DNS – Semester II

SHIP OPERATIONS
MARINE POLLUTION PREVENTION

MARPOL
1.0 Introduction and ANNEX I
And PSSA
(Ref. Syllabus 1.1 to 1.35)
1
 1.1 Brief History of MARPOL
OILPOL 54
• Oil Pollution of the seas was recognized as a problem in
the first half of the 20th century and various countries
introduced national regulations to control discharges of Oil
(up to 100 ppm) within their territorial waters.
• The first step towards control of pollution from ships on an
International scale was the adoption of, “International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea
by Oil” in 1954 (OILPOL 54). It entered into force in 1958.
• OILPOL 54 primarily addressed pollution resulting from
routine tanker operations and from the discharge of oily
mixtures from machinery spaces.
It did not deal with accidental pollution.
• From 1st January 1959, OILPOL 54 was dealt with by IMO 2
 1.1 Brief History of MARPOL
TORREY CANYON disaster
• In 1967, the tanker TORREY CANYON bound from
Kuwait to Milford Haven ran aground on Seven Stones
reef off the British coast due to an error in navigation and
spilled her entire cargo of 120,000 tonnes of crude oil.
• The impact of the Torrey Canyon disaster, brought to light
the immense threat of massive pollution which would
result from accidental discharge of oil in the event of
groundings / strandings, collisions, structural failures, etc.
• It raised questions about the inadequateness of the then
measures in place to prevent oil pollution from ships and
exposed deficiencies in the existing system.
(OILPOL 54 ? Compensation ?)
3
 Ran aground
Major Structural failure
Broke into two
Spilled 120,000 tonnes
of crude oil.

Torrey Canyon Disaster, 1967 4

On 18th March 1967, the “Torrey Canyon”, bound from Kuwait to
Milford Haven ran aground on Seven Stones reef and spilled her
5
entire cargo of 120,000 tonnes of crude oil into the sea.
 1.1 Brief History of MARPOL
Action by IMO
• An Extraordinary session of the IMO Council drew up a plan
of action on technical and legal aspects of the Torrey
Canyon incident. This was further discussed in the
Assembly session of 1967.
• 1969 amendment to OILPOL 54.
• In 1969, the IMO Assembly decided to convene an
international conference in 1973 to adopt a suitable
international agreement for prevention of marine pollution.
• In 1971, the IMO Assembly set up a new Technical
Committee, “Marine Environment Protection Committee”
(MEPC) with the task of developing a new draft Convention
for prevention of marine pollution taking into account both
accidental and operational pollution, and other marine
pollutants in addition to oil. (MARPOL 73). 6
 1.1 Brief History of MARPOL
MARPOL 73
• Developments in modern industrial practices and concerns
for the environment led to the need for further action in
Pollution Prevention measures with a broader scope,
covering all aspects of the marine environment. There was a
need to totally update and finally replace OILPOL 54.
• In 1973, an IMO International Conference adopted,
“International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973”. (MARPOL 73).
• MARPOL 73 consists of; Articles, two Protocols and five
technical annexes which contain Regulations for the
Prevention of Pollution by : Oil (Annex I); Noxious Liquid
Substances carried in Bulk (Annex II); Harmful Substances
carried in Packages (Annex III); Sewage (Annex IV); and
Garbage (Annex V). 7
 1.1 Brief History of MARPOL
MARPOL Protocol 1978
• During the winter of 1976 / 77 in response to a spate of
tanker accidents, IMO held a Conference on,
“Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention” in 1978.
• The Conference adopted measures to further improve
tanker design, construction, operation, safety and
pollution prevention. It resulted in the development of :
SOLAS Protocol 1978 and MARPOL Protocol 1978.
• As MARPOL 73 was not yet in force, MARPOL Protocol
1978 absorbed the parent Convention as a combined
instrument for the purpose of ratification. The combined
instrument thus became MARPOL 73 / 78.
• MARPOL 73 / 78 Annex I entered into force on
2nd October 1983. 8
 1.1 Brief History of MARPOL
MARPOL Protocol 1997
• In 1997, a Protocol was adopted to amend the Convention
and a new Annex VI, “Regulations for the Prevention of
Air Pollution from Ships” was added which entered into
force on 19 May 2005.
Concluding remarks
• Thus it became MARPOL 73 / 78 / 97.
The full title of the Convention is given in the next slide.
The short title is known as “MARPOL”.
• The six Technical Annexes with their respective dates of entry
into force are given in slides 11 and 12.
• MARPOL is updated through the years by amendments which
are discussed / adopted during MEPC meetings held twice
every year.
9
Updated ‘ Consolidated Editions’ are published by IMO.
The International Convention
for the Prevention of Marine
Pollution from Ships, 1973
as modified by the
1978 and 1997 Protocols
relating thereto
( MARPOL )
10
 MARPOL – Technical Annexes
The International Convention includes regulations aimed at
preventing and minimizing pollution from ships – both accidental
pollution and that from routine operations – and currently includes six
technical Annexes: Entry into
force
Annex I Regulations for the Prevention of 2nd October
Pollution by Oil 1983
Annex II Regulations for the Control of 6th April 1987
Pollution by Noxious Liquid
Substances in Bulk
Annex III Regulations for the Prevention of 1st July 1992
Pollution by Harmful Substances
Carried by Sea in Packaged Form 11
 Entry into force

Annex IV Regulations for the Prevention 27th September 2003

of Pollution by Sewage from
Ships
Annex V Regulations for the Prevention 31st December 1988
of Pollution by Garbage from
Ships
Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention 19th May 2005
of Air Pollution from Ships

State Parties must accept Annexes I & II, but the other Annexes are
optional.
12
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 1 : General obligations under the Convention
(1) The Parties to the Convention undertake to give effect to
the provisions of the present Convention and those
Annexes thereto by which they are bound, (Six Technical
Annexes) in order to prevent the pollution of the marine
environment by the discharge of harmful substances or
effluents containing such substances in contravention of
the Convention.
Article 2 : Definitions
• For the purposes of the present Convention unless
expressly provided otherwise :
(1) Regulation means the regulations contained in the
Annexes to the present Convention.
13
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 2 : Definitions (Contd.)
• For the purposes of the present Convention unless
expressly provided otherwise :
(2) Harmful substance means any substance which, if
introduced into the sea, is liable to create hazards to
human health, to harm living resources and marine life,
to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate
uses of the sea, and includes any substance subject to
control by the present Convention.
(3) (a) Discharge, in relation to harmful substances or
effluents containing such substances, means any release
howsoever caused from a ship and includes any escape,
disposal, spilling, leaking, pumping, emitting or emptying;
(3) (b) Continued in next slide) 14
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 2 : Definitions (Contd.)
• For the purposes of the present Convention unless
expressly provided otherwise :
(3) (b) Discharge does not include : (i) Dumping (LDC); or
(ii) Release of harmful substances directly arising from
the exploration, exploitation and associated offshore
processing of seabed mineral resources; or
(iii) Release of harmful substances for purposes of
legitimate scientific research into pollution abatement or
control.
(4) Ship means a vessel of any type whatsoever operating
in the marine environment and includes hydrofoil boats,
air-cushion vehicles, submersibles, floating craft and
fixed or floating platforms. 15
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 2 : Definitions (Contd.)
• For the purposes of the present Convention unless
expressly provided otherwise :
(5) Administration means the Government of the State
under whose authority the ship is operating.
With respect to a ship entitled to fly a flag of any State,
the Administration is the Government of that State. …..
(Flag State)
(6) Incident means an event involving the actual or
probable discharge into the sea of a harmful substance,
or effluents containing such a substance.
(7) Organization means the International Maritime
Organization. (IMO)
16
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 3 : Application
(1) The present Convention shall apply to :
(a) Ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party to the Convention;
and (b) Ships not entitled to fly the flag of a Party but …..
Article 4 : Violation
(1) Any Violation of the requirements of the present
Convention shall be prohibited and sanctions shall be
established therefor under the law of the Administration
of the ship concerned wherever the violation occurs.
If the Administration is informed of such a violation and is
satisfied that sufficient evidence is available to enable
proceedings to be brought in respect of the alleged violation, it
shall cause such proceedings to be taken as soon as possible,
in accordance with its law. (In India, Merchant Shipping Act…)
17
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 4 : Violation (Contd.)
(3) Action taken by Administration to be informed to Party
which has furnished the evidence, and IMO.
(4) The penalties specified under the law of a Party pursuant
to the present article shall be adequate in severity to
discourage violations of the present Convention and shall
be equally severe irrespective of where the violations
occur.
Article 5 : Certificates and special rules on
inspection of ships
(2) A ship required to hold a certificate in accordance with the
provisions of the regulations is subject, while in the ports or
offshore terminals under the jurisdiction of a Party, to
inspection by officers duly authorized by that Party. (PSCO)
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 5 : Certificates and special rules on
inspection of ships (Contd.)
(2) Contd. Any such inspection shall be limited to verifying that
there is on board a valid certificate, unless there are clear
grounds for believing that the condition of the ship or its
equipment does not correspond substantially with the
particulars of that certificate.
In that case, or if the ship does not carry a valid certificate,
the Party carrying out the inspection shall take such steps
as will ensure that the ship shall not sail until it can proceed
to sea without presenting an unreasonable threat of harm to
the marine environment. That Party may, however, grant
such a ship permission to leave the port or offshore terminal
for the purpose of proceeding to the nearest appropriate
repair yard available. 19
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 5 : Certificates and special rules on
inspection of ships (Contd.)
(3) If a Party denies a foreign ship entry to the ports or
offshore terminals under its jurisdiction …..
Shall immediately inform the consul or diplomatic
representative of the Party ….. (Agents / Owners)
Consultation with Flag Administration.
(4) With respect to the ship of non – Parties to the
Convention, Parties shall apply the Convention as may
be necessary to ensure that no more favourable
treatment is given to such ships.
Article 6 : Detection of violations and
enforcement of the Convention
(1) Parties to the Convention shall cooperate in the ….. 20
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 6 : Detection of violations and
enforcement of the Convention
(1) Parties to the Convention shall cooperate in the
detection of violations and the enforcement of the
provisions of the present Convention, using all
appropriate and practicable measures of detection and
environmental monitoring, adequate procedures for
reporting and accumulation of evidence.
(2) Port State Control Inspection. Action if any.
(3) Upon receiving evidence, the Flag Administration shall
investigate and take action.
(4) Port State Control Inspection may also carry out
inspection if request received from any Party.
21
 MARPOL - Articles
Article 7 : Undue delay to ships
Article 8 : Reports on incidents
involving harmful substances
(1) A report of an incident shall be made without delay to the
fullest extent possible in accordance with the provisions
of the present Convention. ….. (Further details in Protocol I)
Article 9 : Other treaties and interpretation
(1) Upon its entry into force, the present Convention
supersedes the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as
amended, as between Parties to that Convention.
(OILPOL 54)
• There are further Articles from 10 to 20.
22
 MARPOL Annex I
Definitions (Ref. Ch.I Reg.1)
(1) Oil means petroleum in any form including crude oil,
fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse and refined products (other than
those petrochemicals which are subject to the
provisions of Annex II of the present Convention) and,
without limiting the generality of the foregoing, includes
the substances listed in appendix I to this Annex.

(2) Crude Oil means any liquid hydrocarbon mixture

occurring naturally in the earth whether or not treated to
render it suitable for transportation and includes:
.1 crude oil from which certain distillate fractions may
have been removed; and
.2 crude oil to which certain distillate fractions may have
been added.
23
 MARPOL Annex I
Definitions (Ref. Ch.I Reg.1)
(3) Oily mixture means a mixture with any oil content.

(4) Oil fuel means any oil used as fuel in connection with the
propulsion and auxiliary machinery of the ship in which such
oil is carried.

(5) Oil tanker means a ship constructed or adapted primarily

to carry oil in bulk in its cargo spaces and includes
combination carriers, any “NLS tanker” as defined in Annex
II of the present Convention and any gas carrier as defined
in regulation 3.20 of chapter II-1 of SOLAS 74 (as amended),
when carrying a cargo or part cargo of oil in bulk.

(6) Crude oil tanker means an oil tanker engaged in the

trade of carrying crude oil.
24
 MARPOL Annex I
Definitions (Ref. Ch.I Reg.1)
(7) Product carrier means an oil tanker engaged in the
trade of carrying oil other than crude oil.

(8) Combination carrier means a ship designed to carry

either oil or solid cargoes in bulk.

(10) Nearest land. The term “from the nearest land”

means from the baseline from which the territorial sea of
the territory in question is established in accordance
with international law, except that, off the north-eastern
coast of Australia shall mean from a line drawn joining
co-ordinates of points as given in latitude and longitude.
(Outer fringe of Great Barrier reef, for protection)

25
 MARPOL Annex I
Definitions (Ref. Ch.I Reg.1)
(11) Special area means a sea area where for recognized
technical reasons in relation to its oceanographical and
ecological condition and to the particular character of its
traffic the adoption of special mandatory methods for the
prevention of sea pollution by oil is required.

List of Special Areas :

1. the Mediterranean Sea area 2. the Baltic Sea area
3. the Black Sea area 4. the Red Sea area
5. the Gulfs area 6. the Gulf of Aden area
7. the Antarctic area 8. the North West European waters
9. the Oman area of the Arabian Sea 10. the Southern South African
waters.
26
SPECIAL AREAS ADOPTED ENTRY INTO FORCE

1. Mediterranean Sea 2 Nov 1973 2 Oct 1983

2. Baltic Sea 2 Nov 1973 2 Oct 1983
3. Black Sea 2 Nov 1973 2 Oct 1983
4. Red Sea 2 Nov 1973 2 Oct 1983
5. “Gulfs” area 2 Nov 1973 2 Oct 1983

6. Gulf of Aden 1 Dec 1987 1 April 1989

7. Antarctic area 16 Nov 1990 17 March 1992
8. NW European waters 25 Sep 1997 1 Feb 1999
9. Oman area of the 15 Oct 2004 1 Jan 2007
Arabian Sea
10. Southern South 13 Oct 2006 1 Mar 2008
African waters 27
 MARPOL Annex I
Definitions (Ref. Ch.I Reg.1)
(12) Instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content
means the rate of discharge of oil in litres per hour at any
instant divided by the speed of the ship in knots at the
same instant.
(13) Tank means an enclosed space which is formed by
the permanent structure of a ship and which is designed
for the carriage of liquid in bulk.
(14) Wing tank means any tank adjacent to the
side shell plating. 28
 MARPOL Annex I
Definitions (Ref. Ch.I Reg.1)

(15) Centre tank means any tank inboard of a

longitudinal bulkhead.

(16) Slop tank means a tank specifically designated

for the collection of tank drainings, tank washings and
other oily mixtures.

29
(17) Clean ballast means the ballast in a tank which, since oil
was last carried therein, has been so cleaned that effluent
therefrom if it were discharged from a ship which is stationary
into clean calm water on a clear day would not produce visible
traces of oil on the surface of the water or on adjoining
shorelines or cause a sludge or emulsion to be deposited
beneath the surface of the water or upon adjoining shorelines.
If the ballast is discharged through an oil discharge monitoring
and control system approved by the Administration, evidence
based on such a system to the effect that the oil content of the
effluent did not exceed 15 parts per million shall be
determinative that the ballast was clean, notwithstanding the
presence of visible traces. 30
 MARPOL Annex I
Definitions (Ref. Ch.I Reg.1)
(18) Segregated ballast means the ballast water
introduced into a tank which is completely separated
from the cargo oil and oil fuel system and which is
permanently allocated to the carriage of ballast.
(27) Anniversary date means the day and the month of
each year, which will correspond to the date of expiry of
the International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate.
(29) Parts per million (ppm) means parts of oil per
million parts of water by volume. 31
(31) Oil residue (sludge) means the residual waste oil products
generated during the normal operation of a ship such as those
resulting from the purification of fuel or lubricating oil for main
or auxiliary machinery, separated waste oil from oil filtering
equipment, waste oil collected in drip trays, and waste
hydraulic and lubricating oils.
(32) Oil residue (sludge) tank means a tank which holds oil
residue (sludge) from which sludge may be disposed directly
through the standard discharge connection or any other
approved means of disposal.
(33) Oily bilge water means water which may be contaminated
by oil resulting from things such as leakage or maintenance
work in machinery spaces. Any liquid entering the bilge
system including bilge wells, bilge piping, tank top or bilge
holding tanks is considered oily bilge water.
(34) Oily bilge water holding tank means a tank collecting oily
bilge water prior to its discharge, transfer or disposal. 32
 Application (Ref. Ch. 1 Reg. 2)
(1) Unless expressly provided otherwise, the provisions of
this Annex shall apply to all ships.
(Most of this Annex applies to :
- Oil Tankers of 150 gt and above; and
- Ships, other than Oil Tankers of 400 gt and above.)

Chapter 2 – Surveys and certification

Surveys (Ref. Ch. 2 Reg. 6)
(1) Every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnage, and every other
ship of 400 gross tonnage and above shall be subject to
the following surveys :
- An initial survey;
- An annual survey, anniversary date +/- 3 months;
- An intermediate survey, 2nd or 3rd anniversary date +/- 3 m;
- A renewal survey, not exceeding 5 years (-3 m);
- An additional survey, according to the circumstances.33
 Chapter 2 – Surveys and certification
Form of certificate (Ref. Ch.2 Reg. 9)
• The International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) Certificate
shall be drawn up in the form given in appendix II and shall
be in at least English, French or Spanish.
Duration and validity of certificate (Ref. Ch.2 Reg. 10)
• An International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP)
Certificate shall be issued for a period specified by the
Administration, which shall not exceed five years.
Port State control on operational requirements
(Ref. Ch.2 Reg. 11)
• A ship when in a port or an offshore terminal of another
Party is subject to inspection by officers duly authorised
by such Party concerning operational requirements under
this Annex, where there are clear grounds for believing
that the master or crew are not familiar with essential
shipboard procedures relating to the prevention of
pollution by oil. (Also refer Article 5) 34
 Chapter 4 – Requirements for the
Cargo Area of Oil Tankers
Part A – Construction
Regulation 18 – Segregated ballast tanks

Regulation 19 – Double Hull and Double Bottom

requirements for Oil Tankers

Regulation 29 – Slop tanks

35
 Chapter 4 – Requirements for the
Cargo Area of Oil Tankers
Part A – Construction
Regulation 30 – Pumping, piping and discharge
arrangement
1 In every oil tanker, a discharge manifold for connection to
reception facilities for the discharge of dirty ballast water or
oil-contaminated water shall be located on the open deck on
both sides of the ship.
2 In every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnage and above, pipelines
for the discharge to the sea of ballast water or oil –
contaminated water from cargo tank areas which may be
permitted under regulation 34 of this Annex shall be led to
the open deck or to the ship’s side above the waterline in
the deepest ballast condition.
3 The above discharges may be visually observed from a
position on the upper deck. Means for stopping /
communication. 36
Regulation 30 – Pumping, piping and discharge
arrangement (Contd.)
4 Every oil tanker, required to be provided with segregated
ballast tanks or fitted with a crude oil washing system,
shall comply with the following requirements :
.1 it shall be equipped with oil piping so designed and
installed that oil retention in the lines is minimized; and
.2 means shall be provided to drain all cargo pumps and
all oil lines at the completion of cargo discharge, where
necessary by connection to a stripping device.
The line and pump draining shall be capable of being
discharged both ashore and to a cargo tank or a slop tank.
For discharge ashore a special small diameter line
shall be provided and shall be connected outboard of the
ship’s manifold valves. ( MARPOL line)
The cross-sectional area of the small diameter line
(MARPOL line) shall not exceed 10% of a main cargo
discharge line.
See figure in the next two slides. 37
Connection of special small diameter line
outboard of manifold valve
MANIFOLD
VALVES

Stripper
Pump Cargo Pumps

Main cargo lines

from tanks

38
 Pump and line drainage arrangement and
special small diameter discharge line (MARPOL line)
39
Regulation 30 – Pumping, piping and discharge
arrangement (Contd.)
6 On every oil tanker the discharge of ballast water or oil –
contaminated water from cargo tank areas shall take
place above the waterline, except as follows :
.1 Segregated ballast and clean ballast may be discharged
below the waterline :
.1.1 in ports or at offshore terminals; or
.1.2 at sea by gravity, or
.1.3 at sea by pumps if the ballast water exchange is
performed under the provisions of regulation D-1.1 of the
International Convention for the Control and Management
of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments,
provided that the surface of the ballast water has been
examined either visually or by other means immediately
before the discharge to ensure that no contamination with
oil has taken place.
40
 Chapter 4 – Requirements for the
Cargo Area of Oil Tankers
Part B – Equipment
Regulation 31 – Oil Discharge Monitoring and
Control System
1 Oil tankers of 150 gross tonnage and above shall be
fitted with an Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control
System (ODMCS) approved by the Administration.
…..
Regulation 32 – Oil / water interface detector

Regulation 33 – Crude oil washing requirements

(Also ref. Part C, Reg. 35 – COW operations)
41
 Chapter 4 – Requirements for the
Cargo Area of Oil Tankers
Part C – Control of operational discharges of oil
Regulation 34 – Control of discharge of oil
A Discharges outside special areas except in Arctic waters
1 Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from
the cargo area of an oil tanker shall be prohibited
except when all the following conditions are satisfied:
.1 the tanker is not within a special area;
.2 the tanker is more than 50 nautical miles from the
nearest land;
.3 the tanker is proceeding en route;
.4 the instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content
does not exceed 30 litres per nautical mile;
42
 Regulation 34 – Control of discharge of oil
A Discharges outside special areas (Contd.)
.5 the total quantity of oil discharged into the sea does
not exceed 1/30,000 of the total quantity of the
particular cargo of which the residue formed a part;
and
.6 the tanker has in operation an oil discharge
monitoring and control system and a slop tank
arrangement as required by regulations 29 (Slop
tanks) and 31 (ODMCS) of this Annex.
2 The provisions of the above paragraph of this regulation
shall not apply to the discharge of clean or segregated
ballast.
43
 Regulation 34 – Control of discharge of oil
B Discharges in special areas
• Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixture from the
cargo area of an oil tanker shall be prohibited while in a
special area. This provision shall not apply to the
discharge of clean or segregated ballast.
• In respect of the Antarctic area, any discharge into the
sea of oil or oily mixtures from any ship shall be
prohibited.
• A ship on a voyage only part of which is in a special area
shall not be prohibited from discharging outside a special
area.

C Requirements for oil tankers of less than

150 gross tonnage 44
 Regulation 34 – Control of discharge of oil
D General requirements
7 Whenever visible traces of oil are observed on or below
the surface of the water in the immediate vicinity of a ship
or its wake, the Governments of Parties to the present
Convention should, to the extent they are reasonably able
to do so, promptly investigate the facts bearing on the
issue of whether there has been a violation of the
provisions of this regulation.
The investigation should include, in particular, the wind
and sea conditions, the track and speed of the ship, other
possible sources of the visible traces in the vicinity, and
any relevant oil discharge records.
(Also refer Articles 4 and 6 regarding violations)
45
 Regulation 34 – Control of discharge of oil
D General requirements (Contd.)
8 No discharge into the sea shall contain chemicals or
other substances in quantities or concentrations
which are hazardous to the marine environment or
chemicals or other substances introduced for the
purpose of circumventing the conditions of discharge
specified in this regulation.
9 The oil residues which cannot be discharged into the
sea in compliance with the above paragraphs of this
regulation shall be retained on board for subsequent
discharge to reception facilities.

46
From Syllabus : 1.21, 1.22 & 1.23
• Ballast water should not normally be carried in cargo
tanks of tankers provided with segregated ballast
tanks. (Ref. Syllabus 1.21)
Extract from : Regulation 18 –
Segregated Ballast Tanks para. 3 and 4 :
3 In no case shall ballast water be carried in cargo tanks,
except :
.1 on those rare voyages when weather conditions are so
severe that, in the opinion of the master it is necessary to
carry additional ballast water for the safety of the ship
(heavy weather ballast); and
.2 in exceptional cases …..
4 In Crude Oil Tankers, the additional ballast shall be
carried in cargo tanks that have been crude oil washed. 47
 Chapter 3 – Requirements for
machinery spaces of all ships
Part A – Construction
Regulation 12 – Tanks for oil residues (sludge)
Regulation 13 – Standard discharge connection
• To enable pipes of reception facilities to be connected with the
ship’s discharge pipeline for residues from machinery bilges
and from oil residue (sludge) tanks, both lines shall be fitted
with a standard discharge connection in accordance with
standard dimensions for flanges, as specified.
Part B – Equipment Regulation 14 – Oil filtering equipment
48
 Chapter 3 – Requirements for
machinery spaces of all ships
Part C – Control Of Operational Discharge Of Oil
Regulation 15 – Control Of Discharge Of Oil
A Discharges Outside Special Areas except in Arctic waters
• Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from machinery
spaces of ships of 400 gross tonnage and above shall be
prohibited except when all the following conditions are satisfied :
.1 The ship is proceeding en route;
.2 The oily mixture is processed through an oil filtering
equipment meeting the requirements of regulation 14 of this
Annex; (15ppm oil filtering system) 49
Regulation 15 – Control Of Discharge Of Oil
A Discharges Outside Special Areas (Contd.)

.3 The oil content of the effluent without dilution

does not exceed 15 parts per million;

.4 The oily mixture does not originate from cargo

pump-room bilges on oil tankers; and

.5 The oily mixture, in case of oil tankers is not

mixed with oil cargo residues.

50
Regulation 15 – Control Of Discharge Of Oil
B Discharges in special areas
• Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from
machinery spaces of ships of 400 gross tonnage and
above shall be prohibited except when all the following
conditions are satisfied :
.1 The ship is proceeding en route;
.2 The oily mixture is processed through an oil filtering
equipment meeting the requirements of regulation 14.7
of this Annex;
(Regulation 14.7: 15 ppm oil filtering system + automatic stopping device.)
.3 The oil content of the effluent without dilution does not
exceed 15 parts per million;
.4 The oily mixture does not originate from cargo pump-
room bilges on oil tankers;
.5 The oily mixture, in case of oil tankers, is not mixed with
oil cargo residues.
51
Regulation 15 – Control Of Discharge Of Oil
B Discharges in special areas (Contd.)
• In respect of the Antarctic area, any discharge into the
sea of oil or oily mixtures from any ship shall be
prohibited.
• A ship on a voyage only part of which is in a special area
shall not be prohibited from discharging outside a special
area.
C Requirements for ships of less than 400 gross tonnage
in all areas except the Antarctic area and Arctic waters.
D General requirements
(Same as Reg. 34, slides 44 and 45)
52
 Regulation 17 – Oil Record Book
Part I – Machinery space operations
• Every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnage and above and
every ship of 400 gross tonnage and above other than an
oil tanker shall be provided with an Oil Record Book Part I
(Machinery space operations).
• The Oil Record Book, whether as a part of the ship’s
official log-book, as an electronic record book which shall
be approved by the Administration taking into account the
Guidelines developed by the Organization, or otherwise,
shall be in the form specified in appendix III to this Annex.
53
 Regulation 17 – Oil Record Book
Part I – Machinery space operations (Contd.)
• The Oil Record Book Part I shall be completed on each
occasion on a tank-to-tank basis if appropriate, whenever
any of the following machinery space operations takes place
in the ship:
.1 ballasting or cleaning of oil fuel tanks;
.2 discharge of dirty ballast or cleaning water from oil fuel
tanks;
.3 collection and disposal of oil residues (sludge and other
oil residues);
.4 discharge overboard or disposal otherwise of bilge water
which has accumulated in machinery spaces; and
.5 bunkering of fuel or bulk lubricating oil. 54
 Regulation 17 – Oil Record Book
Part I – Machinery space operations (Contd.)
• In the event of such discharge of oil or oily mixture as is referred
to in regulation 4 of this Annex (Exceptions) or in the event of
accidental or other exceptional discharge of oil not excepted by
that regulation, a statement shall be made in the Oil Record Book
Part I of the circumstances of, and the reasons for, the discharge.
• Each operation described above shall be fully recorded without
delay in the Oil Record Book Part I, so that all entries in the book
appropriate to that operation are completed.
• Each completed operation shall be signed by the officer or officers in
charge of the operations concerned and each completed page or
group of electronic entries shall be signed by the master of ship. 55
 Regulation 17 – Oil Record Book
Part I – Machinery space operations (Contd.)
• The entries in the Oil Record Book Part I, for ships holding an
International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate, shall be at
least in English, French or Spanish.
• Any failure of the oil filtering equipment shall be recorded in the
Oil Record Book Part I.
• The Oil Record Book Part I shall be kept in such a place as to
be readily available for inspection at all reasonable times and,
except in the case of unmanned ships under tow, shall be kept
on board the ship. It shall be preserved for a period of three
years after the last entry has been made.
56
 Regulation 17 – Oil Record Book
Part I – Machinery space operations (Contd.)
• The competent authority of the Government of a Party to
the present Convention may inspect the Oil Record Book
Part I on board any ship to which this Annex applies while
the ship is in its port or offshore terminals and may make
a copy of any entry in that book and may require the
master of the ship to certify that the copy is a true copy of
such entry.
• Any copy so made shall be admissible in any judicial
proceedings as evidence of the facts stated in the entry.
• The inspection of an Oil Record Book Part I and the taking
of a certified copy by the competent authority shall be
performed as expeditiously as possible without causing
the ship to be unduly delayed. 57
 Regulation 36 – Oil Record Book
Part II – Cargo / ballast operations
• Every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnage and above shall be
provided with an Oil Record Book Part II ( Cargo / Ballast
Operations ).
• The Oil Record Book Part II, whether as a part of the ship’s
official log-book, as an electronic record book, or otherwise,
shall be in the form specified in appendix III of this Annex.
• The Oil Record Book Part II shall be completed on each
occasion, on a tank-to-tank basis if appropriate, whenever
any of the following cargo/ballast operations take place in
the ship:
.1 loading of oil cargo;
.2 internal transfer of oil cargo during voyage;
.3 unloading of oil cargo;
.4 ballasting of cargo tanks and dedicated clean ballast
tanks;
.5 cleaning of cargo tanks including crude oil washing; 58
 Regulation 36 – Oil Record Book
Part II – Cargo / ballast operations (Contd.)
.6 discharge of ballast except from segregated ballast tanks;
.7 discharge of water from slop tanks;
.8 closing of all applicable valves or similar devices after
slop tank discharge operations;
.9 closing of valves necessary for isolation of dedicated
clean ballast tanks from cargo and stripping lines after slop
tank discharge operations; and
.10 disposal of residues.
• The total quantity of oil and water used for washing and
returned to a storage tank shall be recorded in the Oil Record
Book Part II.
• In the event of such discharge of oil or oily mixture as is
referred to in regulation 4 of this Annex or in the event of
accidental or other exceptional discharge, a statement shall be
made in the Oil Record Book Part II of the circumstances of, 59
and the reasons for, the discharge.
 Regulation 36 – Oil Record Book
Part II – Cargo / ballast operations (Contd.)
• Each operation described above shall be fully recorded without
delay in the Oil Record Book Part II so that all entries in the
book appropriate to that operation are completed.
• Each completed operation shall be signed by the officer or
officers in charge of the operations concerned and each
completed page or group of electronic entries shall be signed
by the master of ship.
• The entries in the Oil Record Book Part II shall be at least in
English, French or Spanish.
• Any failure of the ODMCS (Oil Discharge Monitoring and
Control System) shall be noted in the Oil Record Book Part II.
• The Oil Record Book shall be kept in such a place as to be
readily available for inspection at all reasonable times. It shall
be preserved for a period of three years after the last entry has
been made.
• Inspection by competent authority : Same as slide 57. 60
 Chapter 5 – Prevention of pollution
arising from an oil pollution incident
Regulation 37 – Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan
( SOPEP )
• Every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnage and above and every
ship other than an oil tanker of 400 gross tonnage and
above shall carry on board a Shipboard Oil Pollution
Emergency Plan (SOPEP) approved by the Administration.
• Such a plan shall be prepared based on guidelines
developed by the Organization and written in the working
language of the master and officers.
• The plan shall consist at least of :
.1 the procedure to be followed by the master or other
persons having charge of the ship to report an oil pollution
incident; (Contd. In next slide) 61
 Regulation 37 – Shipboard Oil Pollution
Emergency Plan ( SOPEP ) (Contd.)
.2 the list of authorities or persons to be contacted in the
event of an oil pollution incident;
.3 a detailed description of the action to be taken
immediately by persons on board to reduce or control the
discharge of oil following the incident; and
.4 the procedures and point of contact on the ship for
coordinating shipboard action with national and local
authorities in combating the pollution.
• In the case of ships to which regulation 17 of Annex II of
the present Convention also applies, such a plan may be
combined with the Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency
Plan (SMPEP) for noxious liquid substances.
• All oil tankers of 5,000 tonnes DWT or more shall have
prompt access to computerized shore-based damage
stability and residual structural strength calculation
programs. 62
SOPEP

List of Equipment Reqd. as per SOPEP Manual

63 63
 Syllabus 1.7 : Define / Explain :
Vessel Response Plan (VRP)
Exxon Valdez oil pollution incident
• On March 24, 1989, VLCC Exxon Valdez ran aground on
Bligh reef in Alaska’s Prince William Sound and spilled over
37,000 tonnes of Alaskan crude. See next two slides.
• The pollution incident caused extensive environmental
damage with claims running into billions of dollars.
OPA 90
• In the aftermath of the incident, one of the most important
outcomes was the enactment of the US Oil Pollution Act
1990 (OPA 90).
• OPA 90 addressed a wide range of problems associated
with preventing, responding to, and paying for oil pollution
incidents in navigable waters of the United States. 64
March 1989, VLCC EXXON VALDEZ pollution incident
65 65
 On March 24,
1989, VLCC
Exxon Valdez
ran aground on
Bligh reef in
Alaska’s Prince
William Sound
and spilled over
37,000 tonnes
of Alaskan crude
causing major
environmental
damage.

66
 Syllabus 1.7 : Define / Explain :
Vessel Response Plan (VRP)
Vessel Response Plan (VRP)
• OPA 90 amended the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
and outlines how companies are required to prevent,
respond to, and pay for oil spills.
• OPA 90 requires the following ships to have an approved
(USCG) Vessel Response Plan (VRP) :
- Tank vessels that carry oil in bulk as cargo or
cargo residue; and
- Non - Tank vessels that carry oil as fuel for main propulsion
and have a capacity of 2,500 barrels or more. (about 400 m3)
• OPA 90 regulation aims to minimize environmental damage
from oil spills by ensuring that ships have a plan in place for
prompt and effective response. 67
 Syllabus 1.7 : Define / Explain :
Vessel Response Plan (VRP)
Vessel Response Plan (VRP) (Contd.)
• The VRP includes information about the vessel, (name,
particulars, country of registry, call sign / MMSI, etc.),
contact information of the vessel’s owner / operator, a list of
zones that the vessel intends to operate in, identification of
the incident management team i.e. the people or group who
is to be notified in the event of a spill. Insurance company
(P&I Club). Spill kits. Approved Qualified Individual (QI),
available 24 hours. Contract with approved Oil Spill
Response Organization (OSRO). They play an integral part
in planned response to any oil spill incident. Training & Drills.
• Normally, VRP is combined with SOPEP. Additional
requirements of VRP is added to SOPEP and combined
SOPEP / VRP approval is obtained. 68
 NOT in Syllabus
• Chapter 6 - Reception Facilities
• Chapter 7 - Special requirements for fixed or floating
platforms
• Chapter 8 - Prevention of pollution during transfer of
oil cargo between oil tankers at sea
• Chapter 9 - Special requirements for the use or
carriage of oils polar waters
• Chapter 10 - Verification of compliance with the
provisions of this Convention
• Chapter 11 - International Code for Ships Operating
in Polar Waters
69
 Appendices to Annex I
• Appendix I - List of Oils
• Appendix II - Form of IOPP Certificate and
Supplements :
(FORM A : RECORD OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT
FOR SHIPS OTHER THAN OIL TANKERS)
(FORM B : RECORD OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT
FOR OIL TANKERS)
• Appendix III - Form of Oil Record Book
PART I – Machinery Space Operations
PART II – Cargo / Ballast Operations
(Oil Tankers)
• Appendix IV - Form of Exemption Certificate for
Unmanned Non-Self-Propelled (UNSP) Barges. 70
1.7 Define / Explain : Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas

71
 What is a PSSA?
• A Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) is an area
that needs special protection through action by IMO
because of its significance for recognized ecological
or socio-economic or scientific reasons and which
may be vulnerable to damage by international
maritime activities.
• The criteria for the identification of PSSAs and the
criteria for the designation of SPECIAL AREAS are
not mutually exclusive. In many cases a PSSA may be
identified within a SPECIAL AREA and vice-
versa.
72
 Designating PSSAs
• Guidelines on designating a PSSA have been
developed by IMO.
• These guidelines include criteria to allow areas to be
designated a PSSA if they fulfill a number of criteria,
including:
- Ecological criteria, such as unique or rare ecosystem,
diversity of the ecosystem or vulnerability to
degradation by natural events or human activities;
- Social, cultural and economic criteria, such as
significance of the area for recreation or tourism; and
- Scientific and educational criteria , such as biological
research or historical value.
73
 Designating PSSAs (Contd.)
• The provisions of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) are also relevant.

• When an area is approved as a PSSA, specific

measures can be used to control the maritime
activities in that area, such as:
- Routeing measures;
- Strict application of MARPOL discharge and
equipment requirements of ships, oil tankers; and
- Installation of Vessel Traffic Services (VTS).

74
 Designating PSSAs (Contd.)
• List of designated PSSAs :
- the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (designated a PSSA in
1990)
- the Sabana – Camaguey Archipelago in Cuba (1997)
- Malpelo Island, Colombia (2002)
- the sea around the Florida Keys, United States (2002)
- the Wadden Sea, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands(2002)
- Paracas National Reserve, Peru (2003)
- Western European Waters (2004)
- Extension of the existing Great Barrier Reef PSSA to
include the Torres Strait (proposed by Australia and
Papua New Guinea) (2005)
- Canary Islands, Spain (2005)
- the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument,
United States (2007)
75
 Designating PSSAs (Contd.)
• List of designated PSSAs : (Contd.)
- The Strait of Bonifacio, France and Italy (2011)
- The Saba Bank, in the North-eastern Caribbean area of
the Kingdom of the Netherlands (2012)
- Extension of Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait to
encompass the south-west part of the Coral Sea (2015)
- The Jomard Entrance, Papua New Guinea (2016)
- Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, the Sulu Sea,
Philippines (2017).
- North-Western Mediterranean Sea, France, Italy,
Monaco and Spain (2023)
- Nusa Penida Islands and Gili Matra Islands in Lombok
Strait (2024)
76
 Examination Questions
• January 2013
10. Explain the “Control of operational discharge of oil” as
described in MARPOL Annex I, with regard to : discharges
outside of “Special Areas” and discharges in “Special
Areas”? (10)
• July 2013
1.(a) State conditions under which oily mixtures from the
machinery space bilges other than pump-room bilges of an
oil tanker unless mixed with oil cargo residue may be
discharged into the sea. (5)
(b) List special areas for the purpose of ANNEX-I. (5)
• January 2014
1. Discuss briefly the following :
(a) Oil Record Book. (b) SOPEP manual. (10)
77
 Examination Questions
• June 2014
No question on this topic.
• January 2015
2.(a) List the special areas as per Annex I of MARPOL. (5)
• June 2015
1.(a) Describe the brief history of MARPOL 73/78 convention
and give names of six annexes in force. (5)
(b) Explain the criteria and equipment requirement for
controlling pollution from Oil Discharge from machinery
space of all ships. (5)
2.(a) List the equipments required as per SOPEP. (5)
(b) List the key points in a SOPEP Manual. (5)
4.(a) List the special areas of MARPOL Annex I. (5)
78
 Examination Questions
• December 2015
1.Write short notes on the requirements and contents of:
(a) Oil Record Book – Part I (b) SOPEP Manual (10)
• June 2016
1.(a) List the various annexes under MARPOL 73/78 (5)
(b) List the special areas under MARPOL Annex I (5)
3. Write short notes on following :
(a) SOPEP (b) Oil Record Book (10)
• December 2016
1.(a) Define: (i) Oily Mixture (ii) Special area (5)
(b) List the entries required in respect of cargo or ballast
operations in oil tankers in the Oil Record Book (5)
79
 Examination Questions
• June 2017
1.(a) What are the entries to be made in Oil Record Book Part II
as per Annex I ? (5)
(b) State the discharge criteria from Machinery Space bilges
inside special area for Annex I. (5)
3.(b) Write a short note on SOPEP.
• December 2017
1.(a) State the conditions under which Oily Mixtures may be
discharged into the sea from an Oil Tanker, as per
MARPOL Annex I. (5)
1.(b) What entries are to be made for Machinery Space
Operations in the Oil Record Book Part I, as per
MARPOL Annex I ? 80
(5)
 Examination Questions
• June 2018
1. Define the following : (i) Oily mixture (ii) Special Area
(iii) PSSA (vi) Nearest Land
2. (a) Explain the conditions under which oily mixtures may be
discharged into the sea from an Oil Tanker, as per
MARPOL Annex I (5)
• December 2018
1. Define the following : (i) ORB (ii) SOPEP (iii) PSSA
(iv) Special Area (vii) Oily Mixture
• June 2019
1. Answer the following :
(a) There are ___ annexes in MARPOL.
81
 Examination Questions
• June 2019
1. Answer the following :
(a) There are ___ annexes in MARPOL. (1)
(e) The SBT capacity of an Oil Tanker should be such that
the moulded draft amidships in metres shall not be less than
_________________________ . (1)
(g) The biggest design change in Oil Tankers to prevent
accidental pollution is ___________________ . (1)
2.(a) State the conditions under which Oily Mixtures may be
discharged into the sea from the cargo spaces of an Oil
Tanker. (5)

82
 Examination Questions
• December 2019
1. Fill in the blanks :
(a) The rate of discharge of oil in litres per hour at any
instant divided by the speed of the ship in knots at the same
instant is known as _____________________. (1)
(c) Any tank which is adjacent to the side shell plating is
known as _________ . (1)
2.(a) State the conditions under which Oily Mixtures from
Machinery space of ships of 400 GT & above may be
discharged into the sea outside special areas. (5)

83
 Examination Questions
• June 2022
1. Annex I of MARPOL applies to :
(a) Oil Tankers of 150 gross tonnage and above.
(b) All ships other than Oil Tankers of 400 gt.
(c) Oil Tanker of 400 gt.
(d) All are correct. (1)

2. ODMCS stands for :

(a) Oil Discharge and Maintaining System.
(b) Oil Disposal and Monitoring System.
(c) Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System.
(d) Oil Discharge Maintenance and Control System. 84(1)
 Examination Questions
• June 2022 (Contd.)
3. To maintain 15 ppm in Oil Residue discharged from
Machinery Spaces :
(a) It has to pass through OWS.
(b) It has to be filtered through Oil Filtering Equipment.
(c) There is no such requirement from Machinery
Space discharges.
(d) None. (1)

13. Give requirements for Slop Tanks on Oil Tankers ?

(2)
85
 Examination Questions
• December 2022
Section A : Fill in the blanks :
5. The rate of discharge of oil in litres per hour at any
instant divided by the speed of the ship in knots at
the same instant is known as …………………...... (1)
Section C :
16 (a). State the conditions under which Oily Mixtures
may be discharged into the sea from the cargo
spaces of an Oil Tanker. (5)
16 (b). Explain MARPOL 73/78. (5)

86
 Examination Questions
• June 2023
Section A : Fill in the blanks :
3. A ship’s Oil Record Book is held on board for a
minimum period of ___ years from the date of last
entry. (2, 5, 3, 4) ………………………………….. (1)
Section B : (Short Answers)
11. What is the full form of SOPEP & PSSA ? …….. (2)
Section C : (Long Answers)
16. List the contents of a ship’s SOPEP Locker. …. (5)
• December 2023
Section A : Fill in the blanks :
1. SOPEP stands for __________ . 87
(1)
 Examination Questions
• December 2023 (Contd.)
Section A : Fill in the blanks : (Contd.)
5. The rate of discharge of oil in litres per hour at any
instant divided by the speed of the ship at the same
instant is known as __________ . (1)
Section A : Multiple Choice Questions :
9. Instantaneous rate of discharge allowed for cargo space
discharge criteria on oil tankers is :
(a) 30 L / NM; (b) < 30 L / NM;
(c) Not exceeding 30 L / NM; (d) > 30 L / NM. (1)
10. ORB Part – I is required on following ships :
(a) Oil Tanker > 150 GRT; (b) Other Ships >= 400 GRT;
(c) Oil Tanker < 150 GRT; (d) Other Ships > 400 GRT.(1)88
 Examination Questions
• December 2023 (Contd.)
Section B : Short answer type questions
12. Define ‘from the Nearest Land’. (2)
14. Define ‘Clean Ballast as per Annex I’. (2)
15. List the equipment carried under SOPEP ? (2)
Section C : Long answer type questions
16.(a) State the conditions under which Oily Mixtures
may be discharged into the sea from the cargo
spaces of an Oil Tanker. (5)
16.(b) Explain MARPOL 73 / 78. (5)
20. List the entries required with respect to Oil Tankers
in Oil Record Book Part I. (10)
89
 Examination Questions
• June 2024
Section A : MCQ / Fill in the blanks :
4. The rate of discharge of oil in litres per hour at any instant
divided by the speed of the ship in knots at the same
instant is known as _____ . (1)
9. A ship’s Oil Record Book is held on board for a minimum
period of _ years from the date of last entry.
(a) 2; (b) 5; (c) 3; (d) 4. (1)
Section C :
22. List the contents of a ship’s SOPEP Locker. (10)
• December 2024
Section A : MCQ / Fill in the blanks :
5. The OWS / OFE discharges the bilge water with oil
content not more than ___ ppm. 90
(1)
 Examination Questions
• December 2024 (Contd.)
Section A : MCQ / Fill in the blanks (Contd.)
6. ODMCS stands for :
(a) Oil Discharge and Maintaining System
(b) Oil Disposal and Monitoring System
(c) Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System
(d) Oil Discharge Maintenance and Control System. (1)
Section B : Short answers
12. List the entries to be made in Oil Record Book - Part II. (2)
14. Give requirements for Slop Tanks on Oil Tankers ? (2)

THANK YOU 91
Safe, secure and efficient shipping on clean oceans

T H A N K Y O U 92
 Definition of POLLUTION
• Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural
environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the
form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as
radioactivity, heat, sound, or light).
• Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances / energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
• Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural
events, the word pollution generally implies that the
contaminants have an anthropogenic source – that is, a source
created by human activities.
• Major forms of pollution include : air pollution, light pollution,
litter, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination,
radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution,
and water pollution.
• Anything that disturbs the ecological balance of nature.93
 Definition of Marine Pollution
by GESAMP
• “Marine Pollution means the introduction by
man, directly or indirectly, of substances or
energy into the marine environment (including
estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects
as harm to living resources, hazards to human
health, hindrance to marine activities including
fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea
water and reduction of amenities”.
• (Also refer Article 2 : Definitions (2),
“Harmful Substance”, slide 14.
94
 OIL POLLUTION / OIL SPILL
• An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum
hydrocarbon into the environment, especially the
marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a
form of pollution. The term is usually given to marine
oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or
coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land.
• Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from
tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as
well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as
gasoline, kerosene, diesel) and their by-products,
heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel,
or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.
95
 OIL POLLUTION / OIL SPILL (Contd.)
• Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the plumage of birds
and the fur of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and
making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations
and much less buoyant in the water.
• Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and
depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled,
the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and
biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches
involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to
clean up.
• Oil spills can have disastrous consequences for society;
economically, environmentally, and socially. As a result, oil
spill accidents have initiated intense media attention and
political uproar, bringing many together in a political struggle
concerning government response to oil spills and what
actions can best prevent them from happening. 96
 Fig. 1
The Great Barrier Reef,
North – East Coast of
Australia

97
98
Fig. 1 Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea,
Special Area 99
Fig. 2 Baltic Sea, Special Area 100
 Fig. 3
Red Sea and
Gulf of Aden,
Special Area

101
 Fig. 4 Red Sea, Gulf of Aden,
Oman area of the Arabian Sea and Gulfs area.
102
 Fig. 5
Antarctic
Area

103
Fig. 6 NW European Waters 104
Fig.7 Southern South African Waters 105
 ODMCS
Typical
Installation

106
Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System
(ODMCS)

107
Slop Tanks Arrangement 108
OIL / WATER
INTERFACE
DETECTOR

109
110
Typical oily-water separating and filtering equipment 111
15 ppm Oil Filtering Equipment / System 112
113
114
115
Example : SOPEP Initial Notification Information
116
An example of a Double Hull VLCC
 Chapter 4 – Requirements for the Cargo Area
of Oil Tankers
Part A – Construction
Regulation 18 – Segregated ballast tanks (SBT)
• Every crude oil tanker of 20,000 tonnes deadweight and above and
every product carrier of 30,000 tonnes deadweight and above
delivered after 1 June 1982, shall be provided with segregated ballast
tanks.

• Capacity of Segregated Ballast Tanks

The capacity of the segregated ballast tanks shall be so determined
that the ship may operate safely on ballast voyages without recourse
to the use of cargo tanks for water ballast except for heavy weather
ballast and in exceptional cases.
In all cases, however, the capacity of segregated ballast tanks shall be
at least such that, in any ballast condition at any part of the voyage,
including the conditions consisting of lightweight plus segregated
ballast only, the ship’s draughts and trim can meet the following
requirements:
118
.1 the moulded draught amidships (dm) in metres shall not be less
than :
d(m) = 2.0 + 0.02L metres
(where L is the length between perpendiculars);

.2 Trim by the stern of not greater than 0.015L; and

.3 in any case the draught at the after perpendicular shall not be
less than that which is necessary to obtain full immersion of the
propeller(s).

• In no case shall ballast water be carried in cargo tanks, except

on those rare voyages when weather conditions are so severe
that, in the opinion of the master, it is necessary to carry
additional ballast water in cargo tanks for the safety of the ship
(heavy weather ballast); and in exceptional cases.
119
 The Great Barrier Reef,
PSSA, Australia; and
Extension of the existing Great
Barrier Reef PSSA to include
the Torres Strait.

120
Sabana Camaguey Archipelago, Cuba

121
Malpelo Island, Columbia

122
Florida Keys, U.S.

123
Damage to Reef at Florida Keys
by Ship’s Anchor and Chain

124
 Wadden Sea, PSSA
Denmark, Germany, Netherlands

125
Paracas
National
Reserve,
Peru

126
PARACAS NATIONAL RESERVE, PERU 127
Canary islands 128
Canary Islands, Spain

129
 Galapagos
Archipelago,
Ecuador

130
Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador

131
Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador

132
Baltic Sea, PSSA

133
Papahãnaumokuãkea PSSA 134
 France

Strait of

Italy 135
The Strait of Bonifacio, between France and Italy. 136
 The Saba Bank,
in the North-eastern Caribbean area
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

137
SABA Bank with its active atoll and marine diversity
138
Extension of Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait to encompass
the south-west part of the Coral Sea (2015)

139
Tubbataha Reefs, Natural Park, the Sulu sea, Philippines
(Area to be avoided) 140
North-Western Mediterranean Sea, France, Italy,
Monaco and Spain (2023) 141
Nusa Penida Islands and Gili Matra Islands
in Lombok Strait (2024) Indonesia 142
143