SEMANTICS
A: Trắc nghiệm ( 5 điểm )
- Phần này gồm có 20 câu, không cho cụ thể, nên là tui tổng hợp lý thuyết nha
Example:
1. A sentence is considered structurally as when its structure permits more than one
interpretation.
A. ambiguous
C. relevant
B. polysemous
D. relational
2. The appropriate semantic feature of the word "child" is
A. [+human], [-mature], [-male], [+innocent]
B. [+human], [-immature], [-male], [+innocent]
C. [±human], [-mature], [-male], [+innocent]
D. [+human], [-mature], [±male], [+innocent]
3. The type of the sentence "All elephants are animals." is
A. Analytic
B. Contradictory
C. Synthetic
D. Simple
4. The sense relation of the pair of words "strong/powerful" is_______
A. partial synonym
B. true synonym
C. binary antonym
D. gradable antonym
5. The figure of speech used in the sentence "Can you protect your children from the
cradle to the grave?"
A. metonymy
B.metaphor
C.synecdoche
D.personification
Lý Thuyết:
1. Semantics is a branch of linguistics which deals with meaning.
2. Homography is a relation in which various words have the same written form but
have different meanings and sound forms.
3. A contradiction is a sentence that is necessarily false, as a result of the senses of
the words in it.
4. Hyponymy is a relation in which the referent of a word is totally included in the
referent of another word.
5. A sentence is an ideal string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a
language.
6. Antonymy is a relation in which two words have different (written and sound)
forms and are opposite in meaning.
7. A proposition is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence
which describes some state of affairs.
8. Homophony is a relation in which various words have the same sound form but
have different meanings and written forms.
9. An utterance is the use by a particular speaker, on a particular occasion, for a
particular purpose, of a piece of language, such as a sequence of sentences, or a single
phrase, or even a single word.
10. The reference of a word or an expression is the relationship between that word or
expression and the thing, the action, the event, the state of affairs, etc. it refers to.
11. Anomaly is a violation of semantic rules to create nonsense.
12. Semantic features are the smallest units of meaning in a word.
13. Homonymy is a relation in which various words have the same (sound and
written) form but have different meanings.
14. Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word is lexical ambiguity.
15. Partial synonymy is a relation in which a polysemous word shares one of its
meanings with another word.
16. A sentence is considered as structurally ambiguous when its structure permits
more than one interpretation.
17. Polysemy is a relation in which a single word has two or more slightly different
but closely related meanings.
18. An analytic sentence is one that is necessarily true, as a result of the senses of the
words in it.
19. Semantic meaning is context-free whereas pragmatic meaning is
context-dependent.
20. Synonymy is a relation in which various words have different (written and sound)
forms but have the same or nearly the same meaning.
21. A performative performs some act and simultaneously describes that.
22. Semantic meaning is context-free ( phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh) whereas pragmatic
meaning is context-dependent ( không phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh ).
23. Three main aspects: Word meaning, sentence meaning, utterance meaning ( phụ
thuộc vào ngữ cảnh.
24. Semantic features are the smallest unit of meaning in a word
25. Componential analysis is an approach to the study of meaning which analyses a
word into a set of meaning components or semantic features.
26. Semantic fields is the organization of related words and expressions into a system
which shows their relationships to one another.
“ a set of words with identifiable semantic affinities.”
27. Semantically similar items are related one another: Type of fruit, Pieces of
furniture,tém of colour, ways of looking, ways of looking, ways in which a liquid
escapes from its container,.....
28.” The absence of a word in a particular place in a lexical field of a language” is
called a lexical gap.
29.
Referent reference sense
in the external world between a language and in a language
the external world
either real or imaginary abstract abstract
30. Semantics roles is the roles that the word fulfill in a sentence
Example: The boy ate the hamburger
1 2
(1)The entity that performs the action of “ eating ”
(2) The entity that is involved or affected by the action of “ eating ”
31.
Denotation ( nghĩa đen ) Connotation ( nghĩa bóng )
What a lexical item means emotions/ attitudes towards what a
lexical item refers to
core,central peripheral
referential social,effective
Nghĩa biểu thị là nghĩa trung tâm còn gọi Nghĩa thêm vào một từ nó có ngoài
là nghĩa đen, dùng để chỉ hiện tượng sự nghĩa đen, cảm xúc, thái độ của một
vật con người, thế giới viễn tưởng từ, cụm từ đề cập đến.
32. Literal meaning: nghĩa đen ( nghĩa sinh động hơn )
+ Primary
+ Secondary
Figurative meaning: Nghĩa tu từ ( ẩn dụ )
Polysemous: từ đa nghĩa ( hoặc có nghĩa gần )
Example: Food, page ,bed……
33. A figure of speech is “ a word or phrase which is used for special effect, and
which does not have its usual or literal meaning.
34. Simile is the use of comparison of one thing with another.
35. Simile is an explicit or direct comparison
36. Metaphor ( ẩn dụ ) is the use of a word or phrase to indicate something different
from.
37. A metaphor is an implicit or indirect comparison….
38. Metaphor sử dụng quen thuộc trong cuộc sống => nó trở thành literal
meaning.
39. Dead metaphors: idioms, fixed expressions
40. Personification is a special kind of metaphor
41. Metonymy…… the name of one thing for that of another to which it is related/….
42. Metaphor: ẩn dụ
Metonymy: Hoán dụ
43. Synecdoche is a special kind of metonymy in which “ a part or aspect of a person,
object……
44. “Hyperbole” and “overstatement”: nói quá
45.’ Litotes” and “ meiosis”: nói giảm
46. Irony: mỉa mai châm biếm
47. Euphemism: nói tránh
48. A taboo word and a euphemism: từ cấm kỵ, kiêng kỵ ( có thể đọc thêm ở bảng
trang 47 )
49. Onomatopoeia is the imitation of natural sound by meaning of word or group of
words. Hiss, cuckoo,thud, moo…… are onomatopoeic words. Growl, splash,
crackle…..exemplify semi-onomatopoeia.
50.
Written form sound form meaning
Antonymy - - -
Synonymy - - +
Homonyms + + -
Homophony - + -
Homography + - -
+ : the same or nearly the same
- : different or opposite
51. Polysemy: từ nhiều nghĩa
52. Two forms with opposite meanings are called antonyms.
53. Gradable antonyms: từ trái nghĩa theo thang đo, so sánh
Example: Cold >< Hot
54. Non gradable antonyms: Không là cái này thì là cái kia
55. Reversives “ do the reverse of “
56. Prototypes: liên tưởng tới hình ảnh
Example: Rose
57. Hyponymy: Mối quan hệ thượng hạ
58. Homophones: Từ đồng âm, phát âm giống nhau mà nghĩa khác nhau
Example: (1) Meet: gặp
(2) Meat: thịt
59. Homonyms: Cách đọc chữ viết giống mà nghĩa không giống nhau
Example: (1) Bat: Dơi
(2) Bat: Gậy bóng chày
60.
Performative A constative
- Diễn tả hành động - Diễn tả lời nói
- Ngay tại thời điểm nói - Không ngay thời điểm nói
- Thì hiện tại đơn - Hiện tại tiếp diễn, quá khứ
Dấu hiệu: Hereby, admit, promise,name, Dấu hiệu: Think, believe, call, every
warm….. night warm…..
Ngôi: I, you, they…… Ngôi: I, you, they……
61. Anomaly ( bất thường ) is a violation of semantic rules to create nonsense.
62. Anomaly ( bất thường ) involves us in the notion contradiction ( mâu thuẫn ) in
the sense that semantically anomalous sentences constitute a type of contradictory
sentences.
63.
Utterances Sentences Propositions
Can be loud or + - -
quiet
Can be + + -
grammatical or not
can be true or false + + +
In a particular + - -
regional accent
In a particular + + -
language
64. Entailment: 1 câu đúng => câu kia đúng
1 câu sai => câu kia sai
65. Presupposition ( sự giả định trước ) is what speaker or writer assumes that the
receiver of the message already knows.
66. The structural presupposition: Có 8 cách viết ( thuộc kỹ nhoa các bạn )
1. Wh
a. When did he leave?
=> He left
b. When did you buy the bike?
=> You bought the bike
câu có từ để hỏi chuyển về câu tường thuật
2. Dream, imagine, pretend
a. I dreamed that I was rich
=> I was not rich
b. You should not left early
=> You did leave early
3. More/again/furthermore
a. Would you like some more coffee
=> You have had some coffee.
b. He failed again
=> He had failed at least once before.
4. Manage to+v
a. He managed to find a job.
=> He tried to find a job.
5. Begin/start/stop
a. After a while, they stopped arguing
=> They had been arguing.
b. He stopped smoking
=> He used to smoke.
6. Pass/fail
a. She fail an exam.
=> She took the test.
b. He failed the test again.
=> He had failed the test at least once before.
7. Know/realize/ be aware/regret
a. I’m glad it's over.
=> it’s over.
b. We regret telling him.
=> We told him.
8 . Proper name/ person name/the…..
a. Have you met Tom/him?
=> The speaker assumes the hearer knows what the hearer knows.
b. The test was difficult.
=> The speaker assumes the hearer knows which test is being referred to.
67.
PRESUPPOSITION sự giả định CONVERSATIONAL
phỏng đoán IMPLICATURE
ngụ ý, ẩn ý
- Presupposition is more - Conversational implicature is
straightforward and more less straightforward and more
objective subjective/personal.
- It is easily drawn before making - It is derived from observing or
an utterance. violating one or more maxims
and drawn after a conversation is
over.
Link tổng hợp các bài chép trên lớp ( các bạn có thể xem thêm )
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1qENVu9L3Xxf5_QgE-wwlIID-krf4Q6V8
B: Tự luận ( 5 điểm )
1. Use the second speaker’s response in each of the following conversations to write
down one implicature.( 1 điểm )
Phần này có 4 câu:
a. A: “ Did Carmen like the party?
B: “ She left after an hour ”
B’s utterance may implicate that_____________
b.
c.
d.
Lý thuyết để làm:
Có 4 loại :
1. Quality: vi phạm nguyên tắc về lượng ( được áp dụng trong câu nói giảm
nói tránh)
- Do not say what you believe to be false
- Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
Example:
A: Why were you late last night?
B: My car broke down.
=> Không vi phạm nguyên tắc, bởi vì cung cấp lý do là xe hư nên
tôi mới đi trễ.
2. Quantity: vi phạm nguyên tắc về lượng
- Make your contribution as informative as required for current
purposes of the exchange.
- Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
Example 1:
A: What time do you work tomorrow?
B: Tomorrow I work at 2pm.
=> Hỏi về thời gian và câu trả lời là thời gian vì vậy câu này không
vi phạm
Example 2:
A: Do you have school tomorrow?
B: I have classes all day but I must go to the doctor.
=> vi phạm nguyên tắc, vì trả lời không vào trọng tâm, thông tin
không liên quan.
3. Relevance: Vi phạm về mặt nội dung, câu trả lời có liên quan đến câu hỏi
hay không ( logic)
- Make your contribution relevant.
Example 1:
A: How is the weather today?
B: It is rainy
=> không vi phạm
Example 2:
A: Have you done your homework?
B: My bike is broken, mon
=> Vi phạm nguyên tắc, trả lời sai nội dung
4. Manner: Vi phạm mạch lạc ( trả lời phải rõ ràng, ngắn gọn xúc tích )
- Avoid obscurity
- Avoid ambiguity
- Be brief
- Be orderly
Example:
A: Where was the professor when class ended?
B: He left class and went to his office.
=> Không vi phạm, vì đã trả lời đúng trọng tâm.
2. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two ways to justify that you
understand the ambiguity involved.( 1 điểm )
Phần này có 2 câu:
Example:
a. Old men and women will be served first.
Meaning
A: _____
Meaning
B:_____
b.
Lý thuyết để làm:
Ambiguity ( Mơ hồ ): Two type
Type 1: Structural ambiguity- cấu trúc mơ hồ
Structure permits more than one interpretation.
Example: They are cooking bananas.
1. Bananas are cooked.
2. They are bananas for cooking.
Type 2: Lexical ambiguity- mơ hồ về từ vựng
Any ambiguity resulting from the ambiguity of a word
Example: They were waiting at the bank
1. Bank: The financial institution ( tổ chức tài chính )
2. Bank: The shore of the river ( bờ sông )
3. For each of the following utterances, build two situations so that it performs two
different acts. Interpret the utterance and identify the acts performed in the
light of the situations you provide.( 3 điểm )
Phần này có 1 câu:
Example:
a. “ What else do you want? “
Situation 1:
A: ______
B: ______
Interpretation:
Speech act:
Situation 2:
A: _______
B: _______
Interpretation:
Speech act:
Lý thuyết để làm:
Speech - acts category Typical expression Example
1. Declaratives declarative structure with I now pronounce you
Tuyên bố speaker as subject and a husband and wife.
performative verb in simple
present tense
2. Representatives declarative structure It was a warm sunny day.
( inform )
Thông báo
3. Expressives declarative structure with I’m really sorry!
( express feeling ) words referring to feelings
4. Directives imperative sentence Gimme a cup of tea. Don’t
( suggestions, touch that
requests, orders,
commands )
5. Rogatives interrogative sentence How do you like your
( ask question ) bath?
6. Commissives declarative structure with We will not do that
( commits, speaker as subject and future
promises, refusals ) time expressed
