RAINWATER HARVESTING (B22EDO601)

OPEN ELECTIVE- SEMESTER-VI

DR. Y BHARATH SIMHA REDDY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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Course Overview
 Course Overview

• Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the technique of capturing, conserving,

and utilizing rainwater for various purposes to ensure sustainable water
management.

• The course provides an understanding of traditional and modern RWH

methods, emphasizing the design, implementation, and maintenance
of RWH systems.

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Course Outcomes
 Course Outcomes

1. Recognize the importance and benefits of rainwater harvesting and water

conservation techniques.
2. Understand the design and components of RWH systems for urban and
rural applications.
3. Analyze water conservation and recycling techniques for sustainable
water management.
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of RWH systems through case studies and
practical applications.

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 Course Outcomes

5. Apply advanced RWH technologies such as IoT-based monitoring and

smart systems.
6. Interpret government policies, guidelines, and case studies to develop
sustainable RWH solutions.

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Course Content
 Unit -1

• Global and Indian Scenario for Water Resources: Surface Water and
Groundwater Global and Indian Scenario-Quality of water resources.
Usable water resources by continent and Country-Water footprint.

• Water use and Sustainable Reuse Methods.

• Introduction: Concept and Necessity of Rainwater Harvesting, Benefits

of Rainwater Harvesting (Social, Environmental, and Economic),
Rainwater Harvesting in ancient India and worldwide.

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 Unit -2
• Introduction: Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting, Natural Water
Resources.

• Agricultural Practices, integrated farming, Soil erosion and

conservation techniques.

• Concept of Arid and Semiarid Regions. Drought Management-

introduction, Drought assessment and classification, drought mitigation
planning, Concept of watershed, introduction to watershed management.

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 Unit -3
• Rainwater Harvesting: Types of Rainwater Harvesting, Components of
domestic Rainwater Harvesting system, Principles of design of roof top
Rainwater Harvesting System. Conveyance Systems- Material selection
and installation.

• Water Conservation and Recycling: Perspective on recycle and reuse,

Wastewater reclamation, Rainwater Harvesting Techniques- in Urban
areas and Rural areas, a case study of both techniques, maintenance and
monitoring of Rainwater Harvesting Structures.
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 Unit -4
• Advancement and Policies of RWH: Government policies and schemes
for RWH in India, guidelines and regulations (e.g., building codes,
municipal policies), Incentives and subsidies for RWH.

• Smart RWH systems, Integration with IOT for monitoring and

management. Role of RWH in achieving water sustainability, Case
Studies in Urban and Industrial.

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Textbooks
 Textbooks

• Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond, Volume 1: Guiding

Principles to Welcome Rain into Your Life and Landscape by Brad
Lancaster, Rainsource Press, 2019.

• Rainwater Harvesting: Principles and Practices by H.S. Ramesh,

New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, India, 2020.

• Rainwater Harvesting and Utilisation: Blue Drop Series, United

Nations Environment Programme, UNEP and IETC, 2009.

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Important Dates
 Important Dates
No. of Contact
S. No. Description Tentative Dates
Hours
1 Unit 1 03/02/25 to 20/02/25 08
2 Unit 2 20/02/25 to 11/03/25 08
Assignment 1
3 07/03/25
Submission by
4 IA 1 17/03/25 to 20/03/25
5 Unit 3 25/03/25 to 17/04/25 09
6 Unit 4 17/04/25 to 08/05/25 08
Assignment 2
7 05/05/25
Submission by
8 IA 2 12/05/25 to 15/05/25
9 SEE 26/05/25 to 06/06/25
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 Unit -4
• Advancement and Policies of RWH: Government policies and schemes
for RWH in India, guidelines and regulations (e.g., building codes,
municipal policies), Incentives and subsidies for RWH.

• Smart RWH systems, Integration with IOT for monitoring and

management. Role of RWH in achieving water sustainability, Case
Studies in Urban and Industrial.

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Government policies and schemes
for RWH in India
 Government policies and schemes for RWH in India

• Water being a State subject, steps for augmentation, conservation and

efficient management of water resources are primarily undertaken by
the respective State Governments.

• In order to supplement the efforts of the State Governments, Central

Government provides technical and financial assistance to them
through various schemes and programmes.

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 Government policies and schemes for RWH in India

• Government of India is implementing various schemes for rainwater

conservation and its harvesting with the convergence of Central and
States’ schemes including people’s active participation.

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 Government policies and schemes for RWH in India

Some of the major steps taken by Government of India in this regard are as
follows:

• Jal Shakti Abhiyan-I (JSA-I)

• Atal Bhujal Yojana

• Watershed Development Component of Pradhan Mantri Krishi

Sinchayee Yojana (WDC-PMKSY)

• PMKSY-Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP)

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 Government policies and schemes for RWH in India

• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

• Mission Amrit Sarovar

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 Jal Shakti Abhiyan-I (JSA-I)

• Jal Shakti Abhiyan-I (JSA-I) was conducted in 2019 in 1,592 blocks out
of 2,836 blocks in 256 water stressed districts of the country and was
expanded as “Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain” (JSA:CTR) in 2021
with the theme “Catch the Rain Where it Falls When it Falls” to cover
all the blocks of all districts (rural as well as urban areas) across the
country.

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 Atal Bhujal Yojana

• Government of India is implementing Atal Bhujal Yojana, a Central

Sector Scheme with an outlay of Rs. 6,000 crore in identified water
stressed areas of 8,220 Gram Panchayats (GPs) under 229 blocks in 80
districts of 7 States viz. Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh with an aim to arrest decline
in ground water level through community led sustainable
groundwater management.

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 Watershed Development Component of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee
Yojana (WDC-PMKSY)
• PMKSY-WDC 2.0 is a sub-component of the overarching PMKSY
initiative for conserving water and soil resources.

• The scheme started as the Integrated Watershed Management Programme

(IWMP) in 2009-10 and merged into the Watershed Development
Component of PMKSY (PMKSY-WDC) in 2015-16.

• The scheme aims to enhance rainfed and degraded land productivity

through integrated watershed management.
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 PMKSY-Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP)

• Aims at improving water use efficiency ‘More crop per drop' in a

focused manner with end to end solution on source creation, distribution,
management, field application and extension activities.

• The Per Drop More Crop scheme mainly focuses on water use
efficiency at farm level through Micro Irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler
Irrigation System).

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 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

launched in 2015 focuses on development of basic urban infrastructure
especially water supply & access to tap connection to every household
in 500 cities.

• AMRUT 2.0 has been launched in 2021 which covers all the statutory
towns of the country to ensure universal coverage of water supply. It
envisages rejuvenation of water bodies, urban aquifer management,
promote recycle & reuse and RWH to augment freshwater resources.
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 Mission Amrit Sarovar

• The Mission Amrit Sarovar was launched on National Panchayati Raj

Day on 24th April, 2022 as a part of celebration of Azadi ka Amrit
Mahotsav with an objective to conserve water for future.

• The Mission is aimed at developing and rejuvenating 75 water bodies

in each district of the country.

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Guidelines and Regulations - India
 Guidelines and Regulations

• Water being a State subject, management of water resources are

primarily undertaken by the respective State Governments.

• Though, Central Govt. circulated a Model Bill to all the States/UTs to

enable them to enact suitable ground water legislation for its regulation
and development which includes provision of rainwater harvesting.

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 Guidelines and Regulations - Andhra Pradesh

• Andhra Pradesh Under the 'Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Tree Act,
2002' stipulates mandatory provision to construct rainwater harvesting
structures at new and existing constructions for all residential,
commercial and other premises and open space having area of not less
than 200 sq.m in the stipulated period.

• Failing which the authority may get such rainwater harvesting structures
constructed and recover the cost incurred along with the penalty as
may be prescribed.
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 Guidelines and Regulations – Assam & Bihar

• Assam Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting made mandatory for 100 sq.m
and above by Guwahati Development Authority through including
provision in building bye-laws.

• Bihar Enacted The Bihar Ground Water (Regulation and Control of

Development and Management) Act, 2006 which stipulates provision of
roof top rainwater harvesting structures in the building plan in an area
of 1000 sq.m or more.

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 Guidelines and Regulations – Chhattisgarh & Goa

• Chhattisgarh The Nagar Palika Nigam, Raipur has made it mandatory to

adopt the roof top rainwater harvesting having roof top area more than
500 sq.ft.

• Goa Government of Goa has made rainwater harvesting mandatory for

residential complexes including apartments on plot areas of 2000 sq.m
& above and for industrial units on plot areas of 10,000 sq.m &
above.

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 Guidelines and Regulations – Karnataka

• Karnataka Amended Rules of Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage

Board which provide for mandatory provision of rainwater harvesting
structures by every owner with area of 2400 sq.ft and above, or every
owner who proposes to construct new buildings with site area more
than 1200 sq.ft.

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 Guidelines and Regulations – Meghalaya, Punjab & Rajasthan

• Meghalaya-Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting made mandatory for

buildings above 100 sq.m area.

• Punjab-Department of Local Government have amended and notified the

building bye-laws and have made mandatory Rainwater Harvesting
System in all buildings above 200 sq.yards.

• Rajasthan-Provision of rainwater harvesting made mandatory in respect

of plots having more than 300 sq.m area.

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Guidelines and Regulations - Bengaluru
 Guidelines and Regulations – Bengaluru

There are two main Acts concerning rainwater harvesting:

• The Bangalore Mahanagara Palike Building Byelaws (2003)

• The Bangalore Water and Sewerage Amendment Act(s)

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 Guidelines and Regulations – Bengaluru

• Do the laws apply to me?

• The BBMP law applies to all properties coming under its jurisdiction;
they are required to implement rainwater harvesting as per the BBMP
law.

• If you have a BWSSB connection or if the property come under

BBMP, they need to comply with the BBMP law., then you have to
comply with the BWSSB Act.

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 Guidelines and Regulations – Bengaluru
S. No. Category BBMP Bye-Laws 2003, Bye-Law 32
Built up area exceeding 100m²/1100 ft² on
1 Eligible properties
sital area of 200m²/2150 ft²
2 Capacity of storage structure rooftop
Open well should have a minimum depth of
6m/18ft and a minimum dia of 1m/3ft; the
3 Open well recharge well borewell should have a pit with 3m/10ft
depth and 1m/3ft dia filled with stone
aggregate and sand around it
4 Land based RWH storage capacity
For roof area of 100m²/1100 ft² you need at
5 Discharge
least 2 down pipes of minimum 10cm dia

6 Penalties 1000 Rs p.a. for every 100m²/1100 ft²

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 Guidelines and Regulations – Bengaluru
S. No. Category BWSSB Amendment Act 2009
Built up area of 1200 ft² and above on sital area of 2400 ft²
1 Eligible properties
and above
Capacity of storage
2 20L per m²/10ft² of roof area
structure rooftop
Well should have a minimum depth of 3m/10ft and
3 Open well recharge well
minimum of dia 0.9m/3ft
Land based RWH
4 Plan for 10L or more per m²/10ft²
storage capacity
5 Discharge
Disconnection of water supply (2011 Reg Amdt) and 25%
addnl charge for 3mths, 50% additional charge thereafter
6 Penalties
(residential); 50% addnl charge for 3mths, 100% additional
charge thereafter (non-residential)
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 Guidelines and Regulations – Bengaluru
Penalties imposed by BWSSB for non-compliance (Bangalore Water
Supply and Sewerage Board Regulations, 2015)

• Residential buildings: additional charges of 25% of total water and

sanitary charges will be levied for the first 3 months and thereafter 50%
of total water and sanitary charges till the RWH is provided.

• Non-residential buildings: additional charges of 50% of total water and

sanitary charges for the first 3 months and thereafter additional charges
of 100% of total water and sanitary charges till the RWH is provided.
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Incentives and subsidies for RWH
 Incentives and subsidies for RWH

• As water being a State subject, Incentives and subsidies varies from state
to state.

• Karnataka Govt. - Yuva Kanaja Scheme:

• Subsidy for Rainwater Harvesting Unit

•75% for General Farmers

•90% Subsidy for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Farmers

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 Incentives and subsidies for RWH

• Gujarat Govt. - Surat Municipal Corporation :

• Subsidy for Rainwater Harvesting Unit

•For new buildings - up to a 50% (up to Rs. 2,000) subsidy to citizens to

encourage rainwater recharging

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 Incentives and subsidies for RWH

Goa Govt. :

For Individual households / upto 50% of the cost incurred or

residential houses Rs. 1,00,000/- whichever is less.

Residential complexes and upto 50% of the cost incurred or

apartment buildings Rs. 5,00,000/- whichever is less.

For Commercial complexes and upto 50% of the cost incurred or

hospitality businesses Rs. 5,00,000/- whichever is less.

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Smart RWH systems
 Smart RWH systems

• Smart rainwater harvesting systems integrate sensors, automation, and

data analytics to optimize the collection, storage, and use of
rainwater.

• These systems are designed to increase efficiency, reduce waste, and

help in sustainable water management.

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 Components of Smart RWH systems

Smart Automation and Control System:

• Flow Meters and Sensors: Measure the volume of water being

collected, filtered, and stored. These provide data on the system’s
performance.

• IoT Connectivity: The system can be connected to a smartphone or

cloud-based platform, where users can monitor and control various
aspects of the system remotely. For example, users can track water
levels, filter status, and maintenance schedules. 55
 Components of Smart RWH systems

• Weather Prediction Integration: weather forecasts are integrated to

optimize collection based on predicted rainfall, which can help in
scheduling maintenance or diverting excess water.

• Automatic Flush Valves: Triggered by sensor data, these valves

automatically flush out accumulated debris or sediments when the tank
reaches a certain level of dirtiness.

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 Components of Smart RWH systems

• Smart Controllers for Irrigation: For rainwater used in irrigation,

smart controllers can adjust watering schedules based on factors such as
soil moisture levels, weather forecasts, and water availability.

• Sensors for pH, Turbidity, and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): These
sensors monitor the quality of rainwater, ensuring it is safe for its
intended use. Alerts are generated if the water quality falls below the
desired standards.

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 Advantages of Smart RWH systems

Efficiency and Automation:

• Smart systems allow for the automation of various processes, including

water collection, filtration, storage, and distribution.

• For example, water levels can be automatically adjusted based on

sensor feedback, ensuring that tanks are not overfilled or underutilized.

• Automatic flushing systems help maintain the cleanliness of the water

without requiring manual intervention.
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 Advantages of Smart RWH systems
Data-Driven Insights:

• The integration of IoT and sensors provides real-time data on water

usage, tank levels, filtration status, and system performance.

• Users can access this data through mobile apps or web dashboards,
which allows for better management and decision-making.

• Predictive analytics can optimize system operations based on weather

forecasts, historical data, and usage patterns, reducing water waste and
maximizing savings. 59
 Advantages of Smart RWH systems

Smart Monitoring and Alerts:

• With integrated sensors, users can get real-time alerts for maintenance
needs (e.g., clogged filters, low water levels, or required system
repairs), thus preventing system breakdowns.

• Smart systems can be programmed to alert users when the collected

rainwater is suitable for use, or when it might need further treatment
(e.g., for potable uses).

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 Challenges for implementation of Smart RWH systems

Initial Investment:

• While the benefits of smart systems are clear, the initial setup can be
costly, particularly if high-end sensors, smart controllers, and weather
integration features are used.

• However, long-term savings can offset the initial costs.

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 Challenges for implementation of Smart RWH systems

Maintenance:

• Smart systems require periodic maintenance, especially for sensors,

filters, and pumps.

• Automation helps reduce the manual labor required, but the system still
needs to be periodically checked to ensure optimal functioning.

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 Challenges for implementation of Smart RWH systems

Dependence on Weather:

• The efficiency of the system relies heavily on rainfall patterns. Areas

with irregular or low rainfall might find these systems less effective
unless they are augmented by other water sources or technologies.

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Integration with IOT for monitoring
and management of RWH systems
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 Integration with IOT for monitoring and management of RWH systems
Sensors Used:
• Temperature Sensor: Monitors water temperature.
• Water Level Sensor: Tracks the water level in the rainwater reservoir.
• Water Flow Sensor: Measures the flow of filtered water.
• Water Quality Sensor: Ensures water is suitable for use.
• IoT Integration: Uses an ESP 8266 module to send data wirelessly to
cloud storage.
• Micro controller: Uses an Arduino Uno to process sensor data and
manage water flow.
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Smart RWH systems: Case Studies
in Urban and Industrial areas
 Case Studies in Urban Areas
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299704904_Water_Conservatio
n_in_Urban_Areas_A_Case_Study_of_Rain_Water_Harvesting_Initiativ
e_in_Bangalore_City
• https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v8i5/ART20197767.pdf

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Smart RWH systems: Case Studies
in Rural areas
 Case Studies in Rural Areas
• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4657
• https://www.stormsaver.com/case-studies/leisure-case-studies/oru-
community-building-
• https://www.stormsaver.com/case-studies

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Thank You