University of Engineering

and Technology, Lahore

Submitted by:
Naila Ahmad
(2023-BBIT-44)
Submitted to:
Sir Kamran Ashiq
Course Name:
Database Systems
Topic of Assignment:
History of database
 History of Database

The Before Times:

Human beings began to store information very long ago. The first human
beings surely had to track and manage their limited resources to make
informed decisions. Whether they knew they were early adopters of
database management remains to be seen. Ancient civilizations like the
Egyptians and Sumerians, however, did know what they were doing when
they pioneered accounting techniques to keep track of data and understand
their day-to-day lives.
In modern times, but before the advent of widespread computing, elaborate
database systems were developed by government offices, libraries (what is
the Dewey Decimal System if not one of the most famous databases in
history?), hospitals, and businesses. Some of the basic principles of these
systems are still being used today in modern database software.

1960s
Computerized databases started in the 1960s, when the use of computers
became a more cost-effective option for private organizations. The history
of computers and databases are interlinked. As prices dropped it became
easier to shift data storage and databases to computers.
There were two popular data models in this decade: a network model
called CODASYL and a hierarchical model called IMS. One database
system that proved to be a commercial success was the SABRE system
that was used by IBM to help American Airlines manage its reservations
data.

1970s
The Introduction of the Relational
Database
E.F. Codd published an important paper that served as the introduction of
the relational database, and his ideas changed the way people thought
about databases. In his model, the database’s schema, or logical
organization, is disconnected from physical information storage, and this
became the standard principle for database systems.
Two major relational database system prototypes were created between
the years 1974 and 1977, and they were the Ingres, which was developed
at UBC, and System R, created at IBM San Jose. Ingres used a query
language known as QUEL, and it led to the creation of systems such as
Ingres Corp., MS SQL Server, Sybase, Wang’s PACE, and Britton-Lee. On
the other hand, System R used the SEQUEL query language, and it
contributed to the development of SQL/DS, DB2, Allbase, Oracle, and Non-
Stop SQL. It was also in this decade that Relational Database Management
System, or RDBMS, became a recognized term.
In 1976, new database model called Entity-Relationship, or ER, was
proposed by P. Chen this year. This model made it possible for designers
to focus on data application, instead of logical table structure.

1980s
Structured Query Language, or SQL, became the standard query
language, selected by the American National Standards Institute in 1986
and the International Organization for Standardization in 1987.
Relational database systems became a commercial success as the rapid
increase in computer sales boosted the database market, and this caused
a major decline in the popularity of network and hierarchical database
models. DB2 became the flagship database product for IBM, and the
introduction of the IBM PC resulted in the establishments of many new
database companies and the development of products such as PARADOX,
RBASE 5000, RIM, Dbase III and IV, OS/2 Database Manager, and
Watcom SQL.
1990s
The 1990s served a pivotal role in the advancement of databases and
database software. Similar to the 1960s, a broader culture shift led to
further developments in the industry. After a shakeout, most of the surviving
companies sold complex database products at high prices.Around this
time, new client tools for application development were released, and these
included the Oracle Developer, PowerBuilder, VB, and others. A number of
tools for personal productivity, such as ODBC and Excel/Access, were also
developed. Prototypes for Object Database Management Systems, or
ODBMS, were created in the early 1990s.During the middle of the decade
the advent of the Internet led to exponential growth of the database
industry. Average desktop users began to use client-server database
systems to access computer systems that contained legacy data. As more
and more users purchased personal computers and went online, there
became a larger need to enhance databases.
Toward the end of the 1990s, increased investment in online businesses
resulted in a rise in demand for Internet database connectors, such as
Front Page, Active Server Pages, Java Servelets, Dream Weaver,
ColdFusion, Enterprise Java Beans, and Oracle Developer 2000. The use
of CGI, GCC, MySQL, Apache, and other systems brought open source
solution to the Internet. With the increased use of point-of-sale technology,
online transaction processing and online analytic processing began to
come of age.

The Beginning of the NoSQL Database

Since the 1980s SQL had served as the standard query language. But in
1998 Carlo Strozzi coined the term “NoSQL” when naming his
database Strozzi NoSQL. This initial offering was still relational in nature,
however. It would take until 2009 for NoSQL to re-enter the industry’s
vocabulary, when developer Johan Oskarsson organized an event to
discuss non-relational databases. Since that point, NoSQL has remained in
the zeitgeist and there are numerous databases that fit the bill.
2000s
Although the Internet industry experienced a decline in the early 2000s,
database applications continued to grow. New interactive applications were
developed for PDAs, point-of-sale transactions, and consolidation of
vendors. Presently, the three leading database companies in the western
world are Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle.

Today
Today, databases are everywhere and are used to enhance our day-to-day
life. From personal cloud storage to predicting the weather, many of the
services we utilize today are possible due to databases. Presently, there
are many new players in the non-relational database space offering specific
solutions. Some of the current relational databases include giants such as
Oracle, MySQL, and DB2. We're also seeing new trends emerging that
focus on making powerful technology accessible to everyone. Quickbase is
an online database platform built on a relational database, which gives
users of any skill level the ability to create custom business applications
using the power of a relational database, but with the simplicity of a point-
and-click user interface.

The Future of Databases

Just like the beginning of the history of databases and database
management, the future will be closely tied to overall developments in
processing and computing. Machine learning and artificial intelligence will
continue to improve and become integral parts of databases and their
management. Faster and more efficient database management tools will
come to market while industry standards continue to iterate based on latest
developments. In the end, the future looks incredibly bright for the database
industry.