E3S Web of Conferences 455, 01003 (2023) https://doi.org/10.
1051/e3sconf/202345501003
ICGEST 2023
Monitoring and evaluation of groundwater
quality and its mapping using GIS over Belagavi
city, Karnataka, India
N Varadarajan1, Shashank Bangi2*, Sanket Hanji3, Vishwanath Shirol3, Babaji Patil3, and
Pradnya Naganur3
1Scientist
B, National Institute of Hydrology, Hard Rock Regional Centre, Belagavi, India
2AssistantProfessor, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi, India
3Graduate Student of KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi, India
Abstract. Groundwater is a critical resource in the region for household,
agricultural, and industrial reasons. However, the increasing population and
rapid urbanization have led to potential pollution of groundwater sources.
The objectives of the study are to ascertain the current groundwater quality,
identify potential pollution sources, and develop a comprehensive GIS-
based mapping system for effective management and decision-making.
Water samples from several locations throughout the city were collected and
examined for major physicochemical characteristics and pollutants. GIS was
utilized to integrate and visualize the collected data, allowing for spatial
analysis and mapping of groundwater quality. The mapping system will
provide useful understandings into the distribution of water quality
parameters, pollution hotspots, and potential risks to groundwater resources.
The findings of this study will help to understand the state of groundwater
quality in Belagavi. and provide a valuable tool for policymakers, urban
planners, and water resource managers to implement targeted interventions
for groundwater protection and sustainable management. Additionally, the
GIS-based mapping system can be used as a framework for ongoing
monitoring and evaluation, enabling timely detection of changes in
groundwater quality and facilitating informed decision-making processes.
1 Introduction
Groundwater is a crucial resource that has become substantial part in sustaining life,
especially in locations where there is shortage of surface water. Over 90% of the rural and
urban population in India depend on groundwater for their daily needs. However, improper
management, overexploitation, and contamination of groundwater resources pose a
significant threat to human health and the environment.
* Corresponding author: scbangi@git.edu
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 455, 01003 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345501003
ICGEST 2023
Groundwater is the most common source of drinking water. in many regions of India,
including Belagavi city. However, due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and improper
waste disposal practices, the quality of groundwater is continuously deteriorating in many
locations of the city, leading to serious environmental implications [1]. The quality of
groundwater can be variable and influenced by numerous factors, including natural and
anthropogenic sources. Sewage intermixing is one of the primary causes of groundwater
pollution [2].
There are several primary causes behind groundwater contamination in urban areas. The
discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater, improper solid waste
management, and indiscriminate use of pesticides and fertilisers are among the significant
variables affecting water quality [3]. Besides, the overexploitation of groundwater leads to
saltwater intrusion and depletion of groundwater levels, exacerbating water quality issues.
Groundwater contamination in urban zones has frequent health consequences. High levels
of heavy metals, such as iron, etc. in drinking water can damage the nervous system.
Microbial contamination due to inadequate treatment of wastewater can cause waterborne
diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery. Moreover, groundwater contamination also
has environmental implications such as loss of biodiversity, soil and water erosion, and
reduction in crop productivity [4].
Mitigating groundwater contamination is crucial in urban region to ensure safe and
sustainable water resources. Proper sanitation as well as waste management practices,
controlling fertilizers and pesticide use, and enforcing regulations on groundwater extraction
can make an enormous difference in protecting and conserving groundwater resources.
The worsening of groundwater quality in India's metropolitan areas is a severe issue that
demands quick response [3]. Addressing groundwater contamination through effective
management practises can improve public health and support long-term development [5].
This comprehensive project intends to study the water quality of groundwater in the
region. The project is a joint effort between the National Institute of Hydrology, an
autonomous institution under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India and
Department of Civil Engineering, KLS GIT, Belagavi.
Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping is an innovative and systematic
technology to assess, monitor, and manage groundwater quality. The GIS mapping approach
enables the visualization, analysis, and interpretation of spatial data and will help in
examining the distribution of groundwater and their quality parameters [5,6].
The study involved collecting groundwater samples from several regions in Belagavi City
and analysing the composition of various pollutants. The collected data was then mapped
using GIS software, identifying areas at risk of groundwater contamination.
The study sheds light on the groundwater quality in Belagavi City and the associated
risks. The GIS-generated maps will be instrumental in promoting sustainable groundwater
use and management in the region, ensuring the safety of the population's water needs.
This project will be beneficial to the local authorities, policymakers, and the general
public, in safeguarding the water resources and preventing water-borne diseases in the city.
2 Study area and data used
2.1 Study area
Belagavi being one of the smart cities of Karnataka is located at longitude 74° 30’ and latitude
15° 57’ as shown in Fig.1. The area is distributed in 3 river catchments namely Bellary Nala
(53.35%), Markandeya River catchment (31.65%) and Bellary nala catchment (14.98%).
Belagavi municipality was established in the year 1951 and in 1977 it was given the status of
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Municipal Corporation [1]. In the latter years Kanabargi and Yamnapur were merged with
corporation of city Belagavi. The population of the town is more than 7 lakhs including
cantonment population. The municipal manages water supply from Rakaskop barrage across
Markandeya River located about 25 km west of Belagavi city. The area falls under semi-arid
climate with a mean annual normal rainfall of about 1400-1500 mm. Nearly 95% of the yearly
rainfall is received during June to October through south-west monsoon.
Belagavi city is the fast-growing city among other cities of North Karnataka region. Since
last 2-3 decades, city has seen a large migration of people due to industrialization, enhanced
commercial activities and improved education system. The huge migration has induced stress
on the natural resources and led to the deprivation of quality of these natural resources.
The water is the major natural resources and has been deteriorating in its quality around
the city due to mismanagement [1]. Therefore, there is a necessity to ascertain the
groundwater quality in the city and around to understand its status in comparison with the
earlier levels.
Fig. 1. Depiction of Belagavi city from Karnataka state and India
2.2 Global Positioning System (GPS) Survey
GPS surveying is a quick and accurate way of mapping and modelling the physical world,
from mountainous landscapes to city skylines. This versatility and utility are why GPS
surveying is the standard practice for any surveying operation. Nearly any group that needs
surveying done will use GPS surveying, including government organizations, scientific
groups or commercial businesses.
The respective global coordinates of the wells used for the study were collected by means
of Global Positioning System (GPS). For this purpose, Mobile GPS application “GPS
ESSENTIALS” was utilized to pin the location of the wells (Table 1 and Table 2).
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Table 1. List of Wells used in the Post Monsoon (2022) study with their Coordinates (BW- Bore
well, OW- Open Well)
Sample Remarks Latitude Longitude Elevation
No.
BW-1 Sadashiv Nagar 15.87566 74.51112 702.9
BW-2 Kuvempu Nagar Public 15.87855 74.48496 753.9082
BW-3 Kuvempu Nagar 15.87498 74.48883 771.528
BW-4 Sahyadri Nagar 15.88626 74.48443 685.8
BW-5 TV Centre 15.8497 74.49767 775.6256
BW-6 Desai Galli, Kakti 15.93175 74.52434 743.9551
BW-7 Ambedkar Galli, Kakti 15.93401 74.52321 669.35
BW-8 Durga Colony, Honaga 15.95755 74.51996 746.9169
BW-9 Kacheri Galli kakti 15.93612 74.48946 745.0477
BW-10 Honaga Industrial Area 15.95636 74.52292 745.237
OW-11 Parvati Shankar Complex Kakti 15.9319 74.52702 749.0897
OW-12 Desai colony Kakti 15.9319 74.52702 749
OW-13 Ambedkar Galli, Kakti 15.93447 74.52444 742.0822
OW-14 Ganesh Nagar 15.87413 74.48806 767.4
OW-15 Hindalaga 15.87748 74.46912 661.3
BW-16 Vinayak Colony 15.8497 74.49767 775.6256
OW-17 Kranti Nagar 15.86512 74.468 625.3
OW-18 Udyambag, 4th Railway Gate 15.82029 74.4986 761.8793
OW-19 Angol 15.81974 74.50209 755.44
OW-20 Gajanana Nagar, Udyambag 15.81656 74.48884 768.3622
BW-21 Rayanna Nagar, Majgaon 15.80874 74.49506 749.2945
BW-22 Udyambag 15.81847 74.49494 756.5
BW-23 Hanuman Nagar 15.8758 74.48885 701.4
BW-24 Mahalaxmi Nagar 15.85618 74.48041 786.9891
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Table 2. List of Wells used in the Pre-Monsoon (2023) study with their Coordinates
Sample No. Remarks Latitude Longitude Elevation
OW-1 KFD Office 15.86341 74.52015 688.3
BW-2 Khanjar Galli (near Khade Bazar) 15.86219 74.51469 684.4
BW 3 Mahantesh Nagar 15.87137 74.53055 681.8
BW 4 KIADB, Auto Nagar 15.89658 74.54182 698.5
OW -5 Kanbaragi 15.88883 74.55859 659.7
OW-6 KHB colony, Kuvempu Nagar 15.87507 74.48417 680.8
BW -7 Sarathi Nagar 15.88626 74.48443 685.8
OW-8 Hindalaga 15.87748 74.46912 661.3
BW-9 Sadashiv Nagar 15.87566 74.511116 702.9
BW-10 Shahu Nagar 15.89172 74.5129 669.4
BW-11 Shivaji Nagar 15.86656 74.52418 662.7
OW-12 Khadak Galli 15.8642 74.51246 690.3
OW-13 Ganeshpur, Kranti Nagar 15.86512 74.468 625.3
OW-14 Camp, High Street 15.85498 74.50486 684.1
BW-15 Hanuman Nagar 15.8758 74.488846 701.4
BW-16 Old Gandhinagar 15.85695 74.53021 741.65
BW-17 Jadhav Nagar 15.87699 74.50165 765.66
BW-18 Kakti 15.93401 74.52321 669.35
BW-19 Yamanapur (Hindalco) 15.91076 74.52313 676.09
BW-20 Yamanapur Extension 15.91235 74.52188 675.73
BW-21 Koregalli, Shahapur 15.84273 74.514175 747.49
BW-22 Fulbagh galli 15.85524 74.518613 751.38
BW-23 Mahadwar Road 15.85151 74.519156 745.56
OW-24 Kapileshwari colony (Bellari Nala) 15.84905 74.517472 746.99
BW-25 Shastri Nagar (Bellari Nala) 15.84649 74.514269 747.02
BW-26 Khasbhag Belagavi (Bellari Nala) 15.83379 74.539998 734.77
BW-27 Goaves (Bellari Nala) 15.84035 74.508317 752.25
OW-28 Ganesh Marg Chauk Hindwadi 15.8386 74.510046 759.4
BW-29 Gwalli Galli, Tilakwadi 15.83808 74.506004 760.27
OW-30 Macche Industrial Area 15.79327 74.474082 767.74
BW-31 Rani Chennamma Nagar 15.82776 74.493423 780.47
OW-32 Udyambag 15.81847 74.494941 756.5
BW-33 Angol 15.81974 74.502087 755.44
BW-34 Bhagyanagar 15.82816 74.504684 762.33
BW-35 Shetty Galli 15.86496 74.516247 764.21
BW-36 Chavat Galli 15.86506 74.516894 768.45
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3 Methodology
Standard procedure as depicted in Fig 2 has been adopted in sequential manner as follows:
Standardised laboratory processes are used to provide accurate and consistent measurements
when monitoring water quality indicators. Chemical analysis of groundwater quality
characteristics includes analysing samples for several chemical constituents to evaluate their
suitability for many uses such as drinking, industrial use, or environmental health. Hydro-
chemical classification is a method for classifying water samples based on their chemical
composition. This provides insights into the geological, hydrological, and anthropogenic
processes that influence water quality. Using GIS, water quality mapping entails developing
a geographical representation of numerous water quality metrics so as to discover patterns,
trends, and potential sources of pollution within a geographic area.
Standard laboratory procedure for monitoring the water quality parameters
Chemical analysis of water quality parameters
Hydrogeochemical classification to identify the nature of water
Mapping using GIS
Fig. 2. Methodology chart
3.1 Sampling Techniques and Preservation
During this study, 24 groundwater samples in the Post Monsoon period (2022) and 36
samples during Pre-Monsoon period (2023) were analysed from selected wells in the city
area. pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, sulphate, chloride, alkalinity, calcium hardness,
magnesium hardness, nitrate, and other significant chemical constituents have been
determined in the samples.
Both open and bore-well samples are collected. The water samples are collected in plastic
container (PVC 1 litre) and sealed. The respective global coordinates/position were recorded
using GPS. Samples are ascertained for major cations and anions. The elevation of
groundwater wells was also measured while collecting samples using GPS.
The samples were regularly obtained from problematic regions indicated by various
Central and State organisations, as well as through survey [1,7].
3.2 Groundwater Sample Chemical Analysis
The chemistry of natural water is often termed hydrochemistry. This deals with the origin of
chemical constituents in water and the processes by which they become dissolved in water
or removed from the water by precipitation. The saturation zone's water quality reflects the
quality of water that has percolated to the water table and the subsequent reactions that occur
between water and rock. The original chemical quality of water entering the saturation zone,
the distribution, solubility, exchange capacity, and exchange selectivity of the minerals
engaged in the reactions, and the flow path of the water are all factors that influence the solute
content [8].
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Water pH value is a significant indicator of its quality. It has a significant impact on the
growth of both plant and soil microorganisms because it affects the appropriateness of water
for irrigation [9].
A pH of 7.5 to 8.0 usually indicates the existence of magnesium and calcium carbonates.
The results of the present study show clearly the dominance of bicarbonates. The carbonate
ion is dominant when pH is above 10; however, carbonate in most of the samples is absent.
But where the pH is above 9, quantity of carbonate is comparatively high. In actual
groundwater systems, the situation is more complex. The pH and carbonate speciation are
interdependent, a function of not only the ionization equilibrium for the carbonate species
and water but also strong bases added through the distribution of carbonate and silica
minerals [10].
In natural groundwater, the generation of net positive charges through the dissolution of
carbonate and silicate minerals is always greater than the contribution of net negative charges
from the ionization of strong acids. The primary reasons why ground water is naturally
alkaline. Strong acids are rare in natural waters and when they do occur are the results of
contamination. In these cases, the charge because of the strong base which create mineral
acidity. Incoming alkalinity increases the net positive charge and is matched by an upsurge
in the concentration of negatively charged species that comes from the ionization of
bicarbonate to carbonate. This also shows an increase in pH. This behaviour is commonly
observed as groundwater evolves by dissolving minerals along a flow path.
Electrical conductivity is a useful water quality indicator for detecting salinity risks.
Waters with conductivity values less than 750 µS/cm are generally suitable for irrigation,
with the exception of salt sensitive crops, which may be severely affected by their use.
Irrigation waters with conductivity levels ranging from 250 to 750 µS/cm are routinely
employed, and crop growth is adequate under appropriate management and favourable
drainage conditions.
Water naturally possesses a various dissolved inorganic constituent. The major cations
are calcium, magnesium; the major anions are chloride, sulphate, carbonate and bicarbonate.
These major constituents constitute the bulk of the mineral matter contributing to total
dissolved solids. The natural quality of groundwater varies substantially from region to
region. It can range from less than 100 mg/l for some fresh groundwater to more than 100,000
mg/l for brine found in deep aquifers.
3.3 Analytical techniques employed in the study
Ground water quality is assessed by using suitable analytical methods. Table 3. indicates
laboratory’s procedures for testing water samples and brief overview of each parameter, the
method, and the equipment used. These parameters are critical for assessing the overall
quality of water, determining its suitability for various uses, and identifying potential sources
of contamination.
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Table 3. Analytical Methods used in the study with equipment
Sl Parameters Methods Equipment
No.
1 pH Electrometric pH meter (HACH)
2 TDS Electrometric Ion Meter (HACH)
3 Conductivity Electrometric Ion meter (HACH)
4 Carbonate Titration Volumetric Glassware
5 BiCarbonate Titration Volumetric Glassware
6 Total Alkalinity Titration Volumetric Glassware
7 Chlorides Titration by Silver Nitrate Volumetric Glassware
8 Calcium Hardness Titration by EDTA Volumetric Glassware
9 Magnesium
Titration by EDTA Volumetric Glassware
Hardness
10 Total Hardness Titration by EDTA Volumetric Glassware
Iron, Nitrate,
Spectrophotometer
Sulphate, Manganese, Electrometric
11 Phosphate
(HACH)
4 Results and discussion
4.1 Ground water chemistry of the study area and its spatial variation
Spatial variation of ground water quality parameters was mapped using GIS and presented in
Fig 3 and 4. The Ground water investigation of the Belagavi City area shows that
concentrations of various constituents are within the permissible limits. However, higher
values of TDS are reported in majority of the samples which is attributed to sewage water
pollution and fertiliser used in the region (Fig. 3b & 4a). The open well data collected from
Kanabargi area showed TDS value of 1656 mg/l (Fig. 4a) and this water when used for
agriculture directly, will lead to soil salinity. It is recommended to dilute the water with other
alternative sources before utilizing it for irrigation. Almost all the samples show high to very
high values of total hardness. Total Hardness of 1200 mg/l (Kanabargi) (Fig. 4b) is unfit for
potability [11]. In few localities high nitrate concentration is also seen. Majority of the wells
which are showing higher concentration of contaminants is mainly in the unused wells. The
renovation and exploitation of ground water will increase its quality. Many of the chemical
parameters observed in and around the Belagavi city are well within the permissible limit.
However, in few of the wells the concentration of chlorides is higher than the values derived
from other regions of the city. Chloride Concentration goes upto unreasonable level of 1242
mg/L (Kanabargi) (Fig. 4d) making it unfit for potability [11]. Water samples were also taken
from the solid waste disposal site at Khasbhag wells besides the Bellary Nala drain show
increasing concentrations of Calcium, Magnesium and away from the drain the concentration
decreases away from the drain. The increasing could be due to use of sewage water for the
agricultural use. It is observed that these constituents are not added to groundwater from drain
seepage. Instead, it is expected that the constituents are being added to the groundwater
region through sewage and fertilisers used for agricultural purposes. Iron concentration of a
groundwater sample collected from a public bore well is ascertained to be 2.55 mg/l
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(Kuvempu Nagar) (Fig. 3a), which on consumption in the long run may result in hazardous
health problems.
The open well data collected from the KHB colony, Belagavi show that the
contamination content is high due to intermixing of unchanneled sewage waters adjacent to
the area. As a result, several open wells in the vicinity have been rendered inoperable.
Calcium content also showed an increase especially in open well waters above the
permissible limits. In bore well waters the TDS content is relatively low and it causes health
problems related to digestive system. However, in majority of the open wells it is well within
the limits. Some of the samples are highly polluted/contaminated. These areas are Kakti,
Khasbhag, Shahapur, Main market areas like Khadebazar, Old Belagavi, etc.
Nitrate concentration reaches an unreasonable concentration of 110.4 mg/l (Yamnapur)
and 100.4 mg/l (Kakti) (Fig. 4c) which clearly indicates pollution of groundwater due to
sewage, landfills and industrial wastes in the surrounding areas.
5 Conclusions and recommendations
In view of reported ground water pollution in several parts, there is an imminent danger of
extensive damage to the ground water resources. To effectively protect ground water quality
from the negative effects of pollution, a ground water quality monitoring system covering
the entire study area with sampling points selected with regard to water supply systems, mode
of waste water disposal, and hydrogeological conditions prevalent in different areas is
urgently needed. For planning water supply schemes in pollution prone areas where ground
water is the sole or primary supply, it may be necessary to carry out monitoring on top priority
basis to delineate affected areas. As amelioration of aquifer which has been contaminated by
pollution is very difficult, delineation of pollution prone areas will help in taking steps to stop
further pollution.
For pollution monitoring and control programs to be effective, multi-disciplinary
approach and greater coordination between different agencies, is required. Ground water
pollution monitoring is highly specialised effort for which not only system is required for
collection, processing and dissemination of environmental information but also specialised
instruments are required for analytical work. Some of the important factors to be considered
in controlling pollution problems are the following.
The wastage of water which amounts to about 20% delivered should be brought under
control by replacing the pipelines which are old and damaged. These would also reduce the
often-noticed intermixing of sewage with drinking supplies. The city drainage should be
diverted through lined gutters or pipes to the treatment plants to protect local health and
hygiene besides shallow groundwater.
There is a need to recognise the rapid rate at which ground water pollution is taking place
at present. Groundwater pollution is a serious threat to the society and if we allow further
decay of environment, it will not be possible to sustain long term growth, development and
prevent hazards to public health unless immediate steps are taken. It has become vital
important that various agencies connected with ground water pollution should take
cognisance of the situation and there is fortification of efforts for safe guarding ground water
resources and for implementation of pollution prevention and control programs.
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a. b.
c. d.
Fig. 3. Spatial Variation of Groundwater Quality Parameters for Post-Monsoon 2022 (a. Iron, b. TDS,
c. Total hardness and d. Total alkalinity.)
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a. b.
c. d.
Fig. 4. Spatial Variation of Groundwater Quality Parameters for Pre-Monsoon 2023 (a. TDS, b. Total
hardness, c. Nitrates and d. Chlorides.)
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