PRESENTATION : INTRODUCTION TO
LINGUISTICS
GROUP : 2
ROLL NO. : 3,11,13,14,22,42,
SECTION : 2ND (MA)
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
ART AND
ARCHITECTURE
•At the beginning of 15 century, Italy
experienced a cultural rebirth, a
renaissance that would maaivrly affect
all sectors of society. turning away
from the preceding gothic and
Romanesque periods' iconography,
Florentine artists spurred a
rejuvenation of the glories of classical
artic line with a more humanistic and
individualistic emerging contemporary
era.
ENGLISH
LITRATURE
• This Renaissance era in England (also
known as the Early Modern Period), from
about 1485-1660, is freighted with famous
writers and treasured texts. Spenser,
Marlowe, Jonson, Milton, Donne, and the
incomparable William Shakespeare are just a
few names that appear on the Renaissance
Writer Roll of Honor.
ERAS OF ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
OLD ENGLISH
• In grammar, Old English is chiefly distinguished from later
stages in the history of English by greater use of a larger set
of inflections in verbs, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and
also (connected with this) by a rather less fixed word order; it
also preserves grammatical gender in nouns and adjectives.
• An example: The following couple of lines from
Ælfric’s De temporibus anni:
‘Ðunor cymð of hætan & of wætan. Seo lyft tyhð þone
wætan to hire neoðan & ða hætan ufan.’
• Thunder comes from heat and from moisture. The air draws
the moisture to it from below and the heat from above.
• Nouns hæte, ‘heat’, and wæta, ‘moisture’, both have the
inflection –an.
GRAMMATICAL
CHARECTERISTICS
• Old English is much more homogeneous than later stages in the
history of English.
• Some borrowings from Latin date back to before the coming of the
Anglo-Saxons to Britain.
Some Old English words of Latin origin that have survived into
modern English include belt, butter, chalk, chest, cup, fan, fork,
mile, minster, mint, monk, pepper, school, sock, strop, wine.
• Some letters from the Old English alphabet which modern English
has lost:
• þ, ð both represent the same sounds as modern th, as e.g.
in thin or then;
• æ and a represent distinct sounds in Old English, formed with the
tongue respectively at the front and back of the mouth.
MIDDLE
ENGLISH
The difference between Old and Middle English is
primarily due to the changes that took place in grammar.
Less inflection
The increasing reliance on alternative means of
expression
Word order( use of indirect, direct objects and
prepositional compliments)
Prepositional construction
Progressive forms of the verb and the range of auxiliary
verbs
Expressing relationships such as possession appeared
Several new pronouns appeared (you, thou)
Several consonants and vowels altered their sounds
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
MODERN ENGLISH
Modern English nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs
are inflected.
• English nouns have plural inflection in (-e)s
• cats (with a final s sound), dogs (with a final z sound),
and horses (with a final iz sound)
Affixes, word elements attached to words, may either
precede, as prefixes (do, undo; way, subway), or follow,
as suffixes (do, doer; way, wayward).
Sentences can be classified as follows:
• simple sentence
• compound sentence
• complex sentence
The vocabulary of Modern English is approximately a
quarter Germanic and two-thirds Italic or Romance and
with considerable borrowings from more than 300 other
languages.
SHAKESPEARE
WORKS FOR ENGLISH LITRATURE IN
RANAISSANCE
INTRODUCTION
• William Shakespeare was an English
playwright, poet and actor. He is
regarded as the greatest writer in the
English language and the world's
pre-eminent dramatist. He is
often called England's national
poet and the "Bard of Avon".
(Introduction)
He wrote the blockbuster plays of
his day - some of his most famous
FAMOUS are as follows:
o Macbeth
WORKS o Romeo and Juliet
o Hamlet
o Merchant of Venice
WORK IN RAINISSANCE
Shakespeare lived during the height of the English
Renaissance. Shakespeare used the language around him to
coin new phrases and reimagine older idioms in a way that
had a massive impact on the future of English.
Shakespeare invented 1700 new words that we still use in
our todays life.
ACCOMODATION, AMAZAMENT, ASASSINATION,
BEDROOM, ROAD etc.
He introduced many idioms and phrases as well.
A fool’s paradise
A sorry sight
All that glitters is not gold
Break the ice
