COMMUNICATIONS
Q – CODE GROUPS
QDR – Magnetic bearing from the station.
QDM – Magnetic heading to the station.
QTE – True bearing from the station.
QUJ – True heading to the station.
QNH – Sub-scale setting that corresponds to barometric pressure
adjusted to sea level.
QNE – Sub-scale setting used to show the altitude from the standard
level of 1013.25hpa.
QFE – Sub-scale setting used to show the elevation above the
surface.
QGH – Controller interpreted DF let-down procedure, on UHF or VHF.
QDL – Intention to ask for series of bearings.
QFU – Magnetic direction of the runway in use.
CATEGORIES OF MESSAGES
• DISTRESS MESSAGES OR DISTRESS CALLS ( MAYDAY )
• URGENCY MESSAGES ( PAN –PAN )
• COMMUNICATIONS RELATING TO DIRECTION FINDING
• FLIGHT SAFETY MESSAGES
• METEOROLOGICAL MESSAGES
• FLIGHT REGULARITY MESSAGES.
TRANSMISSIONS
Aircraft Call Sign – 6E 301 , VT–FAS , VT- MAS
Flight Levels – FL180
Headings – 150 or 270
Wind Direction and Speed – 020 ° 70 kts
Runway Designator – 19, 06, 09R
Mach Number – 0.82
Altimeter setting – 1009 hPa
ATS ABBREVATIONS
• AREA CONTROL CENTER CONTROL
• RADAR (IN GENERAL) RADAR
• APPROACH CONTROL RADAR ARRIVALS ARRIVAL
• APPROACH CONTROL RADAR DEPARTURE DEPARTURE
• PRECISION APPRAOCH RADAR PRECISION
• DIRECTION FINDING STATION HOMER
• FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE INFORMATION
• APRON CONTROL APRON
• COMPANY DISPATCH DISPATCH
• AERONAUTICAL STATION RADIO
TEST PROCEDURES FOR RT
• All radio transmissions for test purpose shall not exceed more
than 10 seconds.
READABILITY SCALE
SCALE READABILITY
1 Unreadable
2 Readable now and then
3 Readable but with difficulty
4 Readable
5 Perfectly Readable
READ BACK and ACKNOWLEGEMENT
• ATC route clearances • SSR Operating Instructions
• Taxi/Towing Instructions • Altimeter Settings
• Level Instructions • VDF Information
• Heading Instructions • Frequency Changes
• Speed Instructions • Type of Radar services
• Airways or Route Clearances • Transition Levels
• Approach Clearances • Clearance to Enter, Land on ,
• Runway in use. Take-off, Backtrack, Cross or
Hold short of active Runway.
WEATHER INFORMATION TERMS (VFR)
ATIS – Automatic Terminal Information Service
METAR – Aviation Routine Weather Report
SPECI – Aviation Selected Special Weather report.
TREND – Expected changes in next two hours.
TAF – Aerodrome Forecast
ROFOR – Route Forecast.
CAVOK – Ceiling, Visibility and present weather conditions above
the prescribed minima.
REPORTING OF CLOUDS
• Few : 1-2 octas
• Scattered : 3-4 octas
• Broken : 5-7 octas
• Overcast : 8 octas.
• CAVOK – When the visibility is more than 10km (6sm) and there is
no cloud below 1500m (5000ft) or below the minimum highest
sector altitude whichever is greater.
COMMUNICATION FAILURE
• CHECK THE FOLLOWING
– If the correct frequency has been selected.
– If the station is open and operating.
– If the aircraft is not out of radio range.
– Receiver Volume correctly set.
• When sure of above, try establishing contact on designated
frequency and then on an alternate frequency if available.
• Even if that fails try establishing communication with other a/c
along the route to relay information to the station.
• Declare TRANSMITTING BLIND (Repeat the words twice).
• LAND !!!!
EMERGENCY FREQUENCIES
• 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz – International VHF/UHF distress freq.
• 2182 KHZ – International MF distress freq.
• 500KHz – International Maritime Distress Freq.
• ELT transmissions are on 121.5 MHz, 243 MHz and 406 MHz .
DISTRESS PROCEDURES
• RT distress signal consists of the word MAYDAY.
• DISTRESS MESSAGE:
– MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY
– Name of the station addressed
– Call sign
– Radio frequency transmitted on
– Type of a/c
– Nature of emergency
– Intention of PIC
– Position, Altitude and Heading
– POB and endurance.
URGENCY PROCEDURES
• RT distress signal consists of the word PAN-PAN.
• DISTRESS MESSAGE:
– PAN-PAN PAN-PAN PAN-PAN
– Name of the station addressed
– Call sign
– Radio frequency transmitted on
– Type of a/c
– Nature of emergency
– Intention of PIC
– Position, Altitude and Heading
– POB and endurance.
IFR COMMUNICATIONS
• The procedures specified above for VFR flights are equally
applicable to IFR flights.
• IFR flights will maintain two way communication at all times.
WAKE TURBULENCE
• A/c in Heavy wake turbulence category will include the term
HEAVY after the call sign.
• For A380-800 the term SUPER has to be included after the call
sign.
AIR REPORTS
POSITION REPORTS
• Station you are calling
• A/c call sign
• Name of the city or a fix (position)
• Time
• Flight Level
• Estimates of next city or fix and Time
• Estimates of the city after that.
SPECIAL AIR REPORTS
• Special air reports shall be made by all a/c whenever anyone
or more of the following conditions are encountered or observed:
» Clear air Turbulence
» Severe Turbulence
» Severe Icing
» Thunderstorms or Squall lines
» Volcanic activity or volcanic ash
» Dust storm and Sand storm
• Call sign, position , time and level should transmitted before the
special MET report.
