C H A P T E R 36
Chapter Goals
• Introduce the VINES protocol, used primarily by Banyan VINES networks.
• Describe how VINES uses each layer of the VINES Protocol Stack.
Banyan VINES
Background
Banyan Virtual Integrated Network Service (VINES) implements a distributed network operating system
based on a proprietary protocol family derived from the Xerox Corporation’s Xerox Network Systems
(XNS) protocols. VINES uses a client/server architecture in which clients request certain services, such
as file and printer access, from servers. This chapter provides a summary of VINES communications
protocols. The VINES protocol stack is illustrated in Figure 36-1.
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
1-58705-001-3 36-1
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
Media Access
Figure 36-1 The VINES Protocol Stack Consists of Five Separate Levels
OSI
reference
model VINES protocol
File Print Other
7 services services StreetTalk applications
6 RPC
5
IPC SPP
4
(datagram) (stream)
ARP
3 VIP RTP
ICP
2 Media-access protocols
1
Media Access
The lower two layers of the VINES stack are implemented with a variety of well-known media-access
mechanisms, including High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), X.25, Ethernet, and Token Ring.
Network Layer
VINES uses the VINES Internetwork Protocol (VIP) to perform Layer 3 activities (including
internetwork routing). VINES also supports its own Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), its own version
of the Routing Information Protocol (RIP)—called the Routing Table Protocol (RTP)—and the Internet
Control Protocol (ICP), which provides exception handling and special routing cost information. ARP,
ICP, and RTP packets are encapsulated in a VIP header.
VINES Internetwork Protocol
VINES network layer addresses are 48-bit entities subdivided into network (32 bits) and subnetwork (16
bits) portions. The network number is better described as a server number because it is derived directly
from the server’s key (a hardware module that identifies a unique number and the software options for
that server). The subnetwork portion of a VINES address is better described as a host number because
it is used to identify hosts on VINES networks. Figure 36-2 illustrates the VINES address format.
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
36-2 1-58705-001-3
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
Network Layer
Figure 36-2 A VINES Address Consists of a Network Number and a Subnet Number
1 32 33 48
Network number Subnet number
(Server number) (Host number)
The network number identifies a VINES logical network, which is represented as a two-level tree with
the root at a service node. Service nodes, which are usually servers, provide address resolution and
routing services to clients, which represent the leaves of the tree. The service node assigns Vines
Internetwork Protocol (VIP) addresses to clients.
When a client is powered on, it broadcasts a request for servers, and all servers that hear the request
respond. The client chooses the first response and requests a subnetwork (host) address from that server.
The server responds with an address consisting of its own network address (derived from its key)
concatenated with a subnetwork (host) address of its own choosing. Client subnetwork addresses
typically are assigned sequentially, starting with 8001H. Server subnetwork addresses are always 1.
Figure 36-3 illustrates the VINES address-selection process.
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
1-58705-001-3 36-3
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
Network Layer
Figure 36-3 VINES Moves Through Four Steps in Selecting an Address
Broadcast:
any servers?
1 Client Server 1 Server 2
I’m here I’m here
2 Client Server 1 Server 2
Server 1: Please
assign me
an address
3 Client Server 1 Server 2
Your address is:
Server 1, Node 8001
4 Client Server 1 Server 2
Dynamic address assignment is not unique in the industry (AppleTalk also uses this process), but it
certainly is not as common as static address assignment. Because addresses are chosen exclusively by a
particular server (whose address is unique as a result of the hardware key), very little chance exists for
duplicating an address. This is fortunate because duplicate addresses could cause potentially devastating
problems for Internet Protocol (IP) and other networks.
In the VINES network scheme, all servers with multiple interfaces are essentially routers. Clients always
choose their own server as a first-hop router, even if another server on the same cable provides a better
route to the ultimate destination. Clients can learn about other routers by receiving redirect messages
from their own server. Because clients rely on their servers for first-hop routing, VINES servers maintain
routing tables to help them find remote nodes.
VINES routing tables consist of host/cost pairs, where the host corresponds to a network node that can
be reached, and cost corresponds to a delay (expressed in milliseconds) to get to that node. RTP helps
VINES servers find neighboring clients, servers, and routers.
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
36-4 1-58705-001-3
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
Network Layer
Periodically, all clients advertise both their network layer and MAC-layer addresses with the equivalent
of a hello packet, which indicates that the client is still operating and network-ready. The servers
themselves send routing updates to other servers periodically to alert other routers to changes in node
addresses and network topology.
When a VINES server receives a packet, it checks to see whether the packet is destined for another server
or whether it is a broadcast. If the current server is the destination, the server handles the request
appropriately. If another server is the destination, the current server either forwards the packet directly
(if the server is a neighbor) or routes it to the next server in line. If the packet is a broadcast, the current
server checks to see whether the packet came from the least-cost path. If not, the packet is discarded. If
so, the packet is forwarded on all interfaces except the one on which it was received. This approach helps
diminish the number of broadcast storms, a common problem in other network environments. Figure
36-4 illustrates the VINES routing algorithm.
Figure 36-5 illustrates the VIP packet format.
The fields of a VIP packet include information on the checksum, packet length, transport control,
protocol type, destination network number, destination subnetwork number, source network number, and
source subnetwork number.
The Checksum field is used to detect packet corruption. The Packet Length field indicates the length of
the entire VIP packet.
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
1-58705-001-3 36-5
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
Network Layer
Figure 36-4 The VINES Routing Algorithm Determines the Appropriate Path to a Destination
Packet destined Neither this server
for this server Check destination nor broadcast
VIP address
Pass to transport Broadcast Destined for
layer for further address neighbor?
processing
No Yes
Look up source
VIP address Find next Send to
hop in neighbor
routing
table
No
Packet received on
least-cost path?
Send to
next hop
Yes
Discard
packet
Pass to transport
layer, decrement
hop count, and
resend on all interfaces
except the one on
which the packet came
E N D
Figure 36-5 A VIP Packet Consists of Nine Individual Fields
Field length,
in bytes 2 2 1 1 4 2 4 2 Variable
Trans- Destination Destination Source Source
Check- Packet
port Protocol network subnetwork network subnetwork Data
sum length type
control number number number number
The Transport Control field consists of several subfields. If the packet is a broadcast packet, two
subfields are provided: Class (bits 1 through 3) and Hop Count (bits 4 through 7). If the packet is not a
broadcast packet, four subfields are provided: Error, Metric, Redirect, and Hop Count. The Class
subfield specifies the type of node that should receive the broadcast. For this purpose, nodes are broken
into various categories according to the type of node and the type of link on which the node is found. By
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
36-6 1-58705-001-3
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
Network Layer
specifying the type of nodes to receive broadcasts, the Class subfield reduces the disruption caused by
broadcasts. The Hop Count subfield represents the number of hops (router traversals) the packet has been
through. The Error subfield specifies whether the ICP protocol should send an exception-notification
packet to the packet’s source if a packet turns out to be unroutable. The Metric subfield is set to 1 by a
transport entity when it must learn the routing cost of moving packets between a service node and a
neighbor. The Redirect subfield specifies whether the router should generate a redirect, when
appropriate.
The Protocol Type field indicates the network layer or transport layer protocol for which the metric or
exception-notification packet is destined.
Finally, the Destination Network Number, Destination Subnetwork Number, Source Network Number,
and Source Subnetwork Number fields all provide VIP address information.
Routing Table Protocol
Routing Table Protocol (RTP) distributes network topology information. Routing update packets are
broadcast periodically by both client and service nodes. These packets inform neighbors of a node’s
existence and also indicate whether the node is a client or a service node. In each routing update packet,
service nodes include a list of all known networks and the cost factors associated with reaching those
networks.
Two routing tables are maintained: a table of all known networks and a table of neighbors. For service
nodes, the table of all known networks contains an entry for each known network except the service
node’s own network. Each entry contains a network number, a routing metric, and a pointer to the entry
for the next hop to the network in the table of neighbors. The table of neighbors contains an entry for
each neighbor service node and client node. Entries include a network number, a subnetwork number,
the media-access protocol (for example, Ethernet) used to reach that node, a local-area network (LAN)
address (if the medium connecting the neighbor is a LAN), and a neighbor metric.
RTP specifies four packet types: routing update, routing request, routing response, and routing redirect.
A routing update is issued periodically to notify neighbors of an entity’s existence. Routing requests are
exchanged by entities when they must learn the network’s topology quickly. Routing responses contain
topological information and are used by service nodes to respond to routing-request packets. A
routing-redirect packet provides better path information to nodes using inefficient paths.
RTP packets have a 4-byte header that consists of the following 1-byte fields: Operation Type, which
indicates the packet type; Node Type, which indicates whether the packet came from a service node or
a nonservice node; Controller Type, which indicates whether the controller in the node transmitting the
RTP packet has a multibuffer controller; and Machine Type, which indicates whether the processor in
the RTP sender is fast or slow.
Both the Controller Type and the Machine Type fields are used for pacing.
Address Resolution Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) entities are classified as either address-resolution clients or
address-resolution services. Address-resolution clients usually are implemented in client nodes, whereas
address-resolution services typically are provided by service nodes.
ARP packets have an 8-byte header that consists of a 2-byte packet type, a 4-byte network number, and
a 2-byte subnetwork number. Four packet types exist: a query request, which is a request for an ARP
service; a service response, which is a response to a query request; an assignment request, which is sent
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
1-58705-001-3 36-7
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
Transport Layer
to an ARP service to request a VINES internetwork address; and an assignment response, which is sent
by the ARP service as a response to the assignment request. The Network Number and Subnet Number
fields have meaning only in an assignment-response packet.
ARP clients and services implement the following algorithm when a client starts up. First, the client
broadcasts query-request packets. Then, each service that is a neighbor of the client responds with a
service-response packet. The client then issues an assignment-request packet to the first service that
responded to its query-request packet. The service responds with an assignment-response packet that
contains the assigned internetwork address.
Internet Control Protocol
The Internet Control Protocol (ICP) defines exception-notification and metric-notification packets.
Exception-notification packets provide information about network layer exceptions; metric-notification
packets contain information about the final transmission used to reach a client node.
Exception notifications are sent when a VIP packet cannot be routed properly, and the Error subfield in
the VIP header’s Transport Control field is enabled. These packets also contain a field identifying the
particular exception by its error code.
ICP entities in service nodes generate metric-notification messages when the Metric subfield in the VIP
header’s Transport Control field is enabled, and the destination address in the service node’s packet
specifies one of the service node’s neighbors.
Transport Layer
VINES provides three transport layer services: unreliable datagram service, reliable message service,
and data-stream service.
Unreliable datagram service sends packets that are routed on a best-effort basis but not acknowledged
at the destination.
Reliable message service is a virtual circuit service that provides reliable sequenced and acknowledged
delivery of messages between network nodes. A reliable message can be transmitted in a maximum of
four VIP packets.
Data-stream service supports the controlled flow of data between two processes. The data-stream service
is an acknowledged virtual circuit service that supports the transmission of messages of unlimited size.
Upper-Layer Protocols
As a distributed network, VINES uses the remote procedure call (RPC) model for communication
between clients and servers. RPC is the foundation of distributed-service environments. The NetRPC
protocol (Layers 5 and 6) provides a high-level programming language that allows access to remote
services in a manner transparent to both the user and the application.
At Layer 7, VINES offers file-service and print-service applications, as well as StreetTalk, which
provides a globally consistent name service for an entire internetwork.
VINES also provides an integrated applications-development environment under several operating
systems, including DOS and UNIX. This development environment enables third parties to develop both
clients and services that run in the VINES environment.
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
36-8 1-58705-001-3
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
Summary
Summary
This may be the last book that talks about VINES as a protocol. The user community has almost
completely disappeared, the server OS and VINES software are not sold anymore, and migration to
TCP/IP is no longer provided.
Review Questions
Q—What does a VINES network number identify?
A—The network number identifies a VINES logical network, which is represented as a two-level tree
with the root at a service node. Service nodes, which are usually servers, provide address resolution and
routing services to clients, which represent the leaves of the tree. The service node assigns VIP addresses
to clients.
Q—How does a Banyan Vines station discover servers on the network?
A—When a client is powered on, it broadcasts a request for servers, and all servers that hear the request
respond. The client chooses the first response and requests a subnetwork (host) address from that server.
Q—Does a VINES client always choose the most efficient network path to remote networks?
A—No. In the VINES network scheme, all servers with multiple interfaces are essentially routers.
Clients always choose their own server as a first-hop router, even if another server on the same cable
provides a better route to the ultimate destination.
Q—What protocol within the VINES suite distributes routing information?
A—RTP distributes network topology information. Routing-update packets are broadcast periodically
by both client and service nodes. These packets inform neighbors of a node’s existence and also indicate
whether the node is a client or a service node.
Q—What are the four packet types used by RTP?
A—RTP specifies four packet types: routing update, routing request, routing response, and routing
redirect.
Q—What is VINES an acronym for?
A—Virtual Integrated Network Service.
Q—What are the media access layers of VINES?
A—The lower two layers of the VINES stack are implemented with a variety of well-known media
access mechanisms, including High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), X.25, Ethernet, and Token Ring.
Q—What are the two routing tables maintained by RTP?
A—Two routing tables are maintained: a table of all known networks and a table of neighbors. For
service nodes, the table of all known networks contains an entry for each known network except the
service node’s own network.
Q—What are the transport layer services provided by VINES?
A—VINES provides three transport layer services: unreliable datagram service, reliable message
service, and data-stream service.
Q—What are the Layer 7 services provided by VINES?
A—At Layer 7, VINES offers file-service and print-service applications, as well as StreetTalk, which
provides a globally consistent name service for an entire internetwork.
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
1-58705-001-3 36-9
Chapter 36 Banyan VINES
For More Information
For More Information
http://products.banyan.com/
Internetworking Technologies Handbook
36-10 1-58705-001-3
