DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CABAMBANGAN, BACOLOR PAMPANGA

Miniature Steam Turbine Power Generator

SUBMITTED BY:
Miclat, Francine Hilarie H.
Layson, John Carlo D.
Hicban, Allan Marc C.
Pegar, Kevin Garnett B.
Tabilisma, Printz Andrei M.
Yabut, Jasmine L.
GROUP 4

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Joseph Galan, ME

MAY 2025

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONCEPT 3
CHAPTER I 4-16
INTRODUCTION 4
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 7
DESIGN 10
MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 11
FABRICATION 11
TESTING 13
CONCLUSION 14
DOCUMENTATION 15
SUBMISSION 16
REFERENCES 17

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CONCEPT

This project presents a functional model of a small-scale steam turbine power generator

built from recycled and easily accessible materials. Its main goal is to demonstrate how thermal

energy from steam can be harnessed to produce electricity in a sustainable and low-cost way.

The system showcases the practical use of traditional steam power principles combined with

simple engineering and resourcefulness.

To generate steam, we modified a stainless-steel pressure cooker to serve as the boiler.

We welded a metal pipe and installed a pressure valve to allow controlled steam release. A

pressure gauge was also added to monitor internal pressure for safety and efficiency. For the heat

source, we used a mini stove powered by butane gas, which provides consistent heat to produce

high-pressure steam. This steam is then directed to a turbine made from recycled metal and

aluminum scraps, emphasizing both environmental responsibility and cost-effectiveness. The

turbine blades were carefully shaped to capture the force of the steam and convert it into

rotational motion. This motion drives a small dynamo, which in turn generates electricity. The

dynamo is connected to a USB port, allowing the system to power small devices such as LED

lights or charge mobile phones.

This project shows that with creativity and basic technical skills, a working steam-

powered generator can be built using low-cost and recycled materials. It demonstrates the

potential of steam as a renewable energy source, especially in off-grid or low-resource

environments. By reusing scrap materials, the project also supports sustainability and waste

reduction. Our steam turbine system provides a hands-on example of converting thermal energy

into electrical power using simple and accessible methods. It serves as a practical model for

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renewable energy, encouraging innovation and further exploration into sustainable small-scale

power generation.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The increasing global demand for sustainable and accessible energy solutions has led to

renewed interest in alternative power generation technologies, particularly those that can be done

on a small scale. Among these, steam turbine systems remain a foundation in electricity

generation, operating on well-established thermodynamic principles and offering a balance of

efficiency and reliability. While traditionally associated with large-scale industrial applications,

the fundamental mechanics of steam power can be effectively demonstrated through simplified,

hands-on models.

This project focuses on the design and development of a miniature steam turbine power

generator built from recycled and easily accessible materials. It aims to showcase how thermal

energy can be converted into mechanical and subsequently electrical energy through basic

engineering processes. By modifying a household pressure cooker to act as a boiler and utilizing

a butane stove as the heat source, the system produces high-pressure steam to drive a homemade

turbine. The rotational motion generated powers a dynamo connected to a USB port, capable of

supplying electricity to small electronic devices.

Beyond demonstrating the basic operation of a steam power system, this project

emphasizes sustainability, creativity, and practical engineering. It highlights how recycled

components and low-cost materials can be harnessed to produce functional energy solutions,

particularly in low-resource or off-grid environments. This initiative not only reflects the

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technical viability of small-scale steam turbines but also encourages innovation and

environmental consciousness in future engineering endeavors.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Steam turbines have played a central role in electricity generation for over a century. At

the core of many power plants around the world, the steam turbine operates on the Rankine cycle

—a thermodynamic process that converts heat energy into mechanical work, which is then

transformed into electrical energy (Wu et al., 2017). These systems are known for their

efficiency, reliability, and ability to generate continuous power, making them vital to the global

energy infrastructure.

Over time, the technology behind steam turbines has advanced significantly. The

adoption of supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam conditions has improved energy efficiency

and reduced carbon emissions by allowing power plants to operate at higher pressures and

temperatures (Blesl et al., 2017). Furthermore, recent innovations have integrated steam turbines

with renewable energy sources like biomass and concentrated solar power, showing their

versatility and ongoing relevance in sustainable energy strategies (Mohammadi & Mehrpooya,

2018). Material improvements, such as high-performance alloys and thermal coatings, have also

contributed to greater durability and performance (Barigozzi et al., 2016).

While these systems are typically large-scale and complex, the underlying principles can

be effectively demonstrated through small-scale models. This project aims to showcase how

steam power generation works using simple, recycled, and accessible materials. By converting a

stainless-steel pressure cooker into a boiler and using a butane-powered stove to produce steam,

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the model simulates the basic function of a thermal power plant. The steam drives a homemade

turbine connected to a small dynamo, which generates electricity sufficient to power small

devices such as LED lights or charge mobile phones.

This hands-on model serves as an educational tool to help students and enthusiasts

understand the fundamental processes behind steam turbine technology. It highlights how basic

engineering principles, combined with creativity and resourcefulness, can be used to illustrate

complex energy systems in a tangible and engaging way. The use of recycled materials also

emphasizes environmental consciousness and cost-effectiveness, reinforcing the value of

sustainable thinking even in academic or demonstration settings.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Steam turbine power generation continues to play a vital role in the global energy mix,

particularly in utility-scale thermal power plants. It operates on the Rankine cycle, where high-

pressure steam generated by heating water drives a turbine connected to an electric generator.

Despite the global shift toward renewable energy sources, steam turbines remain integral in both

conventional and hybrid power generation systems due to their high efficiency, reliability, and

capacity for continuous operation (Wu et al., 2017).

Modern steam turbine systems have evolved significantly, particularly through the

adoption of supercritical (SC) and ultra-supercritical (USC) steam conditions. These

advancements allow plants to operate at higher temperatures and pressures, improving thermal

efficiency and reducing specific carbon dioxide emissions per kilowatt-hour of electricity

produced (Blesl et al., 2017). Consequently, these improvements align with international goals

for more sustainable and efficient energy production.

Recent developments also emphasize the integration of steam turbines with renewable

and waste heat recovery systems, including concentrated solar power (CSP) and biomass. Hybrid

systems leveraging steam turbines enhance energy security and help reduce dependence on fossil

fuels (Mohammadi & Mehrpooya, 2018). Furthermore, innovations in materials engineering,

such as the use of nickel-based alloys and thermal barrier coatings, have contributed to longer

service life and improved performance under extreme operating conditions (Barigozzi et al.,

2016).

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 A project by user Confounded Machine posted a blog, the “DeskTop Steam Boiler”

project, as detailed on Instructables, offers a practical demonstration of steam generation

principles using accessible and recycled materials. This DIY initiative involves constructing a

compact steam boiler primarily from a repurposed soup can, complemented by components like

heat-resistant silicone tubing, copper piping, and brass sheet metal. The assembly process

encompasses crafting a sight glass for water level monitoring, integrating a steam outlet, and

ensuring airtight seals through soldering techniques. Safety considerations are addressed by

pressure-testing the system to identify potential failure points, such as tubing disconnections

under excessive pressure.

This project exemplifies how foundational thermodynamic concepts, like the Rankine

cycle, can be effectively illustrated through simple, hands-on models. By utilizing common

materials and basic tools, it serves as an educational resource, making the mechanics of steam

power generation more approachable for learners and enthusiasts. The emphasis on using

recycled components also aligns with sustainable practices, highlighting the potential for

environmentally conscious engineering solutions.

One relevant study is that of Wali et al. (2024), which focused on the design and

fabrication of a functional steam boiler intended for both educational and industrial relevance.

The research emphasizes the importance of thermal efficiency, material selection, and safety in

constructing steam boilers. The authors successfully fabricated a prototype using materials such

as mild steel and incorporated components like a combustion chamber, pressure gauges, and

automatic blow-out valves to manage steam pressure and ensure operational safety. The project

highlighted key thermodynamic principles, evaluating heat transfer mechanisms—namely

conduction, convection, and radiation—with findings indicating convection as the dominant

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mode of heat transfer. The boiler achieved a geometric efficiency of 79.7% and could withstand

a pressure of up to 7 bar, demonstrating practical applicability and adherence to engineering

standards.

A noteworthy aspect of the study was the use of MATLAB simulations to assess

performance metrics. The results suggested that larger boilers exhibit better efficiency and

pressure tolerance, while continuous operation without shutdowns can reduce efficiency over

time. The project also explored relationships between furnace thermal efficiency and boiler

performance, reinforcing the role of precise engineering in optimizing steam systems.

The studies and projects reviewed demonstrate the continued importance of steam power

in both traditional and modern energy systems. While global energy trends are moving toward

renewable sources, steam turbines remain relevant due to their high efficiency, reliability, and

ability to integrate with hybrid systems. The “DeskTop Steam Boiler” project shows how basic

thermodynamic concepts like the Rankine cycle can be explored using simple, recycled

materials, making it a valuable learning tool for students and hobbyists. On a more advanced

level, the work by Wali et al. (2024) highlights the practical challenges and considerations

involved in designing efficient and safe boiler systems, particularly in relation to heat transfer,

material choice, and pressure control. Together, these examples reflect how both DIY and

research-based approaches can deepen understanding of steam generation, showing its

educational value and potential for real-world application.

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DESIGN

Figure 1. Initial design

Figure 2. Final design

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MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

 Modified stainless-steel pressure cooker

Boiler  Welded metal pipe for steam outlet
 Pressure valve for controlled steam release
 Pressure gauge for monitoring internal pressure
 Mini stove powered by a butane gas as the heat source

 Turbine casing made from recycled metal and aluminum scraps

Turbine  Custom-shaped turbine blades designed to capture steam force
effectively
 Shaft system to transfer rotational energy to the dynamo
 Small dynamo equivalent to the voltage of 2 AA batteries (3V)
Power Regulation  Mini DC-DC Step-Up Voltage Regulator Module
System  Boosts input voltage from 0.9V–5V up to a stable
5V DC output
 Equipped with an onboard female USB port to
supply power to USB-powered devices
 Enables powering small devices like LED lights, USB fans, or
mobile phone charging (low-current applications)
 Theoretical speed (no load): approximately 3000 rpm

Table 1. Materials and Components

FABRICATION

To generate steam, a stainless-steel pressure cooker was modified to function as the

boiler. A metal pipe was welded onto the lid, and a pressure valve was installed to allow for

controlled steam release. A pressure gauge was also added to monitor internal pressure, ensuring

both safety and operational efficiency. A mini stove powered by butane gas served as the heat

source, delivering consistent thermal energy to produce high-pressure steam.

The generated steam was directed to a turbine constructed from recycled metal and

aluminum scraps, highlighting cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Due to the

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thinness of the turbine components, fabrication involved both welding and the application of

heat-resistant epoxy. While sturdier metal parts were welded together, thinner and more delicate

components that could not withstand high welding temperatures were bonded using heat-

resistant adhesive (Epoxy) to maintain structural integrity under steam exposure.

The turbine blades were precisely shaped to capture the kinetic energy of the steam,

converting it into rotational motion. This motion powered a small dynamo designed to operate at

a voltage equivalent to two AA batteries. The dynamo was connected to a Mini DC-DC step-up

voltage regulator module. Equipped with a female USB port, the module provided a stable 5V

DC output, capable of powering USB devices. With a two-AA battery input, the system could

deliver a current of 500–600 mA, and approximately 200 mA with a single AA battery input.

This allowed the device to effectively power small electronics, such as LED lights or charge

mobile phones.

Welding

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 Application of
Heat-resistant
Adhesive

Table 2. Fabrication and Process

TESTING

During the initial testing phase, the steam-powered generator project encountered several

critical technical challenges that posed a risk to the system’s success. A significant issue arose

with the boiler, which developed steam leaks at the welded joints. These leaks not only affected

performance but also raised serious safety concerns. To resolve this, the joints were reinforced

and all connections were resealed to ensure a tight, pressure-resistant fit. Additionally, the

turbine experienced imbalance during rotation, which led to reduced efficiency and mechanical

instability. This was addressed by rebalancing the turbine blades, ensuring an even weight

distribution for smooth and stable operation.

Following these adjustments, final testing demonstrated successful system performance.

The pressure gauge consistently reached between 5 psi and 15 psi, and the turbine achieved the

required rotational speed to effectively generate power. The system was able to power connected

lights, confirming the functionality of the design. These outcomes highlight the importance of

thorough testing, effective troubleshooting, and refinement in the engineering design process.

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 Initial testing

Final testing

Table 3. Testing

CONCLUSION

The miniature steam turbine power generator successfully demonstrates the practical

application of thermodynamic principles using accessible and recycled materials. By converting

a simple pressure cooker into a functional boiler and integrating a handmade turbine and

dynamo, the system highlights how thermal energy can be transformed into electrical energy in a

cost-effective and sustainable manner. Despite initial challenges during testing—such as steam

leakage and turbine imbalance—the project achieved its goal of generating usable electricity to

power small devices. This initiative not only underscores the feasibility of small-scale steam

power systems but also promotes environmental awareness, engineering creativity, and

innovation in renewable energy solutions, particularly in off-grid or resource-limited settings.

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DOCUMENTATION

Buying the
materials
needed for
this project.

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 Fabrication and
the process of
making the
project.

Assembly and
preparation for
initial and final
testing.

The output that

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will be receive
power.
 The steam
turbine power
generator

Date of Submission: May 23, 2025

REFERENCES

Barigozzi, G., Perdichizzi, A., Ravelli, S., & Franchini, G. (2016). Advanced materials for high

efficiency steam turbines. Energy Procedia, 105, 3191–3196.

Blesl, M., Kuder, R., & Fahl, U. (2017). Future efficiency improvements in steam power

generation technologies. Energy, 128, 505–518.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.160

Garg, R., Jain, R., & Saini, J. S. (2020). Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of steam

turbines using machine learning. Energy Reports, 6, 507–515.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.117

Mohammadi, A., & Mehrpooya, M. (2018). A review of solar-based integrated systems using

steam turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 937–962.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.042

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Wu, W., Li, H., Wang, X., & Yang, Y. (2017). Progress in clean and efficient utilization of coal

for power generation in China. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology,

4(3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-017-0176-2

Confounded Machine. (n.d.). DeskTop Steam Boiler. Instructables.

https://www.instructables.com/DeskTop-Steam-Boiler/

Jack, S. E., Akaninwor, G. C., Amadi, R. K. C., & Wali, S. A. (2024). Design and Fabrication of

a Steam Boiler. Journal of Industrial Mechanics, 9(1), 27–35.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381929114

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