PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATIONS

Jyle Christien A. Santiago ENGS101

AC16Am

COMMUNICATION TO INFORM TO INSTRUCT

TO PERSUADE TO DOCUMENT
“Communication is the most important skill in life.
We spend most of our waking hours
communicating.” - Stephen Covey
7 BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
-​ “communication” first appeared in the Late
MiddleEnglish from the Old French word
communicacion from the Latin communis 1.​ It lets you understand people way better
meaning “to share” and also be more understandable, not only
verbally but also by your facial expressions
-​ a process by which information is and other signals that you send while
exchanged between individuals through a having nonverbal communication.
common system of symbols, signs, or 2.​ It shows you how to remain in good
behavior (Meriam Webster) relationships with people all the time,
even during an argument.
-​ the imparting or exchanging of information 3.​ It saves your time and energy that you
by speaking, writing, or using some other would have wasted on poor communication
medium (Oxford Dictionaries) followed by misunderstandings, guilt, and
anxiety.
4.​ It boosts your grades by making both your
★​ PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION studies and your interactions with your
-​ takes place with a purpose in mind professors [and classmates] easier.
1.​ Informing 5.​ It helps with developing your leadership
2.​ Expressing feelings skills and getting a better position among
3.​ Imagining your friends, co-workers, or any other team
members.
4.​ Influencing
6.​ It increases your chances of getting the
5.​ Meeting social expectations
job you want on your terms.
7.​ It eases your pain while interacting with
organizations and institutions, no matter
which level of bureaucracy they are at.

TYPES OF MESSAGE FLOW IN BUSINESS

COMMUNICATION

UPWARD COMMUNICATION

-​ the source of
KINDS OF PEOPLE WE COMMUNICATE information
originating from
★​ INTERNAL
the lower levels
-​ People whom you can communicate of the pyramid,
immediately such as
★​ EXTERNAL employees,
-​ People whom you cannot communicate supervisors and
team leaders
immediately and they usually require
formal permission

DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
flow of information from senior management and
WHY DO WE COMMUNICATE? executives to middle management and employees
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATIONS
Jyle Christien A. Santiago ENGS101
AC16Am

-​ It is more relaxed, open, and casual, and

doesn't adhere to any predefined channel

VERBAL COMMUNICATION

-​ The words and other utterances we use to

ourselves

KINDS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

★​ ORAL COMMUNICATION
-​ Communicating with spoken words
★​ WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
LATERAL COMMUNICATION -​ Communicating with written words
transfer of information between individuals at the
same hierarchical level ★​ MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
-​ Communicating using information
technology

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

-​ How you look, your gestures, facial

expressions, how you sound, tone, pacing,
pauses, etc.
EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION

-​ when a business and KINDS OF NONVERBAL GESTURES

its workforce ★​ EMBLEMS
communicate with
-​ The nonverbal cues that have a universal
external
stakeholders, such meaning within a specific culture
as suppliers, ★​ ILLUSTRATORS
customers and -​ Automatic nonverbal gestures and cues we
investors use subconsciously to illuminate our words
we are speaking

7 DIFFERENT NONVERBAL DIMENSIONS

Judee Burgoon (1994)
★​ KINESICS OR BODY MOVEMENTS
FORMAL COMMUNICATION -​ Facial expressions and eye contact
-​ structured and professional, often used in the
★​ VOCALICS OR PARALANGUAGE
workplace or any environment where clear
and organized communication is needed -​ Volume, rate, pitch, and timbre
-​ It adheres to professional norms, procedures, ★​ PERSONAL APPEARANCE
standards, and regulations established by the -​ Physical characteristics
company and has a hierarchical command
★​ ARTIFACTS
structure
-​ Objects and imgaes
★​ PROXEMICS
INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
-​ Personal space or physical distance
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATIONS
Jyle Christien A. Santiago ENGS101
AC16Am

★​ HAPTICS 1.​ TRANSMISSION MODEL

-​ touch
★​ CHRONEMICS
-​ time

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL INTERACTION

1.​ REPEATING
-​ When a nonverbal behavior reinforces a
verbal message
★​ PIONEERS: Claude Elwood Shannon
[“father of information theory”] and
2.​ SUBSTITUTING Warren Weaver
-​ When we use a gesture or other nonverbal -​ Based on technological angle reminiscent
cue in replace of a word on phone system
●​ Meanings are in words (container model)
●​ Communication already takes place once
3.​ TURN-TAKING
the message is sent
-​ Relying on nonverbal communication to
●​ NO feedback, non-verbal cues DO NOT
signal turn-taking
EXIST
●​ One way or linear (comparable to
4.​ COMPLEMENTING blindfolded archer and pipeline)
-​ Enhancing a verbal message with
nonverbal communication
2.​ TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

5.​ EMPHASIZING
-​ To accentuate a verbal message, especially
in a speech, presentation, meeting, or pitch

6.​ CONTRADICTING
-​ This occur when your nonverbals
contradict your spoken words

★​ PIONEERS: Paul Watzlawick and Dean C.

★​ NONVERBAL LEAKAGE Barnlund
-​ happens when our nonverbal ●​ Two-way communication (comparable to a
communication doesn't match up with our pair of dancers performing together)
verbal communication ●​ Meaning is in people, not in words.
●​ Communication creates shared meaning.
★​ MICROEXPRESSIONS ●​ Communication involves both content and
relationship dynamics.
-​ emotions that flash across a person's face
●​ Communicators generate social realities
that happen as fast as 1/15th to 1/25th of a within social, relational, and cultural
second contexts or what they call Fields of
Experience (life experiences, attitudes,
Happiness Surprise Sadness Disgust
values, and beliefs that each communicator
brings to an interaction and that shape how
Fear Contempt Anger messages are sent and received – Wilbur L.
Schramm)
We don’t communicate about our realities;
BASIC COMMUNICATION MODELS communication helps to construct our realities
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATIONS
Jyle Christien A. Santiago ENGS101
AC16Am

-​ They include shouting, table slamming,

3.​ CONSTITUTIVE MODEL
talking, and more.
➔​ NATURAL DISTRACTIONS
-​ produced by nature and they are outside of
human control
-​ They include the sound of rain, thunder,
birds chirping, wind, etc.
★​ POOR LISTENING
-​ Listening ability decreases when
information is difficult to understand and
★​ PIONEERS: popularized by Robert T. Craig when it has a little meaning
(communication theorist. His 1999 article ★​ EMOTIONAL INTERFERENCE
"Communication Theory as a Field"
-​ It is difficult if the sender or the receiver, or
attempted to unify the academic field of
both of them are too emotional especially
communication theory)
●​ Communication creates and produces our with negative feelings such as anger,
social world hostility or frustration.
●​ It is the driving force in our lives and -​ To the sender, his/her ideas and feelings
relationships. often get in the way of being objective
●​ It is the central activity in our lives that -​ To the receiver, he/she may ignore or
creates all other social forces in the distort the message
society.
“Communication…is no secondary phenomenon ★​ DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION AND
that can be explained by antecedent psychological, LANGUAGE
sociological, cultural and economic factors; rather, -​ Perception is people’s individual
communication itself is the primary constitutive
interpretation of the sensory world around
process that explains all of these factors.”
them
-​ Your definition of words may differ
COMMUNICATION BARRIERS dramatically from those of other people
★​ CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
★​ NOISE -​ Age, education, social status, economic
-​ an element in communication that position, religion, country of origin, and life
interrupts or distorts the message sent by experience differ substantially between the
the sender to the receiver sender and the receiver

BARRIERS BETWEEN PEOPLE BARRIERS WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS

★​ PHYSICAL DISTRACTIONS ★​ INFORMATION OVERLOAD AND
-​ usually on the channel used by the sender MESSAGE COMPETITION
and even by the receiver that interrupts or -​ Too many messages received that
distorts the message determining which should be prioritized
➔​ TECHNICAL DISTRACTIONS becomes a burden to both the
-​ caused by the kind of technology we use administrators and subordinates
-​ They include things such as slow internet ★​ INCORRECT FILTERING
connections, distorted audio, unclear -​ Filtering is screening out or abbreviating
video, etc. information before passing the message to
➔​ HUMAN DISTRACTIONS someone
-​ caused by people
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATIONS
Jyle Christien A. Santiago ENGS101
AC16Am

-​ One information theory states “every relay FIVE PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

doubles the noise and cuts the message in
half.” 1.​ COMMUNICATION CAN BE
★​ CLOSED OR INADEQUATE INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL
COMMUNICATION CLIMATE -​ We are often aware of the messages that
we relay either verbally or nonverbally, but
-​ A management style that is directive and
sometimes we are unconscious of the
authoritarian blocks the free and open
nonverbal cues we make.
exchange of information
-​ Having too few channels will block
2.​ IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO
communication
COMMUNICATE
-​ Having too many channels will distort
-​ absence of communication (silence) can
messages
also be interpreted into a meaning
-​ We communicate not only verbally but also
FIVE MISCONCEPTIONS OF through our actions, facial expressions, and
COMMUNICATION other nonverbal cues

1.​ MEANINGS ARE IN WORDS 3.​ COMMUNICATION IS IRREVERSIBLE

-​ Meanings are in people not words -​ what you've said can't be undone; however,
-​ We need to listen to understand
you can regret it and apologize
-​ Words are powerful, but how they are
delivered has a bigger impact and creates
more meaning 4.​ COMMUNICATION IS UNREPEATABLE
★​ Patience: essential with Russians, as -​ We may say the same thing over and over
negotiations are often slow. again but the effect of what you said the
second or third or fourth time will not be
the same as the first time you said it
2.​ MORE COMMUNICATION IS BETTER
-​ We don't need to provide comments or
5.​ COMMUNICATION IS CONTEXTUAL
respond to everything we hear and see
-​ The time and place of the communication
-​ we need to read the room and shut up influence it
sometimes -​ it occurs in particular situations or systems
(aspects) that influence what and how we
communicate and what meanings we
3.​ COMMUNICATION WILL SOLVE ALL
attach to the messages.
PROBLEMS
★​ Psychological aspect: refers to who is
-​ Communication is not a panacea or
having the conversation and what is it
solution to all problems.
about
-​ We need to act more than just talk.
★​ Relational aspect: entails one’s reaction
and feedback
4.​ COMMUNICATION IS SIMPLE ★​ Situational aspect: where the parties are
-​ It is complex communicating with respect to the
psycho-social ‘situation’
★​ Environmental aspect: where the parties
5.​ COMMUNICATION IS A NATURAL are communicating, however in a physical
ABILITY perspective such as the physical location,
-​ Not everyone was born as good temperature, time of day
communicators ★​ Cultural aspect: refers to the parties’
-​ It can be learned and improved through behavior that is a variable as to the effect
of textual