Plumbs Veterinary Drug Handbook 7th Edition

Donald C Plumb download

https://ebookbell.com/product/plumbs-veterinary-drug-
handbook-7th-edition-donald-c-plumb-58463208

Explore and download more ebooks at ebookbell.com

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Plumbs Veterinary Drug Handbook Plumb Donald

https://ebookbell.com/product/plumbs-veterinary-drug-handbook-plumb-
donald-52055876

Plumbs Veterinary Drug Handbook Desk 7th Edition Plumb Donald C

https://ebookbell.com/product/plumbs-veterinary-drug-handbook-
desk-7th-edition-plumb-donald-c-55077252

Plumbs Veterinary Drug Handbook Desk Edition 6th Edition Donald C

Plumb

https://ebookbell.com/product/plumbs-veterinary-drug-handbook-desk-
edition-6th-edition-donald-c-plumb-2245730

Daddys Little Criminal Collection A Daddy Dom Romance Jenny Plumb

Plumb

https://ebookbell.com/product/daddys-little-criminal-collection-a-
daddy-dom-romance-jenny-plumb-plumb-32753208
Waterfall Lovers Guide Pacific Northwest 5th Edition Gregory Plumb

https://ebookbell.com/product/waterfall-lovers-guide-pacific-
northwest-5th-edition-gregory-plumb-7004728

Your Brother In Arms A Union Soldiers Odyssey Robert C Plumb

https://ebookbell.com/product/your-brother-in-arms-a-union-soldiers-
odyssey-robert-c-plumb-46191900

Your Brother In Arms A Union Soldiers Odyssey Robert C Plumb

https://ebookbell.com/product/your-brother-in-arms-a-union-soldiers-
odyssey-robert-c-plumb-46332210

Plums Priest Daddy Honey Meyer

https://ebookbell.com/product/plums-priest-daddy-honey-meyer-36631194

Lady Osbaldestones Plum Puddings Stephanie Laurens

https://ebookbell.com/product/lady-osbaldestones-plum-puddings-
stephanie-laurens-44842316
 Plumb’s
Veterinary Drug
Handbook

7th Edition

Donald C. Plumb, Pharm.D.

2
COPYRIGHT © 2011 by Donald C. Plumb
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or any means,
electronic or mechanical, including recording, photocopying, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

PUBLISHED BY
PharmaVet Inc.
Stockholm, Wisconsin
www.vetdruginfo.com
DESIGN AND TYPESETTING
Judy Gilats
Peregrine Graphics Services
St. Paul, Minnesota
ISBN: 978-0-4709-5965-7
Ebook ISBN: 978-0-9834-1810-8
2011 1

3
For Maia and Nathanial

***

4
Consulting Editor
Gigi Davidson, DICVP
North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC
Ophthalmology Products, Topical
Principles of Compounding Ophthalmic Products

Contributors to this Edition

Camille DeClementi, VMD, DABT
ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Urbana, IL
Overdose and Toxin Exposure Decontamination Guidelines, ASPCA Animal
Poison Control Center Data for Drug Monographs

Dinah Jordan, PharmD, DICVP

Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, MS
Insulin Monograph

Sandra Koch, DVM, MS, DACVD

College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN
Dermatological Agents, Topical Otic Agents

Justine Lee, DVM, DACVECC

Pet Poison Helpline/SafetyCall International Bloomington, MN
Fat Emulsion, Intravenous Monograph

Sheila Torres, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVD

College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN
Dermatological Agents, Topical Otic Agents

With Appreciation
I’d like to give a special thank you to my wife, Shirley, who spent countless
hours assisting with the preparation of this reference and perhaps most

5
importantly, kept me sane (mostly) during the long process of writing and
updating the work.

To sign up for e-mail notification of updates and errata, or get

information on ordering information for additional versions, visit Plumb’s
Veterinary Drug Handbook’s website at:
www.vetdruginfo.com

6
Preface to the Seventh Edition

In this edition, Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook continues with its mission
to serve as a single volume reference to assist veterinarians, other health
professionals, and animal caretakers in providing optimal drug therapy for
veterinary patients. In addition to updating all the monographs, 20+ new
systemic drug full monographs (see below) and several new ophthalmic and
topical dermatologic drug monographs have been added. Additional
information on compounding dosage forms has been added to many
monographs.
Several monographs have been “retired” in this edition, primarily due to
their withdrawal from the marketplace and/or being replaced in therapy with
newer, ostensibly better, drug compounds. Two sections have been removed
from the appendix. After consulting with several veterinary oncologists, I
decided that listing chemotherapy drug protocols was not in the best interest of
patient care. They change often and the drugs used have enough inherent safety
issues that I believe “chemo” use in private practices must be carefully
considered, in collaboration with oncologists and oncology-specific resources.
The therapeutic diet tables have also been removed, again because they rapidly
change and are outdated shortly after publication. Links to websites that
provide this information are listed in the appendix.
New Systemic Monographs: Albumin, Alfaxalone, Butaphosphan
(+Cyanocobalamin), Carbamazepine, Cefovecin, Cortisone Acetate,
Desflurane, Fosfomycin, Immune Globulin, Fat Emulsion (IV), Lanthanum
Carbonate, Mavacoxib, Metergoline, Metyrapone, Miltefosine, Pregabalin,
Remifentanil, Robenacoxib, Rocuronium, Toceranib, Trazodone, and Trypan
Blue.
“Retired” Systemic Monographs: Carbenicillin, Cefoperazone, Ethacrynic
Acid, Ipecac Syrup, Methoxyflurane, Streptokinase, and Ticarcillin (alone).

Donald Plumb
March 2011

About the Author

Donald C. Plumb, PharmD., was formerly Director of Pharmacy Services and

7
Hospital Director at the University of Minnesota’s Veterinary Medical Center.
Now retired from the University of Minnesota, he focuses full-time on
providing veterinary drug information to veterinarians, other health
professionals, and animal caretakers.

8
Notes and Cautions

Dosages and Extra-Label Use of Medications

Dosages for the various species for the drugs listed in this reference come
from a variety of sources and are referenced to their source in the appendix.
While a sincere effort has been made to assure that the dosages and
information included in this book are accurate and reflect the original source’s
information, errors can occur; it is recommended that the reader refer to the
original reference or the approved labeling information of the product for
additional information and verification of all dosages.
Except for labeled dosages for veterinary-approved products (for a given
species and indication,) dosages listed in this reference should be considered
“extra-label” and are not necessarily endorsed by the manufacturer, the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) or this author. Veterinarians are responsible as
per the Animal Medical Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) for the
appropriate use of medications. The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification
Act of 1994 (AMDUCA) allows veterinarians to prescribe extralabel uses of
certain approved animal drugs and approved human drugs for animals under
certain conditions. Extralabel (or extra-label) use refers to the use of an
approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved label
directions. The key constraints of AMDUCA are that any extralabel use must
be by or on the order of a veterinarian within the context of a veterinarian-
client-patient relationship, must not result in violative residues in food-
producing animals, and the use must be in conformance with the implementing
regulations published at 21 CFR Part 530. A list of drugs specifically
prohibited from extra-label use appears in the Code of Federal Regulations.
For additional information go to the FDA-Center for Veterinary Medicine
Website at: http://www.fda.gov/cvm/

Abbreviations: OTC & Rx

In addition to the abbreviations used in writing prescriptions (e.g., tid, q8h,
etc.—see the abbreviation list in the appendix), the terms OTC or Rx are found
in parentheses after a listed dosage form. If Rx, the drug is considered to be a
prescription or legend product, and requires a prescription. OTC denotes that
the item is available “over-the-counter” and does not legally require a

9
prescription for purchase.

Trade and Proprietary Names

The notation used to signify trade names or proprietary names is an italicized,
capitalized name followed by a ® (e.g., Amoxi-Tabs®). This notation may not
accurately represent the drug’s official registered copyright, trademark, or
licensed status (e.g., ™, etc.). For clarity, no use of ® or italics are used in the
index.

Drug Interactions
Drug interaction identification and evaluation is in its infancy in veterinary
medicine, as relatively little specific information is known on the subject for
the variety of species treated. While drug interactions can be clinically
significant and potentially life-threatening in veterinary patients, most of the
interactions listed in the monographs are derived from human medicine (which
is only slightly more informed than veterinary medicine on this topic) and are
often included primarily to serve as cautions to the prescriber to be alert for
unforeseen outcomes, or to enhance monitoring associated with the drug
therapy. Additionally, it is likely there are potentially many other clinically
significant interactions between drugs that are not listed; prescribers are
reminded that the risk for adverse drug interactions occurring increases with
the number of different drugs given to an individual patient.

Disclaimer
The author/publisher/distributor assume no responsibility for and make no
warranty with respect to results that may be obtained from the uses,
procedures, or dosages listed, and do not necessarily endorse such uses,
procedures, or dosages. The author/publisher shall not be liable to any person
whatsoever for any damages, or equivalencies, or by reason of any
misstatement or error, negligent or otherwise obtained in this work. Should the
purchaser not wish to be bound by the above, he/she may return the reference
to the distributor for a full refund.

How To Search Within This Reference

As e-books on digital devices ostensibly can be searched rapidly for a given
term, a traditional index is not required. Enter the desired term in the search
box for your particular reader/device. Usually this is the most rapid method to

10
find the search term desired. However, due to the large size of this reference,
some digital devices may take significant time to do a search through the entire
reference. If so, alternatively:

If you know the generic name for the drug, browse through the
listings in the Table of Contents and select the appropriate
monograph or section desired;
If you know the trade name (e.g., Anipryl®) or a synonym (e.g., L-
deprenyl) for a systemic drug, but cannot recall the generic name
(e.g., selegiline), browse through the listings in the Index of Systemic
Drug Common Trade Names & Synonyms and select the trade name
desired to go directly to the monograph for that trade name or
synonym. Another link to this section is found at the end of the Table
of Contents.
If you want to see a listing of Systemic Drugs Sorted by Therapeutic
Class or Major Indication (e.g., all the ACE Inhibitors that have doses
listed for a given species class); go to that section and browse and
select as above. Another link to this section is found near the end of
the Table of Contents.

11
Contents

SYSTEMIC MONOGRAPHS
Acarbose
Acemannan
Acepromazine Maleate
Acetaminophen
Acetazolamide
Acetic Acid
Acetohydroxamic Acid
Acetylcysteine
Acitretin
Acyclovir
Aglepristone
Albendazole
Albumin, Human & Canine
Albuterol Sulfate
Alendronate Sodium
Alfaxalone
Alfentanil HCl
Allopurinol
Alprazolam
Altrenogest
Aluminum Hydroxide
Amantadine HCl
Amikacin Sulfate
Aminocaproic Acid
Aminopentamide Hydrogen Sulfate
Aminophylline
Amiodarone HCl
Amitriptyline HCl
Amlodipine Besylate
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Molybdate
Ammonium Tetrathiomolybdate
Amoxicillin

12
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium
Amphotericin B Desoxycholate
Amphotericin B Lipid-Based
Ampicillin
Ampicillin Sodium/Sulbactam Sodium
Amprolium Hydrochloride
Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent
Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent Immune Fab
Antivenin (Micrurus Fulvias) Eastern & Texas Coral Snake
Antivenin (Latrodectus Mactans) Black Widow Spider
Apomorphine HCl
Apramycin Sulfate
Ascorbic Acid
Asparaginase
Aspirin
Atenolol
Atipamezole HCl
Atovaquone
Atracurium Besylate
Atropine Sulfate
Auranofin
Azaperone
Azathioprine
Azithromycin
Aztreonam
Baclofen
Barbiturate Pharmacology
Benazepril HCl
Betamethasone
Bethanechol Chloride
Bisacodyl
Bismuth Subsalicylate
Bleomycin Sulfate
Boldenone Undecylenate
Bromides, Sodium/Potassium
Bromocriptine Mesylate
Budesonide

13
Buprenorphine HCl
Buspirone HCl
Busulfan
Butaphosphan w/Cyanocobalamin
Butorphanol Tartrate
Cabergoline
Calcitonin Salmon
Calcitriol
Calcium Acetate
Calcium Salts
Captopril
Carbamazepine
Carbimazole
Carboplatin
Carnitine
Carprofen
Carvedilol
Caspofungin Acetate
Cefaclor
Cefadroxil
Cefazolin Sodium
Cefepime HCl
Cefixime
Cefotaxime Sodium
Cefotetan Disodium
Cefovecin Sodium
Cefoxitin Sodium
Cefpodoxime Proxetil
Ceftazidime
Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid
Ceftiofur HCl
Ceftiofur Sodium
Ceftriaxone Sodium
Cefuroxime Axetil
Cefuroxime Sodium
Cephalexin
Cephapirin

14
Cetirizine HCl
Charcoal, Activated
Chlorambucil
Chloramphenicol
Chlordiazepoxide ± Clidinium Br
Chlorothiazide
Chlorpheniramine Maleate
Chlorpromazine HCl
Chlorpropamide
Chlortetracycline
Chorionic Gonadotropin
Chromium
Cimetidine
Ciprofloxacin
Cisapride
Cisplatin
Citrate Salts
Clarithromycin
Clemastine Fumarate
Clenbuterol HCl
Clindamycin
Clofazimine
Clomipramine HCl
Clonazepam
Clonidine
Clopidogrel Bisulfate
Cloprostenol Sodium
Clorazepate Dipotassium
Clorsulon
Cloxacillin
Codeine
Colchicine
Corticotropin
Cortisone Acetate
Cosyntropin
Cromolyn Sodium
Cyanocobalamin

15
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporine
Cyproheptadine HCl
Cytarabine
Dacarbazine
Dactinomycin
Dalteparin Sodium
Danazol
Danofloxacin Mesylate
Dantrolene Sodium
Dapsone
Darbepoetin Alfa
Decoquinate
Deferoxamine Mesylate
Deracoxib
Desflurane
Deslorelin Acetate
Desmopressin Acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Pivalate
Detomidine HCl
Dexamethasone
Dexmedetomidine
Dexpanthenol
Dexrazoxane
Dextran 70
Diazepam
Diazoxide, Oral
Dichlorphenamide
Dichlorvos
Diclazuril
Diclofenac Sodium
Dicloxacillin
Diethylcarbamazine Citrate
Diethylstilbestrol
Difloxacin HCl
Digoxin
Dihydrotachysterol

16
Diltiazem HCl
Dimenhydrinate
Dimercaprol
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Diminazene Aceturate
Dinoprost Tromethamine
Diphenhydramine HCl
Diphenoxylate HCl + Atropine
Dirlotapide
Disopyramide Phosphate
Dobutamine HCl
Docusate
Dolasetron Mesylate
Domperidone
Dopamine HCl
Doramectin
Doxapram HCl
Doxepin HCl
Doxorubicin HCl
Doxycycline
Edetate Calcium Disodium
Edrophonium Chloride
Emodepside + Praziquantel
Enalapril
Enoxaparin Sodium
Enrofloxacin
Ephedrine Sulfate
Epinephrine
Epoetin Alfa
Eprinomectin
Epsiprantel
Ergocalciferol
Ertapenem Sodium
Erythromycin
Esmolol HCl
Estradiol Cypionate
Ethambutol HCl

17
Ethanol
Etidronate Disodium
Etodolac
Etomidate
Euthanasia Agents w/Pentobarbital
Famciclovir
Famotidine
Fat Emulsion, Intravenous
Fatty Acids, Essential/Omega
Felbamate
Fenbendazole
Fentanyl
Ferrous Sulfate
Filgrastim
Finasteride
Firocoxib
Flavoxate HCl
Florfenicol
Fluconazole
Flucytosine
Fludrocortisone Acetate
Flumazenil
Flumethasone
Flunixin Meglumine
Fluorouracil
Fluoxetine
Fluticasone Propionate
Fluvoxamine Maleate
Folic Acid
Fomepizole
Fosfomycin Tromethamine
Furazolidone
Furosemide
Gabapentin
Gemcitabine HCl
Gemfibrozil
Gentamicin Sulfate

18
Glimepiride
Glipizide
Glucagon
Glucocorticoid Agents, General Information
Glucosamine/Chondroitin Sulfate
Glutamine
Glyburide
Glycerine, Oral
Glycopyrrolate
Gold Salts, Injectable
Gonadorelin
Granisetron HCl
Griseofulvin
Guaifenesin
Halothane
Hemoglobin Glutamer-200
Heparin
Hyaluronate Sodium
Hyaluronan
Hydralazine HCl
Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrocodone Bitartrate
Hydrocortisone
Hydrogen Peroxide 3% (Oral)
Hydromorphone
Hydroxyethyl Starch
Hetastarch
Hydroxyurea
Hydroxyzine
Hyoscyamine Sulfate
Ibafloxacin
Ifosfamide
Imidocarb Dipropinate
Imipenem-Cilastatin Sodium
Imipramine
Immune Globulin (Human), IV
Inamrinone Lactate

19
Insulin
Interferon Alfa-2a, Human
Interferon-Ω (Omega)
Iodide, Sodium/Potassium
Iohexol
Ipodate Sodium
Ipratropium Bromide
Irbesartan
Iron Dextran
Isoflupredone Acetate
Isoflurane
Isoniazide (INH)
Isoproterenol HCl
Isosorbide Dinitrate
Isosorbide Mononitrate
Isotretinoin
Isoxsuprine HCl
Itraconazole
Ivermectin
Kaolin/Pectin
Ketamine HCl
Ketoconazole
Ketoprofen
Ketorolac Tromethamine
Lactulose
Lanthanum Carbonate
Laxatives, Hyperosmotic
Leflunomide
Leucovorin Calcium
Leuprolide
Levamisole
Levetiracetam
Levothyroxine Sodium
Lidocaine HCl
Lincomycin HCl
Liothyronine Sodium
Lisinopril

20
Lomustine
Loperamide HCl
Lorazepam
Lufenuron
Lysine
Magnesium Hydroxide
Magnesium/Aluminum Antacids
Magnesium
Mannitol
Marbofloxacin
Maropitant Citrate
Mavacoxib
Mechlorethamine HCl
Meclizine HCl
Medetomidine HCl
Medium Chain Triglycerides
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
Megestrol Acetate
Meglumine Antimoniate
Melarsomine
Melatonin
Meloxicam
Melphalan
Meperidine HCl
Mercaptopurine
Meropenem
Metergoline
Metformin HCl
Methadone HCl
Methazolamide
Methenamine Hippurate
Methimazole
Methionine
Methocarbamol
Methohexital Sodium
Methotrexate
Methylene Blue

21
Methylphenidate
Methylprednisolone
Methyltestosterone
Metoclopramide HCl
Metoprolol
Metronidazole
Metyrapone
Mexiletine HCl
Mibolerone
Midazolam HCl
Milbemycin Oxime
Miltefosine
Mineral Oil
Minocycline HCl
Mirtazapine
Misoprostol
Mitotane
Mitoxantrone HCl
Montelukast Sodium
Morantel Tartrate
Morphine Sulfate
Moxidectin
Mycobacterial Cell Wall Fraction Immunomodulator
Mycophenolate Mofetil
Naloxone HCl
Naltrexone HCl
Nandrolone Decanoate
Naproxen
Narcotic (Opiate) Agonist Analgesics, Pharmacology
N-Butylscopolammonium Br
Neomycin Sulfate
Neostigmine
Niacinamide
Nitazoxanide
Nitenpyram
Nitrofurantoin
Nitroglycerin

22
Nitroprusside Sodium
Nizatidine
Novobiocin Sodium
Nystatin
Octreotide Acetate
Olsalazine Sodium
Omeprazole
Ondansetron
Orbifloxacin
Oseltamivir Phosphate
Oxacillin Sodium
Oxazepam
Oxfendazole
Oxibendazole
Oxybutynin Chloride
Oxymorphone HCl
Oxytetracycline
Oxytocin
Pamidronate Disodium
Pancrelipase
Pancuronium Bromide
Pantoprazole
Parapox Ovis Virus Immunomodulator
Paregoric
Paromomycin Sulfate
Paroxetine HCl
Penicillamine
Penicillins, General Information
Penicillin G
Penicillin V Potassium
Pentazocine
Pentobarbital Sodium
Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
Pentoxifylline
Pergolide Mesylate
Phenobarbital
Phenoxybenzamine HCl

23
Phenylbutazone
Phenylephrine HCl
Phenylpropanolamine HCl
Phenytoin Sodium
Pheromones
Phosphate, Parenteral
Physostigmine Salicylate
Phytonadione
Pimobendan
Piperacillin Sodium
Piperacillin Sodium + Tazobactam
Piperazine
Pirlimycin HCl
Piroxicam
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan
Ponazuril
Potassium Chloride
Pralidoxime Chloride
Praziquantel
Prazosin HCl
Prednisolone
Prednisone
Pregabalin
Primaquine Phosphate
Primidone
Probenecid
Procainamide HCl
Procarbazine HCl
Prochlorperazine
Promethazine HCl
Propantheline Bromide
Propionibacterium Acnes Injection
Propofol
Propranolol HCl
Protamine Sulfate
Pseudoephedrine HCl
Psyllium Hydrophilic Mucilloid

24
Pyrantel
Pyridostigmine Bromide
Pyridoxine HCl
Pyrilamine Maleate
Pyrimethamine
Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine
Quinacrine HCl
Quinidine
Ramipril
Ranitidine HCl
Remifentanil HCl
Rifampin
Robenacoxib
Rocuronium Bromide
Romifidine HCl
Ronidazole
S-Adenosyl-Methionine (SAMe)
Selamectin
Selegiline HCl
Sertraline HCl
Sevelamer HCl
Sevoflurane
Sildenafil Citrate
Silymarin; Milk Thistle
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate
Sodium Stibogluconate; Sodium Antimony Gluconate
Sodium Thiosulfate
Somatotropin
Sotalol HCl
Spectinomycin HCl
Spinosad
Spironolactone
Stanozolol
Staphylococcal Phage Lysate
Streptozocin
Succimer

25
Succinylcholine Chloride
Sucralfate
Sufentanil Citrate
Sulfachlorpyridazine Sodium
Sulfadiazine/Trimethoprim
Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim
Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine/Ormetoprim
Sulfasalazine
Tadalafil
Taurine
Tepoxalin
Terbinafine HCl
Terbutaline Sulfate
Testosterone
Tetracycline HCl
Thiamine HCl
Thioguanine
Thiopental Sodium
Thiotepa
Thyrotropin
Tiamulin
Ticarcillin Disodium + Clavulanate Potassium
Tiletamine HCl/Zolazepam HCl
Tilmicosin
Tiludronate Disodium
Tiludronic Acid
Tinidazole
Tiopronin
Tobramycin Sulfate
Toceranib Phosphate
Tolazoline HCl
Tolfenamic Acid
Toltrazuril
Topiramate
Torsemide
Tramadol HCl

26
Trazodone HCl
Triamcinolone Acetonide
Triamterene
Trientine HCl
Trilostane
Trimeprazine Tartrate w/Prednisolone
Tripelennamine HCl
Trypan Blue
Tulathromycin
Tylosin
Ursodiol
Valproic Acid
Vanadium
Vancomycin HCl
Vasopressin
Vecuronium Bromide
Verapamil HCl
Vinblastine Sulfate
Vincristine Sulfate
Vitamin E/Selenium
Voriconazole
Warfarin Sodium
Xylazine HCl
Yohimbine HCl
Zafirlukast
Zidovudine (AZT)
Zinc
Zonisamide

APPENDIX
Ophthalmic Products
Routes of Administration for Ophthalmic Drugs
Diagnostic Agents
Fluorescein Sodium
Lissamine Green
Phenol Red Thread
Rose Bengal

27
 Schirmer Tear Test
Ocular Anesthetics
Proparacaine
Tetracaine
Benoxinate
Glaucoma, Topical Agents
Parasympathomimetics (Miotics)
Carbachol
Pilocarpine
Demecarium
Echothiophate Iodide
Sympathomimetics (Alpha2-Agonists)
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine
Dipivefrin
Epinephrine
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
Betaxolol
Carteolol
Levobunolol
Metipranolol
Timolol
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Brinzolamide
Dorzolamide
Prostaglandins
Latanoprost
Bimatoprost
Travoprost
Unoprostone Isopropyl
Osmotic Agents for Treatment of Glaucoma
Mydriatic-Cycloplegic-Vasoconstrictors
Cyclopentolate
Phenylephrine
Atropine
Tropicamide
Anti-Inflammatory/Analgesic Ophthalmic Agents

28
 Mast Cell Stabilizers, Antihistamines, Decongestants
Cromolyn Sodium
Lodoxamine
Olopatidine
Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Agents
Bromfenac
Diclofenac
Flurbiprofen
Ketorolac
Nepafenac
Suprofen
Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Betamethasone
Fluorometholone
Loteprednol
Rimeloxolone
Ophthalmic Analgesics
Morphine Sulfate
Nalbuphine
Antimicrobial Ophthalmic Therapy
Antibiotics, Single & Combination Products
Aminoglycosides, Ocular
Amikacin Sulfate
Neomycin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Fluoroquinolones, Ocular
Ciprofloxacin
Gatifloxacin
Levofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Ofloxacin
Macrolides, Ocular
Erythromycin
Antibiotics, Single & Combination Agents

29
 Oxytetracycline
Tetracycline
Miscellaneous Antibiotics, Ocular
Bacitracin
Chloramphenicol
Polymyxin B
Sulfacetamide
Vancomycin
Antibiotic Combinations
Antibiotic & Corticosteroid Combinations
Antifungals, Ocular
Amphotericin B
Natamycin
Miconazole
Povidone Iodine
Silver Sulfadiazine
Itraconazole
Voriconazole
Antivirals, Ocular
Trifluridine
Idoxuridine
Interferon Alpha
Acyclovir
Valacyclovir
Famciclovir
Ganciclovir
Cidofovir
Penciclovir
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
Pimecrolimus
Artificial Tear Products/Ocular Lubricants
Ophthalmic Irrigants
Topical Hyperosmotic Agents
Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan
Hypertonic Sodium Chloride

30
 Viscoelastic Substances
Hyaluronic Acid
Cytotoxic Ophthalmic Agents
Cisplatin Beads
5-Fluorouracil
Mitomycin-C
Sympathomimetics
Hydroxyamphetamine
Cocaine
Anticollagenase Agents
Acetylcysteine
Edetate Disodium
Fibrinolytics/Antifibrinolytic Agents
Fibrinolytic Agents
Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Antifibrinolytic Agents
Aminocaproic Acid
Principles of Compounding Ophthalmic Products

Dermatological Agents, Topical

Antipruritics/Antiinflammatories, Topical
Non-Corticosteroids
Aluminum Acetate Solution
Colloidal Oatmeal
Essential Fatty Acids
Diphenhydramine HCl
Lidocaine
Lidocaine/Prilocaine (EMLA Cream)
Phytosphingosine Salicylol
Pramoxine HCl
Phenol/Menthol/Camphor
Corticosteroids, Topical
Betamethasone
Hydrocortisone
Isoflupredone Acetate
Mometasone Furoate
Triamcinolone Acetonide

31
Antimicrobials, Topical
Antibacterial Agents
Bacitracin & Bacitracin Combinations
Benzoyl Peroxide
Clindamycin
Gentamicin Sulfate
Mupirocin
Nitrofurazone
Silver Sulfadiazine (SSD)
Antiseptics
Chlorhexidine
Chloroxylenol
Enzymes
Ethyl Lactate
Hypochlorous Acid/Sod. Hypochlorite
Povidone Iodine
Triclosan
Antifungal Agents
Clotrimazole
Enilconazole
Ketoconazole
Lime Sulfur
Miconazole
Nystatin
Selenium Sulfide
Terbinafine HCl
Keratolytic Agents
Salicylic Acid
Sulfur, Precipitated
Coal Tar
Antiseborrheic Products
Immunomodulators, Topical
Imiquimod
Pimecrolimus
Tacrolimus
Retinoids, Topical
Tretinoin

32
 Antiparasitic Agents, Topical
Amitraz
Crotamiton
Deltamethrin
Dinotefuran + Pyriproxyfen (± Permethrin)
Fipronil ± (S)-Methoprene
Imidacloprid w/Permethrin
Imidacloprid w/Moxidectin
Imidacloprid
Metaflumizone
(S)-Methoprene Combinations
Permethrin
Pyrethrins & Pyrethrin Combinations
Pyriproxyfen & Pyriproxyfen Combinations
Spinetoram

Otic Preparations
Ceruminolytic Agents
Cleaning/Drying Agents
Antiseptic Agents
Antibiotic Potentiating Agents
Corticosteroid Preparations
Antibacterials
Antifungals
Corticosteroid + Antimicrobial Preparations
Antiparasitic Preparations

Overdose & Toxin Exposure Decontamination Guidelines

ARCI UCGFS Classifications
Importation of Unapproved New Animal Drugs into the USA
Conversion: Weight In Kg to BSA (M2)
Tables of Parenteral Fluids
Abbreviations Used In Prescription Writing
Solubility Definitions
Conversion: Weights; Temperature; Liquids
Milliequivalents & Molecular Weights
Normal Vital Signs

33
Estrus & Gestation Periods for Dogs & Cats
Conversion of Conventional Chemistry Units to SI Units
Reference Laboratory Ranges
Chemistry: Canine, Feline, Bovine, Equine
Hematology: Canine, Feline, Bovine, Equine
Coagulation: Canine, Feline, Bovine, Equine
Urinalysis: Canine, Feline
Cerebral Spinal Fluid: Canine, Feline
Ferret: Male Albino
Rabbit: Female New Zealand White
Avian: Macaws
Avian: Parrots, African Grey
Hematology: Sheep, Goats, Swine
Chemistry: Sheep, Goats, Swine

Phone Numbers & Websites

Governmental Veterinary Drug-Related Websites
Drug Shortage Websites
Animal Poison Centers
Animal Blood Banks
Companion Animal Diet Websites
Dog & Cat Food Company Websites
Veterinary Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Suppliers

Systemic Drugs Sorted by Therapeutic Class or Major Indication

Index of Systemic Drug Common Trade Names & Synonyms

34
 ACARBOSE
(ay-kar-bose) Precose®
ORAL ANTIDIABETIC
Prescriber Highlights

Antihyperglycemic agent that reduces the rate & amount of glucose

absorbed from the gut after a meal; may be useful for mild reductions
in blood glucose in dogs or cats. Unlikely to be effective when used as
sole therapy.
Contraindications: Underweight animals, known hypersensitivity,
diabetic ketoacidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic ulceration,
partial intestinal obstruction or predisposition to obstruction, chronic
intestinal disease with marked disorders of digestion or absorption &
when excessive gas formation would be detrimental.
Dose–dependent loose stools, diarrhea & flatulence are the adverse
effects most likely to be noted.
Give with meals (preferably right before); drug is not very useful if
feeding ad libitum.
Expense may be an issue, but generics are now available.

Uses/Indications
May be useful for mild reductions in blood glucose concentrations (250–350
mg/dL range) in dogs and cats with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
and as adjunctive treatment of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Acarbose is
unlikely to give adequate glucose control when used alone and most
recommend dietary therapy and other antihyperglycemic agents (e.g., insulin)
instead.

35
Pharmacology/Actions
Acarbose competitively inhibits pancreatic alpha-amylase and alpha-
glucosidases found in the small intestine. This delays the digestion of complex
carbohydrates and disaccharides to glucose and other monosaccharides.
Glucose is absorbed lower in the GI tract in lesser amounts than is normal
thereby reducing insulin requirements during the postprandial hyperglycemic
phase. Acarbose has no effect on lactase.

Pharmacokinetics
In dogs about 4% of an oral dose is absorbed; in humans only about 2% of an
oral dose is absorbed from the gut that is then excreted by the kidneys.
Practically all remaining drug in the gut is metabolized in the GI tract by
intestinal bacteria. Patients with severe renal dysfunction attain serum levels
approximately 5 times those of normal subjects.

Contraindications/Precautions/Warnings
Acarbose is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the
drug, diabetic ketoacidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, colonic ulceration,
partial intestinal obstruction or predisposition to obstruction, chronic intestinal
disease with marked disorders of digestion or absorption, and when excessive
gas formation would be detrimental. Acarbose is not indicated in patients of
low body weight (some say normal body weight as well) as it may have
deleterious effects on nutrition status. Use caution in patients with renal
dysfunction or severe liver disease.

Adverse Effects
Adverse effects reported in cats include flatulence, soft stools and diarrhea; in
dogs, diarrhea and weight loss. Adverse effects are more likely at higher
doses.
While acarbose alone does not cause hypoglycemia, it may contribute to it
by reducing the rate and amount of glucose absorbed when the patient is
receiving other hypoglycemic agents (insulin, oral hypoglycemics).

Reproductive/Nursing Safety
Safety in pregnancy has not been established; weigh any potential risks versus
benefits in pregnant animals. In humans, the FDA categorizes this drug as
category B for use during pregnancy (Animal studies have not yet

36
demonstrated risk to the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant
women; or animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate
studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the
first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later
trimesters.)

Overdosage/Acute Toxicity
Acute overdosages are likely to cause only diarrhea and flatulence. No
treatment should be necessary. Should acute hypoglycemia occur secondary to
other antihypoglycemics, parenteral glucose should be administered. If treating
orally, use glucose (do not use sucrose).

Drug Interactions
The following drug interactions have either been reported or are theoretical in
humans or animals receiving acarbose and may be of significance in veterinary
patients:
CHARCOAL: Intestinal adsorbents may reduce the efficacy of acarbose
DIGOXIN: Acarbose may reduce digoxin blood concentrations
HYPERGLYCEMIC AGENTS (corticosteroids, thiazides, estrogens,
phenothiazines, thyroid hormones, and calcium channel blockers): May
negate the effects of acarbose
PANCREATIN, PANCRELIPASE, OR AMYLASE: Exogenous enzyme
formulations may reduce the efficacy of acarbose

Laboratory Considerations
Increased serum aminotransferase levels have been noted in some humans
taking high dosages for a long period

Doses
DOGS:
a) For dogs poorly controlled with insulin and dietary therapy when
another reason for the poor control cannot be identified: Initially 12.5–25
mg total dose per dog PO with each meal. Give only at the time of
feeding. May increase dose after two weeks to 50 mg per dog and then to
100 mg per dog (in large dogs, >25 kg) if response has been inadequate.

37
 There is a greater chance of diarrhea at the higher dosages. (Nelson 2005)
b) 12.5–20 mg (total dose) per meal PO (Daminet 2003)
CATS:
a) 12.5–25 mg (total dose) PO with meals. When acarbose is used with a
low carbohydrate diet it may improve glycemic control and reduce insulin
dependence. (Scherk 2005)
b) 12.5 mg per cat PO twice daily with meals. May be able to reduce
insulin dosage and thereby reduce hypoglycemia occurrence. (Greco
2002)
c) 12.5–20 mg (total dose) per meal PO (Daminet 2003)

Monitoring
Serum glucose
Adverse effects (diarrhea)

Client Information
Give right before feeding for best results.
Diarrhea and/or gas most likely side effect(s); contact veterinarian if serious
or continues.
Acarbose does not cause low blood sugar, but it may add to it if the animal is
getting other drugs (including insulin) that lower blood sugar; watch for signs
of low blood sugar: seizures (convulsions), collapse, rear leg weakness or
paralysis, muscle twitching, unsteadiness, tiredness, or depression. If these
occur call veterinarian immediately.
May take up to two weeks for the drug to work at its peak effect.

Chemistry/Synonyms
A complex oligosaccharide antihyperglycemic agent, acarbose occurs as white
to off-white powder, is soluble in water and has a pKa of 5.1.
Acarbose may also be known as: Bay-g-5421, Precose®, Asucrose®,
Glicobase®, Glucobay®, Glucor®, Glumida®, or Prandase®.

Storage/Stability
Do not store tablets above 25°C (77°F); protect from moisture.

38
Compatibility/Compounding Considerations
Tablets may be split or crushed and mixed with food just prior to
administration.

Dosage Forms/Regulatory Status

VETERINARY-LABELED PRODUCTS: None

HUMAN-LABELED PRODUCTS:

Acarbose Oral Tablets: 25 mg, 50 mg & 100 mg; Precose® (Bayer), generic;
(Rx)

References
Daminet, S (2003). Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus. Proceedings: World Small Animal Veterinary Assoc. World Congress. Accessed via: Veterinary Information Network.
http://goo.gl/YRCPp
Greco, D (2002). Treatment of feline ty pe 2 diabetes mellitus with oral hy pogly cemic agents. Proceedings: Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conf. Accessed via: Veterinary
Information Network. http://goo.gl/z0AuC
Nelson, R (2005). Diabetes Mellitus. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and Cat 6th Ed. S Ettinger and E Feldman Eds. Philadelphia, Elsevier. 2:
1563–1591.
Scherk, M (2005). Management of the Diabetic Cat. Proceedings: Western Veterinary Conference. Accessed via: Veterinary Information Network. http://goo.gl/dGiYr

39
 ACEMANNAN
(ase-man-in)
NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNOSTIMULANT/ANTIVIRAL
Prescriber Highlights

Non-specific injectable immunostimulant that has been tried in FeLV-,

FIV, or FIP-positive cats, & vaccine–induced fibrosarcomas
(intralesional)
Use is controversial; little, if any controlled study documentation
supporting efficacy in veterinary medicine
Adverse effects include: Possible hypersensitivity reactions, localized
necrosis at injection sites; bolus IV administration can cause
salivation, weakness, collapse, tachycardia, tachypnea; intralesional
injection can cause prolonged pain at site; intraperitoneal injection
can cause monocyte infiltrates on peritoneal surfaces, liver, & spleen
with resultant abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting.
Topical products available; potentially can reduce wound healing time

Uses/Indications
Veterinary acemannan injection is labeled for use in dogs or cats as an aid in
the treatment (i.e., surgery) and clinical management of fibrosarcoma. It has
been tried as a treatment for FeLV, FIV, and FIP infections in cats, but clinical
efficacy has not been adequately proven by controlled clinical studies.
Acemannan has been used in dogs as an intralesional injection for
papillomatosis. It reportedly has been used in horses, but no specific
information on this was located.

Pharmacology/Actions

40
Acemannan’s immunostimulant activity is thought as a result of inducing
increases in TNF-alpha, interferon, and IL-1. At injection sites, increased
lymphocytic infiltration and accumulation have been noted. In tissue cultures,
acemannan has suppressed HIV replication.

Pharmacokinetics
No information was located.

Contraindications/Precautions/Warnings
The manufacturer lists no contraindications to using acemannan, however, it
should not be used in patients who have demonstrated past severe
hypersensitivity reactions to it.

Adverse Effects
While the manufacturer does not list any specific adverse effects associated
with use, hypersensitivity or localized injection reactions (e.g., necrosis) are
possible. Hyperactivity, lethargy, fever and hypotension have been reported
with systemic use of the drug.
Bolus IV administration can cause salivation, weakness, collapse,
hypotension, tachycardia and tachypnea. Intralesional injection can cause
bleeding or prolonged pain at the injection site. Intraperitoneal injection can
cause monocyte infiltrates on peritoneal surfaces, lung, liver, and spleen.
Abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea have been reported with high dose,
intraperitoneal injections.

Reproductive/Nursing Safety
No specific information was located on reproductive or nursing safety. The
product label states, “The effects of this compound have not been studied in
pregnant animals” and, also, “…the chemical nature of acemannan and the
absence of significant toxicity in several animal species suggest the compound
is not a teratogen.”

Overdosage/Acute Toxicity
Single IP injections of 50 mg/kg in dogs resulted in no significant signs of
toxicity. Acemannan fed orally to dogs at rates of up to 1.5 g/kg/day for 90
days showed no significant effects.

Drug Interactions

41
None were identified.

Laboratory Considerations
None were identified.

Doses
DOGS/CATS:
For labeled indications (aid in treatment and management of
fibrosarcoma):
a) Prior to use, reconstitute with 10 mL sterile diluent. Five to 10 minutes
may be necessary for complete dissolution. Shake well before using. Use
within 4 hours after rehydration. Administer by concurrent intraperitoneal
(IP) and intralesional injections weekly for a minimum of 6 treatments.
Recommended IP dose is 1 mg/kg. Recommended intralesional dose is 2
mg injected deep into each tumor mass. When used as a prelude to
surgery, give concurrent IP and intralesional injections weekly. Continue
until delineation, necrosis or maximum tumor enlargement due to edema
and immune cellular infiltration occur. Rapid necrosis, which
accompanies this response, may happen within 2 to 4 weeks. Surgical
excision is recommended immediately upon delineation, necrosis or
maximum tumor enlargement. (Label Information; Acemannan
Immunostimulant—VPL)

Monitoring
Clinical efficacy
Adverse effects (most likely local reactions)

Client Information
This compound is recommended for use by veterinary professionals only
Clients should be made aware of the “investigational” nature of using
acemannan systemically; adverse effects are possible

Chemistry
Acemannan is a water soluble, complex carbohydrate polymer that is derived
from Aloe vera. It is a long-chained polydispersed beta-(1,4)-acetylated
polymannose with interspersed O-acetyl groups with a mannose:acetyl ratio of

42
approximately 1:1.

Storage/Stability
Acemannan injection should be stored at temperatures less than 35°C (95°F);
protect from extremes of heat or light.

Dosage Forms/Regulatory Status

VETERINARY-LABELED PRODUCTS:
Acemannan 10 mg vial with 10 mL vial of diluent (sterile saline) in kits of two
vials (one of each) or eight vials (4 of each): Acemannan Immunostimulant®
(VPL); OTC Biologic. Labeled for use in dogs or cats. Note: This product is a
USDA-licensed biologic and is not an FDA-approved product.
Note: There are also topical products labeled for veterinary use that contain
acemannan including a wound dressing and cleansing foam. Trade name is
CarraVet® (VPL).
HUMAN-LABELED PRODUCTS: No systemic products located

43
 ACEPROMAZINE MALEATE
(ase-pro-ma-zeen) PromAce®, Aceproject®
PHENOTHIAZINE SEDATIVE/TRANQUILIZER
Prescriber Highlights

Negligible analgesic effect

Dosage may need to be reduced in debilitated or geriatric animals,
those with hepatic or cardiac disease, or when combined with other
agents
Inject IV slowly; do not inject into arteries
Certain dog breeds (e.g., giant breeds, sight hounds) and dogs with
the MDR1 mutation may be overly sensitive to effects and require
dosage reduction
May cause significant hypotension, cardiac rate abnormalities, hypo-
or hyperthermia
May cause penis protrusion in large animals (esp. horses)

Uses/Indications
Acepromazine is FDA-approved for use in dogs, cats, and horses. Labeled
indications for dogs and cats include: “… as an aid in controlling intractable
animals … alleviate itching as a result of skin irritation; as an antiemetic to
control vomiting associated with motion sickness” and as a preanesthetic
agent. The use of acepromazine as a sedative/tranquilizer in the treatment of
adverse behaviors in dogs or cats has largely been supplanted by newer,
effective agents that have fewer adverse effects. Its use for sedation during
travel is controversial and many no longer recommend drug therapy for this
purpose. In combination with analgesics (e.g., opioids), acepromazine can

44
potentiate their analgesic effect (neuroleptanalgesia).
In horses, acepromazine is labeled “… as an aid in controlling fractious
animals,” and in conjunction with local anesthesia for various procedures and
treatments. It is also commonly used in horses as a pre-anesthetic agent at very
small doses to help control behavior.
Although not FDA-approved, it is used as a tranquilizer (see doses) in other
species such as swine, cattle, rabbits, sheep and goats. Acepromazine has also
been shown to reduce the incidence of halothane-induced malignant
hyperthermia in susceptible pigs.

Pharmacology/Actions
Acepromazine is a phenothiazine neuroleptic agent. While the exact
mechanisms of action are not fully understood, the phenothiazines block post-
synaptic dopamine receptors in the CNS and may also inhibit the release of,
and increase the turnover rate of dopamine. They are thought to depress
portions of the reticular activating system that assists in the control of body
temperature, basal metabolic rate, emesis, vasomotor tone, hormonal balance,
and alertness. Additionally, phenothiazines have varying degrees of
anticholinergic, antihistaminic, antispasmodic, and alpha-adrenergic blocking
effects.
The primary desired effect for the use of acepromazine in veterinary
medicine is its tranquilizing action. Additional pharmacologic actions that
acepromazine possess, include antiemetic, antispasmodic, and hypothermic
actions. Some researchers have reported that acepromazine has anticonvulsant
activity, but in veterinary medicine it is generally felt that phenothiazines
should not be used in epileptic animals or those susceptible to seizures (e.g.,
post-myelography) as it may precipitate seizures.
Acepromazine may decrease respiratory rates, but studies have
demonstrated that little or no effect occurs with regard to the blood gas picture,
pH or oxyhemoglobin saturation. A dose dependent decrease in hematocrit is
seen within 30 minutes after dosing in horses and dogs. Hematocrit values in
horses may decrease up to 50% of pre-dose values; this is probably due to
increased splenic sequestration of red cells.
Besides lowering arterial blood pressure in dogs, acepromazine causes
increases in central venous pressure, a vagally induced bradycardic effect and
transient sinoatrial arrest. The bradycardia may be negated by a reflex
tachycardic effect secondary to decreases in blood pressure. Acepromazine

45
also has antidysrhythmic effects. Acepromazine has been demonstrated to
inhibit the arrhythmias induced by ultra-short acting barbiturates, and protect
against the ventricular fibrillatory actions of halothane and epinephrine. Other
pharmacologic actions are discussed in the adverse effects section below.

Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of acepromazine has been studied in the horse (Ballard
et al. 1982). The drug has a fairly high volume of distribution (6.6 L/kg), and is
more than 99% protein bound. The onset of action is fairly slow, requiring up
to 15 minutes following IV administration, with peak effects seen in 30–60
minutes. The elimination half-life in horses is approximately 3 hours.
Acepromazine is metabolized in the liver with both conjugated and
unconjugated metabolites eliminated in the urine. Metabolites may be found in
equine urine up to 96 hours after dosing.

Contraindications/Precautions/Warnings
Animals may require lower dosages of general anesthetics following
acepromazine. Use cautiously and in smaller doses in animals with hepatic
dysfunction, mild cardiac disease, or general debilitation. Because of its
hypotensive effects, acepromazine is relatively contraindicated in patients with
significant cardiac disease, hypovolemia, hypotension or shock. Acepromazine
has been said to decrease platelet aggregation and its use avoided in patients
with coagulopathies or thrombocytopenia, but a study in 6 healthy dogs showed
no platelet inhibition (Conner et al. 2009). Phenothiazines are relatively
contraindicated in patients with tetanus or strychnine intoxication due to effects
on the extrapyramidal system.
Intravenous injections should be made slowly. Do not administer intra-
arterially in horses since it may cause severe CNS excitement/depression,
seizures and death. Because of its effects on thermoregulation, use cautiously
in very young or debilitated animals.
Two retrospective studies in dogs (McConnell et al. 2007), (Tobias &
Marioni-Henry 2006) did not show any increase in seizure activity after
administration of acepromazine.
When used alone, acepromazine has no analgesic effects; treat animals with
appropriate analgesics to control pain. The tranquilization effects of
acepromazine can be overridden and it cannot always be counted upon when
used as a restraining agent. Do not administer to racing animals within 4 days

46
of a race.
In dogs, acepromazine’s effects may be individually variable and breed
dependent. Dogs with MDR1 mutations (many Collies, Australian shepherds,
etc.) may develop a more pronounced sedation that persists longer than normal.
The Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology Lab at Washington State recommends
reducing the dose by 25% in dogs heterozygous for the MDR1 mutation
(mutant/normal) and by 30–50% in dogs homozygous for the MDR1 mutation
(mutant/mutant). (WSU-VetClinPharmLab 2009)
Acepromazine should be used very cautiously as a restraining agent in
aggressive dogs as it may make the animal more prone to startle and react to
noises or other sensory inputs. In geriatric patients, very low doses have been
associated with prolonged effects of the drug. Giant breeds and greyhounds
may be extremely sensitive to the drug while terrier breeds are somewhat
resistant to its effects. Atropine may be used with acepromazine to help negate
its bradycardic effects.
In addition to the legal aspects (not FDA-approved) of using acepromazine
in cattle, the drug may cause regurgitation of ruminal contents when inducing
general anesthesia.

Adverse Effects
Acepromazine’s effect on blood pressure (hypotension) is well described and
an important consideration in therapy. This effect is thought to be mediated by
both central mechanisms and through the alpha-adrenergic actions of the drug.
Cardiovascular collapse (secondary to bradycardia and hypotension) has been
described in all major species. Dogs may be more sensitive to these effects
than other animals.
Acepromazine has been shown to decrease tear production in cats (Ghaffari
et al. 2010).
In male large animals acepromazine may cause protrusion of the penis; in
horses, this effect may last 2 hours. Stallions should be given acepromazine
with caution as injury to the penis can occur with resultant swelling and
permanent paralysis of the penis retractor muscle. Other clinical signs that
have been reported in horses include excitement, restlessness, sweating,
trembling, tachypnea, tachycardia and, rarely, seizures and recumbency.
Acepromazine’s effects of causing penis extension in horses and prolapse of
the membrana nictitans in horses and dogs, may make its use unsuitable for
show animals. There are also ethical considerations regarding the use of

47
tranquilizers prior to showing an animal or having the animal examined before
sale.
Occasionally an animal may develop the contradictory clinical signs of
aggressiveness and generalized CNS stimulation after receiving acepromazine.
IM injections may cause transient pain at the injection site.

Reproductive/Nursing Safety
In humans, the FDA categorizes phenothiazines as category C for use during
pregnancy (Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but
there are no adequate studies in humans; or there are no animal
reproduction studies and no adequate studies in humans.) In a separate
system evaluating the safety of drugs in canine and feline pregnancy (Papich
1989), this drug is categorized as in class: B (Safe for use if used cautiously.
Studies in laboratory animals may have uncovered some risk, but these
drugs appear to be safe in dogs and cats or these drugs are safe if they are
not administered when the animal is near term.)

Overdosage/Acute Toxicity
The LD50 in mice is 61 mg/kg after IV dosage and 257 mg/kg after oral dose.
While a toxicity study in dogs reported no adverse effects in dogs receiving
20–40 mg/kg over 6 weeks, since 2004 the ASPCA Animal Poison center has
documented adverse effects in dogs receiving single doses between 20–42
mg/kg. Dogs have survived oral dosages up to 220 mg/kg, but overdoses can
cause serious hypotension, CNS depression, pulmonary edema and hyperemia.
There were 70 exposures to acepromazine maleate reported to the ASPCA
Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) during 2008–2009. In these cases 49
were dogs with 37 showing clinical signs and the remaining 21 reported cases
were cats with 17 cats showing clinical signs. Common findings in dogs
recorded in decreasing frequency included ataxia, sedation, lethargy,
depression, and protrusion of the third eyelid, somnolence, bradycardia, and
recumbency. Common findings in cats recorded in decreasing frequency
included sedation, ataxia, lethargy, protrusion of the third eyelid, and
depression.
Because of the apparent relatively low toxicity of acepromazine, most
overdoses can be handled by monitoring the animal and treating clinical signs
as they occur; massive oral overdoses should definitely be treated by emptying
the gut if possible. Hypotension should not be treated initially with fluids;

48
alpha-adrenergic pressor agents (epinephrine, phenylephrine) can be
considered if fluids do not maintain adequate blood pressure. Seizures may be
controlled with barbiturates or diazepam. Doxapram has been suggested as an
antagonist to the CNS depressant effects of acepromazine.

Drug Interactions
The following drug interactions have either been reported or are theoretical in
humans or animals receiving acepromazine or other phenothiazines and may be
of significance in veterinary patients:
ACETAMINOPHEN: Possible increased risk for hypothermia
ANTACIDS: May cause reduced GI absorption of oral phenothiazines
ANTIDIARRHEAL MIXTURES (e.g., Kaolin/pectin, bismuth
subsalicylate mixtures): May cause reduced GI absorption of oral
phenothiazines
CNS DEPRESSANT AGENTS (barbiturates, narcotics, anesthetics, etc.):
May cause additive CNS depression if used with acepromazine
DOPAMINE: Acepromazine may impair the vasopressive action of
dopamine.
EMETICS: Acepromazine may reduce the effectiveness of emetics
EPINEPHRINE, EPHEDRINE: Phenothiazines block alpha-adrenergic
receptors; concomitant use of epinephrine or ephedrine can lead to
unopposed beta-activity causing vasodilation and increased cardiac rate
METOCLOPRAMIDE: May increase risks for extrapyramidal adverse
effects
OPIATES: May enhance the hypotensive effects of acepromazine; dosages of
acepromazine are generally reduced when used with an opiate
ORGANOPHOSPHATE AGENTS: Acepromazine should not be given
within one month of worming with these agents as their effects may be
potentiated
PHENYTOIN: Metabolism may be decreased if given concurrently with
phenothiazines
PROCAINE: Activity may be enhanced by phenothiazines
PROPRANOLOL: Increased blood levels of both drugs may result if
administered with phenothiazines

49
QUINIDINE: With phenothiazines may cause additive cardiac depression

Doses
Note: The manufacturer’s dose of 0.5–2.2 mg/kg for dogs and cats is
considered by many clinicians to be 10 times greater than is necessary for most
indications. Give IV doses slowly; allow at least 15 minutes for onset of
action.
DOGS:
a) 0.55–2.2 mg/kg PO or 0.55–1.1 mg/kg IV, IM or SC (Package Insert;
PromAce® —Fort Dodge)
b) Restraint/sedation: 0.025–0.2 mg/kg IV; maximum of 3 mg or 0.1–0.25
mg/kg IM; Preanesthetic: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV or IM; maximum of 3 mg;
0.05–1 mg/kg IV, IM or SC (Morgan 1988)
c) To reduce anxiety in the painful patient (not a substitute for analgesia):
0.05 mg/kg IM, IV or SC; do not exceed 1 mg total dose (Carroll 1999)
d) Premedication: 0.03–0.05 mg/kg IM or 1–3 mg/kg PO at least one hour
prior to surgery (not as reliable) (Hall & Clarke 1983)
e) As a premedicant with morphine: acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg IM;
morphine 0.5 mg/kg IM (Pablo 2003)
CATS:
a) 1.1–2.2 mg/kg PO, IV, IM or SC (Package Insert; PromAce® —Fort
Dodge)
b) To reduce anxiety in the painful patient (not a substitute for analgesia):
0.05 mg/kg IM, IV or SC; do not exceed 1 mg total dose (Carroll 1999)
c) Restraint/sedation: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg IV, maximum of 1 mg (Morgan
1988)
d) 0.11 mg/kg with atropine (0.045–0.067 mg/kg) 15–20 minutes prior to
ketamine (22 mg/kg IM). (Booth 1988)
FERRETS:
a) As a tranquilizer: 0.25–0.75 mg/kg IM or SC; has been used safely in
pregnant jills; use with caution in dehydrated animals. (Finkler 1999)
b) 0.1–0.25 mg/kg IM or SC; may cause hypotension/hypothermia
(Williams 2000)

50
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
Kriemhild the Fair, from the City of Worms, from the Rhine-
stronghold.
Never could welcomer tidings in the ears of these be told.
“Happy am I,” cried Siegmund, “that I live to see the day
When in this land Kriemhild the Lovely shall be crowned for royal
sway!
Henceforth shall my father’s kingdom yet higher in honour stand,
For now shall my son, my Siegfried, himself be king of the land.”
Then Siegelind gave to the heralds for vesture the velvet red
And the massy gold and the silver, their guerdon for tidings sped.
She joyed beyond words for the story, she had gotten her heart’s
desire.
And all her palace-maidens made ready their fairest attire.
Each told unto other what escort drew with Siegfried near;
And they gave command that the craftsmen should the ranks of the
high-seats rear
Wherefrom all friends should behold him crowned their king ere
long.
Then rode forth onward to meet them King Siegmund’s vassal-
throng.

If ever was royaller welcome, thereof have I heard not yet

Than this wherewith were the heroes in the land of Siegmund met.
Forth to the meeting with Kriemhild did Siegfried’s mother ride
With many a lovely lady and valiant knight at her side.
A day’s march rode they, or ever those guests they might behold.
Home-dwellers and far-comers alike were restless-souled
Till they met at the last by a fortress with towers encompassed
round,
Xanten its name, where Siegfried and Kriemhild ere long should be
crowned.
With smiling lips King Siegmund and Siegelind greeted there
With kisses on loving kisses Queen Uta’s daughter fair
And Siegfried the Knight—for his safety had their hearts been long in
pain;—
And they gave withal glad welcome unto all his escort-train.
 Into the hall of Siegmund the long-desired led they;
And unto the winsome handmaids was many a hand straightway
Upreached, from the palfreys to lift them: knights many of high
degree
Waited on those fair ladies with eager courtesy.
How splendid soever the bridal had been where Rhine-river flowed,
This day far goodlier raiment on the hero-guests they bestowed
For the marriage-feast, than ever had arrayed them in all their days.
Of the wealth of their kingdom marvels are sung in the minstrels’
praise.
So sat they high in honour amid all that heart desired.
In what gold-broidered vesture were the palace-pages attired!
With needlework laid were their garments and the gemstone’s starry
sheen
By the heedful care provided of Siegelind the Queen.

Then in his leal friends’ presence did Siegmund rise and say:
“Be it known unto all my lovers and all my folk this day
That from this hour forward Siegfried the crown of my lordship shall
wear.”
And with joy that proclamation did the men of the Netherland hear.
Unto Siegfried his crown he committed, his land, and the power of
the sword.
Henceforth was he lord and master: as he spake in judgment’s
award,
As he visited for transgression, his word was the whole land’s law,
So that under the lord of Kriemhild all men bowed down in awe.

In the midst of such high honour he lived—this witness is true—

Doing crowned kings’ judgment and justice, till onward the tenth
year drew.
And now to the fair Queen Kriemhild was born at the last a son
In whom for the kinsmen of Siegfried all hope and desire were won.
They bare to the font baptismal the babe, and they chose him a
name,
The name of his uncle Gunther—thereof could he take no shame.
So he grew unto man like his kinsman, a valiant lord should he be.
And with watchful love, as behoved them, they nurtured him
heedfully.
Now it came to pass that in those days did the Lady Siegelind die,
And to Uta’s noble daughter passed all her majesty,
As beseemed so royal a lady in the land where her lord bare sway:
Yet sorely for her they lamented whom death had taken away.

Now also beside Rhine-river, as the olden minstrels sing,

In that fair land Burgundian unto Gunther the mighty king
The Queen, even Brunhild the lovely, had also borne a son.
Siegfried, for love of the Hero, they named that little one.
Ah, with what care exceeding they watched his childhood-days!
Wise warders Gunther appointed to rear him in wisdom’s ways,
Even all that for noble manhood and knightly should stand him in
stead.
—Ah me, what woes from his kinsfolk lighted on that child’s head!

Through the golden years was the story aye published far and
wide
In what fashion those valiant barons in princely pomp and pride
Lived in the land of Siegmund through the happy-fleeting days.
Yea, Gunther withal with his kinsfolk dwelt amid all men’s praise.
All the land of the Niblungs was bowed under Siegfried’s sway,
—Such wealth had none of his kinsfolk as gathered in that Hoard lay
—
With all the knights of Schilbung and the slain kings’ treasure-store;
And for this cause heart-uplifted was the hero yet the more.
Yea, a Hoard, of treasures the hugest that ever hero won,
Save the lords that of old possessed it, had Siegfried gained for his
own,
The which by the Misty Mountain his right hand took in fight,
When he dealt for its sake the death-stroke unto many a stalwart
knight.
He was crowned with the fulness of honour—yea, had his portion
been less,
Yet of that noble warrior all men must needs confess
That of all knights this was the chiefest that ever backed a steed.
Men dreaded his might—and reason had they in veriest deed!
 XII.
How Gunther bade Siegfried to a Festival
Now through all these years ever Brunhild the Queen to her own
heart said:
“How comes it that Lady Kriemhild beareth so proudly her head?
And yet is her husband Siegfried nought but our vassal, I trow;
Yet for long hath he rendered homage or service little enow!”
So bare she in secret a burden of brooding and heart’s unrest,
And that these in a far land tarried was ever a thorn in her breast,
Yea also, that none brought tribute to her out of Siegfried’s land;
How it befell she knew not, and she wearied to understand.

Then made she trial of Gunther, if haply she might attain

Her purpose, to meet Queen Kriemhild face to face again;
And she took with him secret counsel for that whereon aye did she
brood.
But the word of the Queen unto Gunther seemed in no wise good.
“How might we bring them hither?” that noble King replied,
“Even to this our kingdom? The thing can never betide.
Too far is their dwelling: I dare not ask that this might be!”
But Brunhild to him made answer with speech of subtlety:
“And be he never so mighty, who is vassal still to a King,
Whatsoever his liege-lord biddeth, of force must he do the thing.”
Smiled Gunther for this delusion that in her heart had place—
Little he thought on homage when he looked upon Siegfried’s face.
“Nay, dear my lord,” she made answer, “I pray thee, help me herein
—
By my love I beseech thee—that Siegfried and thy sister Kriemhild
the Queen
May come unto this thy kingdom, that we may behold them here.
In all this world could be given no joy to mine heart more dear.
That gracious mien of thy sister, and her queenly courtesy,
Still as I muse thereover, how sweet is the memory,
How we sat at the feast of my bridal side by side at the board!
In sooth hath she chosen with honour Siegfried the brave for her
lord.”
She lay on him sore in entreaty, that at last King Gunther said:
“Now know, that no guests more welcome my feast-hall floor could
tread.
Lightly is gained thy petition: swift messengers of mine
Shall be sent unto them, to bid them come unto us by Rhine.”
Then spake that Daughter of Princes: “Now shalt thou tell unto me
When thou wilt send to bid them, and how many days shall it be
Ere come into this our kingdom the friends we love so well.
And whom thou wilt send to bid them unto me beforehand tell.”

“Yea,” answered the King, “that will I: There shall go of my

knightly array
Thirty thitherward riding.” For these did he send straightway;
And with that message he charged them, to bear it to Siegfried’s
land.
Rich raiment to gladden their spirits received they of Brunhild’s hand.
“My knights, ye shall take this message from me”; thus spake the
King;
“And of all wherewith I have charged you withhold not anything.
Say unto Siegfried the mighty, and unto my sister say,
That in all this world may no one be dearer to me than they.
And pray them to come to their kinsfolk here beside Rhine-river:
And for this unto them shall Brunhild and I be beholden ever.
Ere summer to autumn waneth full many shall he see here,
Even he and his men, that in honour hold him passing dear.
And bear ye to King Siegmund my service in courtesy,
And say that to him aye bounden my friends and I shall be:
And pray ye also my sister that she tarry not to ride
To her friends—she hath lighted never on so worthy a festal-tide.”

Brunhild withal, and Uta, yea, every high-born dame

Unto the land of Siegfried fair greeting sent by name
To their kinsfolk and their acquaintance, fair lady and valiant knight.
So, sped by King and Council, they hasted thence forthright;
For they stood all girt for the journey, seeing all things ready to hand
Had they, their horses, their raiment: so rode they forth of the land.
On to the goal they hasted whereunto their hearts were bent.
Strong escort on that wayfaring to guard them the King had sent.

So it was, on the twelfth day’s dawning they came to the Niblung

land,
To the fencèd city, whither they were sent by the King’s command.
Afar on the marches of Norway that hero-thane found they:
And by this were steed and rider forwearied with all the way.
Unto Siegfried and unto Kriemhild were tidings borne with speed
That knights were come to their castle arrayed in suchlike weed
As folk in the land Burgundian were wont to wear alway.
Then leapt from the couch that lady, where resting yet she lay;
And a certain one of her handmaids she bade to the casement go,
Who beheld the valiant Gere in the court stand therebelow,
Even him and his fellow-farers which thither from far had sped.
All heart-ache of the exile like a dream at the tidings fled.
And she cried aloud unto Siegfried: “Behold how there they wait,
These that with Gere the stalwart have ridden through our gate,
These whom my brother Gunther unto us down Rhine-flood sends!”
Made answer Siegfried the mighty, “Welcome to us be our friends!”
Straightway beholding them hasted to greet them squire and knight,
And this one and that with welcome hailed them, and, each as he
might,
They paid to the heralds royal all loving courtesies.
Yea, also the old King Siegmund rejoiced for the coming of these.

So when they had given fair lodging to Gere and all his men,
And had stabled in stall their horses, they led those messengers then
To the place where sat King Siegfried with Kriemhild at his side,
Even the Hall of the Presence, when his pleasure was signified.
Then the King and the Queen from their high-seats rose up at their
entering-in,
And they graciously greeted the envoys of their far Burgundian kin,
Even these and their fellow-farers, King Gunther’s liegemen all,
And entreated Gere the noble, “Sit thou with us in the hall.”
“Let us first of our message acquit us, ere we sit down to rest:
So long let him stand in thy presence, thy travel-weary guest;
And so shall the word be spoken which is sent unto you of the King,
Of Gunther, and of Queen Brunhild. In bliss be they prospering.
From the Lady Uta thy mother, O Queen, have we also a word,
And from Giselher the stripling, and from Gernot the royal lord,
And from all your nearest kinsfolk: hither have these sent us
From Burgundia-land with greetings exceeding courteous.”

“God guerdon them!” said Siegfried; “I put my trust alway

In their love and their faith true-hearted, as friend with friend doth
aye:
This doth withal their sister. Now shall ye further tell
If our friends in their far-off homeland be merry, and all go well.
Since the day that we parted from them, hath any evil been done
By a foe to my Lady’s brethren? Concerning this say on.
In loyal faith will I help them aye to the uttermost.
Of my service to these shall foemen learn to their bitter cost.”

Answered the Lord of the Marches, Gere, a right good knight:

“In chivalry and in joyance be all things going aright;
And they bid you now unto Rhineland to a glorious festal-tide.
Glad shall they be to behold you, hereof be ye certified.
They beseech my Lady Kriemhild withal that she come with thee
So soon as the feet of the winter from the face of the spring shall
flee.
Or ever the summer waneth full fain would they look upon you.”
Answered Siegfried the mighty, “Not lightly this may I do!”

But Gere the earl Burgundian spake on furthermore:

“Nay also Uta your mother beseecheth you very sore,
And Giselher and Gernot: ye may not say them nay.
That ye dwell so far from their faces is their sorrow day by day.
Brunhild withal my Lady and her maidens in bower and hall
Rejoice over this my message; and if haply it might befall
That they look once more on your faces, heart-uplifted they were.”
Then exceeding glad for the tidings was Kriemhild the loving and fair.

Now the Queen’s near kinsman was Gere, and the King bade seat
him on high,
And pour them the wine of welcome; no more might they put it by.
Thither withal came Siegmund, and rejoiced their faces to see;
And the old king lovingly greeted the heralds of Burgundy:
“Welcome to us, ye liegemen of Gunther, knight and thane!
Behold, forasmuch as Siegfried my son to wife hath ta’en
Kriemhild, the great King’s sister, more oft should we see you thus
Guests in our land, if closer ye would knit up friendship with us.”
And they cried, whensoe’er it should please him, with joyful hearts
would they come.
From their limbs was weariness banished, by gladness stolen
therefrom.
Then the horns blew up to the banquet, and they feasted with all
good cheer,
For Siegfried had bidden lavish the best upon friends so dear.

Till nine full days were accomplished, they constrained them there
to abide,
Till the eager knights uplifted a voice of complaining, and cried:
“Will ye aye withhold us from riding back to our land at all?”
Then to a council did Siegfried his friends and his kinsmen call.
He prayed them to give their counsel, should he go to the Rhine or
forbear:
“Gunther, my fair Queen’s brother, entreateth me to fare
To the land where he and his brethren a mighty feast will array;
And fain would I go, but his kingdom is exceeding far away.
And they make request that Kriemhild shall thitherward fare with
me.
Give counsel, friends and kinsmen, shall this her journey be?
Were it but to lead through kingdoms thrice ten a warrior-band,
Glad help and willing service should they have of Siegfried’s hand.”
Unto him did the knights make answer: “If thy will and thy pleasure
it is
To journey to this high feast-tide, our rede unto thee is this:
With good knights twice five hundred hence shalt thou ride to the
Rhine,
So through all thy stay in Burgundia shall royal honour be thine.”

Then spake the old king Siegmund, erewhile the Netherland’s

Lord:
“Wouldst thou to a feast-tide, and tellest to me thereof no word!
Even I will be your companion, if this content you well,
And thanes of my train a hundred your guard-array shall swell.”
“If thou, O father beloved, wilt ride in our company,”
Made answer Siegfried the dauntless, “a joy shall it be unto me.
Ere twelve days have passed over, I ride forth out of our land.”
Then gave they horses and raiment unto all that should be of their
band.

When therefore set on the journey was the heart of that king of
men,
They suffered the eager envoys to ride thence homeward again;
And he charged them to say to the brethren of Kriemhild, by Rhine-
river side,
That Siegfried joyful-hearted would come to their festival-tide.
Siegfried the hero and Kriemhild, as telleth the minstrel’s tale,
So laded with presents the heralds, that their own steeds could not
avail
To bear all the guerdon homeward, so wealthy a lord was he:
So they drove it on sumpter-horses, journeying joyfully.

To their people was raiment given by Siegfried and Siegmund his

sire;
And Eckwart, Lord of the Marches, bade seek out splendid attire
For the ladies of Kriemhild, the richest vesture that might be found
Or be won by diligent searching in all the land around.
Goodly saddles and bucklers they bade the craftsmen prepare
For the noble knights and ladies that with him were bidden to fare.
Nought lacked they; all that they asked for was given with open
hand.
So brought he guests most princely to his friends in the far-off land.

Meanwhile are the envoys returning, and ever they speed on fast.
So cometh the proud thane Gere to Burgundia-land at last,
And with honour there is he welcomed. Down to the earth they
spring
From saddle of steed and palfrey in front of the hall of the King.
Forth poured the youths and the elders, as folk be wont to do,
And asked of him touching his tidings. Made answer the knight
thereto:
“When I speak to the King my message, unto you shall the same be
known.”
So entered he in with his comrades where Gunther sat on his throne.

Upleapt the King from the high-seat, and bright for joy was his
face.
Brunhild withal the lovely thanked them with queenly grace
For this their speedy returning, and the King to the messengers
spake:
“How fareth Siegfried, who ofttimes hath ventured his life for my
sake?”
Made answer Gere the valiant: “For joy was his face aflame,
Even his and thy sister’s. Message so gracious never came
From any man aforetime that would greet far-sundered friends,
As now unto you with his father the noble Siegfried sends.”
Then of the Lord of the Marches the King’s wife questioned and
cried:
“Answer me, cometh Kriemhild? As of old is her beauty’s pride
And the grace of the queenly bearing that to her did of yore
appertain?”
“O yea, of a surety she cometh,” made answer Gere the thane.
Then the herald at Uta’s bidding came before that Queen,
And now by her eager asking all in a moment was seen
Whereunto was her whole heart yearning—“How hath my child’s
weal sped?”
And he said, “She is well, and she cometh ere many days be fled.”

Then showed they the herald’s guerdon in the palace for all to
behold,
The gifts of the hand of Siegfried, the raiment and the gold:
Nothing thereof was hidden from the three Kings’ vassalry.
All rendered the hero honour for his bounty and courtesy.
“Ha! well may the man,” cried Hagen, “with full hand give away.
Ne’er could he spend his treasure, not though he should live for aye.
The Hoard of the Niblungs lieth in the hollow of his hand!
—Ha, if the same came ever hither to Burgundy-land!”

Right glad in court and castle were all the thanes when they heard
Of the friends that should come; and a spirit of diligent toiling stirred
In all men late and early, yea, in all the Kings’ array.
Long ranks of stately high-seats afront of the burg reared they.
There toiling was Hunold the valiant, there toiling was Sindold the
thane:
Full little rest they tasted, in their office as laboured the twain,
Steward and cupbearer-royal, as the seats rose rank on rank:
There daily was Ortwein helping; and Gunther rendered them thank.
Rumold the feast-arrayer, how urged he on at that tide
The vassalry of the kitchen!—full many a caldron wide,
Skillet and seething-vessel—how shone they in line on line
For the ordering of the feasting of the guests of the Land of Rhine!
(C) Toiled also the palace-maidens in many a fair device:
They broidered the costly loomwork, and many a gem of price
They set in the midst of the gold thread, that far its splendour
shone.
Was none but thanked them and praised them as they cunningly laid
them thereon.
 XIII.
How they Fared to the Feast-tide
From the tale of their diligent toiling awhile refraineth the song,
And telleth how Lady Kriemhild and all her handmaid-throng
Set forth from the land of the Niblungs to the realms by Rhine to
fare.
Never such wealth of royal vesture did horses bear:
For with many a casket and coffer they laded the sumpter-train.
Amidst of friends and kinsmen rode Siegfried the hero-thane;
And beside him the Daughter of Princes mid dreams of gladness
rode:
—Ah me, sore grief lay ambushed by the path that their horses
trode!

But the little child of Siegfried, but Kriemhild’s darling one,

Safe in the home-land left they; of need must it so be done.
Begotten for him of their journey was bitter affliction and sore.
Strong father and lovely mother that child saw never more!
Beside them went forth riding Siegmund the ancient king.
Ah, had his heart foreboded what sorrow was doomed to spring
For him of that festal high-tide, he had never looked thereon!
Never from wrongs of kindred such bitter grief had he won!

Forerunners to tell of their coming betimes far onward they sent:

Then riding forth to meet them all splendour-gleaming went
Many a friend of Uta and vassal of Gunther the King:
With looking for that guest-meeting his heart was hungering.
Then went he and spake unto Brunhild, where sat the Queen in her
bower:—
“When hither thou camest, how welcomed my sister thee in that
hour?
So will I the wife of Siegfried should be welcomed now of thee.”
“That will I gladly,” she answered, “of right is she dear unto me.”
Thereunto the great King answered: “To-morrow betimes come they.
If thou wilt fitly receive them, lay to thine hand straightway,
Lest they peradventure prevent us ere we ride from our towered
home;
For guests so well-belovèd never to me have come.”
Forthwith she gave to the maidens and palace-dames her behest
To search out goodly raiment, of all their attire the best,
Wherein her retinue-royal in the presence of guests might shine:
And the same did they blithe-hearted, lightly may one divine.

Forth to the welcoming hasted all Gunther’s liegemen withal;

Yea, to ride with him to the greeting each man of his knights did he
call.
There rode that Daughter of Princes in royal pomp to meet
Those dear-loved guests far-travelled, and with gracious lips to
greet.
What heaped-up measure of honour in their hands to their guests
did they bring!
Men thought that the Lady Brunhild had scarce such welcoming
At the hands of the Princess Kriemhild when she came to Burgundia-
land.
Friends became some, that were erstwhile strangers, by clasp of
hand.
By this came the band of warriors that rode at Siegfried’s side.
Men saw those ranks of heroes hitherward, thitherward ride
Through all the breadth of the lealand, a warrior-host untold:
There was no space clear from their thronging, and the clouds of
dust uprolled.

When the Lord of the Land Burgundian looked upon Siegfried’s

face
And the eyes of the old king Siegmund, what courtly and loving
grace
Was his as he cried, “Be welcome to me, to my friends and my kin!
Well may we be glad-hearted at this your entering-in!”
“God guerdon you!” cried Siegmund, the old king honour-athirst.
“Since the day that my dear son Siegfried was won to your friend at
the first,
Ever mine heart hath whispered, ‘Their faces must thou too see’.”
Spake Gunther, “Mine heart rejoiceth for that day risen on me.”
Such was the welcome of Siegfried, right worthy of such a lord.
With the love thereof and the honour were all hearts in accord:
This Gernot and Giselher bettered with their knightly courtesy.
No guests were welcomed ever, I ween, so lovingly.

Unto hand-clasp and embracing the wives of the two Kings came.
Now fast were the saddles emptied, for many a comely dame
By heroes’ hands down-holpen, stood on the meadow-green.
Who joyed in the service of ladies, had work enow, I ween.
To meet and to greet each other those winsome ladies stept,
And for joy of their lovely presence full many a knight’s heart leapt,
And for joy of the gracious greeting of the glory of either land;
For beside those comely maidens did many a good knight stand.
Then did the hands kind-clasping each unto other cling:
There was grace of courtly obeisance through that bright gathering,
Sweet salutations of kisses ’twixt ladies passing fair:
And the men of Gunther and Siegfried glad-hearted watched them
there.

Then tarried they there no longer, but on to the city they rode.
And the folk of the Land Burgundian by command of their Lord
forthshowed
To their guests their joy of the meeting by knightly courtesies;
And through all the way they jousted to gladden the ladies’ eyes.
Hagen of Troneg and Ortwein made manifest that day
To the eyes of all beholders what stalwart knights were they:
Marshals they were of the tourney, and all men obeyed their
behests;
So of these much courtly service was rendered to those dear guests.
There might ye hear shields ringing afront of the castle-gate,
Spear-snapping and buckler-crashing: long time on his charger sate
The King mid his friends there watching, or ever within they passed.
In many a knightly pastime the bright hours fleeted fast.

Unto the gate of the guest-hall rode they all joyously.

Many a rich-wrought housing fashioned fair to see
From the saddles of lovely ladies swinging on either hand
Hung to the ground. There waiting did the palace-pages stand.
Unto their several chambers by these were the guests led on;
And men marked how the eyes of Brunhild glanced ever and anon
Askance at the Lady Kriemhild;—sooth, passing-fair she showed,
As her bright cheeks’ lilies and roses against the red gold glowed.
All up through the streets of the city of Worms did the glad sounds
ring
Of that merry company’s thronging. His hest gave Gunther the King
Unto his marshal Dankwart to provide for all their need;
And to fair-dight harbourage therefore those several guests did he
lead.

Spread was the feast in the castle and all the city through.
Never were guests from a far land so ministered unto!
Whatsoever one haply craved for, with joy unto him was it brought:
So rich was the Lord of the kingdom that from none withheld they
aught.
Lovingly all folk served them and ever ungrudgingly.
The King in the great hall feasted, and amidst of his guests sat he;
And to Siegfried the place of honour, even as of old, they gave,
And with him passed in to the banquet warriors many and brave.
Yea, noble knights twelve hundred in that mighty hall were seen
With him at the banquet seated. And ever Brunhild the Queen
Thought in her heart: “Never vassal hath been so wealthy as this!”
Yet still did she bear him a kindness, and she grudged him nought of
his bliss.

Mid the mirth of the summer evening as sat the King mid his
guests,
Dew-sprent with the ruddy wine-drops were many rich-wrought
vests,
As the cupbearers brimming the goblets from table to table went
In ever-unfailing service tireless-diligent.
In the olden courteous fashion whensoe’er was the banquet arrayed,
From the board to their bowers of slumber escorted were matron
and maid.
Whence came each guest soever, he seemed the King’s chief care.
In all lovingkindness and honour had each enough and to spare.

When ended now was the night-tide, and the light of the
dayspring shone,
Out of the sumpter-caskets full many a precious stone
Came flashing on rich-wrought raiment, as forth fair fingers brought
Many a royal vesture, through the scented chests as they sought.
Ere day had fully broken, to the court before the hall
Came knights and squires full many, and rang from wall to wall
The tourney-clash, ere matins before the King had been sung;
And he thanked for their gallant riding those valiant knights and
young.
With strenuous blast the trumpets roared through the morning air,
With pipes and drums replying; so mighty was the blare
That Worms the wide-built fortress with clamorous echoes rang.
Then here, then there the bold knights upon their chargers sprang.
Then in the Land Burgundian a glorious tourney began
Where good knights thronged to the contest: was many a valiant
man
Whose young heart with glad courage was thrilled and filled to the
height:
Ha! there under shield beheld they many a gallant knight.
Adown from the casements gazing in fair adornings arrayed
Were many a noble lady and many a lovely maid:
They watched while the throngs of brave men played that knightly
play.
Yea, the King himself with his kinsmen rode the lists that day.
 So fleeted the summer morning, and the hours seemed all too
short
Ere the chiming bells of the minster summoned them from the sport.
Palfreys they brought for the ladies, and a river of splendour flowed
Through the streets as the valiant warriors behind the proud Queens
rode.
They lighted down on the greensward before the minster-gate.
Still to her guests did Brunhild harbour nought of hate.
Hosts, guests, passed crowned together beneath the wide-hung
dome.
—Soon all that love was sundered; sprang bitter affliction therefrom.
When the chanting of mass was ended, forth of the doors again
Came they in splendour and honour. Passed that gladsome train
On to the banquet-royal: joy knew nor stint nor stay
In the flowing tide of pleasure—till dawned the eleventh day.

(C) Yet ever the Queen was musing: “Delay no longer will I!
In such fashion will I contrive it, that Kriemhild must needs reply
Wherefore is tribute denied us by her lord thus year after year—
Yet is the man but our vassal! From searching I cannot forbear!”
(C) So she bided her time till the Devil whispered to her at the last
To wither the festal glory, and pleasure with pain to blast.
The serpent of jealousy coiling round her heart to the light must
come;
And therefrom through many a kingdom spread desolation and
doom.
 XIV.
How the Queens spake bitter Words Each unto Other
It befell, ere it rang unto vespers, that the clash of joyous sport
Came up through the palace-casements from many a knight in the
court
As they fell to the gallant tourney to wing with mirth the hours.
From the hall men hasted to watch them, and maidens from their
bowers.
There sat those Queens together, queens famous far and near,
And of two knights still were they thinking, two knights without a
peer.

Then spake Kriemhild the lovely: “My lord is such a knight

That beneath him all these kingdoms might well be bowed as of
right.”
Answered the Lady Brunhild: “Tush! how may such thing be?
If there lived on the earth no mortal save only thou and he,
Then haply might this kingdom be subject to Siegmund’s son;
But so long as Gunther liveth, may such thing never be done.”
Thereto made answer Kriemhild: “Dost mark how stands he there?
With the princely pride of his presence none other knight may
compare,
As the full moon in her brightness doth all the stars outshine.
Wherefore for good cause ever glad heart and proud is mine.”
But again made answer Brunhild: “Be he goodly as ye will,
And stately and noble-hearted, one standeth above him still,
Gunther, the flower of knighthood, thine high-born brother: in sooth,
High stands he above all earth-kings, and this thou knowest for
truth.”
But again made answer Kriemhild: “My lord is of such high worth,
That with fullest right have I praised him for the mightiest man on
earth.
In many a thing is he worthy of honour’s chiefest meed.
Doth thine heart not tell thee, Brunhild, he is Gunther’s peer
indeed?”

“Now this my word, O Kriemhild, take not as said in despite,

In that I say that my boasting is made of fullest right.
This said they both—I heard it, when first these twain I beheld
In the day when in my contests my will by the King’s was quelled,
When he won my love, in fashion so knightly triumphing,
Siegfried himself said, ‘Vassal am I unto Gunther the King.’
Therefore I hold him his liegeman: of himself I heard it confessed.”
Made answer Kriemhild the lovely: “For me ’twere a bitter jest!
How like were my noble brethren so to have dealt with me
That they should abase me ever the bride of a vassal to be!
Therefore will I, O Brunhild, entreat thee even as a friend—
For courtesy’s sake, and my love’s sake, let this thy babble have
end.”

Made answer the Queen: “I may not refrain me from this my

claim.
Am I like to renounce the service of all these knights of fame
Which, even as thine, be bounden to homage unto my lord?”
Then the anger of Kriemhild the lovely leapt into flame at the word:
“This boast, thou must needs forego it, that my lord ever on earth
Hath rendered thee aught of homage! Mine hero is more of worth
Than thy lord, my brother Gunther, be he never so noble a king.
Thou therefore shalt spare me the hearing of thy fond imagining.
Yea, needs must I marvel ever, if he be thy vassal-thane,
And thou be exalted so highly in worship above us twain,
Wherefore so long all tribute to thee hath of him been denied!
Of right I demand to be pestered no more with thine arrogant pride.”
“Too high dost thou exalt thee,” Queen Brunhild made reply:
“Now will I prove of a surety if folk account thee as high
In royal esteem and honour as they hold the Queen, even me!”
By this was the two Queens’ anger kindled unquenchably.
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookbell.com