DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CABAMBANGAN, BACOLOR PAMPANGA
Miniature Steam Turbine Power Generator
SUBMITTED BY:
Miclat, Francine Hilarie H.
Layson, John Carlo D.
Hicban, Allan Marc C.
Pegar, Kevin Garnett B.
Tabilisma, Printz Andrei M.
Yabut, Jasmine L.
GROUP 4
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Joseph Galan, ME
MAY 2025
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONCEPT ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER I...................................................................................................................................................... 4-16
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................................... 5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ......................................................................... 7
DESIGN ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10
MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................. 11
FABRICATION .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
TESTING ............................................................................................................................................................................ 13
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................................. 14
DOCUMENTATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
SUBMISSION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
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CONCEPT
This project presents a functional model of a small-scale steam turbine power generator
built from recycled and easily accessible materials. Its main goal is to demonstrate how thermal
energy from steam can be harnessed to produce electricity in a sustainable and low-cost way. The
system showcases the practical use of traditional steam power principles combined with simple
engineering and resourcefulness.
To generate steam, we modified a stainless-steel pressure cooker to serve as the boiler. We
welded a metal pipe and installed a pressure valve to allow controlled steam release. A pressure
gauge was also added to monitor internal pressure for safety and efficiency. For the heat source,
we used a mini stove powered by butane gas, which provides consistent heat to produce high-
pressure steam. This steam is then directed to a turbine made from recycled metal and aluminum
scraps, emphasizing both environmental responsibility and cost-effectiveness. The turbine blades
were carefully shaped to capture the force of the steam and convert it into rotational motion. This
motion drives a small dynamo, which in turn generates electricity. The dynamo is connected to a
USB port, allowing the system to power small devices such as LED lights or charge mobile phones.
This project shows that with creativity and basic technical skills, a working steam-powered
generator can be built using low-cost and recycled materials. It demonstrates the potential of steam
as a renewable energy source, especially in off-grid or low-resource environments. By reusing
scrap materials, the project also supports sustainability and waste reduction. Our steam turbine
system provides a hands-on example of converting thermal energy into electrical power using
simple and accessible methods. It serves as a practical model for renewable energy, encouraging
innovation and further exploration into sustainable small-scale power generation.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The increasing global demand for sustainable and accessible energy solutions has led to
renewed interest in alternative power generation technologies, particularly those that can be done
on a small scale. Among these, steam turbine systems remain a foundation in electricity generation,
operating on well-established thermodynamic principles and offering a balance of efficiency and
reliability. While traditionally associated with large-scale industrial applications, the fundamental
mechanics of steam power can be effectively demonstrated through simplified, hands-on models.
This project focuses on the design and development of a miniature steam turbine power
generator built from recycled and easily accessible materials. It aims to showcase how thermal
energy can be converted into mechanical and subsequently electrical energy through basic
engineering processes. By modifying a household pressure cooker to act as a boiler and utilizing
a butane stove as the heat source, the system produces high-pressure steam to drive a homemade
turbine. The rotational motion generated powers a dynamo connected to a USB port, capable of
supplying electricity to small electronic devices.
Beyond demonstrating the basic operation of a steam power system, this project
emphasizes sustainability, creativity, and practical engineering. It highlights how recycled
components and low-cost materials can be harnessed to produce functional energy solutions,
particularly in low-resource or off-grid environments. This initiative not only reflects the technical
viability of small-scale steam turbines but also encourages innovation and environmental
consciousness in future engineering endeavors.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Steam turbines have played a central role in electricity generation for over a century. At
the core of many power plants around the world, the steam turbine operates on the Rankine cycle—
a thermodynamic process that converts heat energy into mechanical work, which is then
transformed into electrical energy (Wu et al., 2017). These systems are known for their efficiency,
reliability, and ability to generate continuous power, making them vital to the global energy
infrastructure.
Over time, the technology behind steam turbines has advanced significantly. The adoption
of supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam conditions has improved energy efficiency and
reduced carbon emissions by allowing power plants to operate at higher pressures and temperatures
(Blesl et al., 2017). Furthermore, recent innovations have integrated steam turbines with renewable
energy sources like biomass and concentrated solar power, showing their versatility and ongoing
relevance in sustainable energy strategies (Mohammadi & Mehrpooya, 2018). Material
improvements, such as high-performance alloys and thermal coatings, have also contributed to
greater durability and performance (Barigozzi et al., 2016).
While these systems are typically large-scale and complex, the underlying principles can
be effectively demonstrated through small-scale models. This project aims to showcase how steam
power generation works using simple, recycled, and accessible materials. By converting a
stainless-steel pressure cooker into a boiler and using a butane-powered stove to produce steam,
the model simulates the basic function of a thermal power plant. The steam drives a homemade
turbine connected to a small dynamo, which generates electricity sufficient to power small devices
such as LED lights or charge mobile phones.
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This hands-on model serves as an educational tool to help students and enthusiasts
understand the fundamental processes behind steam turbine technology. It highlights how basic
engineering principles, combined with creativity and resourcefulness, can be used to illustrate
complex energy systems in a tangible and engaging way. The use of recycled materials also
emphasizes environmental consciousness and cost-effectiveness, reinforcing the value of
sustainable thinking even in academic or demonstration settings.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Steam turbine power generation continues to play a vital role in the global energy mix,
particularly in utility-scale thermal power plants. It operates on the Rankine cycle, where high-
pressure steam generated by heating water drives a turbine connected to an electric generator.
Despite the global shift toward renewable energy sources, steam turbines remain integral in both
conventional and hybrid power generation systems due to their high efficiency, reliability, and
capacity for continuous operation (Wu et al., 2017).
Modern steam turbine systems have evolved significantly, particularly through the
adoption of supercritical (SC) and ultra-supercritical (USC) steam conditions. These
advancements allow plants to operate at higher temperatures and pressures, improving thermal
efficiency and reducing specific carbon dioxide emissions per kilowatt-hour of electricity
produced (Blesl et al., 2017). Consequently, these improvements align with international goals for
more sustainable and efficient energy production.
Recent developments also emphasize the integration of steam turbines with renewable and
waste heat recovery systems, including concentrated solar power (CSP) and biomass. Hybrid
systems leveraging steam turbines enhance energy security and help reduce dependence on fossil
fuels (Mohammadi & Mehrpooya, 2018). Furthermore, innovations in materials engineering, such
as the use of nickel-based alloys and thermal barrier coatings, have contributed to longer service
life and improved performance under extreme operating conditions (Barigozzi et al., 2016).
A project by user Confounded Machine posted a blog, the “DeskTop Steam Boiler” project,
as detailed on Instructables, offers a practical demonstration of steam generation principles using
accessible and recycled materials. This DIY initiative involves constructing a compact steam boiler
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primarily from a repurposed soup can, complemented by components like heat-resistant silicone
tubing, copper piping, and brass sheet metal. The assembly process encompasses crafting a sight
glass for water level monitoring, integrating a steam outlet, and ensuring airtight seals through
soldering techniques. Safety considerations are addressed by pressure-testing the system to
identify potential failure points, such as tubing disconnections under excessive pressure.
This project exemplifies how foundational thermodynamic concepts, like the Rankine
cycle, can be effectively illustrated through simple, hands-on models. By utilizing common
materials and basic tools, it serves as an educational resource, making the mechanics of steam
power generation more approachable for learners and enthusiasts. The emphasis on using recycled
components also aligns with sustainable practices, highlighting the potential for environmentally
conscious engineering solutions.
One relevant study is that of Wali et al. (2024), which focused on the design and fabrication
of a functional steam boiler intended for both educational and industrial relevance. The research
emphasizes the importance of thermal efficiency, material selection, and safety in constructing
steam boilers. The authors successfully fabricated a prototype using materials such as mild steel
and incorporated components like a combustion chamber, pressure gauges, and automatic blow-
out valves to manage steam pressure and ensure operational safety. The project highlighted key
thermodynamic principles, evaluating heat transfer mechanisms—namely conduction, convection,
and radiation—with findings indicating convection as the dominant mode of heat transfer. The
boiler achieved a geometric efficiency of 79.7% and could withstand a pressure of up to 7 bar,
demonstrating practical applicability and adherence to engineering standards.
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A noteworthy aspect of the study was the use of MATLAB simulations to assess
performance metrics. The results suggested that larger boilers exhibit better efficiency and pressure
tolerance, while continuous operation without shutdowns can reduce efficiency over time. The
project also explored relationships between furnace thermal efficiency and boiler performance,
reinforcing the role of precise engineering in optimizing steam systems.
The studies and projects reviewed demonstrate the continued importance of steam power
in both traditional and modern energy systems. While global energy trends are moving toward
renewable sources, steam turbines remain relevant due to their high efficiency, reliability, and
ability to integrate with hybrid systems. The “DeskTop Steam Boiler” project shows how basic
thermodynamic concepts like the Rankine cycle can be explored using simple, recycled materials,
making it a valuable learning tool for students and hobbyists. On a more advanced level, the work
by Wali et al. (2024) highlights the practical challenges and considerations involved in designing
efficient and safe boiler systems, particularly in relation to heat transfer, material choice, and
pressure control. Together, these examples reflect how both DIY and research-based approaches
can deepen understanding of steam generation, showing its educational value and potential for
real-world application.
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DESIGN
Figure 1. Initial design
Figure 2. Final design
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MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
• Modified stainless-steel pressure cooker
Boiler • Welded metal pipe for steam outlet
• Pressure valve for controlled steam release
• Pressure gauge for monitoring internal pressure
• Mini stove powered by a butane gas as the heat source
• Turbine casing made from recycled metal and aluminum scraps
Turbine • Custom-shaped turbine blades designed to capture steam force
effectively
• Shaft system to transfer rotational energy to the dynamo
• Small dynamo equivalent to the voltage of 2 AA batteries (3V)
Power Regulation • Mini DC-DC Step-Up Voltage Regulator Module
System ▪ Boosts input voltage from 0.9V–5V up to a stable
5V DC output
▪ Equipped with an onboard female USB port to
supply power to USB-powered devices
• Enables powering small devices like LED lights, USB fans, or
mobile phone charging (low-current applications)
• Theoretical speed (no load): approximately 3000 rpm
Table 1. Materials and Components
FABRICATION
To generate steam, a stainless-steel pressure cooker was modified to function as the boiler.
A metal pipe was welded onto the lid, and a pressure valve was installed to allow for controlled
steam release. A pressure gauge was also added to monitor internal pressure, ensuring both safety
and operational efficiency. A mini stove powered by butane gas served as the heat source,
delivering consistent thermal energy to produce high-pressure steam.
The generated steam was directed to a turbine constructed from recycled metal and
aluminum scraps, highlighting cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Due to the
thinness of the turbine components, fabrication involved both welding and the application of heat-
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resistant epoxy. While sturdier metal parts were welded together, thinner and more delicate
components that could not withstand high welding temperatures were bonded using heat-resistant
adhesive (Epoxy) to maintain structural integrity under steam exposure.
The turbine blades were precisely shaped to capture the kinetic energy of the steam,
converting it into rotational motion. This motion powered a small dynamo designed to operate at
a voltage equivalent to two AA batteries. The dynamo was connected to a Mini DC-DC step-up
voltage regulator module. Equipped with a female USB port, the module provided a stable 5V DC
output, capable of powering USB devices. With a two-AA battery input, the system could deliver
a current of 500–600 mA, and approximately 200 mA with a single AA battery input. This allowed
the device to effectively power small electronics, such as LED lights or charge mobile phones.
Welding
Application of
Heat-resistant
Adhesive
Table 2. Fabrication and Process
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TESTING
During the initial testing phase, the steam-powered generator project encountered several
critical technical challenges that posed a risk to the system’s success. A significant issue arose
with the boiler, which developed steam leaks at the welded joints. These leaks not only affected
performance but also raised serious safety concerns. To resolve this, the joints were reinforced and
all connections were resealed to ensure a tight, pressure-resistant fit. Additionally, the turbine
experienced imbalance during rotation, which led to reduced efficiency and mechanical instability.
This was addressed by rebalancing the turbine blades, ensuring an even weight distribution for
smooth and stable operation.
Following these adjustments, final testing demonstrated successful system performance.
The pressure gauge consistently reached between 5 psi and 15 psi, and the turbine achieved the
required rotational speed to effectively generate power. The system was able to power connected
lights, confirming the functionality of the design. These outcomes highlight the importance of
thorough testing, effective troubleshooting, and refinement in the engineering design process.
Initial testing
Final testing
Table 3. Testing
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CONCLUSION
The miniature steam turbine power generator successfully demonstrates the practical
application of thermodynamic principles using accessible and recycled materials. By converting a
simple pressure cooker into a functional boiler and integrating a handmade turbine and dynamo,
the system highlights how thermal energy can be transformed into electrical energy in a cost-
effective and sustainable manner. Despite initial challenges during testing—such as steam leakage
and turbine imbalance—the project achieved its goal of generating usable electricity to power
small devices. This initiative not only underscores the feasibility of small-scale steam power
systems but also promotes environmental awareness, engineering creativity, and innovation in
renewable energy solutions, particularly in off-grid or resource-limited settings.
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DOCUMENTATION
Buying the
materials needed
for this project.
Fabrication and the
process of making
the project.
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Assembly and
preparation for initial
and final testing.
The output that will
be receive power.
The steam turbine
power generator
Date of Submission: May 23, 2025
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REFERENCES
Barigozzi, G., Perdichizzi, A., Ravelli, S., & Franchini, G. (2016). Advanced materials for high
efficiency steam turbines. Energy Procedia, 105, 3191–3196.
Blesl, M., Kuder, R., & Fahl, U. (2017). Future efficiency improvements in steam power
generation technologies. Energy, 128, 505–518.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.160
Garg, R., Jain, R., & Saini, J. S. (2020). Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of steam
turbines using machine learning. Energy Reports, 6, 507–515.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.117
Mohammadi, A., & Mehrpooya, M. (2018). A review of solar-based integrated systems using
steam turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 937–962.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.042
Wu, W., Li, H., Wang, X., & Yang, Y. (2017). Progress in clean and efficient utilization of coal
for power generation in China. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology,
4(3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-017-0176-2
Confounded Machine. (n.d.). DeskTop Steam Boiler. Instructables.
https://www.instructables.com/DeskTop-Steam-Boiler/
Jack, S. E., Akaninwor, G. C., Amadi, R. K. C., & Wali, S. A. (2024). Design and Fabrication of
a Steam Boiler. Journal of Industrial Mechanics, 9(1), 27–35.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381929114
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