Unit - IX: Policies and Acts:

● Mental Health Act of 1987,

● National Mental Health Program 1982,
● The Persons With Disabilities (equalopportunities, protection of rights and full
participation) Act 1995;
● Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) Act of 1992,
● National Trust for Mental Retardation, CP and Autistic Children 1999,
● Juvenile Justice Act of 1986;
● Mental Health Care Bill 2011;
● rehabilitation ethics and professional code of conduct.

1. Mental Health Act of 1987-

Mental Health Act came into effect in all the states and union territories of India in
April 1993 and replaced the Indian Lunacy Act of 1912. This Act consolidated and
amended the law relating to the treatment and care of mentally ill persons and to make
better provision with respect to their properly and affairs. It also includes the
provision for rehabilitation activities in psychiatric hospitals and about licensing of
convalescent (recovering) homes for mentally ill persons. The objectives of the Act
include to:

a) Regulate admission to psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric nursing homes of

mentally ill persons who do not have sufficient understanding to seek treatment on a
voluntary basis, and to protect the rights of such persons while being detained

b) Protect society from the presence of mentally ill persons who have become or
might become a danger or nuisance to others
c) Protect citizens from being detained in psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric nursing
homes without sufficient cause

d) Regulate responsibility for maintenance charges of mentally ill persons who are
admitted to psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric nursing homes

e) Provide facilities for establishing guardianship or custody of mentally ill persons

who are incapable of managing their own affairs

f) Provide for the establishment of Central Authority and State Authorities for Mental
Health Services

g) Regulate the powers of the Government for establishing, licensing and controlling
psychiatric hospitals and psychiatric nursing homes for mentally ill persons

h) Provide for legal aid to mentally ill persons at State expense in certain cases.

Handicapped in this act means a person who has/is- Visually handicap; Hearing
handicap; Suffering from locomotor disability; Suffering from mental retardation.
In 2002, the Act was implemented in 25 out of 30 states and Union Territories. Under
the Mental Health Act 1987, each state is required to constitute a State Mental Health
 Authority (SMHA) to ensure effective and equitable enforcement of the provisions of
the Act. The primary role of the SMHA is in planning, implementation and
monitoring of mental health programme/activities (WHO 2006).

2. National Mental Health Program 1982-

The Government of India has launched the National Mental Health Programme
(NMHP) in 1982, keeping in view the heavy burden of mental illness in the
community, and the absolute inadequacy of mental health care infrastructure in the
country to deal with it.

NMHP HAS 3 COMPONENTS:

● Treatment of Mentally ill

● Rehabilitation
● Prevention and promotion of positive mental health.
AIMS
● Prevention and treatment of mental and neurological disorders and their
associated disabilities.
● Use of mental health technology to improve general health services.
● Application of mental health principles in total national development to
improve quality of life.
OBJECTIVES
● To ensure availability and accessibility of minimum mental health care for all
in the forseeable future, particularly to the most vulnerable and
underprivileged sections of population.
● To encourage application of mental health knowledge in general health care
and in social development.
● To promote community participation in the mental health services
development and to stimulate efforts towards self-help in the community.
STRATEGIES
● Integration mental health with primary health care through the NMHP
● Provision of tertiary care institutions for treatment of mental disorders
● Eradicating stigmatization of mentally ill patients and protecting their rights
through regulatory institutions like the Central Mental Health Authority, and
State Mental health Authority.
MENTAL HEALTH CARE
● The mental morbidity requires priority in mental health treatment
● Primary health care at village and sub center level
● At Primary Health Center level
● At the District Hospital level
● Mental Hospital and teaching Psychiatric Units
● District Mental Health Programme
 COMPONENTS

● Training programmes of all workers in the mental health team at the identified
Nodal Institute in the State.
● Public education in the mental health to increase awareness and reduce stigma.
● For early detection and treatment, the OPD and indoor services are provided.
● Providing valuable data and experience at the level of community to the state
and Centre for future planning, improvement in service and research.

Agencies like World Bank and WHO have been contacted to support various
components of the programme. Funds are provided by the Govt. of India to the
state governments and the nodal institutes to meet the expenditure on staff,
equipments, vehicles, medicine, stationary, contingencies, training, etc. for
initial 5 years and thereafter they should manage themselves. Govt. of India
has constituted central Mental Health Authority to oversee the implementation
of the Mental Health Act 1986. It provides for creation of state Mental Health
Authority also to carry out the said functions.

The National Human Rights Commission also monitors the conditions in the mental
hospitals along with the government of India and the states are currently acting on the
recommendation of the joint studies conducted to ensure quality in delivery of mental
care.

3. THE PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES ACT 1995-

An Act to give effect to the Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equality of the
People with Disabilities in the Asian and Pacific Region. It extends to the whole of
India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
● “person with disability” means a person suffering from not less than forty per
cent. of any disability as certified by a medical authority;
● “rehabilitation” refers to a process aimed at enabling persons with disabilities
to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychiatric
or social functional levels;

PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION OF DISABILITIES

Appropriate Governments and local authorities to take certain steps for the
prevention of occurrence of disabilities.—Within the limits of their economic
capacity and development, the appropriate Governments and the local
authorities, with a view to preventing the occurrence of disabilities, shall—
(a) undertake or cause to be undertaken surveys, investigations and research
concerning the cause of occurrence of disabilities;
(b) promote various methods of preventing disabilities;
(c) screen all the children at least once in a year for the purpose of identifying
“at-risk” cases;
(d) provide facilities for training to the staff at the primary health centres;
(e) sponsor or cause to be sponsored awareness campaigns and disseminate or
cause to be disseminated information for general hygiene, health and
sanitation;
(f) take measures for pre-natal, perinatal and post-natal care of mother and
child;
(g) educate the public through the pre-schools, schools, primary health centres,
village level workers and anganwadi workers;
(h) create awareness amongst the masses through television, radio and other
mass media on the causes of disabilities and the preventive measures to be
adopted.
EDUCATION-
Appropriate Governments and local authorities to provide children with
disabilities free education, etc.—The appropriate Governments and the local
authorities shall—
(a) ensure that every child with a disability has access to free education in an
appropriate
environment till he attains the age of eighteen years;
(b) endeavour to promote the integration of students with disabilities in the
normal schools;
(c) promote setting up of special schools in Government and private sector for
those in need of special education, in such a manner that children with
disabilities living in any part of the country have access to such schools;

(d) endeavour to equip the special schools for children with disabilities with
vocational training facilities.
Appropriate Governments and local authorities to make schemes and
programmes for nonformal education, etc.—The appropriate
Governments and the local authorities shall by notification
make schemes for—
(a) conducting part-time classes in respect of children with disabilities who
having completed education up to class fifth and could not continue their
studies on a whole-time basis;
(b) conducting special part-time classes for providing functional literacy for
children in the age group of sixteen and above;
(c) imparting non-formal education by utilizing the available manpower in
rural areas after giving them appropriate orientation;
(d) imparting education through open schools or open universities;
(e) conducting class and discussions through interactive electronic or other
media;
(f) providing every child with disability free of cost special books and
equipments needed for his education.
Research for designing and developing new assistive devices, teaching
aids, etc.—The appropriate Governments shall initiate or cause to be initiated
research by official and non-governmental agencies for the purpose of
designing and developing new assistive devices, teaching aids, special
teaching materials or such other items as are necessary to give a child with
disability equal opportunities
in education.
Appropriate Governments to set up teachers’ training institutions to
develop trained manpower for schools for children with disabilities.—The
appropriate Governments shall set up adequate number of teachers’ training
institutions and assist the national institutes and other voluntary organisations
to develop teachers’ training programmes specialising in disabilities so that
requisite trained manpower is available for special schools and integrated
schools for children with disabilities.
Appropriate Governments to prepare a comprehensive education scheme
providing for transport facilities, supply of books, etc.—Without prejudice
to the foregoing provisions, the appropriate Governments shall by notification
prepare a comprehensive education scheme which shall make provision for—
(a) transport facilities to the children with disabilities or in the alternative
financial incentives to parents or guardians to enable their children with
disabilities to attend schools;
(b) the removal of architectural barriers from schools, colleges or other
institutions imparting vocational and professional training;
(c) the supply of books, uniforms and other materials to children with
disabilities attending school;
(d) the grant of scholarship to students with disabilities;
(e) setting up of appropriate fora for the redressal of grievances of parents
regarding the placement of their children with disabilities;
(f) suitable modification in the examination system to eliminate purely
mathematical questions for the benefit of blind students and students with low
vision;
(g) restructuring of curriculum for the benefit of children with disabilities;
(h) restructuring the curriculum for benefit of students with hearing
impairment to facilitate them to take only one language as part of their
curriculum.
Educational institutions to provide amanuensis to students with visual
handicap.—All educational institutions shall provide or cause to be provided
amanuensis to blind students and students with or low vision.
EMPLOYMENT
Identification of posts which can be reserved for persons with
disabilities.—Appropriate Governments shall—
(a) identify posts, in the establishments, which can be reserved for the persons
with disability;
(b) at periodical intervals not exceeding three years, review the list of posts
identified and up-date the list taking into consideration the developments in
technology.
Reservation of posts.—Every appropriate Government shall appoint in every
establishment such percentage of vacancies not less than three per cent. for
persons or class of persons with disability of which one per cent. each shall be
reserved for persons suffering from—
(i) blindness or low vision;
(ii) hearing impairment;
(iii) locomotor disability or cerebral palsy,
Special Employment Exchange.—(1) The appropriate Government may, by
notification, require that from such date as may be specified, by notification,
the employer in every establishment shall furnish such information or return as
may be prescribed in relation to vacancies appointed for persons with
disability that have occurred or are about to occur in that establishment to such
Special Employment Exchange as may be prescribed and the establishment
shall thereupon comply with such requisition.
(2) The form in which and the intervals of time for which information or
returns shall be furnished and the particulars, they shall contain shall be such
as may be prescribed.
Power to inspect record or document in possession of any
establishment.—Any person authorised by the Special Employment
Exchange in writing, shall have access to any relevant record or
document in the possession of any establishment and may enter at any
reasonable time and premises where he believes such record or document to
be, and inspect or take copies of relevant records or documents or ask any
question necessary for obtaining any information.
Vacancies not filled up to be carried forward.—Where in any recruitment
year any vacancy under section 33, cannot be filled up due to non-availability
of a suitable person with disability or, for any other sufficient reason, such
vacancy shall be carried forward in the succeeding recruitment year and if in
the succeeding recruitment year also suitable person with disability is not
available, it may first be filled by interchange among the three categories and
only when there is no person with disability available for the post in that year,
the employer shall fill up the vacancy by appointment of a person, other than a
person with disability: Provided that if the nature of vacancies in an
establishment is such that a given category of person cannot be employed, the
vacancies may be interchanged among the three categories with the prior
approval of the appropriate Government.
Employers to maintain records.—(1) Every employer shall maintain such
record in relation to the person with disability employed in his establishment
in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed by the appropriate
Government.
(2) The records maintained under sub-section (1) shall be open to inspection at
all reasonable hours by such persons as may be authorised in this behalf by
general or special order by the appropriate Government.

Schemes for ensuring employment of persons with disabilities.—(1) The

appropriate Governments and local authorities shall by notification formulate
schemes for ensuring employment of persons with disabilities, and such
schemes may provide for—
(a) the training and welfare of persons with disabilities;
(b) the relaxation of upper age limit;
(c) regulating the employment;
(d) health and safety measures and creation of a non-handicapping
environment in places where persons with disabilities are employed;
(e) the manner in which and the persons by whom the cost of operating the
schemes is to be defrayed; and
(f) constituting the authority responsible for the administration of the scheme.

All educational institutions to reserve seats for persons with

disability.—All Government educational institutions and other educational
institutions receiving aid from the Government, shall reserve not less than
three per cent. seats for persons with disabilities.
Vacancies to be reserved in poverty alleviation schemes.—The appropriate
Governments and local authorities shall reserve not less than three per cent. in
all poverty alleviation schemes for the benefit of persons with disabilities.
Incentives to employers to ensure five per cent. of the work force is
composed of persons with disabilities.—The appropriate Governments and
the local authorities shall, within the limits of their economic capacity and
development, provide incentives to employers both in public and private
sectors to ensure that at least five per cent. of their work force is composed of
persons with disabilities.
Schemes for preferential allotment of land for certain purposes.—The
appropriate Governments and local authorities shall by notification frame
schemes in favour of persons with disabilities, for the preferential allotment of
land at concessional rates for—
 (a) house;
(b) setting up business;
(c) setting up of special recreation centres;
(d) establishment of special schools;
(e) establishment of research centres;
(f) establishment of factories by entrepreneurs with disabilities.
4. Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) Act of 1992
This Act sets out to regulate the training of professionals in rehabilitation and sets out
a framework for a Central Rehabilitation Register. Specifically it sets out:

a) Training policies and programmes

b) Standardize the training courses for professionals dealing with persons with
disabilities
c) To grant recognition to the institutions running these training courses
d) To maintain a Central Rehabilitation Register of the rehabilitation professionals
e) To promote research in Rehabilitation and Special Education.

In order to give statutory powers to the Council for carrying out its duties effectively
the Rehabilitation Council of India Act was passed by the Parliament which came into
force with effect from 1993. The amendment in the Act in 2000 gave the additional
responsibility of promoting research to the Council. The major functions of the
council include the recognition of qualifications granted by Universities in India for
Rehabilitation Professionals and also the recognition of qualification by Institutions
outside India.

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS IN 2000-

● “Handicapped” should be replaced by `Person With Disability ` A person with
disability as defined in section 2 of the Persons with disabilities (Equal Opportunities,
Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act 1995, and amendments.
● Definition of MR changed from- “Mental Retardation” means a condition of arrested
or incomplete development of mind of a person which is specially characterized by
sub-normality of intelligence.”” TO THIS - ‘Mental Retardation means a condition of
arrested or incomplete development of the mind which is specifically characterised
by impairment of adaptive behaviour manifested during the developmental period
which contributes to the overall level of intelligence, i.e cognitive, language, motor
and Social abilities.
● Word inspectors/ inspector to be replaced by experts/ expert.
● Section 5(a) No person shall be a member if he- (a) is, or becomes, of unsound mind
or is so declared by a competent court is deleted.
● The Chairperson shall hold office for a term of five years with the provision of “to be
extended up to two additional years”. Because Two years is too short a period to
ensure desirable outcomes
● Social Workers involved in disability work because there is a Need to ensure the
opening up of higher education to disability related courses.
 ● In order to keep up with the needs of persons with disability, (viii. Speech
pathologists. ix. Rehabilitation psychologists x. Rehabilitation social workers. xi.
Rehabilitation practitioners in Mental Retardation. xii. Orientation and mobility
specialists. xiii. Community based rehabilitation professionals xiv. Rehabilitation
counselors / Administrators xv. Prosthetics and orthotics. xvi. Rehabilitation
workshop managers, xvii Any other category of Professionals included from time to
time xviii. Ophthalmic technicians xix. Rehabilitation care- givers xx. Therapeutic
Recreation Specialists xxi. Medical Practitioners or professional / personnel
registered with any recognized Council of Govt. of India (optional)
All these additional categories of professionals were included in the schedule.

5. National Trust for Mental Retardation, CP and Autistic Children

1999
The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental
Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act 1999 This Act provides for the constitution
of a national body for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental
Retardation and Multiple Disabilities. The main objectives are:
a) To enable and empower persons with disability to live as independently and as fully
as possible within and as close to the community to which they belong
b) To strengthen facilities to provide support to persons with disability to live within
their own families
c) To extend support to registered organization to provide need based services during
the period of crises in the family of persons with disability
d) To deal with problems of persons with disability who do not have family support.

6. Juvenile Justice Act of 1986 -

Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 was enacted by our parliament in order to provide care,
protection, treatment, development and rehabilitation of neglected or delinquent
juveniles and for the adjudication of certain matters relating to, and disposition of,
delinquent juveniles as a uniform system of juvenile justice mechanism throughout
our country. Under the Act of 1986, Section 2(a) defined the term juvenile as a "boy
who has not attained the age of 16 years and a girl who has not attained the age of 18
years" but later on the parliament enacted Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 (herein after 'JJ
Act') and the age bar was raised to 18 years for both girl and boy. The JJ Act, 2000
lays down that juvenile in conflict with law may be kept in an observation home while
children in need of care and protection need to be kept in a children home during the
pendency of proceedings before the competent authority. This provision is in
contradistinction with the earlier Acts which provided for keeping all children in an
observation home during the pendency of their proceedings, presuming children to be
innocent till proved guilty. The maximum detention could be imposed on a juvenile is
for 3 years remand to Special Home irrespective of the gravity of offence committed
by him and JJ Act, 2000 immunes the child who is less than 18 Years of age at the
 time of the commission of the alleged offence and from trial through Criminal Court
or any punishment under Criminal Law in view of Section 17 of the Juvenile Act.

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 came into force on
January 1, 2016 which repeals and replaces the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection
of Children) Act, 2000.
The Ministry of Women and Child Development had introduced the Juvenile Justice
(Care and Protection of Children) Bill 2014. The Act provides that in case a heinous
crime has been committed by a person in the age group of 16-18 years it will be
examined by the Juvenile Justice Board to assess if the crime was committed as a
‘child’ or as an ‘adult’. Since this assessment will take place by the Board which will
have psychologists and social experts, it will ensure that the rights of the juvenile are
duly protected if he has committed the crime as a child. The Act streamlines adoption
procedures for orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children. It establishes a
statutory status for the Child Adoption Resources Authority (CARA). The legislation
further proposed several rehabilitation and social integration measures for institutional
and noninstitutional children. It also provided for sponsorship and foster care as
completely new measures. It provided for mandatory registration of all institutions
engaged in providing child care. New offences including illegal adoption, corporal
punishment in child care institutions, the use of children by militant groups, and
offences against disabled children were also incorporated in the proposed legislation.

7. Mental Health Care Bill 2013-

The Mental Health Care Bill, 2013 was introduced in the Rajya Sabha on August 19, 2013.
The Bill repeals the Mental Health Act, 1987.
The Statements of Objects and Reasons to the Bill, state the government ratified the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2007. The
Convention requires the laws of the country to align with the Convention. The new
Bill was introduced as the existing Act does not adequately protect the rights of
persons with mental illness nor promote their access to mental health care. The key
features of the Bill are:

● Rights of persons with mental illness: Every person shall have the right to
access mental health care and treatment from services run or funded by the
government. The right to access mental health care includes affordable, good quality
of and easy access to services. Persons with mental illness also have the right to
equality of treatment, protection from inhuman and degrading treatment, free legal
services, access to their medical records, and complain regarding deficiencies in
provision of mental health care.

● Advance Directive: A mentally-ill person shall have the right to make an advance
directive that states how he wants to be treated for the illness during a mental health
situation and who his nominated representative shall be. The advance directive has to
be certified by a medical practitioner or registered with the Mental Health Board. If a
 mental health professional/ relative/care-giver does not wish to follow the directive
while treating the person, he can make an application to the Mental Health Board to
review/alter/cancel the advance directive.

● Central and State Mental Health Authority: These are administrative bodies are
required to (a) register, supervise and maintain a register of all mental health
establishments,(b) develop quality and service provision norms for such
establishments, (c) maintain a register of mental health professionals, (d) train law
enforcement officials and mental health professionals on the provisions of the Act, (e)
receive complaints about deficiencies in provision of services, and (f) advise the
government on matters relating to mental health.

● Mental Health Establishments: Every mental health establishment has to be

registered with the relevant Central or State Mental Health Authority. In order to be
registered, the establishment has to fulfill various criteria prescribed in the Bill.

● The Bill also specifies the process and procedure to be followed for admission,
treatment and discharge of mentally ill individuals. A decision to be admitted in a
mental health establishment shall, as far as possible, be made by the person with the
mental illness except when he is unable to make an independent decision or
conditions exist to make a supported admission unavoidable.

● Mental Health Review Commission and Board: The Mental Health Review
Commission will be a quasi-judicial body that will periodically review the use of and
the procedure for making advance directives and advise the government on protection
of the rights of mentally ill persons. The Commission shall with the concurrence of
the state governments, constitute Mental Health Review Boards in the districts of a
state. The Board will have the power to (a) register, review/alter/cancel an advance
directive, (b) appoint a nominated representative, (c) adjudicate complaints regarding
deficiencies in care and services, (d) receive and decide application from a person
with mental illness/his nominated representative/any other interested person against
the decision of medical officer or psychiatrists in charge of a mental health
establishment.

● Decriminalising suicide and prohibiting electro-convulsive therapy: A

person who attempts suicide shall be presumed to be suffering from mental illness at
that time and will not be punished under the Indian Penal Code. Electro-convulsive
therapy is allowed only with the use of muscle relaxants and anaesthesia. The therapy
is prohibited for minors.

8. ETHICAL AND FORENSIC ISSUES IN PSYCHIATRY

PRACTICE-
The American Psychological Association’s (APA’s) Ethical Principles of
Psychologists and Code of Conduct consists of an Introduction, a
Preamble, five General Principles (A–E), and specific Ethical Standards.
General Principles are aspirational goals to guide psychologists toward
the highest ideals of psychology. The Ethical Standards set forth
enforceable
rules for conduct as psychologists. Most of the Ethical Standards are
written broadly, in order to apply to psychologists in varied roles,
although the application of an Ethical Standard may vary depending on
the context.

Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care
to do no harm. In their professional actions, psychologists seek to
safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact
professionally and other affected persons, and the welfare of animal
subjects of research. When conflicts occur among psychologists’
obligations or concerns, they attempt to resolve these conflicts in a
responsible fashion that avoids or minimizes harm. Because
psychologists’ scientific and professional judgments and actions may
affect the lives of others, they are alert to and guard against personal,
financial, social, organizational, or political factors that might lead to
misuse of their influence. Psychologists strive to be aware of the
possible effect of their own physical and mental health on their ability to
help those with whom they work.

Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility

Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they
work. They are aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities
to society and to the specific communities in which they work.
Psychologists uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify their
professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for
their behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead
to exploitation or harm. Psychologists consult with, refer to, or
cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed
to serve the best interests of those with whom they work. They are
concerned about the ethical compliance of their colleagues’ scientific
and professional conduct. Psychologists strive to contribute a portion of
their professional time for little or no compensation or personal
advantage.

Principle C: Integrity
Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in
the science, teaching, and practice of psychology. In these activities
psychologists do not steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or
intentional misrepresentation of fact. Psychologists strive to keep their
promises and to avoid unwise or unclear commitments. In situations in
which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and
minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the
need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to
correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the
use of such techniques.

Principle D: Justice
Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to
access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal
quality in the processes, procedures, and services being conducted by
psychologists. Psychologists exercise reasonable judgment and take
precautions to ensure that their potential biases, the boundaries of their
competence, and the limitations of their expertise do not lead to or
condone unjust practices.

Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights
of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.
Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to
protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose
vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making. Psychologists are
aware of and respect cultural, individual, and role differences, including
those based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture,
national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, and
socioeconomic status, and consider these factors when working with
members of such groups. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on
their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly
participate in or condone activities of others based upon such
prejudices.

ETHICAL STANDARDS-

1. Resolving Ethical Issues

1.01 Misuse of Psychologists’ Work
1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other
Governing
Legal Authority
1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands
1.04 Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations
1.05 Reporting Ethical Violations
1.06 Cooperating With Ethics Committees
1.07 Improper Complaints
1.08 Unfair Discrimination Against

Complainants and Respondents

2. Competence
2.01 Boundaries of Competence
2.02 Providing Services in Emergencies
2.03 Maintaining Competence
2.04 Bases for Scientific and Professional Judgments
2.05 Delegation of Work to Others
2.06 Personal Problems and Conflicts

3. Human Relations
3.01 Unfair Discrimination
3.02 Sexual Harassment
3.03 Other Harassment
3.04 Avoiding Harm
3.05 Multiple Relationships
3.06 Conflict of Interest
3.07 Third-Party Requests for Services
3.08 Exploitative Relationships
3.09 Cooperation With Other

Professionals
3.10 Informed Consent
3.11 Psychological Services Delivered to or Through Organizations
3.12 Interruption of Psychological Services
4. Privacy and Confidentiality
4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality
4.02 Discussing the Limits of

Confidentiality
4.03 Recording
4.04 Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy
4.05 Disclosures
4.06 Consultations
4.07 Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes

5. Advertising and Other Public

Statements
5.01 Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements
5.02 Statements by Others
5.03 Descriptions of Workshops and Non-Degree-Granting Educational
Programs
5.04 Media Presentations
5.05 Testimonials
5.06 In-Person Solicitation

6. Record Keeping and Fees

6.01 Documentation of Professional and Scientific Work and
Maintenance of Records
6.02 Maintenance, Dissemination, and Disposal of Confidential Records
of Professional and Scientific Work
6.03 Withholding Records for Nonpayment
6.04 Fees and Financial Arrangements
6.05 Barter With Clients/Patients
6.06 Accuracy in Reports to Payors and Funding Sources
6.07 Referrals and Fees

7. Education and Training

7.01 Design of Education and Training Programs
7.02 Descriptions of Education and Training Programs
7.03 Accuracy in Teaching
7.04 Student Disclosure of Personal Information
7.05 Mandatory Individual or Group Therapy
7.06 Assessing Student and Supervisee Performance
7.07 Sexual Relationships With Students and Supervisees

8. Research and Publication

8.01 Institutional Approval
8.02 Informed Consent to Research
8.03 Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research
8.04 Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants
8.05 Dispensing With Informed Consent for Research
8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation
8.07 Deception in Research
8.08 Debriefing
8.09 Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research
8.10 Reporting Research Results
8.11 Plagiarism
8.12 Publication Credit
8.13 Duplicate Publication of Data
8.14 Sharing Research Data for Verification
8.15 Reviewers

9. Assessment
9.01 Bases for Assessments
9.02 Use of Assessments
9.03 Informed Consent in Assessments
9.04 Release of Test Data
9.05 Test Construction
9.06 Interpreting Assessment Results
9.07 Assessment by Unqualified Persons
9.08 Obsolete Tests and Outdated Test Results
9.09 Test Scoring and Interpretation Services
9.10 Explaining Assessment Results
9.11 Maintaining Test Security

10. Therapy
10.01 Informed Consent to Therapy
10.02 Therapy Involving Couples or Families
10.03 Group Therapy
10.04 Providing Therapy to Those Served by Others
10.05 Sexual Intimacies With Current Therapy Clients/Patients
10.06 Sexual Intimacies With Relatives or Significant Others of Current
Therapy Clients/Patients
10.07 Therapy With Former Sexual Partners
10.08 Sexual Intimacies With Former
Therapy Clients/Patients
10.09 Interruption of Therapy
Terminating Therapy