) None but Allah can help us. (b) None but the fool will say so. (c) Never tell a lie. (d) Jim was never late.
(e) You cannot help going there. (f) Jerry was not a dishonest boy. (g) I did not find many people there.
(h) No sooner had I reached the college than the bell rang. (i) There is no mother but loves her child. (j)
No one will deny his courage.
(iv) Transform the following sentences into Affirmative :
(a) Who does not like flowers? (b) So everybody cannot but be conscious of his health. (c) Their
contribution will never be forgotten. (d) He is never late to attend his classes. (e) Who doesn’t know this?
(f) I will never forget this day. (g) He could not but feel pity for the lion. (h) Nobody denies the
importance of television. (i) Smoking is not only a dangerous habit but also a bad one. (j) She never
thought that she should see me again.

Assertive  Interrogative

Assertive †_‡K Interrogative : mvaviYZ Assertive Sentence †K Interrogative Kivi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨i (cÖ_g) auxiliary
verb wU subject Gi c–‡e© Avb‡Z n‡e| Avi hw` auxiliary verb bv _v‡K Z‡e do/does/did AwZwi³ G‡b subject Gi c–‡e© emv‡Z
 7

n‡e Ges g–j verb wUi base form n‡e|

Example :
(i) He is swimming in the pond. (Interrogative)
=Is he swimming in the pond?
(ii) He goes to school every day. (Interrogative)
=Does he go to school everyday?
Avevi Interrogative †_‡K Assertive Ki‡Z n‡j subject Gi c–‡e©i auxiliary verb wU c‡i ivL‡Z nq| Z‡e do/does/did
_vK‡j Zv ev` hvq Ges †m Abyhvqx verb Gi cwieZ©b nq|
(i) Is he reading a book? (Assertive)
=He is reading a book.
(ii) Does he play football? (Assertive)
=He plays football.
wKšŖ Gfv‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡j sentence Gi A_© wVK _v‡K bv| †h‡nZz Transformation of sentence Gi †¶‡Î A_© cwieZ©b bv
K‡iB sentence Gi Structure cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq ZvB Avgiv `ywU wbqg AbymiY Kwi|
(A) wbw`©ó kã cwieZ©b
(B) cÖkœvbyhvqx Assertive/ Interrogative + Negative/ Affirmative
(A) wbw`©ó kã cwieZ©b:
Interrogative †_‡K Assertive
1. Who + Affirmative verb hy³ interrogative sentence †K assertive Kivi Rb¨ None/No one/Nobody wjL‡Z n‡e|
Who believes a liar? (Assertive)
=Nobody believes a liar.
2. Who + Negative verb hy³ interrogative sentence †K assertive Kivi Rb¨ Everyone/ Everybody emv‡Z n‡e Ges
evK¨wU affirmative n‡e|
Who does not like flowers? (Assertive)
=Everyone/Everybody likes flowers.
Assertive †_‡K Interrogative :
wVK GKBfv‡e Assertive †_‡K Interrogative Ki‡Z ej‡j None/Nobody Gi cwie‡Z© Who + affirmative verb em‡e Ges
Everyone/ Everybody Gi cwie‡Z© Who + negative verb em‡e|
(i) Nobody denies their contribution to their motherland. (Interrogative) [JB '17, CB '16]
= Who denies their contribution to their motherland?
(ii) Everybody loves him. (Interrogative)
=Who does not love him?
(iii) Who does not want to be happy? (Assertive)
=Everybody wants to be happy.
(B) cÖkœvbyhvqx Assertive/ Interrogative + Negative/ affirmative
wbw`©ó kãMy‡jv (Who/ Nobody/ Everybody) bv _vK‡j †m‡¶‡Î cÖkœvbyhvqx Assertive ev Interrogative Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GKB
mv‡_ Sentence wU negative _vK‡j Affirmative ev Affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z n‡e|
(i) Most of the people of our country are living in the rural areas. (Interrogative) [SB '17]
=Aren't most of the people of our country living in the rural areas?
(ii) Anger is nothing but a vice. (Interrogative) [DinajB '16]
= Is anger anything but a vice?
(iii) You cannot be happy without it. (Interrogative) [CtgB '16]
= Can you be happy without it?
(iv) The earth moves round the sun. (Interrogative)
=Doesn't the earth move round the sun?
(v) Doesn't she sing sweet? (Assertive)
=She sings sweet.
Practice
6.2. Change the sentences according to the direction.
(i) Transform the following sentences into Interrogative :
(a) Tea grows in plenty in Bangladesh. (b) Suddenly she woke up hearing a fearful cry. (c) There is no doubt
that newspaper is a very essential thing. (d) They don't realize the high cost of living in Toronto. (e) I can
never forget you. (f) Many of them left the Eidgah to meet their relatives. (g) They do nothing for the
country. (h) Tree plantation programmes should be expanded to the remote corner of the country. (i) But
books are always with us. (j) Patriotism is a very noble virtue.
(ii) Transform the following sentences into Interrogative :
 8

(a) The books of great writers contain noble thoughts and great ideas. (b) He can succeed in life. (c) It is the
duty of the educated people to educate the illiterate. (d) He inherited vast property from his father and
sister. (e) It is the duty of the educated people to make them literate. (f) We are proud of our freedom
fighters. (g) She passed her time in reading and writing. (h) My friend invited me to pay a visit to Cox’s
Bazar. (i) Everybody respects a truthful person. (j) Everybody knows this.
(iii) Transform the following sentences into Assertive :
(a) Does she mind taking tea? (b) Has she had her meal? (c) Had he taken his breakfast before he came?
(d) Have I just had a snack? (e) Will they be playing? (f) Did she read the book? (g) Don't I have
something to say? (h) Didn't they let the secret out? (i) Didn't the police interrogate the thief? (j)
Shouldn't we follow the rules of health?
(iv) Transform the following sentences into Assertive :
(a) Oughtn't we to speak the truth? (b) Mustn't we bear the courage to say the right thing? (c) May I not
help you? (d) Is Jerry an honest boy? (e) Didn't they go to school yesterday? (f) Won't she read the book?
(g) Does he not help me? (h) Will they not be working? (i) Aren't we going to open a bank account? (j)
Mustn't they finish work? (k) Oughtn't the boys obey their teachers? (l) Didn't the smell tickle my
nostrils? (m) Doesn't the flavour become monotonous? (n) Isn't addiction to drinking dangerous? (o)
Didn't Jerry like the late spring? (p) Had he not been reading for two hours? (q) Have they not been
catching fish for a long time? (r) Does he not help you? (s) Didn't they go to school yesterday? (t) Won't
she read the book?
Assertive  Exclamatory

Assertive ‡_‡K Exclamatory Ki‡Z n‡j Exclamatory ev‡K¨i kyiŔ‡Z How ev What emv‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î Assertive ev‡K¨ a/an
_vK‡j What Ab¨_vq How e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi c‡i Verb Gi c‡ii Ask + verb Gi c–‡e©i Ask + (!) very/great _vK‡j Zv ev`
hv‡e|
(i) It was a great struggle for them. (Exclamatory) [RB '17]
= What a struggle it was for them!
(ii) Cricket is a very exciting game. (Exclamatory) [RB '16]
=What an exciting game cricket is!
(iii) Nasir earnestly desires to see her once. (Exclamatory) [JB '16]
= How earnestly Nasir desires to see her once.
(iv) She is a very nice girl. (Exclamatory)
=What a nice girl she is!
j¶Yxq : adjective/adverb Gi c–‡e© How e‡m wKšŖ noun/noun phrase Gi c–‡e© what e‡m| Aek¨ What Gi cwie‡Z© How-I
emv‡bv hvq †m‡¶‡Î article wU noun Gi mv‡_ emv‡Z n‡e|
a. Ruplal runs very fast. (Exclamatory)
 How fast Ruplal runs!

adjective
b. Dido is a very interesting man. (Exclamatory)
 What an interesting man Dido is!

Noun Phrase
How interesting a man Dido is!
Practice
6.3. Transform the following sentences into Exclamatory:
(i) (a) Air pollution is very harmful for us. (b) Cricket is very exciting. (c) Really it is a very exciting game. (d)
The next few days were terrible. (e) It looks very nice at sunset. (f) I wish I were a poet like Nazrul.
(ii) (a) I wish I could visit this place. (b) The scenery of the school is very charming. (c) Social awareness is
very essential to resist corruption. (d) Cricket is a very exciting game. (e) I was very glad to see the sea-
beach. (f) Amina’s life was very difficult. (g) I wish I could visit the beach soon. (h) The flood of 1988 was
very dangerous. (i) Babu's life is very difficult. (j) I wish I were a brilliant student.

Exclamatory †_‡K Assertive

Rule1 :
Exclamatory Sentence-†K Assertive Ki‡Z n‡j MVb n‡e :
Subject + Verb (a/an) great, very + Adjective + evwK Ask| †hgb :
 9

Exclamatory : What a fine bird it is!

Assertive : It is a very fine bird.
Exclamatory : What a pity! [CB '17]
Assertive : It is/ was a great pity.
Exclamatory : How beautiful the sight is!
Assertive : The sight is very beautiful.
Rule2 :
Hurrah hy³ Exclamatory Sentence-†K Assertive Ki‡Z n‡j Hurrah-Gi cwie‡Z© it is a matter of joy that e‡m| †hgb
:
Exclamatory : Hurrah! we have won the game.
Assertive : It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Practice
6.4. Transform the following sentences into Assertive:
(i) (a) How enthusiastic the people look on this day! (b) What an idea of cricket Twenty 20 is! (c) How
charming! (d) But how difficult it is to find an honest man! (e) How time does fly! (f) But does everyone
have a good house? (g) Haven't you heard the name of Kazi Nazrul Islam?
(ii) (a) What a wonderful boy you are! (b) What a clever girl you are! (c) What a cheat you are! (d) Hurrah!
We have won the debate. (e) How beautiful the sight of the river was! (f) How cold the night was! (g)
What a good man he is! (h) What a strange man he is! (i) Good morning! Mr. Kamal. (j) Alas! His father is
no more.
Assertive †_‡K Imperative

Rule1 :
Assertive Sentence- Gi Subject wU You n‡j Imperative Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ`Ë Sentence-wUi You †_‡K g–j Verb-Gi c–e©
ch©š@ ev` hv‡e + Verb-Gi Base form + cÖ`Ë verb-Gi c‡ii Ask| †hgb :
Assertive : You should do the work.
Imperative : Do the work.

» bv-†evaK n‡j Imperative Kivi mgq cÖ_‡g do not wj‡L wb‡Z n‡e| †hgb :
Assertive : You should not go out.
Imperative : Do not go out.
» Assertive Sentence wU‡Z Never _vK‡j cÖ_‡g never wj‡L wb‡Z n‡e| †hgb
Assertive : You should never tell a lie.
Imperative : Never tell a lie.
» Assertive Sentence wU‡Z requested _vK‡j cÖ_‡g please wj‡L wb‡Z n‡e| †hgb
Assertive : You are requested to come.
Imperative : Please, come.
Rule2 :
Subject hw` first person A_ev third person nq Zvn‡j Let-Gi mv‡_ cÖ`Ë Sentence wUi Subject Gi Objective form
Ges g–j Verb-wU em‡e| †hgb:
Assertive : He wants to play cricket.
Imperative : Let him play cricket.
Practice
6.5. Transform the following sentences into Imperative.
(a) We shall never tell a lie. (b) You ought to obey your parents. (c) He plays football. (d) We should go
out. (e) She wants to go out. (f) We do not look down upon the poor. (g) He wants to do it. (h) You do not
go out. (i) You should not kill your time. (j) You read the book. (k) Will you help my brother, please? (l)
You warn him. (m) Would you post the letter for me, please? (n) You should not go out in cold weather.
(o) You should think before you leap.
Imperative †_‡K Assertive

Rule : Imperative Sentence-G Subject 'you' Dn¨ _v‡K| Kv‡RB Assertive Kivi mgq Subject 'You' †K e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
†hgb :
Imperative : Read the book.
Assertive : You should read the book.
 10

Imperative : Go away.
Assertive : You should go away.
Imperative : Stop copying.
Assertive : You should stop copying.
Imperative : Never tell a lie.
Assertive : You should never tell a lie.
Assertive †_‡K Optative

Rule : Assertive †_‡K Optative Kivi †¶‡Î cÖ`Ë Sentence-wUi cÖ_‡g may, Zvici Subject Ges AZtci g–j Verb e‡m|
†Kv‡bv Auxiliary Verb _vK‡j Zv D‡V hvq| †hgb :
Assertive : You will prosper in life.
Optative : May you prosper in life.
Assertive : Our president will live long.
Optative : May our president live long.
Practice
6.6. Transform the following sentences into Optative.
(a) God may bless you. (b) You may prosper in life. (c) God may grant you a long life. (d) You may have a
prosperous journey. (e) Bangladesh may live long. (f) The President may live long. (g) Curse may befall on
the terrorists. (h) Somebody wishes Ms Nishat good morning. (i) Somebody bids good bye to all of you. (j)
You may shine in life. (k) You may be happy. (l) Our country may live long. (m) Our president may live
long. (n) Somebody wishes his friends good bye.
Segment2 Transformation : Sentence As Structure
Avgiv Rvwb, MVbMZfv‡e (Structurally) Sentence wZb cÖKvi| h_v :
(i) Simple (mij)
(ii) Complex (RwUj)
(iii) Compound (†hŠwMK)
cÖv‡qvwMK †¶‡Î GKwU Simple Sentence-†K Complex ev Compound, GKwU Complex Sentence-†K Simple ev
Compound Ges GKwU Compound Sentence-†K Simple ev Complex Sentence-G iƒcvš@wiZ Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi
Transformation Kivi Av‡M Avgv‡`i cÖ_‡gB Dchy©³ Sentence My‡jv m¤•‡K© ¯•ó aviYv †bIqv `iKvi| Avgv‡`i †evSv `iKvi
ÔMVbMZfv‡eÕ ej‡Z Kx eySvq| Avm‡j ÔMVbMZfv‡eÕ ej‡Z Avgiv GKwU ev‡K¨ Clause-Gi msL¨v I aib eywS‡q _vwK| †mw`K †_‡K
Simple Sentence n‡jv †h Sentence-G GKwU gvÎ Clause _v‡K| hw`I GKwU gvÎ Clause _vK‡j Zv‡K Avi Clause ejv nq
bv eis Zv‡K Sentence-B ejv n‡q _v‡K|
Complex Sentence n‡jv †h Sentence-G `ywU Clause _v‡K| Z‡e Clause `ywU GKwUi Ici Av‡iKwU wbf©ikxj _v‡K| GKwUi
Ici Av‡iKwU Clause wbf©ikxj Ki‡Z n‡j Clause `ywU‡K GKwU Sub-ordinate Conjunction Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
Compound Sentence n‡jv †h Sentence-G `ywU Clause _v‡K| Z‡e Clause `ywUB ¯^vaxb _v‡K| Dfq Clause-†K ¯^vaxb ivLvi
Rb¨ Clause `ywU‡K GKwU Co-ordinating Conjunction Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
Dc‡ii msÁvMy‡jvi †cÖw¶‡Z wZbwU wel‡q Av‡jvPbvi AeKvk _v‡K|
(i) Clause Kx?
(ii) Sub-ordinate Conjunction Kx Ges †KvbMy‡jv?
(iii) Co-ordinate Conjunction Kx Ges †KvbMy‡jv?
(iv) Finite verb
(v) Non-finite verb
Clause (evK¨vsk) : Clause n‡jv GKwU ev‡K¨i ZZUzKz Ask hZUzKzi g‡a¨ GKwU Subject I GKwU Finite Verb _v‡K| Z‡e we‡kl
we‡kl †¶‡Î Subject Uv Dn¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Subject Dn¨ _vKv gv‡b Subject bv _vKv bq|
Sub-ordinating Conjunction : †hme Conjunction `ywU Clause-†K hy³ K‡i, GKwU‡K AciwUi Ici wbf©ikxj K‡i †Zv‡j
Zv‡`i‡K Sub-ordinating Conjunction e‡j| Sub-ordinating Conjunction My‡jv n‡jv- when, as, since, because,
that, if, so that, who, which, what, where, though, although, as if, as though, while, till, until, unless BZ¨vw`|
Coordinating Conjunction : †hme Conjunction `ywU Clause-†K hy³ K‡i DfqwU ¯^vaxb iv‡L Zv‡`i‡K Co-ordinating
Conjunction e‡j| Co-ordinating Conjunction My‡jv n‡jv and, but, or, either-or, neither-nor, both Ges not
only – but also BZ¨vw`|
Finite Verb (mgvwcKv wµqv) : Finite Verb n‡jv GKwU Verb Gi †mB iƒc hvi Øviv †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨i fve m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk cvq|
Dc‡ii msÁvwUi evB‡iI Avgv‡`i g‡b ivLv `iKvi-
(i) Finite Verb-Gi Subject _v‡K|
(ii) Finite Verb-Gi Tense _v‡K|
 11

(iii) Finite Verb Clause MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Nonfinite Verb (AmgvwcKv wµqv) : Nonfinite Verb n‡jv GKwU Verb-Gi †mB iƒc hvi Øviv †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨i fve m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c
cÖKvk cvq bv|
Nonfinite Verb-Gi †¶‡Î Avgv‡`i g‡b ivLv `iKvi-
(i) Nonfinite Verb-Gi subject _v‡K bv|
(ii) Nonfinite Verb Tense cÖKvk K‡i bv|
(iii) Nonfinite Verb clause MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Z‡e (iv) Nonfinite Verb Phrase MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB GKwU Clause-Gi Finite Verb-†K Nonfinite Ki‡j Finite Verb Gi Subject wU Avi _v‡K bv Zv‡K nq Zz‡j w`‡Z nq Avi
Zv m¤¢e bv n‡j Subject wU‡K Object ev Possessive iƒ‡c cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| Zv‡Z Clause wU †f‡½ Phrase n‡q hvq| Gevi
j¶ Kiv hvK, Simple 
 Complex   Compound Gi †¶‡Î g–j KiYxqUv Kx?
Simple to Complex/ Compound

Simple Sentence-†K Complex ev Compound Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU bZzb Clause MVb Ki‡Z nq Ges Complex Kivi Rb¨ Clause
`ywU‡K GKwU Sub-ordinate Conjunction Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq Ges Compound Kivi Rb¨ Clause `ywU‡K GKwU Co-ordinating
Conjunction Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq| †hgb :
Simple: Himel is a good student. (Simple)
Complex : Himel is a student who is good.
Compound : Himel is a student and he is good.
Dc‡ii Simple Sentence wU‡Z GKwU gvÎ Clause hw`I Zv‡K Clause ejv wVK bq, KviY †Kv‡bv Sentence-G GKwU gvÎ Clause
_vK‡j Zv‡K Clause ejv hvq bv| ZeyI mn‡R †evSvi Rb¨ Avgiv a‡i wbjvg GKwU gvÎ Clause Av‡Q hv‡Z GKwU gvÎ Subject (Himel)
Ges GKwU gvÎ Finite Verb (is) i‡q‡Q| hw` Avgiv Simple Sentence wU ‡_‡K good kãwU‡K †ei K‡i wbB Zvn‡j Clause wU wVKB
_v‡K| ZvB good kãwU‡K wN‡i Avgiv GKwU bZzb Clause MVb Ki‡Z PvB| Zvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb GKwU Subject I GKwU Finite
Verb| Avgiv Himel-Gi cwie‡Z© he Ges Verb wnmv‡e ‘is’ e¨envi Ki‡jB GKwU bZzb Clause ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| GLb `ywU Clause `uvov‡jv-
Himel is a student Ges He is good. Clause `ywU‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ Compound Gi †¶‡Î and Ges Complex Gi †¶‡Î Relative
Pronoun who e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Complex/Compound to Simple
GKwU Complex ev Compound Sentence-†K Simple Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i g–j KvRwU n‡jv `ywU Clause-Gi GKwU‡K †f‡½ †`Iqv|
Avgiv GKwU Clause-†K fvO‡Z PvB‡j D³ Clause-Gi Subject wU‡K Zz‡j w`‡Z cvwi ev wfbœiƒ‡c ej‡Z cvwi Ges Finite Verb wU‡KI Zz‡j
w`‡Z cvwi ev Nonfinite Ki‡Z cvwi| Complex ev Compound †_‡K Simple Ki‡j †h‡nZz GKwU Clause †f‡½ w`‡Z nq Ges GKwU
gvÎ Clause _v‡K ZvB ConjunctionwU e¨env‡ii Avi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
Complex : Himel is a student who is good.
Compound : Himel is a student and he is good.
Simple : Himel is a good student.
Dc‡ii Complex ev Compound Sentence wU‡K Simple Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv GKwU Clause (who is good/ and he is good) †f‡½
w`‡qwQ Ges Zv‡K Conjunction wnmv‡e e¨eüZ who/and D‡V †M‡Q|
Complex to Compound
Complex †_‡K Compound Ges Compound †_‡K Complex Kivi †¶‡Î †h‡nZz `yB ai‡bi ev‡K¨B `ywU K‡i Clause _v‡K ZvB †Kv‡bv
Clause-†K fv½vi ev bZzb K‡i †Kv‡bv Clause MVb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ïay Conjunction cwieZ©b K‡iB Avgiv Complex †_‡K
Compound ev Compound †_‡K Complex Ki‡Z cvwi| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq GKwU Clause-Gi †fZ‡i mvgvb¨ wKQz
cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|
Complex : Himel is a student who is good.
Compound : Himel is a student and he is good.
Dc‡ii Complex Sentence wU‡Z ‘who’ Relative Pronoun Uv GKw`‡K Pronoun-Gi KvR K‡i‡Q A_©vr Clause-Gi Subject
wnmv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Ges Aciw`‡K Conjunction wnmv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q A_©vr `ywU Clause hy³ K‡i‡Q| ZvB Complex †_‡K Compound
Kivi mgq ‘who’ Gi e`‡j ‘and’ †K Conjunction Ges ‘he’ †K pronoun wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Compound †_‡K
Complex Kivi Rb¨ and Ges he-Gi e`‡j who-†K e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Simple, Complex, Compound Kivi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq linking word-Gi chart :
No Complex Simple Compound
1 Noun+ Relative pronoun + Noun + Relative Pronoun + and
verb verbing Ex: I have a brother and he
Ex: I have a brother who reads in Ex: I have a brother who reading in reads in Rajdhani Ideal
Rajdhani Ideal College. Rajdhani Ideal College. College.
 12

No Complex Simple Compound

2 Noun + relative pronoun + be Noun + Relative Pronoun + Be + -----and------
+ adj/ participle adj/participle phrase I saw a man and he was
Ex: I saw a man who was Ex: I saw a man who was walking walking in the field.
walking in the field. in the field. Ex: I want a shirt and it is
Ex: I want a shirt which is black. Ex: I want a black shirt. black.
3 Though In spite of/ Despite but / yet
Ex: Though he worked hard, he Ex: In spite of/ Despite his working Ex: He worked hard but he
did not pass the exam. hard, he did not pass the exam. did not pass the exam.
4 Since/ As/Because Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ -----and so-----
Ex: As the weather was very bad, for Ex: The weather was very
we did not go to Cox’s Bazar. Ex: (Because of) The weather being bad and so we did not go to
very bad, we did not go to Cox’s Cox’s Bazar.
Bazar.
5 after/ before/ when + sub + After/ Before + verbing and
verb Ex: After finishing your reading, you Ex: You finish your reading
Ex: When you have finished your go to bed. and then you go to bed.
reading, you go to bed.
6 When + it is/was + time at/ in/on/ at the age of + time It is/was + time …..and
Ex: When it was dawn, the man at (ïay ivZ, Nwoi mgq, Drme, eqm Gi Ex: It was dawn and the
died. †¶‡Î); in (ivZ Qvov w`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ fvM, gvm, man died.
eQi), on (day hy³ mgq); eqm _vK‡j: at
the age of
Ex: The man died at dawn.
7 When/ While + Subj + Verb At the time of ---- and (at that time)
Ex: When it was raining, I woke Ex: At the time of raining, I woke up. Ex: It was raining and (at
up. that time) I woke up.
8 so --------that hy³ Ask bv-†evaK too-------to very----and
Ex: The sum is so hard that I Ex: The sum is too hard for me to Ex: The sum is very hard
cannot solve it. solve. and I cannot solve it.
9 so----that hy³ Ask n¨vu-†evaK enough---to very---and
Ex: The sum was so easy that I Ex: The sum was easy enough for me Ex: The sum was very easy
can solve it. to solve. and I could solve it.
10 Those + who + be + adjective Those + who + The + adjective + .....and........
Ex: Those who are pious are be They are pious and happy
happy. Ex: The pious are happy.
11 so that/ in order that + sub + to + verb sub + want/ wanted to +
can/ could+ verb Ex: I must finish the work now to go verb -------and + sub +
Ex: I must finish the work now so there. Ex: I want to go there and
that I can go there. so I must finish the work
now.
12 verb + why/ when/ where/ verb + the reason for/ the time ----and-----the reason/
how + subject of/ the place of/ the manner the time/ the place/the
Ex: He asked me why I was (way) of + way (manner)
delayed. Ex: He asked me the reason for my Ex: I was delayed and he
being delayed. asked me the reason.
13 verb + that/ what + sub + verb verb+ object/ preposition + and
Ex: He confessed that he was object Ex: He was dishonest and he
dishonest. Ex: He confessed his dishonesty. confessed it.
14 -----who-----as well Besides + noun/ verbing not only ------- but also
Ex: She who is a singer is a Ex : Besides being a singer, she is a Ex: She is not only a singer
dancer as well. dancer. but also a dancer.
15 As soon as/ no sooner had/ At the very time of/ immediately ---and immediately--
Hardly had/ Scarcely had after Ex: I reached the station
Ex: As soon as I reached the Ex: At the very time of my reaching and immediately the train
station, the train left. the station, the train left. left.
 13

No Complex Simple Compound

16 If/unless+ subject By (affirmative) and
Ex: If you take exercise, you will Ex : By taking exercise, you will be Ex: Take exercise and (you
be healthy. healthy. will) be healthy.
Ex: If you do not read, you will Without (negative): Without Or
fail. reading attentively, you will fail. Ex: Read attentively or fail.
In case of (Subject wfbœ n‡j)

†h wbqgMy‡jv cix¶vq †ewk `iKvi: 1,2,3,4,6,7, 8,9,11,16

j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq simple sentence Gi linker My‡jv nq preposition hy³ bv nq to hy³| complex †_‡K simple Kivi Rb¨
subordinate clause Gi subject I verb †K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z to hy³ linker Gi mgq GK wbqg Avevi preposition hy³ linker
Gi mgq Av‡iK wbqg AbymiY Kwi|
Preposition-hy³ linker w`‡q simple Ki‡j :
subject-wU possessive (my, his, her, their, our, your) n‡e Ges verb Gi ing n‡e|
Complex: I cannot walk because I am weak.
Simple: I cannot walk because of (my) being weak. (subject GK nIqvq my bv wjL‡jI Pj‡e).
Complex: He could not come because I was not at home.
Simple: He could not come because of my not being at home.
Optional: sentence-wU‡Z subject + be + adjective _vK‡j preposition-hy³ linker †hvM K‡i subject-Gi
possessive Ki‡Z n‡e, be verb ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges adjective-Gi noun Ki‡Z n‡e|
Complex: I could not come because I was ill.
Simple: I could not come because of (my) illness. (subject GK nIqvq my bv wjL‡jI Pj‡e)
Z‡e sentence-wU there is/ there are w`‡q ïiŔ n‡j Zv ev` hv‡e Ges preposition-hy³ linker †hvM Ki‡jB n‡e|
Complex: I could not come because there was heavy fog.
Simple: I could not come because of heavy fog.
Avevi, infinitive-hy³ linker w`‡q simple Ki‡j :
Dfq As‡ki Subject GK n‡j subject wU ev` hv‡e wKšŖ subject wfbœ n‡j 2q subject wU for †hv‡M object (me, him, her,
us, you, them) n‡e Ges verb Gi g–j form em‡e|
Complex : I am so weak that I cannot walk.
Simple : I am too weak to walk.
Dc‡ii evK¨vsk `ywUi subject GK| ZvB wØZxq subject ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q|
Complex: The load is so heavy that I cannot lift it.
Simple: The load is too heavy for me to lift.
Dc‡ii evK¨vsk `ywUi subject wfbœ the load I I| ZvB wØZxq subject wU for †hvM me n‡q‡Q|

Complex to Simple
Though/Although hy³ Ask‡K simple Kivi wbqg :

Though/Although Gi cwie‡Z© In spite of/ despite emv‡Z n‡e| GwU †h‡nZz simple sentence ZvB G As‡ki subject GK n‡j
ev` hv‡e Avi wfbœ n‡j possessive Ki‡Z n‡e + *verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e| Aci Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
(a) Although they are insolvent, they do not adopt any unfair means to become rich overnight.
(Simple) [SB '17]
= In spite of being insolvent, they do not adopt any unfair means to become rich overnight.
(b) Though cricket is a costly game, people of all classes enjoy playing it. [RB '16]
= In spite of being a costly game, people of all classes enjoy playing it.
(c) Though women have always worked within household, this is not counted as work. (simple)
= In spite of women always working within household, this is not counted as work.
Note: Though/Although Gi ci hw` there + be verb _v‡K Z‡e there + be ev` hv‡e|
Though there was rain, he went to college. (simple)
= In spite of rain, he went to college.
Avi Though/Although Gi ci be verb + adjective _vK‡j be verb ev` w`‡q adjective wU noun Ki‡j fv‡jv nq|]
Though he was honest, he was blamed. (simple)
= In spite of his honesty, he was blamed.
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki|
(a) Though I ordered half a bottle of champagne, I turned a trifle pale.
= In spite of my ordering half a bottle of champagne, I turned a trifle pale.
 14

(b) Though Bangladesh has limited natural resources, it has vast human resources.
= In spite of having limited natural resources, Bangladesh has vast human resources.
(c) They will come though they have no car.
= They will come in spite of having no car.
(d) Though it was very cold, he went out without warm clothes.
= In spite of its being very cold, he went out without warm clothes.
(e) Though it exists, it is difficult to explain.
= In spite of its existence, it is difficult to explain. [Verb Gi ci †Kv‡bv kã bv _vK‡j Verb wU‡K Noun Kiv fv‡jv|]
Practice
6.7. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) Though he had no qualifications, he got a good job. (b) Though Jerry was a young boy, he could chop
wood like a grown up man. (c) Though she was talkative, I was prepared to be an attentive listener. (d)
Though it was early in the year for salmon, I ordered it for my guest. (e) Though Rubel worked very hard,
he could not pass the examination. (f) Though Jim and Della were very poor, they had a happy conjugal
life. (g) Though there was water everywhere around them, they had not a drop to drink. (h) Though for
seven days the old sailor tried to pray, he could not break the sailors’ curse. (i) Though Bangladesh is a
populous country, we cannot definitely say that it is overpopulated. (j) The farmers could not grow a
good harvest though they worked day and night.
Since/as/because hy³ complex sentence †K simple Kivi wbqg :

Since/as/because Gi cwie‡Z© because of/for ivL‡Z n‡e Ges Dchy³ wbq‡g cwieZ©b Kiv n‡e| †h‡nZz for/ because of †hvM Ki‡j
evK¨wU simple n‡q hv‡e ZvB for/ because of hy³ evK¨vs‡ki subject GK n‡j ev` hv‡e, Avi wfbœ n‡j subject wU possessive Ki‡Z
n‡e (I < my, you < your, he < his, she < her, they < their, we < our) Ges *verb wUi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e| Ges Aci Ask
AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
Note: Z‡e since/as/because hy³ As†k want to/ wanted to _vK‡j because of/ for bv ewm‡q to emv‡Z n‡e Ges subject I
want to/ wanted to ev` hv‡e| KviY, GLv‡b KviY cÖKvkK evK¨vskwU D‡Ïk¨m–PK|
(a) Since their physical health has started deteriorating, they need as much care as possible. (simple)
= Because of their physical health having started deteriorating, they need as much care as possible.
(b) In work place, they prove their worth twice over men’s because/ since they want to survive. (simple)
= In work place, they prove their worth twice over men’s to survive.
(c) They are an asset because they have experience and knowledge. (simple)
= They are an asset because of their experience and knowledge.
(d) He could not come to college yesterday because he was ill.
= He could not come to college yesterday because of his being ill.
(e) The farmers had to starve since crops did not grow well.
= The farmers had to starve because of crops not growing well.
Practice
6.8. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) You cannot eat any more as you have filled your stomach. (b) Since the sea was frozen, the ice was all
around them. (c) As the asters were now gone, she brought me maple leaves. (d) The police refused to
enter the house because the owner of the house was not in. (e) Della sold her hair because she desired to
buy a gift for Jim. (f) As it was expensive, it was not on the bill of fare. (g) Since the blows were rhythmic, I
had forgotten him. (h) Since the weather was very cold, there were no birds and animals in the snow
covered country. (i) Since it was early in the year for salmon, it was not on the bill of fare. (j) Since he was
needed for work, he had to return at once.
So .... that hy³ complex sentence †K too ..... to ev enough to †hv‡M simple Kivi wbqg :

hw` cÖ_g Ask nu¨v †evaK I wØZxq Ask bv †evaK _v‡K Z‡e too ......... to †hv‡M simple Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î enough †hv‡M simple
Ki‡Z nq|
wbqg : so Gi cwie‡Z© too em‡e + that ev` + subject GK n‡j ev` hv‡e; Avi wfbœ n‡j for †hv‡M object n‡e + to + verb †_‡K evwK
Ask em‡e|
[Note : Modal auxiliary ev` hv‡e| KviY to ev preposition Gi ci KL‡bv modal auxilary e‡m bv| negative word ev` hv‡e
 15

KviY too wb‡RB negative A_© cÖKvk K‡i|]

Enough : cÖ_g As‡ki ci enough em‡e Ges so ev` hv‡e + wØZxq As‡ki subject GK n‡j ev` hv‡e; Avi wfbœ n‡j for †hv‡M object
n‡e + to †hv‡M verb †_‡K wjL‡Z n‡e|
[Note : wØZxq Ask negative word _vK‡j Zv to Gi Av‡M em‡e modal auxiliary ev` hv‡e|]
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki|
(a) You are so short that you cannot touch the roof.
= You are too short to touch the roof.
(b) The sailors’ throats were so dry that they could not speak.
= The sailors’ throats were too dry for them to speak.
(c) The horse is so wild that the groom cannot control it.
(d) The food is so rich that a baby cannot digest it.
= The food is too rich for a baby to digest it.
(e) Sabbir was so small that he could not chop wood well.
= Sabbir was too small to chop wood well.
Practice
6.9. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) The old sailor spoke so strangely that the guest could not move. (b) The day is so hot that one cannot go
out. (c) The situation was so serious that he could not keep quiet. (d) Jerry was so large hearted that he did
many extra works for the authoress. (e) The man was so curious that he read many books. (f) I was so busy
that I was a trifle abstracted about the boy. (g) The writer was so young that he could not refuse a woman.
(h) The ice is so thick that we cannot walk on it. (i) Jerry was so honest that he admitted his fault. (j) The
river is so rough that we cannot cross it.
So that hy³ Complex Sentence †K Simple Sentence- G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg :

cÖ`Ë sentence Gi cÖ_g †_‡K so c–e© ch©š@ e‡m + so †_‡K may/might/can/could ch©š@ D‡V hvq + to e‡m + cÖ`Ë Sentence
Gi evwK Ask e‡m|
(a) Complex : He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.
Simple : He worked hard to prosper in life.
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë Sentence wUi cÖ_g †_‡K He worked hard ch©š@ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + wbqg Abyhvqx so that †_‡K he could ch©š@
DwV‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q + wbqg Abyhvqx to emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + evwK Ask A_©vr prosper in life emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
(b) Complex : I read more so that I can make a good result.
Simple : I read more in order to make a good result.
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) The students of RU started agitation so that they could protest the death of Zahirul Haque.
= The students of RU started agitation to protest the death of Zahirul Haque.
(b) Hamidur Rahman experimented with basic horizontal and vertical forms so that he could bring out the
concept of Bengali solidarity and unity.
= Hamidur Rahman experimented with basic horizontal and vertical forms to bring out the concept of
Bengali solidarity and unity.
(c) They left the village so that they could earn money.
= They left the village to earn money.
(d) Ayesha Begum started begging so that she could feed herself and her husband.
= Ayesha Begum started begging to feed herself and her husband.
(e) Many women now are entering outside workforce so that they can establish an individual identity.
= Many women now are entering outside workforce to establish an individual identity.
Practice
6.10. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) ILO has started a project so that it can impart training to rural women. (b) UNICEF has set up
numerous maternity and baby care centres so that it can ensure health of babies and mother. (c) It
organizes training programmes so that it can create health workers. (d) Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal so
that he could immortalize the memory of his beloved. (e) The old sailor stopped the marriage guest so
that he could tell him about his last journey. (f) Muslims go to mosque so that they can say their prayers.
(g) Jerry came timely so that he could look after the pet. (h) We work hard so that we can earn money. (i)
 16

The lady wrote letters to the writer so that she could flatter him. (j) The farmers sow good seed so that
they can have good harvest.
When hy³ Complex Sentence ‡K Simple Kivi wbqg :

(i) When + it + be + time _vK‡j, when Gi cwie‡Z© at/in/at (the age of ) em‡e + it I be verb ev` hv‡e + Kgv em‡e + Ab¨
Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| Aek¨ Ab¨ Ask Av‡M †jLv hvq †m‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bv Kgv em‡e bv|
(a) It was 1971 when Bangladesh achieved independence. (Simple) [RB '17]
= In 1971 Bangladesh achieved independence.
(b) When it was daylight, he was awakened. (Simple)
= At daylight, he was awakened.
Or, He was awakened at daylight.
(ii) When/While + subj + verb _vK‡j, When/ While Gi cwie‡Z© at the time of em‡e Ges subj Gi possessive & verb
Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e|
While he was reading, I was playing. (simple)
= At the time of his reading, I was playing.
Practice
6.11. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) The Padma assumes a terrible shape when it is the rainy season. (b) When they reached home, the
rain started. (c) When it was noon we reached the spot. (d) When it was raining, we went out. (e) You
were too young when I met you. (f) He entered my room when I was reading. (g) Play when it is time to
play. (h) When the final bell rang, the students left the classroom.(i) I was hearing music while I was
practicing math. (j) When we were playing, they were gossiping.
Relative clause hy³ Complex Sentence †K Simple Kivi wbqg :

(a) Relative pronoun + be + adjective _vK‡j : Relative pronoun I be verb wU ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges adjective wU‡K Zvi
wb‡`©wkZ noun wUi Av‡M Avb‡Z n‡e|
A man who is frugal does not like to spend money without reasons. (Simple) [DB '17]
= A frugal man does not like to spend money without reasons.
The farmers who are poor do not get loans on easy terms. (Simple) [CB '17]
= The poor farmers do not get loans on easy terms.
The water which is pure is necessary for us. (Simple) [DinajB '17]
= The pure water is necessary for us.
(b) Relative Pronoun + be verb + noun Phrase _vK‡j : Relative pronoun I be verb wU‡K ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges
noun pharase wUi Av‡M I c‡i Kgv w`‡Z n‡e| GUv‡K appositive e‡j|
Mr. Rahman who is a professor of Chemistry is known to me. (Simple)
= Mr. Rahman, a professor of Chemistry, is known to me.
(c) Relative Pronoun + Ab¨ †Kv‡bv verb g–j verb wn‡m‡e _vK‡j + verb wUi object/ modifier (mgq, ¯ŗvb, KviY) D‡jÐL
_vK‡j H verb wU‡K present participle ev past participle Ki‡Z n‡e| H verb wUi noun KvRwU Ki‡j present
participle Avi KvRwU Ab¨ †KD Ki‡j past participle n‡e|
Rahim who reads at NIC is known to me. (Simple)
= Rahim reading at NIC is known to me.
The fan which was bought last year is now out of order. (Simple)
= The fan bought last year is now out of order.
Relative Pronoun + Ab¨ †Kv‡bv verb g–j verb wn‡m‡e _vK‡j : verb wUi object/ modifier (mgq, ¯ŗvb, KviY) bv
_vK‡j verb wU‡K present participle ev past participle K‡i noun wUi Av‡M wjL‡Z n‡e|
A dog which barks seldom bites. (Simple)
= A barking dog seldom bites.
The window which has been broken should be repaired. (Simple)
= The broken window should be repaired.
(d) Verb + why/when/where/ how/who _vK‡j : ConjunctionMy‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges the reason for (why), the
time of (when), the place of (where), the manner of (how), the person (who) wj‡L Subj-Gi possessive Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges verb Gi ing n‡e|
Complex : I don't know when he will come.
 17

Simple : I don't know the time of her coming.

wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) The girl who is my sister got the first prize.
= The girl, my sister, got the first prize.
(b) Jerry who was an orphan boy came to the orphanage at four.
= Jerry, an orphan boy, came to the orphanage at four.
(c) I saw the man who was catching fish.
= I saw the man catching fish.
(d) He sees his own garden which contains more pleasure for him.
= He sees his own garden containing more pleasure for him.
(e) I found them all in a cabin which belonged to the orphanage.
= I found them all in a cabin belonging to the orphanage.
Practice
6.12. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) The magi who were wise men brought gifts to the babe. (b) The caliph was astonished to see the
dervishes who were blind in the left eye. (c) The porter was a young bachelor who lived in the city of
Baghdad. (d) The boy who was very poor lost his pen on the way. (e) Jim who was burdened with a family
was only twenty two. (f) These French white wines which are very light are wonderful for digestion. (g)
Jerry had an imaginary mother who lived in Mannville. (h) My aunt is a doctor who works in a govt
hospital. (i) The old sailor saw an albatross which was flying towards the ship. (j) The porter followed the
girls into a hall which was wonderfully decorated.
Verb + Noun clause hy³ Complex Sentence †K Simple Kivi wbqg :

Verb + why/when/where/ how/who _vK‡j : Conjunction My‡jv ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges the reason for (why), the time
of (when), the place of (where), the manner of (how), the person (who) wj‡L Subj-Gi possessive Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
verb Gi ing n‡e|
Complex : I don't know when he will come.
Simple : I don't know the time of her coming.
Verb + that _vK‡j : that ev` w`‡Z n‡e Ges cieZx© Ask‡K Noun Phrase evbv‡Z n‡e|
I know that he is honest.
=I know about his honesty.
I am glad that he will come.
=I am glad at his coming.
As soon as/ No sooner had hy³ Complex †_‡K Simple Kivi wbqg :

As soon as/No sooner had ev` w`‡q at the very time of/ Immediately after emv‡Z n‡e + Subject Gi possessive Ki‡Z
n‡e + Verb Gi ing K‡i †kl ch©š@ wjL‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡e than _vK‡j Zv ev` w`‡q Kgv w`‡Z n‡e|
Complex : No sooner had I gone out than the rain started.
Simple : Immediately after my going out, the rain started.
If/ Unless hy³ Complex Sentence †_‡K Simple Kivi wbqg :

If hy³ ev Unless hy³ As‡ki subject hw` GK nq Z‡e simple Kivi Rb¨ if ev unless ev` hv‡e Ges Zvi cwie‡Z© without (negative
n‡j)/by (affirmative n‡j) em‡e + subject Gi possessive + verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM n‡e| Ges Ab¨ Ask †hLv‡bB _vKzK
AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
1. Complex : If he does not take medicine, he will die.
= Simple : Without taking medicine, he will die.
2. Complex : If you do not read attentively, you will fail.
= Simple : Without reading attentively, you will fail.
j¶Yxq : Subject GKB n‡j simple Ki‡Z without/ by Gi mv‡_ subject wjL‡Z n‡e bv
Subject wfbœ n‡j simple Kivi mgq in case of e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Complex : If you do not come, I will punish him.
Simple : In case of your not coming, I will punish him.
 18

Cleft Sentence †K Simple Kivi wbqg :

Cleft Sentence †K simple Kivi mgq cleft sentence MVbKvix kãmg–n + Relative Pronoun + be verb wU‡K ev` w`‡q evwK
Ask †jL‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
It is health which is wealth. GKwU simple sentence Gi †Kv‡bv GKwU Ask‡K †Rvi
= Health is wealth. †`Iqvi Rb¨ cleft sentence e¨envi Kiv nq| Cleft
The reason why I have come here is to discuss my future Sentence Structure e¨envi Ki‡j sentence wU
with you. complex nq| mvaviYZ "The reason Why, The
= I have come to discuss my future with you. thing that, It is .... that, What clause w`‡q G RvZxq
What we need now is food and shelter.
sentence kyiŔ nq|
= We need food and shelter now.
Practice
6.13. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) If I get a pay rise, I will buy a new car. (b) If you did not leave your job, you could not travel around the
world. (c) If you were nicer to him, he might lend you the money. (d) If I had not revised, I would not have
passed my exam. (e) If we had gone out earlier, we might have got to the cinema on time. (f) If I was not
told before there was a problem, I could have been in trouble. (g) If you study hard, your English will
improve. (h) If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a plane. (i) If you do not practise more, you will
not perform well. (j) If he travelled by train, he would enjoy the trip more.
Compound to Simple
Not only .... but also hy³ Compound Sentence †K Simple Kivi wbqg :

Not only... but also hy³ compound sentence †K simple Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g subj ev` w`‡q Not only Gi cwie‡Z© besides ewm‡q
but also Gi c–e© ch©š@ wjL‡Z n‡e Ges Kgv w`‡Z n‡e| + not only Gi c–‡e©i Ask + but also ev` w`‡q Zvi c‡ii Ask em‡e|
Compound : He plays not only football but also cricket.
Simple : Besides football, he plays cricket.
Compound : Rahim not only ate rice but also drank coffee.
Simple : Besides eating rice, Rahim drank coffee.

Practice
6.14. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) He not only used a fictitious example but also reproduced it. (b) The street door of the rooming-house
was not only unlocked but wide open. (c) Chandni wrote not only stories but also dramas. (d) The shape
of Cleopatra’s nose influences not only wars, but ideologies. (e) The article was not only based on a
lengthy interview with Kidd but also on discussions with other figures. (f) The controversy not only
damages sales but also shareholder’s confidence. (g) My son wants not only a mobile phone but also a
computer. (h) He not only obtained adequate qualification but also got very good results of Master
course. (i) They not only took the decision but also executed it. (j) I missed not only my parents but also
my friends.
But hy³ Compound Sentence †K Simple Kivi wbqg :

cÖ_‡g In spite of/ despite emv‡Z n‡e| c‡ii As‡k subject _vK‡j G As‡ki subject †K possessive Ki‡Z n‡e Z‡e c‡ii As‡k
subject bv _vK‡j subject wU‡K ev` w`‡e + *verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e+ But w`‡Z n‡e + Gi ci subject bv
_vK‡j 1g Ask †_‡K Avb‡Z n‡e Ges evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki|
(a) Della bargained hard with the shopkeepers but could not save enough money.
= In spite of bargaining hard with the shopkeepers, Della could not save enough money.
(b) Mr. Matin has vast knowledge but was not selected.
= In spite of having vast knowledge, Mr. Matin was not selected.
(c) The bird was innocent but the ancient mariner shot it one day.
= In spite of the bird being innocent, the ancient mariner shot it one day.
(d) Mr. Asif had good qualification but did not get a suitable job.
= In spite of having good qualification, Mr. Asif did not get a suitable job.
 19

(e) He has no peace of mind but has much riches.

= In spite of having much riches he has no peace of mind.
(f) It rained heavily but there was no flood.
= In spite of raining heavily, there was no flood.
(g) He cried aloud but I could not hear him.
= In spite of his crying aloud, I could not hear him.

Practice
6.15. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) The information quoted in the production section is the best but cannot be considered absolute. (b)
This is a useful rule but difficult to remember. (c) Ibrahim lost a fortune in the stock market but he still
seems able to live quite comfortably. (d) The club never invested foolishly but used the services of a sage
investment counselor. (e) We swam all morning but finished in the afternoon. (f) They were awarded but
they refused to receive it. (g) You tried hard to control the car but failed finally. (h) The doctor planned to
drug the patient but he prescribed some test at first. (i) I met him last night but could not recognize him.
(j) Joe left the decision on you but secretly did everything.
And hy³ Compound Sentence †K Simple Kivi wbqg :

Subject wfbœ n‡j cÖ_g As‡k because of emv‡Z n‡e + subject †K possessive Ki‡Z n‡e + verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask
wjL‡Z n‡e + and ev` w`‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) They gave food and water to the albatross and it became very tame.
= Because of their giving food and water to the albatross, it became very tame.
(b) The albatross brought good luck and the sailors were pleased to see it.
= Because of the albatross bringing good luck, the sailors were pleased to see it.
(c) His courtesy was instinctive and he did not utter “Thank you”.
= He did not utter “Thank you” because of his courtesy being instinctive.
(d) The days had become cold and I often let him come inside the cabin.
= I often let him come inside the cabin because of the days becoming cold.
(e) Jerry was very honest and the writer loved him very much.
= Because of Jerry being very honest, the writer loved him very much.
Z‡e 2q As‡ki Subject hw` 1g As‡ki Object †K eySvq Z‡e, cÖ_g Ask + 2q As‡ki subject ev` hv‡e + verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i
evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e|
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) I lived in a cabin and it belonged to the orphanage.
= I lived in a cabin belonging to the orphanage.
(b) Mr Ahmed is a doctor and works in the Middle East.
= Mr Ahmed is a doctor working in the Middle East.
(c) I saw a drunken porter and he lay on the floor.
= I saw a drunken porter lying on the floor.
(d) I saw a girl and she was carrying water.
= I saw a girl carrying water.
(e) I watched the train and it was leaving the station.
= I watched the train leaving the station.
c‡ii As‡k subject bv _vK‡j, cÖ_g As‡ki subject ev` hv‡e + verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM K‡i evwK Ask wjL‡Z n‡e+ and ev` w`‡Z n‡e
+ 1g Ask †_‡K subject Avb‡Z n‡e Ges evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) She closed the door and went back to work.
= Closing the door, she went back to work.
(b) Della sold her hair and bought a platinum fob chain.
= Selling her hair, Della bought a platinum fob chain.
(c) He finished the work and submitted the bill.
= Finishing the work, she submitted the bill.
(d) The guest stood still and listened to the sailors.
= Standing still, the guest listened to the sailors.
 20

(e) She had read a book of mine and written to me about it.
= Having read a book of mine, she had written to me about it.
Practice
6.16. Change the following sentences into Simple.
(a) Della was slender and mastered the art. (b) Della finished her cry and got a makeup.(c)She whirled
from the window and stood before the glass. (d) I looked at the fading flower and was sad. (e) We stand
in front of the graves and bow down our heads. (f) He was innocent and did not ran away. (g) We aimed
to win the final and worked very hard.
Simple to Complex
In spite of/ Despite hy³ simple evK¨‡K complex Kivi wbqg :

In spite of/ despite Gi cwie‡Z© though/although em‡e + hw` †Kv‡bv possessive _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K subject Ki‡Z n‡e; Avi
possessive bv _vK‡j Aci As‡ki subject †K cybivq wjL‡Z + ing-hy³ verb wU‡K tense Abymv‡i wjL‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e| Aci
Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
In spite of dreaming about being a doctor, she now faces a life of household chores. [complex]
= Though she dreamt about being a doctor, she now faces a life of household chores.
Note : †Kv‡bv ing-hy³ verb †`qv bv _vK‡j GKwU be verb tense Abymv‡i em‡e + cÖ`Ë noun wU‡K adjective Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Ki‡Z
n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e
In spite of his poverty, he will give you financial help. (complex)
= Though he is poor, he will give you financial help.
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) The boy seems to be lonely in spite of having many brothers and sisters.
= The boy seems to be lonely though he has many brothers and sisters.
(b) The boy could not do well in the examination in spite of having good merit.
= The boy could not do well in the examination though he had good merit.
(c) In spite of working very hard, she could not succeed.
= Though she worked very hard, she could not succeed.
(d) Siraj is unhealthy in spite of being active.
= Siraj is unhealthy though he is active.
(e) In spite of being not hungry, the lady did not mind asparagus.
= Though the lady was not hungry, she did not mind asparagus.
Practice
6.17. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) In spite of water everywhere around them, they had not a drop to drink. (b) In spite of being very
poor, Jim and Della presented each other on the Christmas gift. (c) In spite of trying to pray, the ancient
mariner could not break the sailors' curse. (d) In spite of many rivers in Bangladesh, she faces scarcity of
water. (e) Jerry chops wood excellently in spite of being short in size. (f) In spite of being nice, the flower
does not smell sweet. (g) In spite of being learned, he did not shine in life. (h) He was not punished in
spite of behaving rough. (i) In spite of bargaining hard with the shopkeeper, Della could not save enough
money. (j) In spite of having vast knowledge, Mr. Matin was not selected.
For/ because of hy³ simple evK¨‡K complex Kivi wbqg :

For/because of Gi cwie‡Z© since/ as/ because em‡e + hw` †Kv‡bv possessive _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡K subject Ki‡Z n‡e; Avi
possessive bv _vK‡j Aci As‡ki subject †K cybivq wjL‡Z + ing hy³ verb wU‡K tense Abymv‡i wjL‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e| Aci
Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
Note : †Kv‡bv verb bv †`qv _vK‡j GKwU be verb/ have verb tense Abymv‡i em‡e + cÖ`Ë noun wU‡K adjective Kiv m¤¢e n‡j
Ki‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e|
Note : because †hvM Ki‡j because hy³ Ask (KviY cÖKvkK Ask) c‡i emv‡Z nq|
(a) Because of our socioeconomic condition being poor, most people have no access to education. (complex)
 21

= Since our socioeconomic condition is poor, most people have no access to education.
(b) They are an asset because of their experience and knowledge. (complex)
= They are an asset because they have experience and knowledge.
(c) Because of being intelligent, Sumi can win a scholarship.
= Since Sumi is intelligent, she can win a scholarship.
(d) Mr. Zahed is very strong because of taking regular exercise.
= Mr. Zahed is very strong as he takes regular exercise.
(e) Because of having merits, the boy is praised by all.
= As the boy has merits, he is praised by all.
Practice
6.18. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) Because of being very wise, Imran can be selected for the job. (b) He was saved because of his friend
being alert. (c) Because of being delayed, he missed the train. (d) Because of being careful, I avoided the
danger. (e) The magi invented the art of giving Christmas present because of being wise. (f) Because of
being punctual, Jerry was loved by the authoress. (g) Because of heavy rainfall, I could not go out. (h) He
could not attend the office because of being severely ill. (i) Because of having an ill health, he could not
work properly. (j) Mr. Moshiur plays basket ball very well because of being tall.
Participle hy³ Ask‡K Complex Kivi wbqg :

Participle hy³ verb wUi KvR nIqvi ci Ab¨ As‡ki KvRwU n‡q‡Q eySv‡j :
participle hy³ As‡ki ïiŔ‡Z when/ after em‡e + subject D‡j­L _vK‡j e‡m; Avi bv _vK‡j Aci As‡ki subject wU cybivq wjL‡Z
n‡e + verb wU Aci As‡ki tense Abymv‡i em‡e| (*past participle _vK‡j g–j verb wUi past participle n‡e Ges Zvi c–‡e©
tense Abymv‡i be verb em‡e|) Aci Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
Participle hy³ Ask KviY eySv‡j :
when bv ewm‡q since emv‡Z n‡e|
Being reassured, they returned home. (complex)
= Since they were reassured, they returned home.
Ing hy³ verb hw` Zvi c–‡e©i Noun/ Pronoun m¤^‡Ü Z_¨ †`q Z‡e :
cÖ_g Ask wjL‡e + H Ing hy³ verb wUi c–‡e© who/ which/ that em‡e + verb wU Aci As‡ki tense Abymv‡i em‡e + evwK Ask
I saw a boy playing in the field.
= I saw a boy who was playing in the field.
Practice
6.19. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) Being the best friend of him, I never miss to celebrate his success. (b) Being a good comic actor, Mr.
Bean is very popular to the kids. (c) Being the captain of the team, Mushfiq was the most appreciated for
the historic win. (d) He was trapped inside the burning house. (e) Leaving all the relations behind, he
went to Spain to live with his wife. (f) I found Rashed eating the last of leftover pizza. (g) Getting
everything well arranged, mother felt a kind of satisfaction. (h) The film earned everyone's appreciation
being based on the frailties prevalent in the society and its artists' lifelike performance. (i) We listened to
him singing a lullaby. (j) The blowing and drifting snow made the trip difficult.
Preposition + mgq hy³ Simple †K Complex Kivi wbqg :

Preposition ev` hv‡e Ges Zvi cwie‡Z© when + it + be verb + mgq em‡e| evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| Aek¨ when gv‡SI emv‡bv
hvq|
We became independent in 1971. (complex)
= We became independent when it was 1971.
There is often flood in Bangladesh in the rainy season.
= There is often flood in Bangladesh when it is rainy season.
Practice
6.20. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) Napoleon fled to Paris and abdicated for the second time on June 22. (b) I came back here in 2007. (c)
The police arrested him in the midnight. (d) She likes to jog in the morning. (e) It's too cold in winter to
run outside. (f) He started the job in 1971. (g) He is going to quit in August. (h) He was elected as the
 22

chairman of the organization at the age of 72. (i) The partition of India took place in 1947. (j) I last visited
here at the age of 14.
Too + to hy³ Simple Sentence †K Complex Sentence G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg :

cÖ_‡g too Gi RvqMvq so e‡m, GQvov to Gi c–e© ch©š@ Avi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv + that e‡m + cÖ_g subject Avev‡iv e‡m + tense
Abyhvqx cannot/could not e‡m + to D‡V hvq + evwK Ask e‡m|
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) He is too weak to move.
= He is so weak that he cannot move.
(b) Jerry was too honest to show excuse.
= Jerry was so honest that he could not show excuse.
(c) The scene of the accident is too terrible for me to describe it.
= The scene of the accident is so terrible that I cannot describe it.
(d) The weather was too foul for us to go out for a walk.
= The weather was so foul that we could not go out for a walk.
(e) The boy is too weak to walk.
= The boy is so weak that he cannot walk.
Practice
6.21. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) Della saved too small an amount to buy Jim a nice gift. (b) I was too young to learn to say ‘no’ to a
woman. (c) They walked too slowly to catch the bus. (d) He is too fool to understand the matter. (e) Mr.
Habib is too strict an administrator to tolerate any indiscipline in the college. (f) The lady guest was too
greedy to check her temptation. (g) The girl is too silly to realize even a simple thing. (h) Foyot’s was too
expensive a restaurant for the writer to think of going there. (i) He speaks too slowly to be easily heard.
(j) He ran too fast for me to overtake him.
Enough + to hy³ Simple Sentence †K Complex Sentence G cwiYZ Kivi wbqg :

Adjective Gi c–‡e© so em‡e + enough to ev` hv‡e + bZzb subject em‡e + verb + evwK Ask em‡e|
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) He is strong enough to lift the load. (complex)
= He is so strong that he can lift the load.
(b) She didn't run fast enough to catch the bus.
= She didn’t run so fast that she could catch the bus.
(c) She was stupid enough to go out with him.
= She was so stupid that she could go out with him.
(d) He is old enough to travel alone.
= He is so old that he can travel alone.
(e) None are strong enough to win the World Cup.
= None are so strong that they can win the World Cup.
(f) Some people are not assertive enough to ask for help.
= Some people are not so assertive that they can ask for help.
D‡Ïk¨g–jK Simple Sentence-†K Complex Kivi wbqg :

cÖ`Ë Sentence Gi cÖ_g †_‡K to Gi c–e© ch©š@ e‡m + so that e‡m + cÖ_g subject KZ©v cybivq e‡m + tense Abyhvqx may/can
A_ev might/could e‡m (present tense n‡j may/can Ges past tense n‡j might/could e‡m + to Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m|
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) Della sold her hair to buy a gift for Jim. (complex)
= Della sold her hair so that she could buy a gift for Jim.
(b) He works hard to shine in life. (complex)
= He works hard so that he may shine in life.
(c) I went to the field to enjoy the game.
 23

= I went to the field so that I could enjoy the game.

(d) Jerry refused to take the money to repair the broken axe handle at his own cost.
= Jerry refused to take the money so that he could repair the broken axe handle at his own cost.
(e) The sailors gave the albatross food and water to tame it.
= The sailors gave the albatross food and water so that they could tame it.
(f) I saved some money to buy a good house.
= I saved some money so that I could buy a good house.
(g) They open a hospital to give free treatment to the poor.
= They open a hospital so that they can give free treatment to the poor.
Practice
6.22. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) Della went to Madame Sofrone to sell her hair. (b) Jim sold his gold watch to get money to buy combs
for Della. (c) He spoke loudly enough for the audience to hear him. (d) I closed the door of my room for
him to enter my room. (e) Sohel went to Cyprus to get higher education. (f) They are not capable enough
to maintain a good relation with their friends. (g) Rashed is intelligent enough to handle the situation. (h)
You are strong enough to beat him. (i) She is learned enough to educate them. (j) No man is good enough
to govern any woman without her consent.
GK k‡ã Subject/ Object n‡j Complex Kivi wbqg :

Simple sentence Gi subject/object hw` GK k‡ãi nq A_©vr extension Kivi hw` †Kv‡bv scope bv _v‡K Z‡e cÖ_‡g it is + wjL‡Z
n‡e + subject/ object Gi †hUv MyiŔZc¡ –Y© Zv wjL‡Z n‡e + relative pronoun wjL‡Z n‡e + evwK Ask|
Simple : Health is wealth.
Complex : It is health which is wealth.
Practice
6.23. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) Air is invisible. (b) Kim is an actress. (c) Harry Potter was a highly unusual boy. (d) Your future is
assured. (e) Life is full of struggle.
Without/By + Verbing hy³ Simple Sentence-‡K Complex Kivi wbqg :
By Gi cwie‡Z© If Ges Without Gi cwie‡Z© Unless em‡e + Aci As‡ki Subject †K cybivq wjL‡Z n‡e + verb wUi ing ev` hv‡e Ges
Tense Abyhvqx em‡e| Ges Ab¨ Ask †hLv‡bB _vKzK AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
1. Complex : If he does not take medicine, he will die.
= Simple : Without taking medicine, he will die.
2. Complex : If you do not read attentively, you will fail.
= Simple : Without reading attentively, you will fail.
Practice
6.24. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) Without the help of her sister, she would become helpless. (b) By taking stern steps, hijacking can be
stopped. (c) By leaking question paper, the dishonest people will destroy the future of the nation. (d)
Without spreading our helping hands, it would not be possible for them to survive. (e) Without getting
much information, it will bring an adverse effect to you. (f) By winning the match, they would prove their
competence. (g) Without doing something valiant for the nation, our life will not be successful. (h)
Without having enough strength, you cannot beat him. (i) Without being polite, you will not achieve fame.
(j) By adopting unfair means in the examination, one will smash his own future.
Noun Gi Av‡M/ c‡i adjective/ participle/ appositive/ prepositional phrase-hy³ Simple Sentence †K
Complex Kivi wbqg :

(a) Adjective + noun : G ai‡bi phrase †K complex Kivi Rb¨ noun wUi c‡i Relative pronoun + be verb (tense
Abymv‡i) + adjective wU wjL‡Z n‡e|
The target of a frugal man is to save money for future. [DB'17]
= The target of a man who is frugal is to save money for future.
I need a red pen.
=I need a pen which is red.
 24

(b) †Kv‡bv noun Gi ci appositive _vK‡j Zv‡K complex Kivi Rb¨ noun I appositive Gi gv‡S Relative pronoun +
be verb (tense) Abymv‡i emv‡Z n‡e| Kgv ev` hv‡e|
Rahman, a professor of chemistry, is known to me. (Complex)
= Rahman who is a professor of chemistry is known to me.
(c) †Kv‡bv noun Gi Av‡M ev c‡i present participle _vK‡j noun wUi ci Relative pronoun + present participle-wU
verb wnmv‡e Tense Abymv‡i emv‡Z n‡e|
Sohel reading at NIC is known to me. (complex)
= Sohel who reads (is reading) at NIC is known to me.
(d) †Kv‡bv noun Gi Av‡M ev c‡i past participle _vK‡j noun wUi c‡i Relative Pronoun + be verb (Tense Abymv‡i) +
g–j verb wU past participle n‡e|
The window broken yesterday should be repaired. (Complex)
= The window which was broken yesterday should be repaired.
The broken window should be repaired.
=The window which has been broken should be repaired.
(e) Subject + verb + object + participle †K wb‡Pi wbq‡g Complex Kiv hvq :
cÖ_‡g Subject + verb + that + object wU subject n‡e + be verb wU Aci verb wUi tense Abymv‡i em‡e + evKx Ask|
I saw a man coming towards me. (complex)
= I saw + that + a man + was + coming towards me.
(f) Subject + verb + object (past participle _vK‡j) Dc‡ii wbq‡gB Ki‡Z n‡e Z‡e GKUz cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| j¶ Ki :
cÖ_‡g Subject + verb + that + object wU subject n‡e + GKwU AwZwi³ be verb Aci verb wUi tense Abymv‡i em‡e + g–j
verb wUi past participle n‡e + evwK Ask|
I felt my leg broken. (Complex)
= I felt that my leg was (had been) broken.
(g) Noun Gi c‡i prepositional phrase _vK‡j noun Gi c‡i Relative pronoun + be verb (tense Abymv‡i) + evwK Ask
e‡m|
Our Parliament House at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in Dhaka is a magnificient building.
= Our Parliament House which is at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar in Dhaka is a magnificient building.
Practice
6.25. Change the following sentences into complex.
(a) I got the letter posted. (b) They found him injured. (c) He found the article edited. (d) They discovered
the box locked. (e) We saw the thief arrested.
Simple to Compound

Dc‡i Avgiv Simple †_‡K Complex Kiv wk‡LwQ| Simple †_‡K Complex Ki‡Z cvi‡j Simple †_‡K Compund Kiv RwUj welq bq|
KviY Compund I Complex Gi MVb GKB iKg; ïay cv_©K¨ n‡jv Conjunction Gi †¶‡Î| A_v©r cÖ_‡g Complex MVb Ki‡e Ges
Conjunction wU ev` w`‡q gv‡S and emv‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡e though Gi cwie‡Z© and bv ewm‡q but emv‡Z n‡e| AviI GKwU D‡j­L‡hvM¨
welq nj KviY cÖKvkK Ask ev †h KvRwU Av‡M m¤•bœ nq †m KvRwU Aek¨B cÖ_‡g wjL‡Z n‡e| GQvovI, Subject ev Subject + Verb hw` GK
nq Z‡e Zv wØZxqevi wjL‡Z n‡e bv|
(a) Realising it we should try to be emotionally balanced. [DinajB'16]
= We should realise it and try to be emotionally balanced.
(b) Because of dense fog, the writer delayed to return.
= There was dense fog and the writer delayed to return.
(c) Because of being weak, the old man could not walk.
= The old man was weak and could not walk.
(d) Because of being lazy, he could not pass the examination.
= He was lazy and could not pass the examination.
(e) I was saved because of showing a true love for all living things.
= I showed a true love for all living things and was saved. [Compound Sentence G KviY cÖKvkK Ask Av‡M wjL‡Z
nq|]
(f) Because of being slow, I could not get the train.
= I was slow and I could not get the train.
(g) Della became very nervous because of hearing Jim’s foot steps on the stair.
= Della heard Jim’s foot steps on the stair and became very nervous.
(h) The other sailors blamed the old man because of killing the albatross.
= The old sailor killed the albatross and the other sailors blamed him.
 25

(i) Because of their being close to me, I can rely on them.

= They are close to me and I can rely on them.
(j) In spite of being poor, he is honest.
= He is poor but (he is) honest. [1g As‡k he is _vKvq 2q As‡k he is cybivq †jLv nqwb|]
Practice
6.26. Change the following sentences into compound.
(a) Because of being poor, they cannot save money for their future. (b) Rimel was selected because of his
talent. (c) Because of having much money, Mr. Rasel bought a car. (d) The water was purified because of
containing germs. (e) Sara was fired of her job because of her being lazy. (f) Because of his being sincere
and honest, Mr. Rabindranath was awarded. (g) He failed in the test because of his not being sincere. (h)
Because of terrible cyclone, the ship sank. (i) The boy was taken to task because of hiding the truth. (j)
The book was not sold much because of some wrong information.
Complex to Compound

Conjunction wU ev` w`‡q gv‡S and emv‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡e though Gi cwie‡Z© and bv ewm‡q but emv‡Z n‡e| AviI GKwU D‡j­L‡hvM¨
welq nj, KviY cÖKvkK Ask ev †h KvRwU Av‡M m¤•bœ nq †m KvRwU Aek¨B cÖ_‡g wjL‡Z n‡e| GQvovI, Subject ev Subject + Verb hw`
GK nq Z‡e Zv wØZxq evi wjL‡Z n‡e bv|
wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
(a) Although I do not like gathering, I enjoy the activities of this day. [DB '16]
= I do not like gathering but I enjoy the activities of this day.
(b) As love is divine, everybody wants to love. [CtgB '16]
= Love is divine and everybody wants to love.
(c) I was saved becasue I showed a true love for all living things.
= I showed a true love for all living things and I was saved.
(d) Her husband is so old that he cannot work.
= Her husband is very old and cannot work.
(e) Sakhina’s husband earns so small an amount of money that he cannot pay for children’s education.
= Sakhina’s husband earns a very small amount of money and cannot pay for children’s education.
When hy³ Complex Sentence ‡K Compound Kivi wbqg
Compound Kivi Rb¨ when ev` hv‡e Ges Kgv D‡V wM‡q and em‡e|
Complex : When it was daylight, he was awakened.
Compound : It was daylight and he was awakened.
If hy³ Complex Sentence †K Compound Kivi wbqg
If hy³ Complex sentence †K Compound Kivi Rb¨ Dfq As‡ki subject ev` hv‡e Ges gv‡S and em‡e| Z‡e Dfq As‡ki subject
you n‡j or w`‡q compound Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wØZxq As‡k cybivq Subject †jL‡Z n‡e bv|
(a) If he does not take medicine, he will die.
= He does not take medicine and he will die.
(b) If you do not read attentively, you will fail.
= Read attentively or fail.
Practice
6.27. Change the following sentences into compound.
(a) Most of the people are so poor that they cannot pay for the children’s education. (b) The illiterate poor
hold so firm a belief in fate that they do not try to overcome poverty. (c) Though Mr. Asif had good
qualification, he did not get a suitable job. (d) He has no peace of mind though he has much riches. (e)
Though it rained heavily, there was no flood. (f) The news was so shocking that it was hardly believed. (g)
Though the rain stopped, they could not resume the match. (h) As he has become rich, he is sure to lose
his mental peace. (i) He was arrested wrongly though he was fully innocent. (j) It was so strong that
nobody could break it. (k) The thief entered our house when we were sleeping. (l) If you do not listen to
your teachers, you will be punished.
Compound to Complex

Compound Sentence ‡K Complex Kivi Rb¨ g–jZ Compound Sentence Gi Conjunction wU‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|
wb‡Pi wbqgMy‡jv j¶ Ki:
 26

And hy³ Compound Sentence ‡K Complex Kivi wbqg

(i) Compound Sentence wUi GKwU Ask KviY ev mgq wb‡`©k Ki‡j Complex Sentence Gi kyiŔ‡Z Since/ As/ When e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq Ges gv‡Si and D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) e‡m|
(a) The heart is formed for love and cannot be happy without the opportunity of giving and
receiving love. [CtgB '16]
= As the heart is formed for love, it cannot be happy without the opportunity of giving and
receiving love.
(b) As he loved his wife Mumtaj very much, he built it as a tomb of his dear wife. [SB '16]
= He loved his wife Mumtaj very much and built it as a tomb of his dear wife.
(c) It was midnight and you were still outside home.
= When it was midnight, you were still outside home.
(d) The man is a stranger and we should not believe him instantly.
= As the man is a stranger, we should not believe him instantly.
(ii) Compound Sentence Gi cÖ_g AskwU kZ© cÖKvk Ki‡j Complex Sentence Gi kyiŔ‡Z If e‡m| Gici Subject e‡m Ges and
D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) e‡m| Avi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
(a) Practice regularly and you will have a good command of English.
= If you practice regularly, you will have a good command of English.
(b) Listen to your teachers and you will do well in the exam.
= If you listen to your teachers, you will do well in the exam.
Or hy³ Compound Sentence ‡K Complex Kivi wbqg
If + Subject + do not e‡m Ges or D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) e‡m| Avi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
Take him to the hospital now or he will die.
= If you do not take him hospital now, he will die.
But hy³ Compound Sentence ‡K Complex Kivi wbqg
ev‡K¨i kyiŔ‡Z though/ although e‡m Ges but D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) e‡m| Avi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv|
(a) Bangladesh is a test playing country but its standard is not high. [RB '16]
= Though Bangladesh is a test playing country, its standard is not high.
(b) The king had a lot but he wanted more and more.
= Though the king had a lot, he wanted more and more.
(c) It disturbed him but he did not know the reason. [JB '16]
= Though it disturbed him, he did not know the reason.
 Production........................................................................................................................................................................................................
6.1
(i) Change the following sentences into Complex:
(a) We need flowers to decorate a place. (b) We should read books to gain knowledge. (c) Mangoes are ripe in
the summer. (d) He wants to be a doctor to serve people. (e) There is a large flower garden in front of the
school. (f) Health is wealth. (g) It is too poor to imagine. (h) During his life time, he spent money lavishly to
help the poor. (i) It lies in every phase of our society. (j) The farmers work hard to support themselves. (k)
Bangladesh is a test playing country but its standard is not high. (l) But today many of them lead a very
miserable life. (m) The postman is a familiar figure. (n) A fool was sitting by the side of a village road. (o) Once
upon a time there was a girl named Jasmine.
(ii) Change the following sentences into Complex :
(a) During the rainy season the Padma assumes a terrible shape. (b) Tourists from home and abroad visit
its shore to enjoy themselves. (c) Truthfulness may lead the whole world to peace and happiness. (d) One
should be truthful to succeed in life. (e) Once there was a king named Lear. (f) She saw a young man
playing on his flute. (g) People in general are fond of glittering things. (h) She bought a dheki to husk rice.
(i) The heart is formed for love and cannot be happy without the opportunity of giving and receiving love.
(j) Once there lived a poor and old woman. (k) She wanted Buddha to bring her dead child to life. (l) For
boys and girls Durga Puja has a special charm. (m) A good student should be conscious of politics but
should not be the cat's paw of the shrewd politicians. (n) Clean air is important for life. (o) Honesty is a
great virtue.
(iii) Change the following sentences into Simple :
(a) As the demand for flowers is increasing day by day, we should cultivate flowers on commercial basis.
(b) If we read books, we can enrich our minds. (c) It is man who is the maker of his own fortune. (d) One
night when he was saying his prayer, a thief broke into his room. (e) The persons in the high rank of the
society are involved in corruption and have become millionaires. (f) Though cricket is a costly game,
 27

people of all classes enjoy playing it. (g) If we take proper steps, their condition may improve. (h) Every
day we see him when he goes in a khaki dress. (i) The minister then asked what his occupation was. (j)
People, who live in the village are mainly farmers. (k) He sits to read when it is time to read. (l) He learns
his lessons when it is time to learn. (m) When it is summer, it becomes emaciated. (n) One day she went
to countryside and she was accompanied by her friends. (o) Gold is a metal which is very precious.
(iv) Change the following sentences into Simple :
(a) She had none who could look after her. (b) When the goddess Durga comes everyone must shake off his
own sorrows and troubles. (c) All the people come together and celebrate the festival. (d) He who is taken by
anger causes a lot of troubles. (e) The national memorial which is at Savar is a symbol of the nation's respect.
(f) One thing that pollutes air is smoke. (g) My brother was honest for which he was rewarded. (h) I know the
man who came here. (i) People who love food can taste local as well as foreign food. (j) In a family of five or six
children the parents have to send some of their kids to work so that they can fill their empty stomach. (k) A
man who leads an idle life brings misery for his life. (l) He was not only wise but also famous. (m) People who
come from home and abroad enjoy its beauty very much. (n) He entered the kingdom of the prince and
captured a large village. (o) Young people spend much time before TV and waste their precious time.
(v) Change the following sentences into Compound :
(a) Selling these mangoes, people earn a lot of money. (b) Many do not try to better their condition by hard
labour. (c) By reading books, we can enrich our minds. (d) Though a healthy man is an asset to his family, an
unhealthy man is a liability. (e) Though he is a low paid employee, his responsibility is great. (f) Seeing the
strange appearance of the fool, he asked him about the reason of his action. (g) Though she was a nice little
girl, she was not an ordinary child. (h) When I reached there, my friend received me cordially. (i) Although it
may not make one rich, it brings peace of mind. (j) He had a daughter whom he loved very much. (k) But
there are some other metals looking like gold. (l) In spite of her working very hard there was happiness in
her heart. (m) As love is divine, everybody wants love. (n) He always advised his sons to respect their
teachers. (o) As they get a long vacation from schools, they enjoy the festival with childlike mirth.
(vi) Change the following sentences into Compound :
(a) He came to a house to ask for something to eat. (b) Finding a large thorn, he pulled it out. (c) Sometimes
this jam is so acute that it blocks more than a kilometre of a street. (d) Attracted by such reports she came to
test the king. (e) While pondering he noticed some bees humming for honey in a withered rose. (f) Being very
angry he began to whip her cruelly. (g) The earth being round, we meet again. (h) The farmer was very excited
to see the golden egg. (i) But the farmer was greedy enough to have all the eggs in a day. (j) Once upon a time,
there lived a certain merchant who had seven daughters. (k) I get my living by my own fortune. (l) It gives both
pleasure and the contentment of mind. (m) As angling is my hobby, I usually catch fish with a fishing line. (n)
Watching violent movies, young people become violent. (o) They had no food to satisfy their hunger.

Segment3 Transformation : Voice

Customer : Are vegetables sold here?

Grocer : Yes! We sell vegetables here.
Customer : Do you sell sugar?
Grocer : No, sugar is not sold here.
Dc‡ii We sell vegetables here evK¨wU‡Z †`Lv hv‡ŕQ We kãwU ev‡K¨i subject Ges vegetables wewµi
KvRwU K‡i‡Q We| A_©vr We n‡jv doer of the action| Avevi, vegetables kãwU ev‡K¨ object Ges GUvi
Dci KvRwU Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr GUv receiver (MÖnYKvix) of the action. wKšŖ me mgq Avgiv Gfv‡e evK¨ MVb
Kwi bv| gv‡S gv‡S doer †K ev‡K¨i subject bv K‡i receiver †K subject Kiv nq| Avi Gfv‡e Dc‡ii evK¨wU‡K
ej‡j evK¨wU n‡Zv :
Vegetables are sold here (by us).
GLb †`Lv hv‡ŕQ G cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ev‡K¨i A_©MZ cwieZ©b nqwb| ïay structure (MVb) cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| Avi †m cwieZ©bMy‡jv n‡jv :
(i) receiver wU subject n‡q‡Q
(ii) Subject Gi ci AwZwi³ GKwU 'be' verb emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
(iii) g–j verb wUi past participle Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(iv) by †hv‡M doer wU emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
Gfv‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi doer hLb sentence Gi subject _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K active voice e‡j| Ges receiver hLb sentence
Gi subject nq ZLb Zv‡K passive voice e‡j|
Structure : Receiver + mvnvh¨Kvix verb (hw` _v‡K) + AwZwi³ be verb + g–j verb Gi past participle + evwK Ask +
by †hv‡M doer.
wb‡æi D`vniYMy‡jv †`L
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Rule2 : Person e¨env‡ii wbqg :

pronoun-Gi subject I object form wfbœ| ZvB pronoun Gi subject I object form wkL‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi QKwU j¶ Ki :
person subject object
singular I me
First
plural we us
singular you you
Second
plural you you
singular he/ she/it him/ her/it
Third
plural they them
Example : I gave him a pen.
He was given a pen by me.
mvnvh¨Kvix verb My‡jv nj :
Principal auxiliary :
am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had (ev‡K¨ Av‡Q ev wQj A‡_© hLb e¨eüZ nq ZLb GMy‡jv g–j verb) do, does, did
(bv †evaK ev cÖkœg–jK evK¨ MV‡b e¨eüZ n‡j)
Modal auxiliary : can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, had to, ought to, is going to
Semi-modals: need, dare, used
Rule3 : AwZwi³ be verb-Gi e¨envi :
AwZwi³ be verb-wU emvevi me‡P‡q mnR Dcvq :
 cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ hw` have to, going to; Ges modal auxiliary _v‡K Z‡e AwZwi³ be verb-wU AcwiewZ©Z e‡m
 cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ hw` be verb (be, been, am, is, are, was, were) _v‡K Z‡e AwZwi³ be verb-wU being n‡e
 cÖ`Ë ev‡K¨ hw` have, has, had _v‡K Z‡e AwZwi³ be verb-wU been n‡e
 †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨Kvix verb bv †_‡K hw` g–j verb-wU present nq AwZwi³ be verb-wU Subject Abyhvqx am/is/are n‡e
Ges g–j verb-wU hw` past nq Z‡e AwZwi³ be verb-wU Subject Abyhvqx was/ were n‡e|
Active Passive
They write a letter. A letter is written by them.
GLv‡b g–j verb write Ges verb wU †h‡nZz present form G Av‡Q ZvB AwZwi³ be verb-wU present form MÖnY K‡i is n‡q‡Q|
They are writing a letter. A letter is being written by them.
GLv‡b are _vKvq AwZwi³ be verb-wU being n‡q‡Q|
They have written a letter. A letter has been written by them.
GLv‡b have _vKvq AwZwi³ be verb-wU been n‡q‡Q|
They have been writing a letter. A letter has been being written by them.
GLv‡b been _vKvq AwZwi³ be verb-wU being n‡q‡Q|
They wrote a letter. A letter was written by them.
GLv‡b g–j verb wrote Ges verb wU †h‡nZz past form G Av‡Q ZvB AwZwi³ be verb-wU was n‡q‡Q|
They should write a letter. A letter should be written by them.
GLv‡b should _vKvq AwZwi³ be verb-wU be n‡q‡Q|
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They are going to write a letter. A letter is going to be written by them.

GLv‡b going to _vKvq AwZwi³ be verb-wU be n‡q‡Q|
Practice
6.28
(i) Choose the correct form of the verb to fill in the blanks.
(a) My jacket —. (f) The work —.
i. has washed. i. will do
ii. has been washed. ii. will be done
(b) My sister  my jacket. (g) The painter —.
i. has washed i. was painting
ii. has been washed ii. was being painted
(c) The tree —. (h) She — chocolates.
i. is felling i. love ii. loves
ii. is being felled iii. is loved
(d) The room —. (i) The books —.
i. locked. i. was torn
ii. was locked ii. tore
(e) Rina —. iii. were torn
i. invited (j) This exercise —.
ii. was invited i. must do
ii. do
iii. must be done
(ii) Use appropriate ‘be’ verb in the blanks.
(a) The cat chased the mouse.
The mouse — chased by the cat.
(b) Mary hit the ball.
The ball — hit by Mary.
(c) A powerful engine pulled the train.
The train — pulled by a powerful engine.
(d) We should take measures to prevent water pollution.
Measures should — taken to prevent water pollution by us.
(e) Traders open fresh account book.
Fresh account book — opened by traders.
(f) They could also see a young boy of about their own age.
A young boy of about their own age could — seen by them.
(g) The angel was writing the names of the persons.
The names of the persons were — written by the angel.
(h) The woman was holding a baby in her arms.
A baby was — held by the woman in her arms.
(i) I could tell them all.
They could — told all by me.
(j) The Headmaster asked me my name.
I — asked my name by the Headmaster.
(iii) Use appropriate ‘verb with be’ in the blanks.
(a) She wore a nice dress. (h) I know him.
A nice dress — by her. He — to me.
(b) Fortune favours the brave. (i) They are going to dig a canal.
The brave — favoured by fortune. A canal — by them.
(c) I am going to open a bank account. (j) He did many things for me.
A bank account — opened by me. Many things — for me by him.
(d) I shall do everything. (k) He has lost his book.
Everything — by me. His book — by him.
(e) I saw him go. (l) Everyone shall blame us.
He — to go by me. We — by everyone.
(f) He looks after the orphan. (m) Moni has to do the work.
The orphan — by him. The work — by Moni.
(g) The storm has uprooted a lot of trees.
 30

A lot of trees — uprooted by the storm.

Rule4 : Receiver/ Object †Pbvi Dcvq :
g–j verb-Gi c‡ii noun/pronoun nj Object| Verb-†K Kv‡K/Kx/ Kviv w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j Object cvIqv hvq| Z‡e g–j
verb Gi c‡i hw` participle (ing hy³/ ed hy³) ev infinitive (to+verb) ev preposition (we‡kl K‡i of) hy³ †Kv‡bv Ask
_v‡K ZLb cy‡iv AskUvB subject wnmv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
ing hy³ :
Active : He knows a boy reading at Dhaka University.
Passive : A boy reading at Dhaka University is known to him.
ed hy³ :
Active : I bought a shirt made in China.
Passive : A shirt made in China was bought by me.
Preposition hy³ :
They entertained the guests of the bridal party heartily.
The guests of the bridal party were entertained heartily by them.
Rule5 :
Extension (modifier of verb) †Pbvi Dcvq:
verb-Gi KvR †Kv_vq/ KLb/ Kxfv‡e/ †Kb nj ---- Ggb Z_¨ cÖKvkK kã ev kã mgwó n‡jv extension|
Active : I found a man in the field.
Passive : A man was found in the field by me.
Active : Everyone should practice frugality to make a well planned family. [DB '17]
Passive : Frugality should be practiced by everyone to make a well planned family.
Active: The farmers use water in time of cultivation largely. [DinajB '17]
Passive: Water is used by the farmers in time of cultivation largely.
Rule6 :
* GKwU ev‡K¨ `y‡Uv (object of verb) _vK‡j:-
(a) Indirect object (A_©vr cÖvYx/e¨w³evPK) †K subject Kiv †kÖq|
Active : I gave him a book.
Passive : He was given a book by me.
(b) Ab¨ object wUI subject n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e G‡¶‡Î direct object Gi c–‡e© A_©vbymv‡i AwZwi³ to/for emv‡Z n‡e|
Active : I gave him a book.
Passive : A book was given to him by me.
Active : I bought him a book .
Passive : A book was bought for him by me.
Example
The old man wants money.
Ans : Money is wanted by the old man.
They were digging a canal.
Ans : A canal was being dug by them.
He will have done the work.
Ans : The work will have been done by him.
They ran a race.
Ans : A race was run by them.
You kept me waiting.
Ans : I was kept waiting by you.
Panic seized the young writer.
Ans : The young writer was seized with panic.
I saw him going across the field.
Ans : He was seen going across the field by me.
He has not broken the axe-handle.
Ans : The axe-handle has not been broken by him.
We ought to obey our parents.
Ans : Our parents ought to be obeyed by us.
You must not drive the car.
Ans : The car must not be driven by you.
The orange tastes sour.
Ans : The orange is sour when it is tasted.
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Note to Remember :
GKgvÎ Transitive Verb A_©vr hvi Object _v‡K Zv‡KB Passive Voice Kiv hvq| Intransitive verb Gi passive voice nq
bv|
Active : It happened yesterday. √
Passive : It was happened yesterday.
Active : The man died yesterday. √
Passive : The man was died yesterday.

Rule7 : Active Voice G wØZxq verb-wUi c–‡e© hw` to bv _v‡K Z‡e passive Kivi mgq to wU wjL‡Z n‡e| (active voice Gi †¶‡Î
mvaviYZ: need, bid, dare, make, hear, feel, know, behold, watch cÖfw… Z verb Gi cieZ©x verb wUi c–‡e© to Dn¨ _v‡K)
He made me go. (GLv‡b 2q verb n‡jv go Ges Gi c–‡e© †Kv‡bv to †bB| wKšŖ passive Kivi mgq Aek¨B to wU wjL‡Z n‡e|)
I was made to go by him.
Active : We heard her sing a song.
Passive : She was heard to sing a song by us.
Active : We watched him play in the field.
Passive : He was watched to play in the field by us.
Active : They beheld a bright star shine in the sky.
Passive : A bright star was beheld to shine in the sky by them.
D‡j­L¨: 'let' verb Gi cieZ©x verb Gi c–‡e© †Kv‡bv mgq to e‡m bv|
Active : He let me do the work.
Passive : I was let do the work by him.
Rule8 : Reflexive object Gi †¶‡Î doer †K object ev receiver †K subject Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
Active : He killed himself.
Passive : He was killed by himself. self/selves hy³ pronoun †K
Active : She fans herself. reflexive pronoun e‡j| (myself,
Passive : She is fanned by herself. himself, herself, themselves
Active : She feeds herself. BZ¨vw` reflexive pronoun|)
Passive : She is fed by herself.
Active : He cut himself.
Passive : He was cut by himself.
Active : The man repented himself.
Passive : The man was repented by himself.
Rule9 : wKQz wKQz verb Av‡Q hv‡`i ci by bv e‡m Ab¨ preposition e‡m| g‡b ivL‡e, agent Gi c–‡e© by Ges instrument Gi c–
‡e© with e‡m|
known to, pleased with (person), pleased at (thing), annoyed with (person), annoyed at (thing), shocked
at, surprised at, seized with, relieved of, made up of, filled with, vexed at
Active : I know the boy.
Passive : The boy is known to me.
Active : His behaviour surprised me.
Passive : I was surprised at his behaviour.
Active : The news shocked him.
Passive : He was shocked at the news.
Active : Light filled the room.
Passive : The room was filled with light.
Active : Panic seized the writer.
Passive : The writer was seized with panic.
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Note to Remember :
 †h e¨w³/ cÖvYx/ cÖvK…wZK kw³ KvR K‡i Zv‡K agent e‡j|
 hvi mvnv‡h¨ KvR Kiv nq Zv‡K instrument e‡j|
me flowers
The room was decorated by agent with instrument

Practice
6.29. Change the following sentences into passive form.
(a) Steven Spielberg directed the Jurassic Park. (b) Tereshkova experienced nausea and physical
discomfort for much of the flight. (c) She joined a local empowerment group. (d) He has built a dormitory
in Tibet. (e) I could buy a bus ticket. (f) The haor system provides a wide range of economic and non-
economic benefits. (g) We know the Sundarbans for vanishing islands. (h) Italy's history impressed the
author. (i) The experience of meeting Bangladeshis in Italy deeply moved the author. (j) The two nations
signed a treaty. (k) We presented her a mobile phone. (l) The students started gardening. (m) I saw him
singing in the reading room. (n) The girl killed herself. (o) I did not know the man. (p) His behaviour
vexed me. (q) His father's death shocked me very much. (r) I saw him going across the field. (s) He has
not broken the axe-handle. (t) We ought to obey our parents. (u) You must not drive the car.
Interrogative Sentence
Rule10 :
Interrogative sentence-†K cÖ_‡g assertive-G iƒcvš@i K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gi c‡i H iƒcvš@wiZ assertive sentence-†K
passive Kiv hvq| me©‡k‡l, cÖ_g auxiliary verb-†K subject Gi c–‡e© wjL‡Z n‡e|
Active: Have you eaten rice?
(Active Assertive: You have eaten rice.)
(Passive Assertive : Rice has been eaten by you.)
Passive : Has rice been eaten by you?
Active : Are you doing the work?
Active Assertive : You are doing the work.
Passive Assertive : The work is being done by you.
Passive : Is the work being done by you?
Active : Was he doing the sum?
(Active Assertive : He was doing the sum.)
(Passive Assertive : The sum was being done by him.
Passive : Was the sum being done by him?
NB: Dch©y³ eªv‡K‡Ui evK¨ `ywU‡K DËic‡Î †jLv hv‡e bv| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Lmov K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| AviI wKQz D`vniY j¶ Ki:
Example 1:
Active: Does he play football?
(Active Assertive: He plays football.)
(Passive Assertive: Football is played by him.)
Passive: Is football played by him?
Example 2:
Active: Did he play football?
(Active Assertive: He played football.)
(Passive Assertive: Football was played by him.)
Passive: Was football played by him?
do/ does/ did _vK‡j Zv ev` hv‡e| did _vK‡j verb-wU past n‡e|
Rule11 :
hw` ïiŔ‡Z which+ noun/ how many+ noun/ who/ what/when/ where/ why _v‡K Ges GMy‡jv I g–j verb Gi
gv‡S hw` †Kv‡bv subject _v‡K Z‡e GMy‡jv ev‡K¨ object wnmv‡e Av‡Q| cÖ_‡g sentence-wU †K assertive Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
passive voice Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡e, whom _vK‡j who n‡e|
Example 1 :
Active: Whom did you want now?
(Active Assertive: You wanted whom now.)
Passive: Who were wanted now by you?
do/ does/ did _vK‡j Zv ev` hv‡e| did _vK‡j verb-wU past n‡e| does _vK‡j verb Gi mv‡_ s/es ai‡Z n‡e|
Example 2:
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Active: What are they reading in the morning?

(Active Assertive: They are reading what in the morning.)
Passive: What is being read in the morning by them?
do/ does/ did _vK‡j Zv ev` hv‡e| did _vK‡j verb-wU past n‡e| does _vK‡j verb Gi mv‡_ s/es ai‡Z n‡e|
Example 3:
Active: How many boys has he rebuked in the class?
(Active Assertive: He has rebuked how many boys in the class.)
Passive: How many boys have been rebuked in the class by him?
NB: Dch©y³ eªv‡K‡Ui evK¨ `ywU‡K DËic‡Î †jLv hv‡e bv| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Lmov K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
Rule12 :
hw` ïiŔ‡Z which+ noun/ how many+ noun/ who/ what _v‡K Ges Gi ci hw` mivmwi g–j verb _v‡K Z‡e GMy‡jv ev‡K¨
subject wnmv‡e Av‡Q Ges ZvB assertive K‡i †bqvi `iKvi †bB; mivmwi passive voice Ki‡Z n‡e| me©‡k‡l, by + wh word I
auxiliary verb-†K subject Gi c–‡e© wjL‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡e, by who bv n‡q by whom n‡e|
Example 1:
Active: Who is calling you?
(Passive: You are being called by whom.)
Passive: By whom are you being called?
Example 2:
Active: What pains me?
(Passive: I am pained by what.)
Passive: By what am I pained?
Example 3:
Active: How many people have asked you?
(Passive: You have been asked by how many people.)
Passive: By how many people have you been asked?
NB: Dch©y³ eªv‡K‡Ui evK¨ `ywU‡K DËic‡Î †jLv hv‡e bv| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Lmov K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
More Examples
Who broke the glass?
Ans : By whom was the glass broken?
What do you want?
Ans : What is wanted by you?
Whom do you prefer?
Ans : Who is preferred by you?
Where did you find these fishes?
Ans : Where were these fishes found by you?
Did the old sailor kill the albatross?
Ans : Was the albatross killed by the old sailor?
Will you buy a pen?
Ans : Will a pen be bought by you?

Practice
6.30. Change the following sentences into passive form.
(a) Do you play football? (b) Did the boy catch a bird? (c) Does she write a letter? (d) Don’t you like tea?
(e) Doesn’t Rumi prepare her lesson regularly? (f) Didn’t Lucy sing a song? (g) Will they help the poor?
(h) Shall I catch a fish? (i) Is he doing the work? (j) Are they making a noise in the class? (k) Has he taken
the book from the table? (l) Were you calling me? (m) Have they made him captain? (n) Can I help you?
(o) Haven’t they finished the work? (p) Will he be reading a book? (q) Wasn’t he drawing a picture? (r)
Isn’t he painting a picture? (s) Who is helping her? (t) Who was calling me? (u) Who has made the cage?
(v) Who saw the bird? (w) Who has broken the glass? (x) Who teaches you English? (y) Who will drive
the car? (z) Who will be reading the book? (aa) Who was blowing the pipe? (bb) Whom did you meet?
(cc) Whom has he seen in the room? (dd) Whom are they calling? (ee) Whom do you want? (ff) Whom did
you give the book? (gg) Whom will he teach? (hh) Whom did you lend the money? (ii) What does he
want? (jj) What did he do yesterday? (kk) What are you reading? (ll) What will you read? (mm) What has
he seen? (nn) Which book do you want? (oo) Which pen has he bought? (pp) Which people did she like?
(qq) When will you return the book? (rr) When did you meet him? (ss) Where did you find him? (tt) Do
you know them? (uu) Who is helping her? (vv) Which book has he lost? (ww) Does he speak English? (xx)
Whom are you talking to?
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Imperative Sentence
Rule13 :
Let + object/receiver wU subject + AwZwi³ be verb + g–j verb Gi past participle + evwK Ask+ (by †hv‡M
subject/doer wU object)
Active : Write the letter without delay.
Passive : Let the letter be written without delay (by you).
 evK¨wU negative n‡j do not evK¨ †_‡K ev` w`‡q let not wjL‡Z nq Avi ev‡K¨ never _vK‡j, kãwU be verb Gi c‡i hv‡e|
Active : Do not tell a lie.
Passive : Let not a lie be told.
Active : Never tell a lie.
Passive : Let a lie be never told.
Active : Post the letter.
Passive : Let the letter be posted.
Active : Always speak the truth.
Passive : Let the truth be always spoken.
Active : Do not speak ill of others.
Passive : Let not ill of others be spoken.
Rule14 :
g–j verb + indirect object/e¨w³evPK object (me, us, you BZ¨vw`)/+ direct object (e¯ŖevPK) Gi †¶‡Î :
Let + direct object (e¯ŖevPK) + 'be' verb + g–j verb Gi Past Participle + to/for †hv‡M indirect object (e¨w³evPK)
Active : Ask me a question.
Passive : Let a question be asked to me.
Active : Buy me a shirt.
Passive : Let a shirt be bought for me.
Active : Give me the grammar book.
Passive : Let the grammar book be given to me.
Active : Lend me your bicycle.
Passive : Let your bicycle be lent to me.
Active : Bring him the book.
Passive : Let the book be brought for him.
Rule15 :
Let + e¨w³evPK object + verb hy³ ev‡K¨i †¶‡Î
Let + g–j verb Gi object + AwZwi³ 'be' verb + g–j verb Gi Past Participle + evwK Ask + by †hv‡M g–j verb Gi
subject
Active : Let me do the work.
Passive : Let the work be done by me.
Active : Let him tell the truth.
Passive : Let the truth be told by him.
Active : Let us play football.
Passive : Let football be played by us.
Active : Let him post the letter.
Passive : Let the letter be posted by him.
Active : Let her sing a song.
Passive : Let a song be sung by her.
Practice
6.31. Change the following sentences into passive form.
(a) Tell him to go. (b) Let them call in a doctor. (c) Post the letter. (d) Shut the door. (e) Don’t make a
noise. (f) Ring the bell. (g) Bring the book. (h) Please help me. (i) Take care of your health. (j) Look after
your parents. (k) Pluck me a flower. (l) Buy a shirt for me. (m) Don’t ask me the question. (n) Choose the
best answer. (o) Don’t play football at noon. (p) Don’t kick the ball. (q) Go away with it. (r) Let me write a
letter. (s) Let him do the work. (t) Never tell a lie. (u) Always speak the truth. (v) Never trust a false
friend. (w) Give the order. (x) Pen through the word. (y) Do not laugh at the poor.

Some Special Structures

 35

Rule16 :
Clause object :
†Kv‡bv verb-Gi object hw` clause nq Z‡e H clause-†K subject wnmv‡e cÖ_‡g Avb‡Z n‡e Ges Dfq clause-Gi voice
change Ki‡Z n‡e|
Active : We must endure what we cannot cure.
Passive : What cannot be cured must be endured.
Z‡e that clause-†K cÖ_‡g Avbv hvq bv Ges cÖ_g Ask it is/was + verb3+ that clause n‡e|
Active : We believe that the earth moves round the sun.
Passive : It is believed that the earth moves round the sun.
Active : We thought that he was the right man for the job.
Passive : It was thought that he was the right man for the job.
Active : The newspapers say that his company is in trouble.
Passive : It is said that his company is in trouble.
Active : Everybody thought that he was a spy.
Passive : It was thought that he was a spy.
Rule17 :
It is/ was time + infinitive:
It is/was time Gi ci infinitive-Gi cwie‡Z© that + infinitive Gi object-wU subject n‡e + AwZwi³ should be + verb-
Gi 3rd form
Active : It is time to do the work.
Passive : It is time that the work should be done.
A_ev, It is/was time Gi ci for + infinitive Gi object-wU subject n‡e + AwZwi³ to be + verb-Gi 3rd form
Active : It is time to do the work.
Passive : It is time for the work to be done.
Active : It is time to say the prayer.
Passive : It is time for the prayer to be said.
Active : It is time to watch the movie.
Passive : It is time for the movie to be watched.
Active : It is time to take execise.
Passive : It is time for exercise to be taken.
Rule18 :
It is/ was + adjective + infinitive:
It is/was +adjective + infinitive-Gi cwie‡Z© that + infinitive Gi object-wU subject n‡e + AwZwi³ should be +
verb-Gi 3rd form
Active : It is necessary to call in doctor.
Passive : It is necessary that a doctor should be called in.
A_ev, It Gi cwie‡Z© infinitive Gi object-wU em‡e; to Gi ci be em‡e Ges verb-Gi 3rd form em‡e; Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e
bv|
Active : It is necessary to call in a doctor.
Passive : A doctor is necessary to be called in.
Active : It is useful to take exercise.
Passive : Exercise is useful to be taken.
Active : It is essential to eat a balanced diet.
Passive : A balanced diet is essential to be eaten.
Active : It is important to learn English.
Passive : English is important to be learnt.
Active : It is urgent to eradicate dowry.
Passive : Dowry is urgent to be eradicated.
Rule19 :
Quasi passive (taste, feel, smell, sound-G RvZxq verb _v‡K) ev‡K¨i †¶‡Î ïay g–j verb-wUi 3rd form Ges Gi c–‡e©
GKwU AwZwi³ be verb em‡e|
Active : Green mangoes taste sour.
Passive : Green mangoes are tasted sour.
Active : The book is printing.
Passive : The book is being printed.
 36

A_ev, Complement _vK‡j cÖ`Ë As‡ki verb-wUi cwie‡Z© be verb em‡e Ges when/ if hy³ GKwU AwZwi³ clause ewm‡qI Kiv
hvq|
Active : Green mangoes taste sour.
Passive : Green mangoes are sour when/ if (they are) tasted.
Active : The bed feels soft.
Passive : The bed is soft when it is felt.
Active : The beli smells sweet.
Passive : The beli is sweet when it is smelt.
Active : The music sounds melodious.
Passive : The music is melodious when it is sounded.
Rule20 :
Verb + object + infinitive: (to + verb-†K infinitive e‡j)
object-Gi ci infinitive _vK‡j Avgiv mvaviYZ infinitive Ask‡K extension a‡i mvaviY wbq‡g voice change Kwi| †hgb:
Active : He invited me to go.
Passive : I was invited to go.
Active : Father asked me to read.
Passive : I was asked to read by father.
Active : The doctor advised me to take rest.
Passive : I was advised to take rest by the doctor.
Active : Rana prosposed me to play chess.
Passive : I was proposed to play chess by Rana.
Active : He suggested me to go out for a walk.
Passive : I was suggested to go out for a walk.
Rule21 :
Z‡e, liking/ loving/ wanting/ wishing verb-Gi object-Gi ci infinitive _vK‡j :
cÖ_‡g subject + verb wjL‡Z n‡e + infinitive Gi object-wU + to Gi ci be em‡e Ges verb-Gi 3rd form em‡e + by +
cÖ_g verb-Gi object
Active : He wants me to take photographs.
Passive : He wants photographs to be taken by me.
Active : You like me to take tea.
Passive : You like tea to be taken by me.
Active : I wish you to lead a happy life.
Passive : I wish a happy life to be led by you.
Active : You want me to lend some money.
Passive : You want some money to be lent by you.
Active : Children like grandfather to tell a story.
Passive : Children like a story to be told by grandfather.
Rule22 :
Verb + infinitive/ gerund:
cÖ_g verb ch©š@ + that em‡e + 2q verb-Gi object + should be + 2q verb-Gi 3rd form
Active : He recommended using bullet-proof glass.
Passive : He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used. to + verb-†K infinitive
Active : He decided to sell the house. e‡j; verb-Gi mv‡_ ing
Passive : He decided that the house should be sold. †hvM Ki‡j gerund e‡j
Active : He thought to memorize the poem.
Passive : He thought that the poem should be memorized.
Active : He planned to complete the work.
Passive : He planned that the work should be completed.
Active : He wants to buy the book.
Passive : He wants that the book should be bought.
Rule23 :
†Kv‡bv Simple sentence-G A_ev GKwU gvÎ clause G Double Passive nq bv| †hgb :
Active : I like to take fresh milk.
Passive : Fresh milk is liked to take by me.
Active : He wants to drink tea.
 37

Passive : Tea is wanted to drink by him.

Rule24 :
Complex/ Compound sentence-Gi †¶‡Î Dfq clause-Gi voice change Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e †Kv‡bv As‡ki verb hw`
intransitive nq Z‡e H As‡ki voice change Ki‡Z n‡e bv|
Active : He ate rice and I drank coffee.
Passive : Rice was eaten by him and coffee was drunk by me.
Active : He ate rice and (he) drank coffee.
Passive : Rice was eaten (by him) and coffee was drunk by him. (GLv‡b Dfq As‡ki subject/ doer GKB nIqvq
ïay 2q As‡k + by †hv‡M doer-wU Object wnmv‡e †jLv n‡q‡Q|)
Active : If you buy a sari, I will buy a shirt.
Passive : If a sari is bought by you, a shirt will be bought by me.
Active : Rana read a book but Sumi wrote a letter.
Passive : A book was read by Rana but a letter was written by Sumi.
Active : We were playing cricket and you were watching the movie.
Passive : Cricket was being played by us and the movie was being watched by you.

Practice
6.32. Change the following sentences into passive form.
(a) Books introduce us to the realm of knowledge. (b) People over the country visit this place. (c) They
only curse their fate. (d) The government has taken necessary steps to eradicate illiteracy. (e) People of
all ages enjoy the game. (f) He delivers letters, money orders, parcels etc to the addresses. (g) He was
digging holes in several places. (h) Everyone praised her. (i) I gladly accepted the invitation. (j) Who does
not love a truthful person? (k) Tourists from home and abroad visit its shore. (l) He respects the learned
and the teachers. (m) Some books will make you laugh. (n) The bereavement overwhelmed the old
woman. (o) Her great sorrow touched Buddha. (p) The govt. should give proper emphasis to the study.
(q) So we should control it for our own sake. (r) The freedom fighters have gifted us an independent
country. (s) Millions of people visit Singapore every year. (t) Our government is going to take some steps
to make it more attractive. (u) Young Taimur once attacked the province of a powerful prince (v) I passed
the day amidst joys. (w) Relatives from this party are to observe certain rites. (x) It could not find any
source of water. (y) It kills our valuable time. (z) So, we should control it for our own sake. (aa) The
government has taken necessary measures to keep the price hike under control. (bb) One day the king
ordered his maid servant to sweep his bedroom well. (cc) We celebrated our school meeting profoundly.
(dd) The government has taken some drastic measures against corruption.
Passive †_‡K Active
Structure :
by †hv‡Mi object wU subject n‡e + ïaygvÎ g–j verb Gi wVK c–‡e© be verb wU ev` hv‡e| verb wU tense Abymv‡i em‡e +
subject wU object n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e|
(i) Active : The report was made by Sirajul.
Passive : Sirajul made the report.
(ii) Active : The sum has been done by Ripa.
Passive : Ripa has done the sum.
(iii) Active : The work was being done by the boys.
Passive : The boys were doing the work.
A‡bK mgq by †hv‡Mi object bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î sense ey‡S GKwU subject Avb‡Z n‡e|
(i) Active : My pocket has been picked.
Passive : Someone (a pickpocket) has picked my picket.
(ii) Active : The snatcher was arrested.
Passive : The police arrested the snatcher.
Practice
6.33. Change the following sentences into Active :
(a) Flowers are used on different occasions. (b) The school was established in 1850. (c) Some drastic steps
have been taken against corruption. (d) They should be taken care of. (e) He is loved by his parents, teachers
and friends. (f) They are concerned with the outer show of things and beings. (g) But air can be polluted in
different ways. (h) An honest man is respected by all. (i) Crops, houses and trees are destroyed by the
 38

storm/flood. (j) On the other hand, flood is considered to be a blessing for us. (k) Taimur's soldiers were all
killed by the army. (l) Books should be read to remove ignorance. (m) Arrangements for rejoicing and merry
making are also made by them. (n) He was well-known for his generosity. (o) Any answer in the examination
should not be elaborated. (p) Necessary steps have been taken to eradicate illiteracy. (q) The same answer was
given by the second daughter. (r) He wants to do something for the family but he is not permitted by his
mother. (s) Happiness cannot be purchased with money. (t) This feeling cannot be expressed in words.

Segment4 Transformation : Adjective/ Degree

Adjective-Gi wZb cÖKvi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡Pi QweMy‡jv Ges Zvi cv‡k †jLv evK¨My‡jv †`L|

Tom is fatter
Robi is fat

fattest boy.
John is the
than Robi.
 Positive (Zzjbvnxb Ae¯’v):
cÖ_g QwewU‡Z †`Lv hv‡ŕQ iwe bv‡gi GKwU †gvUv evjK| Zv‡K GLv‡b Kv‡iv mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nqwb| ZvB adjective wUi g–j form †jLv
n‡q‡Q fat hv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z positive degree ejv nq|
 Comparative (`yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg–jK Ae¯’v):
wØZxq QwewU‡Z `ywU evj‡Ki Qwe i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b iwe †gvUv Ges Ug Zvi †P‡qI †gvUv| ZvB GLv‡b `yR‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ adjective
wUi 2q form †jLv n‡q‡Q fatter hv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z comparative degree ejv nq|
 Superlative (`yÕ‡qi Awa‡Ki g‡a¨ Zzjbvg–jK Ae¯’v) :
Z…Zxq QwewU‡Z wZbwU evj‡Ki Qwe i‡q‡Q| GB wZbR‡bi g‡a¨ Rb me‡P‡q †ewk †gvUv| Avi GUv †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ adjective wUi 3q form
†jLv n‡q‡Q fattest hv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z superlative degree ejv nq|
Adjective-Gi Degree cwieZ©‡bi wbqg :
A. DŕPvi‡Yi mgq hw` GK ¯^ieY© _v‡K ev `yB ¯^ieY© wewkó Adjective-Gi †k‡l le, y, er, ure, ow _vK‡j ev negative un-hy³
Adjective n‡j, H Adjective-Gi †k‡l er †hv‡M Comparative Ges est †hv‡M Superlative Ki‡Z nq|
Positive Comparative Superlative
low (†jŠ) = j + J low +er = lower low + est = lowest
mellow (†g‡jŠ) mellow + er = mellower mellow + est =mellowest
unhappy (Avbn¨vwc) unhappy +er=unhappier unhappy + est =unhappiest
D‡j­L¨, es, ing, ed-GMy‡jvi gZ er, est-†K Bs‡iwR‡Z suffix e‡j Ges GMy‡jv †Kv‡bv k‡ãi †k‡l †hvM Ki‡j A‡bK mgq g–j k‡ãi
evbv‡b cwieZ©b Av‡m|
(a) †Kv‡bv k‡ãi †kl wZb letter h_vµ‡g Consonant, Vowel, Consonant (CVC) n‡j g–j k‡ãi †k‡li letter-wU double nq|
Positive Comparative Superlative
big big +g + er = bigger big + g + est = biggest
thin thinner thinnest
fat fatter fattest
hot hotter hottest
(b) †Kv‡bv k‡ãi †k‡l e Ges Zvi c–‡e© Consonant _vK‡j e ev` w`‡Z nq|
Positive Comparative Superlative
fine fin + er = finer fin + est = finest
true truer truest
large larger largest
noble nobler noblest
wise wiser wisest
(c) †Kv‡bv k‡ãi †k‡l y Ges Zvi c–‡e© Consonant _vK‡j y Gi cwie‡Z© i em‡e|
Positive Comparative Superlative
pretty pretti +er = prettier pretti + est = prettiest
heavy Heavier Heaviest
dry drier driest
 39

happy happier happiest

lazy lazier laziest
busy busier busiest
B. DŕPvi‡Yi mgq hw` `yB ev `yB-Gi AwaK ¯^ieY© _v‡K Z‡e Adjective-Gi c–‡e© more †hv‡M Comparative Ges most †hv‡M
Superlative Ki‡Z nq|
Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
dangerous more dangerous most dangerous
careful more careful most careful
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
honest more/less honest most/ least honest
C. KZMy‡jv Adjective/ Adverb-Gi †¶‡Î wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq bv| †hgb:
Positive Comparative Superlative
good better best
bad, evil, ill worse worst
late later (µg)/ latter (mgq) latest (mgq)/ last (µg)
many (msL¨v) more most
much (cwigvY) more most
elder (GKB cwiev‡ii m`m¨, than-Gi mv‡_
old eldest (GKB cwiev‡ii m`m¨)/ oldest
KL‡bv e¨envi nq bv)/ older
foremost (me©vwaK
Fore former
MyiŔZc¡ –Y©), first (me©cÖ_g)
little (cwigvY) less least
few (msL¨v) fewer fewest
far farther (`–iZ¡), further (AviI) farthest, furthest
in inner inmost/ innermost
out outer utmost/ outer most
up upper uppermost
Practice
6.34. Write the comparative and superlative degree of the following Adjectives.
red, brave, gentle, true, nice, easy, happy, merry, cunning, important, interesting, holy, clumsy, pure,
pleasant, sad, fit, useful, intelligent, precious.
Rule– 1 : wKQy Word †hgb exterior, interior, ulterior, major, minor-GMy‡jv latin comparative n‡jI Bs‡iwR‡Z positive
wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, posterior-GMy‡jv Bs‡iwR‡Z Comparative wnmv‡eB
e¨eüZ nq Ges Gi ci than bv e‡m to e‡m|
Example :
(i) He is senior to (than) me.
(ii) I am junior to him.
(iii) He is superior to all.
Rule– 2 : `yBwU e¯Ŗi g‡a¨ GKwUi †P‡q Ab¨wU †ewk cQ‡›`i eySv‡Z prefer-Gi ci than bv e‡m to e‡m Ges Gi ci Verb _vK‡j Zvi
mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| Ab¨_vq Noun e‡m|
Example :
(i) He prefers singing to (than) dancing.
(ii) My brother prefers tea to coffee.
(iii) She prefers writing to reading.
(vi) He prefers playing cricket to playing football.
Rule 3 : mgvbycvwZK n«vm/ e„w× cÖKvk Ki‡Z the + comparative —, the + comparative e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
Example :
(i) The more you read, the more you learn. (hZB co‡e ZZB wkL‡e)
(ii) The sooner, the better. (hZ ZvovZvwo nq ZZ fv‡jv)
(iii) The earlier, the better.
(iv) The more, the merrier.
Rule4 : µgvš^‡q n«vm/ e„w× n‡ŕQ Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Z comparative + and + comparative e¨envi Kiv nq Ges G‡¶‡Î Continuous
 40

tense e¨envi Kiv nq|

Example :
(i) He is getting busier and busier.
(ii) The weather is getting hotter and hotter day by day.
(iii) The child is growing thinner and thinner.
(iv) The boy is growing fatter and fatter day by day.
Rule5 : No other, of any + noun Gi ci Singular ev Plural form + adjective Gi positive form e‡m|
Example :
(i) No other boy in the class is as clever as he.
(ii) No other girl in the class is as beautiful as Maliha.
Rule6 : Very few Gici noun I verb-Gi plural form Ges adjective Gi positive form e‡m|
Example :
(i) Very few events are as popular as Olympic Games.
(ii) Very few exercises are as effective as walking.
Rule7 : Than any other/ Than Gi c–‡e© adjective Gi comparative form Ges c‡i singular noun e‡m|
Example :
(i) The monkey is funnier than any other animal.
(ii) A tortoise is slower than a hare.
Rule8 : Than all other/ than most other/ than many other Gi c–‡e© adjective Gi comparative form Ges c‡i
plural noun e‡m|
Example :
(i) Pizza is more favourite than most other foods to me.
(ii) You are more talented than many other boys.
Rule9 : The/One of the Gi c‡i adjective Gi superlative form e‡m| One of the Gi c‡i plural noun/pronoun wKšŖ
verb singular e¨enZ nq|
Example :
(i) The hospital has the best equipment.
(ii) This was one of the toughest rounds in the competition.
Rule10 : As..... as/ So..... as Ges too.......to Gi gv‡S adjective Gi positive form e‡m|
Example :
(i) In England, cricket is as popular as football.
(ii) You are as meritorious as your brother.
Practice
6.35
A. Write correct sentence using the direction in the brackets :
(a) I am not inferior (than/ to) you. (b) Prior (to/of) his departure for England, he met me. (c) I prefer
reading (than/ to) writing. (d) Death is preferable (than/to) dishonour. (e) The (much/ more) we go up,
the (much/more) we feel cold. (f) No other boy in the class is as intelligent as Rahim. (Comparative) (g)
Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh. (Positive) (h) Very few kings were as wise as Solomon.
(Comparative) (i) No other boy in the locality is as naughty as Sajib. (Superlative) (j) The rice of Dinajpur
is finer than that of Barisal. (Positive) (k) The National Memorial at Savar is the most magnificent
structure in Bangladesh (Positive) (l) Very few boys in the class are as clever as Tareq. (Superlative) (m)
He is more diligent than any other man in the village. (Positive) (n) He is senior (than/ to) me in age. (o)
Mr Rahim is superior (than/ to) all in the office. (p) My friend prefers cricket (than/ to) football. (q) I
prefer chicken (than/ to) mutton or venison. (r) The (high/ higher) we go up, the (cold/ colder) we feel.
(s) The (much/ more) he gets, the (much/ more) he wants. (t) The patient is gradually getting (good) and
(good) (u) The weather is growing (cool) and (cool) day by day. (v) No other mountain in the world is as
high as the Himalayas. (comparative) (w) The whale is larger than any other aquatic animal. (Superlative)
(x) Very few cities in Bangladesh are so busy as Dhaka. (Superlative) (y) Nazrul Islam is one of the
greatest poets of Bangladesh. (Comparative) (z) The rice of Barisal is not as good as that of Dinajpur.
(Comparative) (aa) The climate of Bangladesh is not so cool as that of Europe. (Comparative) (bb) Abdur
Rahman is the tallest of all men in the office. (Positive) (cc) Sonargaon is one of the most expensive hotels
in Dhaka. (Positive)
B. Choose the right form of degrees from the following sentences.
(a) English is one of the (rich/richer/richest) languages of the world. (b) The man is as
(cunning/more/cunning/most cunning) as a fox. (c) No other boy is as (weak/weaker/weakest) as you. (d)
 41

Milk is (nutritious/more nutritious/most nutritious) than most other foods. (e) Very few girls are as
(smart/smarter/smartest) as Farah. (f) It is one of the (antique/ antiquer/ antiquest) buildings of our
country. (g) The boy is too (garrulous/more garrulous/most garrulous) to be tolerated. (h) Smoking is the
(injurious/more injurious/most injurious) thing. (i) Your are (devoted/more devoted/most devoted) than I.
(j) Very few speeches are so (philosophical/more philosophical/most philosophical) as this. (k) After
hearing your result, your parents will be the (happy/happier/happiest) parents of the world. (l) Sarah is
(active/more active/most active) than Farah. (m) No other woman is as (anxious/more anxious/most
anxious) as she. (n) Konok was (comfortable/more comfortable/most comfortable) than any other
candidates in the interview. (o) He is the (dangerous/more dangerous/most dangerous) batsman in the
world.

Comparison of Adverb
Adjective-Gi g‡Zv wKQy Adverb-GiI Positive, Comparative Ges Superlative GB wZbwU form-G Zzjbv nq|
1. wKQy Adverb-Gi ci -er †hv‡M Comparative Ges -est †hv‡M Superlative nq|
Positive Comparative Superlative
Fast faster fastest
Late later latest, last
Soon sooner soonest
Quick quicker quickest
2. †hme Adverb-Gi †k‡l-ly _v‡K Zvi c–‡e© more ewm‡q comparative Ges most ewm‡q superlative Kiv nq|
Positive Comparative Superlative
Clearly more clearly most clearly
Loudly more loudly most loudly
Quickly more quickly most quickly
Rapidly more rapidly most rapidly
Easily more easily most easily
Swiftly more swiftly most swiftly
Wisely more wisely most wisely
Beautifully more beautifully most beautifully
Skillfully more skillfully most skillfully
Exception : Early earlier earliest
3. KZKMy‡jv Adverb-Gi Comparison †Kv‡bv euvavaiv wbq‡g nq bv|
Positive Comparative Superlative
Well better best
Badly worse worst
Far farther, further farthest, furthest
Much more most
Little less least
Note. Far, Much, Little GMy‡jv Adjective Ges Adverb `yfv‡eB cÖ‡qvM nq|
Practice
6.36
A. Find out the adverbs from the following word list and write their comparative and superlative form.
sad, terrific, intelligently, soon, gladly, smart, fast, rapidly, friendly, efficiently
B. Fill in the correct adverb form (positive/comparative/superlative) in brackets.
(a) They speak (fluent) — now than last year. (b) She agreed me the (polite) — of all. (c) Father smiled
(happy) — than before. (d) The boys performed the (graceful) — of all. (e) He had an accident last year.
Now he drives (careful) — than before. (f) We arrived (early) — than expected. (g) You wrote (slowly) than
the rest of the candidates. (h) Rakib threw the ball (far) — than Hasan. (i) Of all the girls, my sister sang the
(sweet) —. (j) He was (bad) — injured in the accident.

Rules of Changing Degree in Details

Comparative and Superlative to Positive

 42

Comparative Ges Superlative †K Positive Kivi wbqg :

Structure : No other/ Very few cÖ_‡g em‡e + 2q NP em‡e + verb + as + adjective-wUi positive form + as + 1g NP
em‡e|
 most other/ few other/ one of-_vK‡j Very few em‡e Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î No other em‡e  the ev than _vK‡j Zv ev` hv‡e
Example :
(i) Della is the best housewife. (Positive)
Ans : No other housewife is as good as Della.
(ii) They are the most couregeous sons of our nations. (Positive) [JB '17, CB '16]
Ans : No other sons of our nations are as couregeous as they.
(iii) Rumi is greater than any other girl in the class. (Positive)
Ans : No other girl in the class is as great as Rumi.
(iv) The cow is more useful than most other animals. (Positive)
Ans : Very few animals are as useful as the cow.
(v) It is one of the most important elements of all living beings. (Positive) [DinajB '17]
= Very few elements of all living beings are as important as it.
ïay Than-hy³ comparative sentence-†K positive Kivi wbqg :
Structure : 2q NP em‡e + verb + adjective-wUi c‡i than _vK‡j Zv ev` hv‡e Ges Dfq cv‡k as em‡e + 1g NP em‡e|
(sentence-wU negative _vK‡j affirmative Ges affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z n‡e| Less — than-hy³ _vK‡j 2q NP
cÖ_‡g ev 1g NP †k‡l Avb‡Z n‡e bv|)
Example :
(i) A frugal man is happier than a prodigal man. (Positive) [DB '17]
Ans : A prodigal man is not as happy as a frugal man.
(ii) He is no less strong than I. (Positive)
Ans : He is as strong as I.
(iii) I am as brave as he. (Positive)
Ans : He is no less brave than I.
Practice
6.37
A. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Superlative to Positive)
(a) He was one of the most devoted sons. (b) It is one of the most important things in mundane life. (c)
Poverty is the most undesirable condition in a person's life. (d) Toronto is one of the most expensive
cities of the world. (e) Macbeth is one of the greatest tragedies of Shakespeare. (f) He was the greatest
emperor India has ever seen. (g) The fox is the most cunning of all animals. (h) The cow is the most
popular and useful domestic animal in Bangladesh. (i) It is one of the biggest mangrove forests in the
world. (j) Science is one of the best sources of leading a comfortable life in modern world.
B. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Comparative to Positive)
(a) A lion is not braver than he. (b) You are older than I. (c) Prevention is better than cure. (d) I guess her
hands are bigger than yours. (e) A train runs faster than a bus. (f) An aeroplane flies faster than a bird. (g)
She is less ugly than you said. (h) Imran Khan is greater than most other cricketers. (i) He is not less
intelligent than any other boy. (j) Her face was not less radiant than the full moon.
C. Transform the following sentences into Positive:
(a) The rose is the best of all flowers. (b) Books are the greatest friends. (c) Poverty is the greatest
problem in our country. (d) A healthy poor man is happier than a sick moneyed man (e) Corruption is the
most dangerous weapon to destroy a society. (f) Their sacrifice is greater than any other thing. (g) It was
one of the most memorable journeys in my life. (h) Books are men's best companions in life. (i)
Bangladesh is not the poorest country in the world. (j) Of the hotels, Raffle is one of the finest.

Positive and Superlative to Comparative

Positive Ges Superlative †K Comparative-G iƒcvš@‡ii wbqg :

Structure : 2q NP + verb + adjective-wUi comparative + than + most other ev all other/ any other + 1g NP em‡e|
Remember :
• one of/ very few _vK‡j most other em‡e • Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î A_©vr no other ev kyay the/of all _vK‡j all other/ any other
 43

em‡e • Superlative †_‡K Comparative Kivi mgq 2q N/P cÖ_‡g ev 1g N/P †k‡l Avb‡Z n‡e bv|
Example :
(i) Very few metals are as costly as gold. (Comparative)
Ans : Gold is costlier than most other metals.
(ii) No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka. (Comparative)
Ans : Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh.
(iii) It is the most significant event in the history of Bangladesh. (Comparative) [RB '17]
Ans : It is more significant than any other event in the history of Bangladesh.
(iv) Fahima is one of the tallest girls in the class. (Comparative)
Ans : Fahima is taller than most other girls in the class.
ïay as — as-hy³ positive sentence-†K comparative Kivi wbqg :
Structure : 2q NP + verb + adjective-Gi comparative + as — as-Gi cwie‡Z© than + 1g NP. (sentence-wU negative
_vK‡j affirmative Ges affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z n‡e| Less w`‡q adjective-Gi comparative Kiv n‡j 2q NP cÖ_‡g
ev 1g NP †k‡l Avb‡Z n‡e bv|)
Example :
(i) He is as tall as his brother. (Comparative)
Ans : His brother is not taller than he.
Or, He is not less tall than his brother.
(ii) I am as healthy as he. (Comparative)
Ans : He is not healthier/ less healthy than I.
(iii) As a poet, Nazrul was as great as Shelley. (Comparative)
Ans : As a poet, Shelley was not greater/ less great than Nazrul.
Practice
6.38
A. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Superlative to Comparative)
(a) Della was the best housewife. (b) Jerry is the best boy I have ever seen. (c) Iron is the most useful of
all metals. (d) It burns the prettiest of any wood. (e) He is the noblest person I have ever found. (f) Dhaka
is the largest city in Bangladesh. (g) This is one of the greatest pictures of the world. (h) The Magi were
the wisest of all who give and receive gifts. (i) Chittagong is the biggest port in Bangladesh. (j) He is one of
the wisest men in the village.
B. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Positive to Comparative)
(a) No other food on the menu was so cheap as the mutton chop. (b) Very few metals are so precious as
gold. (c) A bird can not fly so fast as a plane. (d) I guess your hands are not so big as hers. (e) Very few
restaurants are so fashionable as Foyot's. (f) A string of pearls was not so bright as her teeth. (g) Honesty
is not as much as it. (h) She is not as ugly as you said. (i) Cure is not so good as prevention. (j) Your pen is
not so fine as his.
C. Transform the following sentences into comparative.
(a) Mango is one of the sweetest fruits in the world. (b) It is one of the most famous schools in our district.
(c) No other problem in Bangladesh is as great as illiteracy. (d) At present cricket is the most popular game
in our country. (e) Very few countries in the world are as populous as it. (f) The Padma is one of the biggest
rivers in Bangladesh. (g) Truthfulness is the greatest of all virtues in a man. (h) Very few Mughal emperors
were as pious as Akbar. (i) Durga Puja is the greatest of the Hindu festivals in Bangladesh. (j) Study is the
most important duty of a student.
Positive and Comparative to Superlative

Positive Ges Comparative †K Superlative Kivi wbqg :

Structure : 2q NP + verb + the ev one of the + adjective-wUi superlative + 1g NP
Remember
 most other/ few other/ very few-Gi cwie‡Z© one of the em‡e • Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î A_©vr any other/all other/ no other _vK‡j
ïay the em‡e • Comparative †_‡K Superlative Kivi mgq 2q N/P cÖ_‡g ev 1g N/P †k‡l Avb‡Z n‡e bv|
Example :
(i) No other girl in the class is as tall as Sabina. (Superlative)
Ans : Sabina is the tallest girl in the class.
(ii) Very few children are as sweet as Sweety. (Superlative)
Ans : Sweety is one of the sweetest children.
 44

(iii) He is better than any other boy in the class. (Superlative)

Ans : He is the best boy in the class.
(iv) Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Bangladesh. (Superlative)
Ans : Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh.
(v) Akbar was greater than most other kings of India. (Superlative)
Ans : Akbar was one of the greatest kings of India.
Comparative-G all other _vK‡j Superlative-G of all e‡m|
Example :
Feroza is more curious than all other women in the group.
Ans. Feroza is the most curious of all women in the group.
Practice
6.39
A. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Comparative to Superlative)
(a) Mutton chop was cheaper than any other dish on the menu. (b) Iron is more useful than any other
metal. (c) He is nobler than any other person I have ever found. (d) Della was better than any other
housewife. (e) Hamlet is more popular than most other dramas. (f) Akbar was greater than all other kings
of India. (g) Mr. Zaman is wiser than any other man in the village. (h) Chittagong is bigger than any other
sea port in Bangladesh. (i) Of all who give and receive gifts, these two are wiser. (j) It burns prettier than
any other wood.
B. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Positive to Superlative)
(a) No other boy in the orphanage is so good as Jerry. (b) No other girl in the class is so fair as Ruma. (c)
Very few restaurants are so expensive as Foyot's. (d) No other man who gives gifts is so wise as the Magi.
(e) No other city in Bangladesh is so big as Dhaka. (f) Very few pictures in the world are so great as this.
(g) Very few metals are so precious as gold. (h) Very few animals are so ferocious as a lion. (i) No other
mosque is so large as this. (j) No other dramatist is so great as Shakespeare.
C. Transform the following sentences into superlative.
(a) He was more devoted than most other sons. (b) Very few incidents in her life were as fearful as it. (c)
Very few forms of cricket have become as popular as Twenty 20 at present. (d) Very few things in mundane
life are as important as it. (e) Very few parts and parcels of our modern life are as important as it. (f) No
other condition in a person's life is as undesirable as poverty. (g) Very few parliament buildings in the world
are as large and spectacular as it. (h) Very few cities in the world are as expensive as Toronto. (i) Very few
tragedies of Shakespeare are as great as Julius Caesar. (j) Very few inventions in the world of medical
science were as important as it. (k) Very few elements of all living beings are as important as it. (l) No other
policy in life is as good as honesty. (m) Very few problems in our country are as serious as traffic jam. (n)
The newer diseases will not be as deadly as cancer. (o) He was greater than any other emperors India has
ever seen.
Production ....................................................................................................................................................................
6.2
 Change the sentences according to directions.
(a) Mobile phone is one of the most wonderful inventions of modern science. (Positive) (b) Very few
things are so useful as television. (Superlative) (c) The rose is the best of all flowers. (Positive) (d) It is
lovelier than all other flowers. (Superlative) (e) Haji Muhammad Mohsin was more generous than most
other men in this subcontinent. (Positive) (f) A healthy poor man is happier than a sick moneyed man.
(Positive) (g) No other student in the class is as bad as an impudent student. (Superlative) (h) Muhsin
was one of the best philanthropists in the world. (Comparative) (i) His 'Difference Engine 2' was bigger
and better than 'Difference Engine 1'. (Positive) (j) Taimur was one of the greatest conquerors of the
world. (Comparative) (k) She is not as ugly as you said. (Comparative) (l) Very few women are as ugly as
she. (Comparative) (m) Their sacrifices are greater than any other thing. (Positive) (n) In winter a
moonlit night appears the most magical. (Positive) (o) Truthfulness is one of the greatest virtues in a
man's life. (Comparative) (p) A girl is as important as a boy. (Comparative) (q) Child labour is one of the
biggest curses of the 21st century. (Positive) (r) Children in the developed countries are not as vulnerable
as those in our country. (Comparative) (s) Truthfulness is the greatest of all the virtues. (Comparative) (t)
Books are man's best companions in life. (Comparative) (u) A book is our greatest friend. (Positive) (v)
So, it is better than any other asset of us. (Superlative) (w) Unemployment is one of the most serious
problems in the world. (Comparative) (x) Self-help is the best way to solve this problem. (Comparative)
(y) Very few persons are so famous as Columbus. (Superlative) (z) Water logging is one of the worst
problems of Dhaka city. (Positive)
 45

 Production with Analysis..........................................................................................................................................................

Read the following passage and transform the underlined sentences as directed in brackets :
15=5
01.
(a) Bayazid Bostami was one of the greatest saints of Islam. (Positive)
(b) One night, while reading, his mother asked him for a glass of water. (Passive)
(c) There was no drinking water in the house, so he went out to fetch it. (Complex)
(d) When he came back, he found his mother sleeping. (Compound)
(e) Thus what he showed was a great love and respect to his mother. (Simple)
[Dhaka Board-2015]
No Answer Explanation
a Positive: Very few saints of One of the hy³ sentence Gi positive Kivi wbqgvbyhvqx one of the Gi
islam were as great as Bayazid cwie‡Z© Very few + ‡k‡li noun ‘saints’ + evwK Ask Ôof islam’ +
Bostami. subject Ges tense Abyhvqx verb ‘were’ + as + adjective wUi positive
form ‘great’ + as + 1g noun ‘Bayazid Bostami’ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
b Passive: One night, while GLv‡b evK¨wUi object ‘he’ †K subject + subject I tense Abyhvqx GKwU
reading, he was asked for a glass be verb ‘was’ + g–j verb Gi past participle form ‘asked’ + by +
of water by his mother. subject ‘his mother’ ‡K object K‡i passive voice G iƒcvš@i Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
c Complex: As there was no Kvib wb‡`©kK complex sentence ‡K compound Ki‡Z n‡j KviY wb‡`©kK
drinking water in the house, he As‡ki ïiy‡Z As/Since + Kvib wb‡`©kK Ask + conjunction D‡V wM‡q Kgv
went out to fetch it. (,) + evwK Ask| GLv‡b ïiy‡Z As e‡m KviY wb‡`©kK AskwU e‡m‡Q| Zvic‡i
conjunction ‘so’ D‡V wM‡q Kgv + evwK Ask e‡m‡Q|
d Compound: He came back and When hy³ complex sentence †K compound Kivi wbqg Abyhvqx GLv‡b
found his mother sleeping. When Ges Kgv DwV‡q w`‡q Kgv-i ¯ŗv‡b and e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ev‡K¨ Avi
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Kiv nqwb|
e Simple : Thus he showed a MVb Abyhvqx GwU GKwU cleft sentence| ZvB wbqg Abyhvqx Relative clause +
great love and respect to his be verb wU DwV‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q|
mother.
02.
(a) Once Taimur attacked the province of a powerful prince. (make it passive)
(b) He entered the kingdom of the prince and captured a large village. (make it simple)
(c) As soon as the prince heard the news, he came with a large army. (make it negative)
(d) The village was surrounded on all sides. (make it active)
(e) Taimur disguised himself as a poor traveller to survive. (make it complex)
[Dinajpur Board-2015]
No Answer Explanation
a Passive: Once the province of a GLv‡b evK¨wUi object ‘The province of a powerful prince’ ‡K
powerful prince was attacked subject + subject I tense Abyhvqx GKwU be verb ‘was’ + g–j verb
by Taimur. Gi past participle form ‘attacked’ + by + subject ‘Taimur’ ‡K
object K‡i passive voice G iƒcvš@i Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Simple: Entering the kingdom of GLv‡b wØZxq As‡k subject bv _vKvq wbqgvbyhvqx verb wUi ing form
the prince, he captured a large ‘entering’ †hvM K‡i evwK Ask †jLv n‡q‡Q + ‘and’ Gi cwie‡Z© Kgv (,) e‡m
village. cÖ_g As‡ki subject †hv‡M wØZxq Ask †jLv n‡q‡Q|
c Negative: No sooner had the As soon as hy³ Affirmative sentence †K Negative Kivi wbqg Abymv‡i
prince heard the news than he GLv‡b As soon as Gi cwie‡Z© No sooner had ewm‡q Kgv-i c–e© ch©š@
came with a large army. †jLv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i Kgv (,) D‡V wM‡q ÔthanÕ †hv‡M evwK Ask †jLv n‡q‡Q|
d Passive: The army surrounded GwU GKwU passive sentence hvi †Kv‡bv object ‡`qv †bB| Active Kivi
the village on all sides. Rb¨ GLv‡b ev‡K¨i A‡_©i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L object ‘The army’ a‡i wb‡j object
wU subject n‡e + Tense Abyhvqx g–j verb Gi Past Simple form
‘surrounded’ + subject ‘the village’ ‡K object K‡i evwK Ask †jLv
n‡q‡Q|
e Complex: Taimur disguised GwU GKwU D‡Ïk¨g–jK to hy³ simple sentence weavq complex Kivi mgq
himself as a poor traveler so cÖ_‡g ‘to’ Gi c–e© ch©šZ + so that + cybivq subjet + tense Abyhvqx
 46

that he could survive. modal auxiliary ‘could’ + ‘to’ Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m‡Q|
03.
(a) I read Nazneen's letter published on 5th January. (complex)
(b) I can understand her problems. (compound)
(c) Nazneen thinks that things are always rosy in a nuclear family. (simple)
(d) She admires the advantages of a nuclear family. (passive)
(e) But how mistaken she is! (assertive) [Jessore Board-2015]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex: I read Nazneen’s Past participle hy³ simple sentence ‡K complex Kivi wbqgvbyhvqx Past
letter that was published on 5th participle ‘published’ Gi c–e© ch©š@ e‡m GKwU conjunction ‘that’ + be
January. verb ‘was’ (tense Abyhvqx) + evwK Ask e‡m‡Q|
b She has problems and I GLv‡b conjunction 'and' e¨envi K‡i compound MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
understand it.
c Nazneen thinks of things to be GLv‡b noun clause †K noun phrase G iƒcvš@i K‡i simple Kiv n‡q‡Q|
always rosy in a nuclear family. G‡¶‡Î cÖ_g As‡ki verb ch©š@ + preposition (hw` jv‡M) + noun
clause wUi subject †K object Ki‡Z nq + verb Gi mv‡_ ing/to + verb
+ evwK Ask †jL‡Z nq|
d Passive: The advantages of a Active sentence †K Passive G iƒcvš@i Kivi wbqg Abyhvqx object ‘
nuclear family are admired by the advantages of a nuclear family’ †K subject K‡i tense Abyhvqx
her. be verb ‘are’ + g–j verb ‘admires’ Gi Past participle form ‘
admired’ + by + subject ‘she’ ‡K object K‡i ‘her’ †jLv n‡q‡Q|
e Assertive: But she is very Exclamatory sentence ‡K Assertive sentence G iƒcvš@i Kivi wbqg
mistaken. Abymv‡i sentence Gi subject Ges verb †K ïiy‡Z ewm‡q AwZwi³ GKwU very
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i adjective wU †jLv n‡q‡Q|
04.
(a)
English is more used than any other language. (Positive)
(b)
Organisations frequently need employees who have a good command of English. (Simple)
(c)
An English knowing man can earn better salary. (Passive)
(d)
English is spoken all over the world. (Active)
(e)
We should learn English to make a room for us in the competitive world. (Compelx)
[Chittagong Board-2015]
No Answer Explanation
a Positive: No other language is than any other hy³ comparative degree ‡K positive Kivi Rb¨
as used as English. GLv‡b ïiy‡Z no other + †k‡li subject ‘language’ + verb + as +
comparative degree wUi positive form ‘use’ + cÖ_g subject
‘English’ ‡jLv n‡q‡Q|
b Simple: Organisations evK¨wU‡K simple Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b cÖ_‡g conjunction ‘who’ Gi c–e©
frequently need employees ch©š@ †j‡L ‘who’ ‡K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i verb ‘have’ Gi ing form
having good command of ‘having’ K‡i evwK Ask †jLv n‡q‡Q|
English.
c Passive: Better salary can be wbqg Abyhvqx evK¨wU‡K passive G iƒcvš@i Kivi Rb¨ object ‘better
earned by an English knowing salary’ ‡K GLv‡b subject Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i modal auxiliary ‘can’
man. _vKvq Zvi m‡½ AwZwi³ ‘be’ + v3 ‘earned’ + by + subject ‘ an
English knowing man’ †K object Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Active: People speak English all GwU GKwU passive sentence hvi †Kv‡bv object ‡`qv †bB| Active Kivi
over the world. Rb¨ GLv‡b ev‡K¨i A‡_©i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L object ‘People’ a‡i wb‡j object wU
subject n‡e + verb Gi base form ‘ speak’ + subject ‘English’ wU
object n‡e + evwK Ask em‡e|
e Complex: We should learn GwU GKwU D‡Ïk¨g–jK to hy³ simple sentence weavq complex Kivi mgq
English so that we can make a cÖ_‡g ‘to’ Gi c–e© ch©šZ + so that + cybivq subjet + tense Abyhvqx
room for us in the competitive modal auxiliary ‘can’ + ‘to’ Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m‡Q|
world.
05. (a) Jerry was a small boy who lived in the orphanage. (simple)
(b) He was the strongest of all the boys (positive). He used to cut wood for the writer.
(c) He also did some unnecessary things for her. (passive)
 47

(d) His mother visited him at the orphanage in autumn. (complex)

(e)One morning the writer was awakened by the sound of his taping on the door (active). She did not say
anything, though she was disturbed. [Sylhet Board 2015]
No Answer Explanation
a Simple: Jerry was a small boy evK¨wU‡K simple Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b cÖ_‡g conjunction ‘who’ Gi c–e©
living in the orphanage. ch©š@ †j‡L ‘who’ ‡K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i verb ‘live’ Gi ing form
‘living’ K‡i evwK Ask †jLv n‡q‡Q|
b Positive: No other boy is as Sub + verb + superlative degree hy³ evK¨‡K positive degree †Z
strong as he. iƒcvš@i Kivi wbqg Abyhvqx GLv‡b ïiy‡Z ‘No othe + ‡k‡li sub (plural
_vK‡j Zvi singular form) + verb ‘is’ + as + superlative degree wUi
positive degree + as + cÖ_g subejct emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
c Passive: Some unnecessary wbqg Abyhvqx evK¨wU‡K passive G iƒcvš@i Kivi Rb¨ object ‘ some
things for her were done by him. unnecessary things for her’ †K GLv‡b subject Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i
tense I subject Abyhvqx be verb ‘were’ + v3 ‘done’ + by + subject
‘ he’ ‡K object ‘him’ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Complex: His mother visited Preposition hy³ GB simple sentence wU‡K complex Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b
him at the orphanage when it wbqg Abyhvqx Preposition ‘in’ Gi c–e© ch©š@ e‡m conjunction ‘when’ +
was autumn. it + subject I tense Abyhvqx be verb ‘was’ + evwK Ask e‡m‡Q|
e Active: One morning the sound GwU GKwU passive sentence| Active Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b ev‡K¨i object
of his taping on the door awoke ‘the sound of his taping on the door’ ‡K object Kiv n‡q‡Q + tense
the writer. Abyhvqx verb Gi Past Simple form ‘awoke’ + subject ‘the writer’
wU object n‡q‡Q|
06. I was extremely tired. (a) I lay down on the grass which was soft and short (Compound), (b) When I woke
up it was daylight (Simple) (c) I attempted to rise but could not (Complex). (d) I was strongly fastened to
the ground (Active). (e) I heard a confused noise around me (Passive).
[Barisal Board-2015]
No Answer Explanation
a Compound: I lay down on the cÖ‡kœi GB complex sentence wU‡K compound Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g
grass and it was soft and short. conjunction ‘which’ Gi c–e© ch©š@ †j‡L ‘which’ Gi cwie‡Z© ‘and’ +
cÖ_g As‡ki object wUi promoun ‘it’ + evwK Ask †jLv n‡q‡Q|
b Simple: I woke up at daylight. When + it + be verb + time _vKvq GLv‡b ÔwhenÕ Gi cwie‡Z© at +
time wb‡`©kK kãwU A_v©r ‘daylight’ (it + be verb ev` hv‡e)+ evwK Ask
e‡m‡Q|
c Complex: Though I attempted But hy³ compound sentence †K complex Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b wbqgvbyhvqx
to rise, I could not. ïiy‡Z ‘Though’ + but Gi c–e© ch©š@ e‡m‡Q| Gic‡i but D‡V wM‡q Kgv
(,) + cybivq subject + evwK Ask e‡m‡Q|
d Active: Someone strongly GwU GKwU passive sentence hvi †Kv‡bv object ‡`qv †bB| Active Kivi
fastened me to the ground. Rb¨ GLv‡b ev‡K¨i A‡_©i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L object ‘someone’ a‡i †bqvq object
wU subject n‡q‡Q + tense Abyhvqx verb Gi Past Simple form
‘fastend’ + subject wUi object form ‘me’ n‡q‡Q|
e Passive: A confused noise wbqg Abyhvqx evK¨wU‡K passive G iƒcvš@i Kivi Rb¨ object ‘a confused
around me was heard by me. noise around me’ †K GLv‡b subject Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i tense I
subject Abyhvqx be verb ‘was’ + v3 ‘heard’ + by + subject ‘ I’ †K
object ‘me’ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
07. (a) Mobile phone is one of the greatest inventions (positive).
(b) Scientists believe that mobile phones cause brain tumour (compound).
(c) Millions of people are getting benefits from mobile phones but most are unaware of the danger of it
(complex).
(d) The consumers of mobile phones are increasing day by day (interrogative).
(e) But the children are affected much by mobile phones (Active). [Comilla Board-2014]
No Answer Explanation
a Positive: Very few inventions One of the hy³ sentence Gi positive Kivi mgq one of the Gi cwie‡Z©
are as great as mobile phone. Very few + ‡k‡li noun + verb + as + adjective + as + 1g noun
emv‡Z nq|
 48

b Compound: Mobile phones Complex sentence †K compound Kivi mgq that D‡V wM‡q Zvi cwie‡Z©
cause brain tumour and and ewm‡q compound Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î that Gi c‡ii Ask cÖ_‡g Ges
scientists believe it. Av‡Mi Ask c‡i e‡m|
c Complex: Though millions of But hy³ compound sentence ‡K complex Ki‡Z n‡j ïiy‡Z
people are getting benefits from Though/Although + but Gi c–‡e©i Ask + but D‡V wM‡q Kgv (,) + but
mobile phones, most are Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m|
unaware of the danger of it.
d Interrogative: Aren’t the evK¨wU‡Z be verb ‘are’ _vKvq †mwU‡K ev‡K¨i ïiy‡Z ewm‡q interrogative
consumers of mobile phones Kiv n‡q‡Q| evK¨wU affirmative nIqv‡Z negative interrogative Kiv
increasing day by day? n‡q‡Q|
e Active: Mobile phones affect the evK¨wUi object †K subject Kiv n‡q‡Q| Tense Ges subject Abyhvqx g–j
children much. verb + subject †K object Kiv n‡q‡Q|
08. Rio Carnival, a famous celebration of Brazil, is held in February, (a) This carnival was introduced in Brazil by
the Portuguese in 1641 to celebrate their independence from Spanish domination. (Make it Complex) (b) The
first carnival which was held in Rio de Janeiro lasted a week. (Make it Compound) (c) When the carnival is
celebrated, the whole city explodes with music, dancing and excitement. (Make it Simple) (d) They are
organized by Samba Schools. (Make it Active) (e) It is one of the most enjoyable festivals in Brazil. (Make it
Positive) [Chittagong Board-2014]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex: This carnival was GwU GKwU D‡Ïk¨g–jK to hy³ simple sentence weavq complex Kivi mgq
introduced in Brazil by the cÖ_‡g ‘to’ Gi c–e© ch©š@ + so that + cybivq subject A_ev subject wUi
Portuguese in 1641 so that they pronoun + tense Abyhvqx modal auxiliary ‘could’ + ‘to’ Gi c‡ii Ask
could celebrate their e‡m‡Q|
independence from Spanish
domination.
b Compound: The first carnival cÖ‡kœi complex sentence-wU‡Z Relative pronoun ‘which’ _vKvq simple Kivi
was held in Rio de Janeiro and mgq †mB Relative pronoun wU‡K DwV‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges `ywU verb-Gi subject
lasted a week. GKB nIqvq wØZxq verb wUi c–‡e© ‘and’ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
c Simple: At the time of cÖ‡kœi complex sentence-wUi Relative Pronoun hy³ AskwU when +
celebration of the carnival, the subject + verb GB structure Gi nIqvq GLv‡b wbqgvbyhvqx simple
whole city explodes with music, sentecne Gi ïiy‡Z ‘At the time of’-Gi c‡i subject wU‡K ‘of’ ‡hv‡M
dancing and excitement. possessive Kiv n‡q‡Q| evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q|
d Active: Samba schools GLv‡b Passive ‡_‡K Active voice G iƒcvš@i Kivi wbqg Abyhvqx evK¨wUi
organized them. object ‡K subject K‡i subject Ges tense Gi m‡½ wgj †i‡L main
verb + object emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
e Positive: Very few festivals in One of the hy³ sentence †K positive Kivi wbqgvbyhvqx one of the Gi
Brazil are as enjoyable as it. cwie‡Z© Very few + †k‡li noun ‘festivals’ + evwK Ask + verb ‘are’ +
as + adjective wUi positive form ‘enjoyable’ + as + 1g noun ‘it’
emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
09.
(a) Our Parliament House at Sher–e–Bangla Nagar in Dhaka is a triumph of modern architecture and
technology. (Complex)
(b) A famous American architect Louis I Kahn designed this magnificent building. (Passive)
(c) It is one of the largest parliament buildings. (Positive)
(d) As it is a highly complex structure its annual maintenance cost is about 50 million taka. (Simple)
(e) It is very difficult for a poor country like Bangladesh to bear this high expense. (Negative)
[Sylhet Board-2014]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex: Our Parliament evK¨wU‡Z subject Gi c‡i Prepositional phrase _vKvq wbqgvbyhvqx
House which is at Sher-e-Bangla subject Gi c‡i which + tense Abyhvqx be verb + evwK Ask e‡m‡Q|
Nagar in Dhaka is a triumph of
modern architecture and
technology.
b Passive: This magnificent GLv‡b evK¨wUi object ‡K subject + subject I tense Abyhvqx GKwU be
building was designed by a verb ‘was’ + g–j verb Gi past participle form ‘designed’ + by +
famous American architect subject ‡K object K‡i passive voice G iycvšZi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 49

Louis I Kahn.
c Positive: Very few parliament One of the hy³ sentence Gi positive Kivi wbqgvbyhvqx one of the Gi
buildings are as large as it. cwie‡Z© Very few + ‡k‡li noun ‘parliament buildings’ + evwK Ask +
verb ‘are’ + as + adjective wUi positive form ‘large’ + as + 1g
noun ‘it’ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
d Simple: Because of its being a GLv‡b as Gi cwie‡Z© wbqg Abyhvqx Because of + subject wfbœ nIqvq
highly complex structure, its subject wUi possessive form ‘its’ + evwK Ask + Kgv (,) + evwK Ask
annual maintenance cost is e‡m‡Q|
about 50 million taka.
e Negative: It is not easy at all for GLv‡b evK¨wU‡K negative Kivi Rb¨ be verb Gi c‡i wbqgvbyhvqx ‘not’ +
a poor country like Bangladesh adjective ‘difficult’ Gi antonym (wecixZ kã) ‘easy’ ewm‡q negative
to bear this high expense. Kiv n‡q‡Q|
10. (a) Eve-teasing is one of the most serious problems. (make it positive) (b) It is an inhuman and barbarous
act. (make it negative). (c) The problem cannot be solved overnight. (make it active voice) (d) We should
create public awareness to solve this problem. (make it complex) (e) Moral lesson is essential for this.
(make it interrogative) [Barisal Board-2014]
No Answer Explanation
a Positive: Very few problems are One of the hy³ sentence Gi positive Kivi wbqgvbyhvqx one of the Gi
as serious as eve- teasing. cwie‡Z© Very few + ‡k‡li noun ‘problems’ + verb ‘are’ + as +
adjective wUi positive form ‘serious’ + as + 1g noun ‘eve-teasing’
emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
b Negative: It is not a humane GLv‡b evK¨wU‡K negative Kivi Rb¨ be verb Gi c‡i wbqgvbyhvqx ‘not’ +
and sympathetic act. evwK Ask + adjective ‘inhuman’ Gi antonym (wecixZ kã) ‘humane’
Ges ‘barbarous’ Gi antonym ‘sympathetic’ ewm‡q negative Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
c Active: We cannot solve the GwU GKwU passive sentence hvi †Kvb object ‡`qv †bB| Active Kivi Rb¨
problem overnight. GLv‡b ev‡K¨i A‡_©i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L object ‘we’ a‡i wb‡j object wU subject
n‡e + modal auxiliary ‘cannot’ + be + v3 + subject wU object n‡e|
d Complex: We should create GwU GKwU D‡Ïk¨g–jK to hy³ simple sentence weavq complex Kivi mgq
public awareness so that we can cÖ_‡g ‘to’ Gi c–e© ch©š@ + so that + cybivq subjet + tense Abyhvqx
solve this problem. modal auxiliary ‘can’ + ‘to’ Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m‡Q|
e Interrogative: Isn’t moral evK¨wU‡Z be verb ‘is’ _vKvq †mwU‡K ev‡K¨i ïiy‡Z ewm‡q interrogative Kiv
lesson important for this? n‡q‡Q| evK¨wU affirmative nIqv‡Z negative interrogative Kiv n‡q‡Q|
11. Success will not come to one's life automatically. (a) Do you know it? (Passive) (b) An industrious boy
will shine in life. (Complex) (c) A life with an assignment is an actual life. (Negative) (d) None can receive
any reward unless he works hard. (Simple) (e) It is evident that industry is one of the greatest virtues.
(Positive). [Dhaka Board-2013; Sirajganj Govt. College '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Passive : Is it known to you? Do, does, did hy³ interrogative sentence †K passive Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g
sub I tense Abyhvqx auxiliary verb emv‡Z nq, v3 nq Ges
do/does/did _vK‡j Zv ev` hvq| GLv‡b ZvB AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Complex : A boy who is adjective + noun (industrious boy) hy³ simple sentence †K complex
industrious will shine in life. Ki‡Z adjective + noun †K adjective clause evbv‡Z nq| ZvB evK¨ noun
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ 'boy' Gi ci GKwU Relative pronoun 'who' + be verb (is) +
adjective (industrious) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr an industrious boy †K
†jLv n‡q a boy who is industrious.
c Negative : A life without an Negative Kivi mgq verb wU †K negative Kiv nq I GKwU wecixZ kã
assignment is not an actual life. wjL‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b is Gi mv‡_ not I with Gi wecixZ kã without †jLv
n‡q‡Q|
d Simple : None can receive any Unless hy³ complx †K simple Ki‡Z n‡j unless Gi RvqMvq without
reward without working hard. e‡m Ges verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Positive : It is evident that very Superlative degree †Z one of _vK‡j positive Kivi mgq one of Gi
few virtues are so great as cwie‡Z© very few e‡m| †k‡li noun + verb + so + adjective + as + 1g
 50

industry. noun e‡m|

12. (a) Cricket is a very exciting game. (Exclamatory) (b) People of all ages enjoy this game. (Passive) (c) At
present cricket is the most popular game in our country (Positive). (d) Bangladesh is one of the weakest
Test Playing Countries (Comparative). So, most of the people do not like watching test cricket. (e) They
are fond of watching ÒTwenty-twentyÓ cricket (Interrogative).
[Rajshahi Board-2013;2025; Chittagong Board2011; Barisal Cadet College '13; Rajbari Govt. College
'13; Cantt. Public School & College (BUSMS), Parbatipur, Dinajpur '13; Chittagong Engineering University
School College '13; Chittagong City Corp. Inter College '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Exclamatory : What an exciting Assertive sentence †K exclamatory Ki‡Z n‡j sentence Gi
game cricket is!/ How exciting a ïiŔ‡Z how/ what emv‡Z nq| verb ev` w`‡q verb Gi c‡ii Ask +
game cricket is! cÖ_g Ask e‡m|
b Passive : This game is enjoyed by object wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ 'this game' †K subject + Tense Abyhvqx
people of all ages. AwZwi³ GKwU be verb 'is' + g–j verb Gi 3rd form enjoyed + by
†hv‡M subject †K object †jLv n‡q‡Q|
c Positive : At present no other game than most other ev very few bv _vKvq cÖ_‡g No other e‡m‡Q +
in our country is as popular as †k‡li Noun + verb + as + adjective + as + 1g noun †jLv n‡q‡Q|
cricket.
d Comparative : Bangladesh is superlative †_‡K comparative Ki‡Z ejvq 1g noun cÖ_‡g e‡m‡Q +
weaker than most other test verb + than most other _vKvq Zvi noun + adjective Gi
playing countries. comparative + one of the Gi cwie‡Z© than most other + †k‡li
N/P †jLv n‡q‡Q|
e Interrogative : Aren't they fond of Auxiliary verb hy³ assertive sentence †K negative
watching twenty-twenty cricket? interrogative Kivi mgq auxiliary cÖ_‡g G‡b negative K‡i
interrogative Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
13. (a) Jim and Della sacrificed their dearest possessions in order to buy nice Christmas presents for each
other. (Make it compound) (b) Della had an ardent desire to give her husband a worthy gift. (Make it
complex) (c) Jim also thought how he could give his wife a nice gift. (Make it simple (d) Della saved a
scanty amount of money for this. (Make it passive) (e) Jim was one of the sincerest husbands that we
have ever known. (Make it positive)
[Dinajpur Board-2013; Barisal Model School & College '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Compound : Jim and Della wanted In order to hy³ simple †K compound Ki‡Z n‡j sub + want/
to buy nice Christmas presents for each wanted to + verb........and + sub + evwK Ask wbqg Abyhvqx Ki‡Z nq|
other and sacrificed their dearest GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
possessions.
b Complex : Della had an ardent To hy³ simple Ki‡Z n‡j so that/ in order that + sub + can/ could +
desire so that she could give her verb Gi wbqg Abyhvqx Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
husband a worthy gift.
c Simple : Jim also thought of the Complex Sentence G g–j verb Gi object wn‡m‡e noun clause
way of giving his wife a nice gift. _vKvq thought Gi ci GKwU preposition + how Gi cwie‡Z© the way
of + verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Passive : For this, a scanty amount object 'scanty of money' †K subject + tense Abyhvqx AwZwi³ 'be
of money was saved by Della. verb' wn‡m‡e was + g–j verb Gi 3rd form "saved + evwK Ask for
this + by †hv‡M subject "Della" †K object Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Positive : Very few husbands that One of the _vKvq very few emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + †k‡li NP + verb + as +
we have ever known were as adjective + as + 1g NP emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
sincere as Jim.
14. (a) The old sailor shot the Albatross (Passive). (b) At this the sailors were very angry with him
(Negative). (c) Their throats were dry and they could not speak (Complex). (d) Since the old sailor killed
the bird, he brought bad luck to the sailors (Simple). (e) It was a very unlucky day (Exclamatory).
[Jessore Board-2013; Cantonment Public School & College Rangpur '13; Chuadanga Govt. College '13;
Hajiganj Degree College, Chandpur '13; B.N. College, Chittagong '13; Alif Subhan Chowdhury University
College, Habiganj '13]
No Answer Explanation
 51

a Passive : The Albatross was shot by Object "the albross" †K subject Kiv n‡q‡Q + tense Abyhvqx be
the old sailor verb wn‡m‡e was e‡m‡Q + g–j verb Gi 3rd from "shot" e‡m‡Q +
by †hv‡M subject " the old sailor e‡m‡Q|
b Negative : At this the sailors were wKQy Affirmative sentence †K negative Kivi mgq auxiliary verb
not at all pleased with him. Gi c‡i not emv‡Z nq Ges adjective wUi wecixZ word wU emv‡Z nq|
GLv‡b GB wbqgwU AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Complex : As their throats were Compound sentence †_‡K complex Kivi mgq KviY eySv‡j, KviY
dry, they could not speak. cÖKvkK As‡ki c–‡e© since/as emv‡Z nq Ges and _vK‡j D‡V hvq| GLv‡b
ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Simple : Killing the bird the old Complex sentence †K simple Kivi †¶‡Î since/ as _vK‡j D‡V hvq
sailor brought bad luck to the Ges 1g verb Gi base form Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv nq Ges Aci Ask
sailors. AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
e Exclamatory : What an unlucky day Assertive sentence †K exclamatory Ki‡Z n‡j verb ev` w`‡q †k‡li
it was! Ask + cÖ_g Ask sentence Gi ïiŔ‡Z how/ what e‡m|
15. (a) A true friend is an asset (Complex). (b) He helps his friend when he is in danger (Simple). (c) He does
not leave his friend (Affirmative). (d) A true friend is hardly found (Active). (e) He is as good as an honest
man (Comparative). [Comilla Board-2013; Nawabganj Govt. College, Chapai Nawabganj '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : It is a true friend who is simple sentence wU‡Z †Kvb Ask‡K clause Kivi my‡hvM bv _vKvq cleft
an asset. sentence Abyhvqx complex Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB me© cÖ_‡g It is + subjet +
relative pronoun + evwK Ask emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
b Simple : He helps his friend at the When hy³ complex sentence w`‡q mgq wb‡`©k Ki‡j simple Kivi
time of danger. mgq when D‡V hvq Ges at the time of e‡m|
c Affirmative : He remains with his Negative sentence †K affirmative Kivi mgq auxiliary verb Gi
friend. c‡i not D‡V hvq Ges adjective wUi wecixZ word wU emv‡Z nq| GLv‡b
GB wbqgwU AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Active : We hardly find a true Passive †_‡K active Kivi mgq by †hv‡Mi Ask bv _vKvq A_© Abyhvqx GKwU
friend. subject "we" emv‡bv n‡q‡Q + passive voice Gi 'be' verb wU 'is' ev` w`‡q
g–j verb 'found" Gi present form 'find' †jLv n‡q‡Q + subject "a
true freiend' †K object Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Comparative : He is not less good No other/ verh few wenxb positive †K comparative Ki‡Z n‡j
than an honest man. sentence Gi †k‡li sub cÖ_‡g e‡m + verb e‡m + not e‡m + positive
degree Gi comparative form e‡m + than + cÖ_g Subject e‡m|
GLv‡b GB wbqgwU AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
16. (a) Water, a vital element of environment, is polluted in different ways (Complex). (b) People pollute water by
throwing waste into it (Compound). Farmers use chemical fertilizers and insecticides in their fields. (c) Mills
and factories pollute water awfully (Exclamatory). (d) Water vehicles pollute rivers when they dump oil, food
waste and human waste into them (Interrogative). Thus, water is contaminated by various kinds of waste and
filth (Active). [Chittagong Board '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : Water, which is a vital Noun Gi appossitve _vKvq H appostive †K Relative clause
element of the environment is Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr Noun Gi c‡i GKwU Relative pronoun 'which' +
polluted in different ways. be verb 'is' †jLv n‡q‡Q Ges evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z|
b Compound : People throw waste into By + Gerund hy³ simple sentence †K compound Kivi Rb¨ by
water and pollute it. ev` w`‡q A_© Abyhvqx sub 'people' + verb + evwK Ask + cÖ_g As‡ki
subject GK nIqvq Zv ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q + evwK Ask|
c Exclamatory : How awfully mills and Assertive sentence †K exclamatory Ki‡Z n‡j sentence Gi
factories pollute water! ïiŔ‡Z How/ What (a/an) e‡m + adjective/ adverb e‡m + sub
+ v + evwK Ask| GLv‡b GB wbqgB AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Interrogative : Don't water vehicles Interrogative Kivi mgq auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j tense Abyhvqx
pollute rivers when they dump oil, do/does/did Avb‡Z nq Ges affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z
food waste and human waste into nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
them?
 52

e Active : Thus, various kinds of waste Passive †_‡K active Kivi Rb¨ by ev` w`‡q object ' various kind
and filth contaminate water. of waste and filth' †K subject + passive Gi be verb 'is' †K ev`
w`‡q g–j verb Gi present form 'contaminate' + subject
"water" †K object †jLv n‡q‡Q|
17. (a) Everybody lives in society (Negative). (b) We should not disturb social order (Affirmative). (c) If we
maintain it, we shall be able to lead a peaceful life (Simple). (d) Who does not like peace? (Assertive). (e)
It is so much required (Active). [Sylhet Board-2013]
No Answer Explanation
a Negative : There is nobody but Every hy³ affirmative †K negative Ki‡Z n‡j every Gi cwie‡Z© There
lives in society. is + every Gi c‡ii word + but + evwK Ask ewm‡q Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ZvB
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Affirmative : We should follow Negative sentence †K affirmative Kivi mgq auxiliary verb Gi c‡i
social order. not D‡V hvq Ges adjective wUi wecixZ word wU emv‡Z nq| GLv‡b GB
wbqgwU AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Simple : By maintaining social If + affirmative hy³ complex †K simple Kivi Rb¨ ïiŔ‡ZB By + g–j
order, we shall be able to lead a verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq + evwK Ask wjL‡Z nq| GLv‡b GB wbqgwUB
peaceful life. AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Assertive : Everybody likes Who + negative verb hy³ interrogative sentence †K assertive
peace. Kivi Rb¨ Everybody/ Every one wjL‡Z nq Ges do not/ does not/
_vK‡j D‡V hvq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Active : Everybody requires it so Passive voice G object Dn¨ _vK‡j active voice Kivi mgq †mB Dn¨
much. objective wU †K sub wn‡m‡e emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b subject wn‡m‡e
everybody + be verb "is" ev` + g–j verb Gi Present form
'requires' + subject "it" †K subject + evwK Ask †jLv n‡q‡Q|
18. There are many virtues that man should possess. (a) Truthfulness is one of the greatest virtues in a man's
life. (Make it comparative). It indicates the quality of a man. (b) Everybody respects a truthful person.
(Make it interrogative). (c) A truthful person may lead a poor life, but is honoured everywhere. (Make it
simple). (d) A truthful person is not afraid of anybody. (Make it complex). (e) It brings peace in one's
mind. (Make it passive). [Barisal Board-2013]
No Answer Explanation
a Comparative : Truthfulness is One of the hy³ sentence Gi comparative Kivi mgq than most
greater than most other virtues in other emv‡Z nq| Adjective Gi comparative form emv‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î
a man's life. ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Interrogative : Who doesn't Assertive sentence G Everybody _vK‡j Interrogative Kivi mgq
respect a truthful person? Everybody-i cwie‡Z© Who doesn't e‡m| Verb Gi base form e‡m Ges
evwK Ask AcwiewZ© _v‡K|
c Simple : In spite of leading a poor GLv‡b sentence wU But hy³ GKwU compound sentence hvi wØZxq As‡k
life, a truthful person is honoured †Kvb subject †bB| ZvB wbqg Abyhvqx In spite of + g–j verb 'lead' Gi
everywhere. ing form 'leading' + Kgv-Gi c–e© ch©š@ + Kgv (,) + subject mn
sentence Gi evwK Ask|
d Complex : A person who is †Kvb simple sentence Gi subject hw` adjective + noun †hv‡M MwVZ nq
truthful is not afraid of anybody. Zvn‡j complex Ki‡Z n‡j relative pronoun 'who' + tense Abyhvqx be
verb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| D‡jÐL¨ G‡¶‡Î adjective wU complex sentence
G who + be verb Gi c‡i e‡m| evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| GLv‡b
complex Kivi mgq subject "A truthful person' †K †f‡½ wbqg Abyhvqx
A person who is truthful †jLv n‡q‡Q| evwK Ask AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q|
e Passive : Peace is brought in GLv‡b Passive Kivi wbqg Abyhvqx evK¨wUi object 'peace' †K subject K‡i
one's mind by it. tense I subject Abyhvqx be verb 'is' emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gici g–j verb
'bring' Gi past participle form 'brought' + prepositional phrase
Ask + by + object 'it' emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
19. (a) Anika wrote a letter to her mother yesterday. (Passive) (b) She told her mother to send Tk. 1000 to
 53

buy some books. (Complex) (c) In the letter, she told her that she should not worry about her studies.
(Simple) (d) Her mother often writes to her. (Interrogative) (e) She feels, that her mother is better than
all other mothers in the world (Superlative)
[Dhaka Board-2012; Rajshahi Cadet College '13; Govt. Mujibur Rahman Women's College, Bogra '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Passive : A letter was written to GLv‡b passive Kivi wbqg Abyhvqx cÖ‡kœi evK¨wUi object 'a letter' †K
her mother yesterday by Anika. subject Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i tense I subject Abyhvqx be verb 'was' + v3
'written + prepositional phrase + by + active evK¨wUi subject
'Anika' †K object Kivi n‡q‡Q|
b Complex : She told her mother to To hy³ simple sentence †K complex Kivi †¶‡Î D‡Ïk¨g–jK to Gi c–
send Tk 1000 so that she could e© ch©š@ sentence wU e‡m Ges Gici so that e‡m| cÖ_g sub wU Avevi
buy some books. ewm‡q tense Abyhvqx can/ could, may/might + evwK Ask emv‡Z nq|
GLv‡b GB wbqgwUB AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Simple : In the letter she told her GLv‡b sentence †K simple Kivi Rb¨ that clause hy³ Ask‡K †f‡O †`qv
mother not to worry about her n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i main clause Gi object Ges that clouse Gi subject GK
studies. nIqvq Zv‡K DwV‡q w`‡q that clause Gi finite verb wU‡K non finite Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
d Interrogative : Doesn't her Auxiliary verb wenxb sentence †K interrogative Kivi mgq tense
mother often write to her? Abyhvqx do/does/ did emv‡Z nq Ges sentence affirmative _vK‡j
negative Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Superlative : She feels that her Than hy³ comparative †K superlative Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g cÖ`Ë sentence
mother is the best of all mothers Gi sub I verb e‡m Zvici the Ges comparative degree Gi
in the world. superlative form + of all I other Gi c‡ii Ask e‡m| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
20. Once there was a small village where Ayesha Begum lived with her husband. (a) As her husband had no
land, he used to work on other people's land (Compound). (b) With great effort they married their two
daughters off when they reached teenage (Simple). (c) Her only son went to town for earning his
livelihood (Complex). When Ayesha Begum and her husband became hungry, there was nobody to feed.
(d) Years of malnutrition and deprivation made them look older (Passive). One day, she started begging
in the village to feed her old and invalid husband. (e) Very few women were as needy as Ayesha Begum
(Superlative).
[Rajshahi Board-2012; Shachindra Degree College, Habiganj '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Compound : Her husband had no Compound sentence Kivi mgq as D‡V hvq Ges `ywU clause †K and Øviv
land and he used to work on hy³ Kiv nq| ZvB GLv‡b and Øviv hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
other peoples' land.
b Simple : With great effort they Complex sentence G relative pronoun _vK‡j simple Kivi mgq Zv
married their two daughters off D‡V hvq| ZvB GLv‡b when DwV‡q simple Kiv n‡q‡Q|
at their teenage.
c Complex : Her only son went to GwU D‡Ïk¨g–jK complex sentence weavq preposition 'for' DwV‡q w`‡q
the town so that he could earn his Zvi cwie‡Z© 'so that' e‡m‡Q| Gici subject + tense Abyhvqx could + evwK
livelihood. Ask e‡m‡Q|
d Passive : They were made to look evK¨wU‡K passive Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b evK¨wUi object 'them' †K subject Kivi
older by years of malnutrition n‡q‡Q| subject I tense Abyhvqx be verb 'were + v3 'made' +
and deprivation. prepositional phrase + by + active evK¨wUi subject †K object Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
e Superlative : Ayesha Begum was Very few hy³ positive †K superlative Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g sub I verb e‡m
one of the most needy women. Zvici one of the e‡m; Positive degree Gi superlative form + evwK Ask
e‡m| GLv‡b, GB wbqgwUB AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
21. Frugality is a good habit. (a) A man who is frugal does not like to spend money without reasons (Simple). (b)
The target of a frugal man is to save money for future (Complex). (c) Everyone should practise frugality to
make a well-planned family (Passive). (d) Since a frugal man saves money, he can spend it in time of crisis
(Compound). (e) A frugal man is happier than a prodigal man (Positive).
 54

[Dinajpur Board-2012; Dhaka Imperial College, Dhaka '13; Rajshahi College '13; Rajshahi University School & College '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Simple : A frugal man does not cÖ‡kœi GB complex sentence wU‡K simple Kivi Rb¨ wbqgvbyhvqx cÖ_‡g
like to spend money without Relative pronoun 'who + be verb 'is' †K DwV‡q w`‡q adjective
reasons. 'frugal' †K Zvi wb‡`©wkZ noun 'man' Gi c–‡e© emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| evwK me
AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q|
b Complex : The target of a man †Kv‡bv simple sentence Gi subject G hw` prepositional phrase (of
who is frugal is to save money for + adjective + noun) wb‡q MwVZ nq Zvn‡j complex Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU
future. relative pronoun I be verb w`‡q prepositional phrase wU‡K †f‡O
w`‡Z nq| GLv‡b subject The target of a frugal man Gi 'of a frugal
man' Ask‡K †f‡O The target of a man who is frugal K‡i evwK Ask
AcwiewZ©Z ivLv n‡q‡Q|
c Passive : Frugality should be evK¨wU‡K passive Kivi Rb¨ object 'frugality' †K subject Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i
practised to make a well-planned modal auxiliary 'should' Gi m‡½ 'be' + v3 'practised' prepositinal
family (by everyone) phrase + by + subject 'everyone' †K object Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Compound : A frugal man saves Compound Kivi mgq since D‡V hvq Ges `ywU clause †K and Øviv hy³ Kiv
money and he can spend it in time nq| ZvB GLv‡b and Øviv hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
of crisis.
e Positive : A prodigal man is not ïay than hy³ comparative †K positive Ki‡Z n‡j †k‡li sub ev‡K¨i
as happy as a frugal man. cÖ_‡g G‡b negative Ki‡Z nq Ges adjective Gi Av‡M I c‡i as e‡m| ZvB
GLv‡b GB wbqg AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
22. Anger is nothing but a vice. (a) It begets only the worst (Negative). (b) Anger is one of the most inhuman
vices (Positive). (c) So, we should control it for our own sake (Passive). (d) He who is taken by anger
causes a lot of troubles (Simple) (e) Realising it, we should try to be emotionally balanced (Complex)
[Jessore Board-2012; Jhenidah Cadet College '13; Ghatail Cantonment Public School & College, Tangail '13;
Saidpur Govt. Technical College, Nilphamari '13; Govt. Sundarban Adarsh College, Khulna '13; Amrita Lal
Dey College, Barisal '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Negative : It begets nothing but the Only Øviv Ae¯ŗv cÖKvk Kiv n‡j negative Kivi mgq nothing but e‡m|
worst. ZvB GLv‡b nothing but w`‡q negative Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Positive : Very few vices are so One of the hy³ superlative sentence †K positive Kivi Rb¨
inhuman as anger. wbqgvbymv‡i GLv‡b very few + †k‡li subject 'vices' + verb 'are' +
so + superlative degree wUi positive degree A_©vr 'inhuman' +
as + cÖ_g subject e‡m‡Q|
c Passive : So, it should be controlled Passive Kivi wbqg Abyhvqx GLv‡b evK¨wUi object 'it' †K subject +
(by us) for our own sake. should + be + v3 'controlled + by + subject 'we' Gi object
form 'us' + prepositional phrase wU e‡m‡Q|
d Simple : A man taken by anger Complex sentence †K simple Kivi mgq relative pronoun D‡V
causes a lot of troubles. hvq| ZvB GLv‡b who DVv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
e Complex : Since /As/ we realise it, KviY eySv‡Z complex sentence Gi ïiŔ‡Z since/ as nq ZvB GLv‡b
we should try to be emotionally since/ as n‡q‡Q|
balanced.
23. (a) My friend invited me to pay a visit to Cox's Bazar (Make it interrogative). (b) I gladly accepted the
invitation (Make it passive). (c) When I reached there, my friend received me cordially (Make it
compound). (d) I was very glad to see the sea-beach (Make it exclamatory). (e) It was one of the most
memorable journeys in my life (Make it positive). [Comilla Board-2012]
No Answer Explanation
a Interrogative : Didn't my friend Auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j tense Abyhvqx do/does/did ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g ewm‡q
invite me to pay a visit to Cox's interrogative Ki‡Z nq Ges affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z nq| ZvB
Bazar? GLv‡b didn't w`‡q interrogative Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Passive : The invitation was gladly cÖ‡kœi evK¨wU‡K passive Kivi Rb¨ object 'the invitation' †K subject
accepted by me. Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i tense I subject Abyhvqx be verb 'was' + v3
'accepted' + adverb 'gladly' + by + subject 'I' Gi object form
'me' emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
 55

c Compound : I reached there and When hy³ Complex sentence †K compound Kivi mgq when D‡V
my friend received me cordially. hvq Ges `ywU clause †K and Øviv hy³ Kiv nq| ZvB GLv‡b and Øviv hy³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
d exclamatory : How glad I was to Assertive sentence †K exclamatory Kivi wbqg Abyhvqx sentence
see the sea-beach! Gi ïiŔ‡Z how Ges adjective + sub + verb e‡m‡Q| Gici
Prepositional phrase Gi Ask e‡m‡Q|
e Positive : Very few journeys in my Superlative Degree †Z one of the _vK‡j positive Kivi mgq very
life were as memorable as it. few e‡m + superlative form Gi ci †_‡K †kl ch©š@ e‡m + verb e‡m
+ so/as e‡m + superlative Gi positive form e‡m + as + sub
e‡m| GLv‡b GB wbqgB AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
24. (a) E-mail is a computer-based messaging system (Complex). It is a speedy mode of communication. (b) It
eliminates the time spent in establishing phone calls (Interrogative). (c) It is cheaper than telephone calls
(Positive). It permits communication between two parties without the parties actually being present
simultaneously. (d) It takes only a few seconds to transmit a message from one country to another
(Negative). It has, however, not reached everyone, especially in developing countries like ours. (e) But
even here people use commercially operated e-mail facilities for important purposes (Passive)
[Chittagong Board-2012; Bangladesh Mohila Samitee Girls' School & College, Chittagong '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : E-mail is a messaging Complex sentence Kivi mgq relative pronoun e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b
system which is computer based. relative pronoun which ewm‡q complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Interrogative : Doesn't it eliminate To be verb wenxb sentence †K interrogative Kivi mgq auxiliary
the time spent in establishing phone verb emv‡Z nq Ges sentence affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z
calls? nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Positive : Telephone calls are not as ïay than hy³ comparative †K positive Ki‡Z n‡j †k‡li subject
cheap as it. ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g G‡b negative Ki‡Z nq Ges adjective Gi Av‡M I c‡i as
e‡m| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Negative : It takes not more than a Only Øviv msL¨v cÖKvk Kiv n‡j negative Kivi mgq not more than
few seconds to transmit a message w`‡q negative Kiv n‡q‡Q|
from one country to another.
e Passive : But even here GLv‡b Tense I subject Gi number I person Abyhvqx passive
commercially operated e-mail voice Kiv n‡q‡Q|
facilities are used for important
purposes by people.
25. (a) Cox's Bazar sea-beach is the largest sea-beach in the world (Complex). (b) It is one of the most
beautiful sea-beaches in the world (Positive). (c) It is called pleasure seekers' paradise (Active). (d) The
visitors go there to enjoy natural beauties (Compound). (e) Those who become tired may go to relax
there (Simple).
[Comilla board-2015; Sylhet Board-2012; Rajshahi Board2009; Gazipur Cantonment College,
Gazipur2011; Cant. Public School & College, Bogra2011; Sylhet Govt. College, Sylhet2011; Universal
College, Sylhet2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : The sea beach which is Complex sentence Kivi mgq relative pronoun emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b
the largest in the world is Cox's relative pronoun 'which' w`‡q complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Bazar sea-beach.
b Positive : Very few sea-beaches Superlative degree †Z one of _vK‡j positive Kivi mgq one of Gi
in the world are as beautiful as cwie‡Z© very few e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b very few w`‡q positive Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges
it. positive Gi wbqg Abyhvqx adjective Gi positive form Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Active : People call it pleasure Passive voice G object Dn¨ _vK‡jI active voice Kivi mgq †mB Dn¨
seeker's paradise. object †K subject wn‡m‡e emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b people subject wn‡m‡e
ewm‡q active Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Compound : The visitors go there Compound sentence G `ywU clause †K hy³ Ki‡Z conjunction emv‡Z
and enjoy natural beauties. nq| ZvB GLv‡b conjunction 'and' w`‡q hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Simple : People/ The tired may Complex sentence G relative pronoun _vK‡j Zv DwV‡q simple
go to relax there. sentence Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b who DwV‡q simple Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 56

26. There are two ways of developing competence in a language acquiring the language or learning it. (a)
Acquiring a language is more successful than learning (Make it positive). (b) Teachers encourage the
learners of a second language to practice the language (Make it passive). (c) Students who wish to acquire
proficiency in a language should practice the language (Make it simple). (d) Communicative competence
can be achieved in a short-time (Make in interrogative without changing meaning). (e) A language learner
must shake off reticence and he is sure to succeed in his effort (Make it complex). [Barisal Board-2012]
No Answer Explanation
a Positive : Learning is not as Positive Kivi mgq adjective Gi positive form e‡m Ges than D‡V
successful as acquiring a hvq| ZvB GLv‡b than D‡V †M‡Q Ges adjective Gi positive form n‡q‡Q|
language.
b Passive : The learners of a second GLv‡b Tense Ges subject Gi number I person Abyhvqx Passive
language are encouraged to voice Kiv n‡q‡Q|
practise the language by teachers.
c Simple : Student wishing to Complex sentence †K simple Kivi mgq relative pronoun D‡V hvq|
acquire proficiency in a language ZvB GLv‡b who DVv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
should practise the language.
d Interrogative : Can't Modal auxiliary verb _vK‡j interrogative Kivi mgq modal auxiliary
communicative competence be verb wU e‡m Ges affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z nq|
achieved in a short time?
e Complex : A language learner To hy³ simple sentence †K complex Kivi Rb¨ to Gi c–e© ch©š@
must shake off reticence so that sentence wU e‡m + so that e‡m + sub wU Avevi e‡m + tense Abyhvqx can/
he can be sure to succeed in his could, may/ might + evwK Ask e‡m| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
effort.
27. Water, an important element of environment, is polluted in various ways. (Complex) (b) The water which
is pure is necessary for us. (Simple) (c) Men pollute water by throwing waste in it. (Compound) (d) The
farmers use water in time of cultivation largely. (Passive) (e) It is one of the most important elements of
all living beings. (Positive)
[Dhaka Board-2011; Dinajpur Board2010; Dinajpur Govt Women's College '13; Gaibandha Govt. College
'13; Govt. M.M. College, Jessore '13; Khalilur Rahman College, Mollahat, Bagerhat '13; Sunamganj Govt.
College, Sunamaganj '13; Majida Khatun Govt, Women's College, Lalmonirhat2011; Rangpur Cadet
College2009; Govt. Suhrawardy College, Pirojpur2010]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : Water, which is an Complex sentence Kivi mgq relative pronoun emv‡Z nq| ZvB
important vital element of GLv‡b relative pronoun wn‡m‡e which emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
environment, is polluted in various
ways.
b Simple : The pure water is Simple sentence Kivi mgq relative pronoun D‡V hvq| ZvB GLv‡b
necessary for us. which DwV‡q simple sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Compound : Men throw waste in Compound Kivi mgq `ywU clauses †K and Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq| ZvB
water and pollute it. GLv‡b and w`‡q compound sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Passive : Water is used largely in GLv‡b tense Ges passive voice Gi wbqg Abyhvqx sentence wU‡K
time of cultivation by the farmers. transform Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Positive : very few elements of all Superlative sentence G one of _vK‡j positive Kivi mgq very
living beings are as important as it. few e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b very few w`‡q positive Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges wbqg
Abyhvqx adjective wUi positive form Kiv n‡q‡Q|
28. (a) Water, a vital element of environment, is polluted in different ways (Complex). People pollute water
by throwing waste into it. Farmers use chemicals, fertilizers and insecticides in the fields. (b) When rain
and flood wash away some of these chemicals, they get mixed with water (Simple). (c) Mills and factories
also pollute water (Passive). (d) Water vehicles pollute rivers by dumping oil, food waste and human
waste into them (compound). (e) Thus water is contaminated by various kinds of waste and filth (Active).
[Rajshahi Board-2011; Habigonj Govt. Mohila College, Habigonj2011; Sylhet Govt. Women's College '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : Water which is a vital Complex sentence Kivi mgq relative pronoun emv‡bv nq †Kv‡bv
element of environment, is polluted e¯Ŗ‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨| ZvB GLv‡b which w`‡q complex sentence
in different ways. Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 57

b Simple : Some of these chemicals Complex sentence G when _vK‡j simple Kivi mgq Zv D‡V hvq|
washed away by rain and flood get ZvB GLv‡b when ev` †`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
mixed with water.
c Passive : Water is also polluted by GLv‡b tense Ges passive voice Gi wbqg Abyhvqx passive Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mills and factories.
d Compound : Water vehicles dump Simple sentence G present participle _vK‡j Zv‡K main verb G
oil, food waste and human waste into iƒcvš@wiZ K‡i Ges h_v¯ŗv‡b and ewm‡q sentence wU compound Kiv
rivers and pollute them. n‡q‡Q|
e Active : Thus various kinds of waste Tense Ges active voice Gi wbqg Abyhvqx sentence wU‡K
and filth contaminate water. transform Kiv n‡q‡Q|
29. Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He was born in an educated family. (a) He is considered the greatest
physicist after Einstein. (active) (b) In 1979 he joined Cambridge University. (complex) (c) When he was
thirty two years old, he received the prestigious Albert Einstein award. (simple) (d) He wrote a book
explaining cosmology for general public. (compound) (e) He is one of the greatest scientists in the
present world. (positive)
[Dinajpur Board-2011; Ispahani Public School & College, Comilla '13; Naogaon Govt. College '13;
Quadirabad Cantonment Sapper College, Natore '13; Panchagar Govt. Women's College '13; Kushtia Govt.
College, '13; Cantonmnt Public School & College, Jahanabad, Khulna 2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Active : People consider him the Passive voice G object Dn¨ _vK‡j active voice Kivi mgq †mB Dn¨
greatest scientist after Einstein. objective wU †K subject wn‡m‡e emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b subject wn‡m‡e
people ewm‡q active Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Complex : It was 1979 when he mgq †evSv‡Z When w`‡q complex Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b when w`‡q
joined Cambridge University. complex sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Simple : At the age of thirty two he Complex sentence G when _vK‡j simple Kivi mgq when DVv‡Z
received the prestigious Albert nq| ZvB GLv‡b when DwV‡q simple Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Einstein award.
d Compound : He wrote a book, and Compound sentence G `ywU clause †K and Øviv hy³ Kiv nq| ZvB GLv‡b
it explains cosmology for general and Øviv `ywU clause †K hy³ K‡i compound Kiv n‡q‡Q|
public.
e Positive : Very few scientists in the Superlative sentence G one of _vK‡j positive Kivi mgq ïiŔ‡Z very
present world are as great as he. few e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b very few ewm‡q positive Kiv n‡q‡Q|
30. (a) But at last God took pity on him. (Make it negative without changing the meaning). (b) One day the old
sailor was watching the water snakes swimming round the ship. (Make it passive) Their colours were
very beautiful and (c) He was filled with a strange wonder. (Make it active) Then he felt a great love for
them and blessed them from his heart. (d) At once the dead albatross fell from his neck into the sea, and
the old man fell into a deep sleep. (Make it complex) (e) When he woke up, it was raining. (Make it
simple)
[Jessore Board-2011; Dinajpur Govt. College '13; Joypurhat Govt. College, Joypurhat 2011; Dhaka Dakshin
Degree College, Sylhet2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Negative : But didn't God take pity on Assertive sentence wUi subject Gi c–‡e© didn't Ges
him at last?/ But at last God did not sentence Gi †k‡l cÖkœ‡evaK wPý ewm‡q negative-interrogative
take revenge on him. Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Passive : One day the water snakes All continuous tense Gi passive voice Ki‡Z n‡j being
swimming round the ship were being emv‡Z nq Ges g–j verb Gi past participle Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b
watched by the old sailor. being + Past Participle form w`‡q passive n‡q‡Q|
c Active : A strange wonder filled him. Active voice Gi wbqg Abyhvqx sentence wU‡K transform Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
d Complex : At once when/ since/ as KviY †evSv‡Z Complex sentence Gi ïiŔ‡Z since/ as nq| ZvB
the dead albatross fell from his neck GLv‡b since/ as n‡q‡Q|
into the sea, the old man fell into a
deep sleep.
e Simple : At the time of his waking up mgq †evSv‡Z Simple sentence G at the time of e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b
it was raining. at the time of w`‡q simple Kiv n‡q‡Q|
31. (a) The birds that come to our country in winter are called migratory birds. (Make it simple) (b) In winter
 58

the weather is too cold for them to live in the north. (Make it complex) (c) They find a better shelter in
Bangladesh. (Make it passive) (d) We must protect them. (Make it negative) (e) Migratory birds run
faster than the dove. (Make it positive)
[Comilla Board-2011; Ishwardi Mohila Degree College, Pabna '13; Govt. Akbar Ali College, Sirajanj '13;
Lions School & College, Saidpur, Nilphamari '13; Patiya Govt. College, Chittagong '13; Jhalakati Govt.
Women's College, '13; Naogaon Govt. College, Naogaon2011; Military Collegate School, Fultala, Khulna
(MCSK)2011; Govt. Barisal College, Barisal2011; Jhalakati Govt. College, Jhalakati2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Simple : The birds coming to our Relative pronoun hy³ complex sentence †K simple Kivi mgq H
country in winter are called relative clause Gi verb wU present participle G iƒcvš@wiZ K‡i
migratory birds. simple Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Complex : In winter, the weather is Simple sentence G too........to _vK‡j complex Kivi mgq
so cold that they cannot live in the so.....that nq| ZvB GLv‡b so.......that emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
north.
c Passive : A better shelter is found GLv‡b, subject Gi number I person Ges tense Abyhvqx passive
in Bangladesh by them. Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Negative : We cannot but protect must _vK‡j negative Kivi mgq cannot but emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b
them. cannot but emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
e Positive : The dove does not run as ïay Than hy³ comparative †K positive Ki‡Z n‡j †k‡li subject
fast as migratory birds. ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g G‡b negative Ki‡Z nq Ges adjective Gi Av‡M I c‡i as
e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b GB wbqg AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
32. (a) The National Memorial which is situated at Savar is a symbol of the nation's respect. (Simple) (b)
Standing in front of the graves, we bow down our heads. (Compound) (c) The towers symbolize the
loftiness of the spirit of the martyred freedom fighters. (Interrogative) (d) We always remember their
memories. (Negative) (e) Everyday many people go to visit it. (Interrogative)
[Shaheed Bir Uttam Lt. Anwar Girl's College, Dhaka '13; Bandarban Govt. College, Bandarban '13; Govt.
Gouranadi College, Barisal '13; Sylhet Board-2011; Faujdarhat Cadet College2010]
No Answer Explanation
a Simple : The national memorial at Complex sentence †K simple Kiv mgq relative pronoun D‡V
Savar is a symbol the nations respect. hvq| ZvB GLv‡b which DVv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
b Compound : We stand infront of Present participle hy³ simple sentence †K compound G
the graves and bow down our iƒcvš@wiZ Ki‡Z present participle hy³ verb †K main verb
heads. iƒcvš@wiZ Ki‡Z nq Ges h_v¯ŗv‡b and emv‡Z nq|
c Interrogative : Do the towers not Auxiliary verb wenxb sentence †K interrogative Kivi mgq tense
symbolise the loftiness of the spirit Abyhvqx do/does/did emv‡Z nq Ges sentence affirmative _vK‡j
of martyred freedom fighters? negative Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Negative : We never forget their Affirmative sentence G always _vK‡j Zvi cwie‡Z© never ewm‡q
memories. negative Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b never emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
e Interrogative : Don't many people Auxiliary verb wenxb sentence †K interrogative Kivi mgq tense
go to visit it everyday? Abyhvqx do/does/did emv‡Z nq Ges affirmative sentence _vK‡j
Zv negative Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
33. (a) Very few insects are as busy as a bee. (Make it comparative) It is known as an industrious creature.
(b) It only lives in a hive. (Make it negative) (c) It flies from flower to flower to collect honey. (Make it
compound) (d) Collected honey is stored in the hive. (Make it active) (e) In winter, it remains idle, but
works hard in spring. (Make it complex)
[Barisal Board-2011; Comilla Board2009; Govt. Shaheed Bulbul College, Pabna2011; Narail Govt.
Victoria College, Narial2011; Hajigonj Model University College, Chandpur2011; Comilla City College,
Comilla2011; Jhenidah Cadet College, Jhenidah2010]
No Answer Explanation
a Comparative : A bee is busier Very few _vK‡j comparative Kivi mgq than most other Ges
than most other insects. adjective wUi comparative Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b G wbqgwU AbymiY Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
b Negative : It does not live alone. Auxiliary verb wenxb sentence †K negative Kivi mgq tense Ges
sub Abyhvqx do/does/ did + not Ges together Gi cwie‡Z© alone
e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b GB wbqg AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 59

c Simple : Flying from flower to And Øviv hy³ compound sentence Ges to be verb wenxb sentence
flower, it collects honey. †K simple Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g main verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
GLv‡b GB wbqg AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Passive : Honey is stored by it in GLv‡b Tense Ges subject Gi number I person Abyhvqx passive
the hive. voice Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Complex : Though it remains idle Compound sentence G but _vK‡j complex Kivi mgq cÖ_‡g
in winter, it works hard in spring. though emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b though w`‡q complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|
34. Raju is a good boy. (a) I do not know his father's name (complex). (b) But I know the place where he was
born (simple). He is an active man. (c) Though he is poor, he is honest (compound). (d) He is the best
player (negative). (e) What a simple life he leads! (assertive).
[Dhaka Board-2010; Cantonment Public School & College, Jahanabad, Khulna 2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : I do not know what Simple sentence †_‡K complex Kivi mgq relative pronoun emv‡Z
his father's name is. nq| ZvB GLv‡b what ewm‡q complex sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Simple : But I know his birth Complex sentence †_‡K simple Kivi mgq relative pronoun D‡V
place. hvq| ZvB GLv‡b where DwV‡q simple sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Compound : He is poor but Complex sentence G though _vK‡j compound Kivi mgq though
honest. D‡V wM‡q but nq| ZvB GLv‡b but ewm‡q compound Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Negative : No other player is so No other w`‡q sentence wU‡K positive degree Kivi gva¨‡g negative
good as he. sentence G iƒcvš@wiZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Assertive : He leads a very Exclamatory sentence †_‡K assertive Kivi mgq what Gi cwie‡Z© very
simple life. emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b very ewm‡q assertive Kiv n‡q‡Q|
35. (a) Once a cook roasted a duck for his master. (Passive). (b) The roast looked so delicious that the cook
could not resist the temptation. (Simple). He ate one of the drumsticks. (c) When his master sat down to
eat, he quickly noticed the missing drumstick. (Compound). (d) The master enquired of the missing leg.
(Interrogative). (e) But the cook told him that this duck had only one leg. (Negative).
[Dinajpur Board-2014; Rajshahi Board-2010; Rangpur Govt. College '13; Jalalabad Cantt. Public School
& College, Sylhet '13; Sylhect Commerce College '13; Rajuk Uttara Model College, Dhaka 2011; Dohar
Nawabganj College, Nawabgonj, Dhaka2011; Jalalabad Cantonment Public School & College, Sylhet 2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Passive : Once a duck was roasted Sentence wU past tense Ges passive voice Abyhvqx transform Kiv
for his master by a cook. n‡q‡Q|
b Simple : The roast looked too Complex sentence G so......that _vK‡j simple sentence G
delicious for the cook to resist the too.......to nq| ZvB GLv‡b too......to n‡q‡Q|
temptation.
c Compound : His master sat down Compound sentence Kivi mgq when D‡V hvq Ges `ywU clause †K
to eat and quickly noticed the and Øviv hy³ Kiv nq| ZvB GLv‡b and Øviv hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
missing drumstick.
d Interrogative : Didn't the master Auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j do/ does/ did w`‡q interrogative Ki‡Z
enquire of the missing leg? nq Ges affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b didn't
w`‡q interrogative Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Negative : But the cook told him Only Øviv msL¨v cÖKvk Kiv n‡j negative Kivi mgq not more than
that this duck had not more than e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b not more than w`‡q negative Kiv n‡q‡Q|
one leg.
36. It was a hot summer day. (a) A cunning fox was passing through a forest (Complex). (b) The fox was
thirsty and was looking for water (Simple). (c) It could not find any source of water (Passive). (d) He felt
very helpless (Interrogative). Suddenly he found a pitcher of water. (e) It seemed to the fox that it was the
happiest animal in the world (Comparative).
[Jessore Board-2010; Shahjalal City College, Sylhet2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : A fox which is cunning Complex sentence Kivi mgq relative pronoun e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b
was passing through a forest. relative pronoun, which ewm‡q complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Simple : Because of being thirsty KviY †evSv‡Z Simple sentence G because of e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b
the fox was looking for water. because of Øviv simple sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 60

c Passive : Any source of water could Modal auxiliary verb _vK‡j Zvi c‡i be ewm‡q passive Ki‡Z nq|
not be found by it. ZvB GLv‡b be ewm‡q passive Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Interrogative : Didn't he feel very Interrogative Kivi mgq auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j tense Abyhvqx
helpless. do/does/did Avb‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b didn't w`‡q interrogative Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
e Comparative : It seemed to the fox Comparative Kivi mgq adjective Gi Comparative form e‡m|
that it was happier than any other ZvB GLv‡b adjective Gi comparative form ewm‡q comparative
animal in the world. Kiv n‡q‡Q|
37. (a) Long long ago there was a king who was very wise. (Make it simple) (b) People called him wise
Solomon. (Make it passive) (c) Actually, at that time he was the wisest of all. (Make it comparative) (d)
There was another ruler also named queen of Sheba. (Make it compound) (e) One day she thought
Solomon's wisdom should not remain untested. (Make it complex)
[Comilla Board-2010; Chandpur Govt. Women's College, Chandpur '13; Kalikapur Abdul Matin Khasru Degree
College, Burichang2011; Patiya Govt. College, Chittagong2011; Barisal Model School & College,
Barisal2011; Amrita Lal Dey Colege, Barisal2010]
No Answer Explanation
a Simple : Long long ago there was a Complex sentence G relative pronoun _vK‡j simple Kivi mgq
very wise king. Zv D‡V hvq| ZvB GLv‡b who D‡V wM‡q simple n‡q‡Q|
b Passive : He was called wise GLv‡b Tense, subject Gi number I person Abyhvqx passive
Solomon. voice Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Comparative : Actually at that time Comparative Kivi mgq adjective Gi comparative form Ges
he was wiser than all others. than e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b wiser Ges than ewm‡q comparative Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
d Compound : There was another Compound Kivi mgq `ywU clause and Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b
ruler and her name was Queen and Øviv `ywU clause hy³ K‡i compound Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Sheba.
e Complex : One day she thought Complex sentence Kivi mgq relative pronoun e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b
that Solomon's wisdom should not relative pronoun that ewm‡q complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|
remain untested.
38. (a) Health is wealth (Make it complex). (b) A healthy poor man is happier than a sick moneyed man
(Make it positive). (c) When a healthy man is an asset to his family, unhealthy man is a liability (Make it
compound). (d) He can succeed in life (Make it interrogative). (e) Everybody must be conscious of health
(Make it negative).
[Rajshahi Board-2014; Jessore Board-2014; Sylhet Board-2010; Dinajpur Board2009; Rangpur
Cadet College '13; Ideal College, Central Road, Dhaka '13; Ideal Commerce College, Dhaka '13; Govt. Shah
Sultan College, Bogra '13; Pabna Govt. Women's College, Pabna '13; Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College,
Jessore '13; Netrakona Govt College, Netrakona2011; Dr. Abdur Razzak Mnicpal College, Jessore2011;
Madan Mohan College, Sylhet 2011; Shahjalal Jamia Islamia School and College, Sylhet 2011; Devi
Chowdhurnie Degree College, Pragacha, Rangpur2011; Kurigram Govt. College, Kurigram2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : It is health which is Complex sentence Kivi mgq sub I object GKB e¨w³ ev e¯Ŗ n‡j it is
wealth. Ges relative pronoun e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b it is Ges relative pronoun
'which' n‡q‡Q|
b Positive : A sick moneyed man Positive Kivi mgq adjective Gi positive form e‡m Ges than D‡V
is not as happy as a healthy poor hvq| ZvB GLv‡b than D‡V †M‡Q Ges adjective Gi positive form n‡q‡Q|
man.
c Compound : A healthy man is Compound sentence Kivi mgq though Gi cwie‡Z© but e‡m| ZvB
an asset to his family but an GLv‡b but w`‡q compound Kiv n‡q‡Q|
unhealthy man is a liability.
d Interrogative : Can't he succeed Modal auxiliary verb _vK‡j interrogative Kivi mgq modal
in life? auxiliary verb wU e‡m Ges affirmative _vK‡j negative Ki‡Z nq|
e Negative : Everybody can not Must _vK‡j, negative Kivi mgq Zvi cwie‡Z© cannot but e‡m| ZvB
but be conscious of health. GLv‡b cannot but emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
39. Adulteration is the act of making any commodity impure by admixture of other or baser ingredients. (a)
This admixture may corrupt the nature of the original commodity. (Make it passive) (b) The value or the
 61

effectiveness of the finished product is destroyed by adulteration. (Make it active) Adulterated foods and
beverages cause a serious health hazard. (c) We have laws and law-enforcing agencies to stop the
dishonest businessmen. (Make it complex) (d) Their effort has been proved ineffective since adulteration
of foods and other commodities is on the increase. (Make it compound) (e) It is strong public awareness
which is essential for the fight against adulteration. (Make it simple)
[Barisal Board-2010; Trust College, Uttara, Dhaka '13; Hamidpur Al-Hera College, Jessore '13; Universal College, Sylhet '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Passive : The nature of the original Modal auxiliary verb _vK‡j passive voice Kivi mgq Zvi mv‡_ be
commodity may be corrupted by ewm‡q passive Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
this admixture.
b Active : Adulteration destroys the GLv‡b Active voice Gi wbqg Abyhvqx sentence wU‡K transform Kiv
value or the effectiveness of the n‡q‡Q|
finished product.
c Complex : We have law and law Simple sentence †K complex Kivi mgq to Gi cwie‡Z© so that
enforcing agencies so that they can ewm‡q complex Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b so that w`‡q complex Kiv
stop the dishonest businessmen. n‡q‡Q|
d Compound : Their effort has been Complex sentence †K compound Kivi mgq since D‡V wM‡q Zvi
proved ineffective and adulteration ¯ŗ‡j and ewm‡q compound Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
of food and other commodities is on
the increase.
e Simple : Strong public awareness is Complex sentence †K simple Ki‡Z n‡j relative pronoun D‡V
essential for the fight against hvq| ZvB GLv‡b which DwV‡q simple sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
adulteration.
40. (a) Day to day life in Dhaka is expensive (Negative).
(b) People living below the poverty line leads a miserable life (Complex).
(c) Price hike is one of the biggest problems for them (Positive).
(d) The government has taken necessary measures to keep the price hike under control (Passive).
(e) The people, who are greedy, are responsible for price spiral (Simple).
[Dhaka Board-2009' Moheshpur Govt. Degree College, Jhenidah '13; Barguna Govt. College '13; Govt.
Women's College, Pabna2011; Rajshahi Govt. College, Rajshahi2011; Khulna Public College, Khulna2011;
Adhyapak, Abdul Majid College Murdanagar, Comilla2011; Thakurgaon Govt. Women's College,
Thakurgaon2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Negative : Day to day life in wKQy Affirmative sentences †K negative Kivi mgq auxiliary verb Gi
Dhaka is not inexpensive/ c‡i not emv‡Z nq Ges adjective wUi wecixZ word wU emv‡Z nq| ZvB
cheap. GLv‡b wbqgwU AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Complex : People who live Simple sentence †K complex Ki‡Z n‡j relative pronoun emv‡Z nq|
below the poverty line lead a ZvB GLv‡b who ewm‡q complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|
miserable life.
c Positive : Very few problems Superlative degee †Z one of the _vK‡j positive degree Kivi mgq very few
are as big as price hike for them. emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b very few ewm‡q positive Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges positive Gi wbqg
Abyhvqx adjective Gi positive form Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Passive : Necessary measures GLv‡b Tense Ges subject Gi number I person Abyhvqx passive
have been taken by the voice Kiv n‡q‡Q|
government to keep the price
hike under control.
e Simple : The greedy people are Complex †_‡K simple Kivi mgq relative pronoun D‡V hvq| ZvB GLv‡b
responsible for price spiral. who DwV‡q simple sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
41. (a) Cricket is a very exciting game. (Complex) (b) People all over the world enjoy this game very much
(Passive). (c) At present cricket is one of the most popular games in our country. (Comparative) (d)
Though it is a very costly game, young men and children get a great deal of delight playing it.
(Compound). (e) It is a matter of sorrow that the performance of Bangladesh Cricket Team is not up to
the mark. (Exclamatory).
[Jessore Board-2009; Govt. Science College, Dhaka '13; Govt. Azizul Haque College, Bogra '13; Madan
Mohan College, Sylhet ' 13; Holy Cross College, Dhaka2009]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : Cricket is a game which is Complex Kivi mgq relative pronoun e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b relative
 62

very exciting. pronoun 'which' w`‡q complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|

b Passive : The game is enjoyed very GLv‡b Tense Abyhvqx passive K‡i sentence wU‡K transform
much (by people) all over the world. Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Comparative : At present cricket is Comparative sentence Kivi mgq adjective Gi comparative
more popular than most other games form Gi than e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b adjective Gi comparative
in our country. form ewm‡q comparative Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Compound : It is very costly game but Complex sentence G though/ although _vK‡j compound
young men and children, get a great Kivi mgq but emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b but ewm‡q compound Kiv
deal of delight playing it. n‡q‡Q|
e Exclamatory : Alas! the performance `ytL cÖKvk Ki‡j Exclamatory sentence Kivi mgq alas emv‡Z
of Bangladesh Cricket Team is not up nq| ZvB GLv‡b alas w`‡q exclamatory sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
to the mark.
42. (a) Robert Frost lives in a small apartment in the capital city Toronto. (Complex) (b) His wife Catherine
loves gardening. (Negative) (c) Toronto is one of the most expensive cities of the world. (Positive) His
relatives often come to stay with him. (d) They don't realize the high cost of living in Toronto.
(Interrogative) (e) However, he loves his relatives a great deal. (Passive)
[Chittagong Board-2009; Jessore Shikkha Board Model School & College, '13; Govt. Bangla College,
Dhaka2011; MC College, Sylhter2010]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : Robert Frost lives in a Complex sentence Kivi mgq relative pronoun emv‡Z nq| ZvB
small apartment which is in the GLv‡b which ewm‡q complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|
capital city, Toronto.
b Negative : His wife Catherine does Affirmative sentence †K negative Kivi mgq auxiliary verb Gi
not hate gardening. c‡i not emv‡Z nq Ges adjective wUi wecixZ word emv‡Z nq|
c Positive : Very few cities of the world One of _vK‡j positive Kivi mgq ïiŔ‡Z very few emv‡Z nq| ZvB
are as expensive as Toronto. GLv‡b very few w`‡q positive Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Interrogative : Do they realize the Negative sentence †K interrogative Kivi mgq auxiliary helping
high cost of living in Toronto? verb sentence- Gi ïiŔ‡Z em‡e Ges affirmative w`‡q interrogative
Ki‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b not D‡V †M‡Q|
e Passive : However, his relatives GLv‡b Subject Gi number I person Ges tense Abyhvqx passive
are loved a great deal by him. voice Kiv n‡q‡Q|
43. The name of our motherland is Bangladesh. It is a land of rivers. (a) The Jamuna is one of the biggest
rivers in Bangladesh (Make it comparative). (b) When it is summer, it becomes emaciated (Make it
simple). (c) During the rainy season, it assumes a terrible shape (Make it complex). (d) Everybody knows
it (Make it interrogative). (e) Tourists from home and abroad visit its shore (Make it passive). [Sylhet
Board-2009; Govt. Suhrawardy College, Pirojpur '13]
No Answer Explanation
a Comparative : The Jamuna is bigger One of the hy³ sentence Gi comparative Kivi mgq than
than most other rivers in Bangladesh. most other emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b than most other ewm‡q
comparative Kiv n‡q‡Q|
b Simple : It becomes emaciated in When hy³ complex sentence w`‡q mgq wb‡`©k Ki‡j simple Kivi
summer./ During summer, it becomes mgq when D‡V hvq| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
emaciated.
c Complex : When it is rainy season, it mgq †evSv‡Z Complex sentence G when e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b when
assumes a terrible shape. ewm‡q complex sentence Kiv n‡q‡Q|
d Interrogative : Who does not know Present tense G everybody _vK‡j interrogative Kivi mgq
it? Zvi cwie‡Z© who does not e‡m| GLv‡b ZvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e Passive : It's shore is visited by GLv‡b Tense Ges subject Gi number I person Abyhvqx
tourists from home and abroad. passive voice Kiv n‡q‡Q|
44. (a) Pahela Baishakh is undoubtedly the most celebrated festival in Bangladesh, (complex) (b) It is the day
of the year when the roads get so jam packed. (simple) (c) Almost everyone enjoys the day in his own
way. (passive) (d) Although I hate gathering, I enjoy activities of the flood of masses this day. (compound)
(e) How enthusiastic the people look on this day! (assertive).
 63

[Barisal Board-2009; RAJUK Uttara Model College, Dhaka '13; Cantonment College, Comilla Cantt 2011;
Chittagong Cantonment Public College, Chittagong2011; Moulvibazar Govt. College Moulvibazar2011;
Nilphamari Govt. College, Nilphamari2011]
No Answer Explanation
a Complex : There is no doubt that GLv‡b There is Øviv sentence wU ïiŔ K‡i Ges principle clause wUi c‡i
Pahela Baishakh is the most that ewm‡q sentence wU complex Kiv n‡q‡Q|
celebrated festival in Bangladesh.
b Simple : On this day of the year, Complex sentence †K simple Kivi mgq relative pronoun D‡V hvq|
the roads get so jam packed. ZvB GLv‡b when DwV‡q simple Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c Passive : The day is enjoyed by GLv‡b, Tense Ges subject Gi number I person Abyhvqx passive
almost every one in his own voice Kiv n‡q‡Q|
way.
d Compound : I hate gathering Complex †_‡K compound Kivi mgq though/ although Gi cwie‡Z©
but enjoy activities of the flood but emv‡Z nq| ZvB GLv‡b but ewm‡q compound Kiv n‡q‡Q|
of masses on this day.
e Assertive : The people look Exclamatory sentence †_‡K assertive Kivi mgq how Gi cwie‡Z©
very enthusiastic on this day. very emv‡Z nq Ges sub cÖ_‡g e‡m + verb e‡m| GLv‡b ZvB very ewm‡q
assertive Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 More Production....................................................................................................................................................................................
6.3
1. Read the text and change the sentences as directed : [DB '16] 15=5
(a) Pohela Baishakh is undoubtedly the most celebrated festival in Bangladesh. (Complex)
(b) It is the first day of the Bengali year when the city roads get so jam packed. (Simple)
(c) Almost everyone enjoys the day in his own way. (Passive)
(d) Although I do not like gathering. I enjoy the activities of this day. (Compound)
(e) It is one of the most interesting days of the year. (Positive)
2. (a) Cricket is a very exciting game. (Make it exclamatory) (b) People of all ages enjoy this game. (Make it
passive) (c) At present cricket is the most popular game in our country. (Make it comparative) (d)
Though cricket is a costly game, people of all classes enjoy playing it. (Make it simple) (e) Bangladesh is a
test playing country but its standard is not high (Make it complex).
3. (a) Anger is nothing but a vice. (Interrogative) [RB '16]
(b) It is compared to flame. It begets only the worst. (Negative)
(c) So we should control it for our sake. (Passive)
(d) He who is taken by anger causes a lot of troubles. (Simple)
(e) Realising it we should try to be emotionally balanced. (Compound) [DinajB '16]
4. (a) Helal refused the money. (Negative)
(b) Nasir earnestly desires to see her once. (Exclamatory)
(c) The house which I live in at present is comfortable. (Simple)
(d) He delivered a speech and everybody admired it. (Simple)
(e) It disturbed him but he did not know the reason. (Complex) [JB '16]
5. We are very much proud of our freedom fighters. (a) They fought for the country with a patriotic zeal
(Make it compound). (b) They are the most courageous sons of our nation (Make it positive). (c)
Everybody admires and respects them greatly (Make it passive). (d) Nobody denies their contribution to
their motherland (Make it interrogative). (e) They will never be forgotten by their countrymen to the end
(make it affirmative). [CB '16]
6. No person can be happy without friends. So, (a) everybody wants friends. (Make it negative without
changing the meaning) (b) The heart is formed for love and cannot be happy without the opportunity of
giving and receiving love. (Complex) (c) But you cannot find others to love you unless you love them.
(Simple) (d) You cannot be happy without it. (Make it Interrogative without changing the meaning). So
(e) as love is divine, everybody wants to love. (Compound) [CtgB '16]
7. The Tajmahal, the unique tomb is the 7th wonder of the world. (a) It was three hundred years ago since
Emperor Shah Jahan built the Taj. (Make it simple). (b) As he loved his wife Mamtaj very much, he built it
as a tomb of his dear wife. (Make it compound) (c) The building was made with fine white marbles. (Make
it active) (d) It rests on a platform of red stone, therefore it looks very nice. (Make it complex) (e) The
 64

Tajmahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. (Make it positive) Many tourists come here
to enjoy the scenery of the Taj. [SB '16]
8. (a) The Chinese put a lot of emphasis on the unity. (Make it passive) (b) The Parks are crowded.
(Negative without changing meaning) (c) There are lots of clean parks in the cities. (Compound) (d) In
the evening many families watch television and spend their free time. (Simple) (e) Life becomes dull
without recreation. (Complex) [BB '16]
9. Success will not come to one's life automatically. (a) Do you know it? (Passive) (b) An industrious boy
will shine in life. (Complex) (c) A life with an assignment is an actual life. (Negative) (d) None can receive
any reward unless he works hard. (Simple) (e) It is evident that industry is one of the greatest virtues.
(Positive).
10. (a) Cricket is a very exciting game. (Exclamatory) (b) People of all ages enjoy this game. (Passive) (c) At
present cricket is the most popular game in our country (Positive). (d) Bangladesh is one of the weakest test
playing countries (Comparative). So, most of the people do not like watching test cricket. (e) They are fond of
watching T20 cricket (Interrogative).
11. (a) Jim and Della sacrificed their dearest possessions in order to buy nice Christmas presents for each
other. (Make it compound) (b) Della had an ardent desire to give her husband a worthy gift. (Make it
complex) (c) Jim also thought how he could give his wife a nice gift. (Make it simple (d) Della saved a
scanty amount of money for this. (Make it passive) (e) Jim was one of the sincerest husbands that we
have ever known. (Make it positive)
12. (a) The old sailor shot the Albatross (Passive). (b) At this the sailors were very angry with him
(Negative). (c) Their throats were dry and they could not speak (Complex). (d) Since the old sailor killed
the bird, he brought bad luck to the sailors (Simple). (e) It was a very unlucky day (Exclamatory).
13. (a) A true friend is an asset (complex). (b) He helps his friend when he is in danger (simple). (c) He does
not leave his friend (Affirmative). (d) A true friend is hardly found (Active). (e) He is as good as an honest
man (Comparative).
14. (a) Everybody lives in society (Negative). (b) We should not disturb social order (Affirmative). (c) If we
maintain it, we shall be able to lead a peaceful life (Simple). (d) Who does not like peace? (Assertive). (e)
It is so much required (Active).
15. There are many virtues that man should possess. (a) Truthfulness is one of the greatest virtues in a man's
life. (Make it comparative). It indicates the quality of a man. (b) Everybody respects a truthful person.
(Make it interrogative). (c) A truthful person may lead a poor life, but is honoured everywhere. (Make it
simple). (d) A truthful person is not afraid of anybody. (Make it complex). (e) It brings peace in one's
mind. (Make it passive).