H & PE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Topic: Investigate the sport Football
Name: Prrathmesh Bhargava
Class: XI-D
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Certificate
This is to certify that of class
of Aditya
English Medium School has successfully completed project under
the guidance of during
the academic year .
Principal sign External sign Teacher sign
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ACKNOWLDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher Shweta Ma’am, who gave me this golden
opportunity to do this awesome project. For the subject of
Physical Education on the topic Investigate the sport -Football.
I would also like to thank my parents and my peers who
were very supportive during this process. Thank you.
Yours Faithfully,
Prrathmesh Bhargava
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INDEX
Sr. no Contents Pg. no
1 Introduction with history of the game 4
2 Rules & Regulations 5
3 Measurements or Dimensions of playing ground 6
4 Skills 8
5 Equipment needed 13
6 Important Tournaments 14
7 Governing Bodies of the game 15
8 Ranking of the teams 16
9 Famous Personalities 17
10 Terminologies 18
11 Bibliography 20
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Introduction with history of the game
Football is a very popular sport played all over the world. It has a long history that goes back thousands
of years. Ancient people in Greece, Rome, and China played games similar to football.
The development of modern football can be attributed to the English public schools, where the game was
codified and standardized. The Football Association (FA) was founded in 1863, and the first official
international match was played between England and Scotland in 1872.
In England, in the 1800s, people started playing football in a more organized way. They made rules for
the game and formed teams. The FIFA World Cup is the biggest football tournament in the world. Many
famous players and teams have made football history.
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Rules and Regulations for Football
Football is a sport governed by a set of rules and regulations established by the
International Football Association Board (IFAB). These rules ensure fair play and
consistency across matches worldwide. Here are some key aspects of football's rules:
The Field
Dimensions: The field is rectangular, typically measuring 105 meters (115 yards)
long and 68 meters (75 yards) wide.
Goalposts: There are two goalposts at opposite ends of the field, connected by a
crossbar. The goal area is marked within the field.
The Players
Number of Players: Each team consists of 11 players, including a goalkeeper.
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Substitutions: Teams can make up to five substitutions during a match.
The Game
Duration: Matches typically last for 90 minutes, divided into two 45-minute
halves.
Scoring: A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts
and below the crossbar.
Offside: A player is offside if they are ahead of the ball when it is played to them
by a teammate.
Fouls: Fouls, such as tripping, pushing, or handling the ball, result in a free kick for
the opposing team.
Penalties: A penalty kick is awarded if a foul occurs within the penalty area.
Cards: Yellow cards are given for cautionary fouls, while red cards result in a
player's expulsion from the match.
Equipment
Ball: The ball is spherical and made of leather or synthetic materials.
Goalkeeper Equipment: Goalkeepers wear gloves and may wear specialized
jerseys.
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Measurements or Dimensions of playing ground
A football field, also known as a soccer pitch, is a rectangular playing surface.
The exact dimensions can vary slightly, but the standard measurements are as
follows:
Length:
Minimum: 100 meters (109 yards)
Maximum: 120 meters (131 yards)
Width:
Minimum: 64 meters (70 yards)
Maximum: 75 meters (82 yards)
Goal Area:
Width: 7.32 meters (8 yards)
Depth: 5.5 meters (6 yards)
Penalty Area:
Width: 16.5 meters (18 yards)
Depth: 11 meters (12 yards)
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Technical Skills in Football
Technical skills are the foundation of a football player's ability. They involve
the player's interaction with the ball and their ability to control it effectively.
Here's a deeper look at some of the key technical skills:
Passing
Accuracy: The ability to pass the ball to a specific target with precision.
Weight: The ability to adjust the power of the pass to suit the situation.
Variety: The ability to execute different types of passes, such as short,
long, ground, and aerial passes.
Timing: The ability to pass the ball at the right moment to create scoring
opportunities.
Dribbling
Ball Control: The ability to maintain possession of the ball while moving.
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Agility: The ability to change direction quickly and evade defenders.
Creativity: The ability to use dribbling to create scoring chances or draw
fouls.
First Touch: The ability to control the ball with the first touch after
receiving it.
Shooting
Accuracy: The ability to strike the ball on target.
Power: The ability to generate power in a shot.
Placement: The ability to aim shots towards specific areas of the goal.
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Technique: The ability to strike the ball cleanly and efficiently.
Receiving
Control: The ability to control the ball after receiving a pass.
First Touch: The ability to control the ball with the first touch.
Positioning: The ability to position oneself to receive the ball effectively.
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First Touch
Control: The ability to control the ball with the first touch.
Direction: The ability to direct the ball to a desired location.
Speed: The ability to control the ball quickly.
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Equipment needed
So, what equipment do you need to play football? Whether you want to play
competitively or just for fun, it is important to have the right equipment to increase
your chances of success on the court. Below is a list of equipment needed:
Football
Shinguards
Water Bottle
Towel
Studs
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Important Tournaments
UEFA Champions League
Format: The UEFA Champions League is a prestigious annual club competition
organized by UEFA, the governing body of European football. It features the top
clubs from various European leagues. The competition is held in a group stage
format, followed by knockout rounds leading to the final.
Significance: Winning the UEFA Champions League is considered the pinnacle of
club football in Europe. It is highly competitive and attracts the best players and
teams from across the continent.
Recent Winners: Some of the recent winners of the UEFA Champions League
include Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, Chelsea, and Liverpool.
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UEFA Europa League
Format: The UEFA Europa League is a second-tier European club competition. It is
open to teams that did not qualify for the Champions League. The format is similar
to the Champions League, with a group stage followed by knockout rounds.
Significance: While not as prestigious as the Champions League, the Europa
League is still a highly competitive tournament. It offers teams a chance to
compete at a European level and win silverware.
Recent Winners: Recent winners of the Europa League include Sevilla, Eintracht
Frankfurt, and Manchester United.
Copa Libertadores
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Format: The Copa Libertadores is the most prestigious club competition in South
America. It is organized by CONMEBOL, the governing body of South American
football. The competition features the top clubs from various South American
leagues. The format is similar to the Champions League, with a group stage
followed by knockout rounds.
Significance: Winning the Copa Libertadores is considered the pinnacle of club
football in South America. It is a highly competitive tournament that attracts top
players and teams from across the continent.
Recent Winners: Recent winners of the Copa Libertadores include Flamengo,
Palmeiras, and Atlético Mineiro.
Governing Bodies of the game
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Global:
FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association): The highest governing body of
football worldwide. It oversees international competitions, sets rules, and regulates the sport.
Continental:
AFC (Asian Football Confederation): Governs football in Asia.
CAF (Confederation of African Football): Governs football in Africa.
CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association
Football): Governs football in North, Central America, and the Caribbean.
CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol): Governs football in South America.
OFC (Oceania Football Confederation): Governs football in Oceania.
UEFA (Union of European Football Associations): Governs football in Europe.
National:
Football associations of individual countries: Each country has its own football association
that governs the sport within its borders. For example, the Football Association (FA) in England,
the Fédération Française de Football (FFF) in France, and the All India Football Federation
(AIFF) in India.
Other:
IFAB (International Football Association Board): Responsible for maintaining the Laws of
the Game. It consists of representatives from FIFA and the four British football associations.
Ranking of the teams
1. Argentina
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2. France
3. Spain
4. England
5. Brazil
Famous Personalities
Some famous people in football include:
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Cristiano Ronaldo
A Portuguese forward who plays for Al Nassr and is considered one of the greatest
goal scorers of all time.
Lionel Messi
A six-time Ballon d'Or winner who is considered one of the greatest players of all
time.
David Beckham
A former captain of the English national team who played in three FIFA World Cups.
Zinedine Zidane
A French player who won 16 trophies and scored 156 goals.
George Best
A football icon who died in 2005 after battling alcoholism.
Franz Beckenbauer
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A German footballer known for his elegant style of play and leadership qualities.
Harry Kane
An English player with a strong goal-scoring record and leadership abilities.
player
Terminologies
General Terms:
Ball: The spherical object used in the game.
Field: The rectangular area where the game is played.
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Goal: The area between the goalposts where players try to score.
Half: Each of the two periods into which a game is divided.
Match: A game between two teams.
Penalty: A kick awarded to a team if a foul is committed within their
penalty area.
Referee: The official who controls the game.
Score: The number of goals scored by each team.
Positions and Roles:
Goalkeeper: The player who defends the goal.
Defender: A player who plays in the back of the field and defends
against attacks.
Midfielder: A player who plays in the middle of the field and is involved
in both offense and defense.
Forward: A player who plays in the front of the field and is primarily
responsible for scoring goals.
Moves and Strategies:
Corner kick: A kick taken from the corner of the field.
Free kick: A kick awarded to a team if a foul is committed against them.
Offside: A rule that prevents players from being too far forward when
the ball is passed to them.
Tackle: An attempt to take the ball from an opponent.
Throw-in: A method of restarting the game after the ball goes out of
bounds.
Other Terms:
Hat-trick: Scoring three goals in one match.
Red card: A punishment that results in a player being sent off the field.
Yellow card: A warning given to a player for a foul or misconduct.
Bibliography
ESPN: https://www.espn.com/
BBC Sport: https://www.bbc.com/sport
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Sky Sports: https://www.skysports.com/
Fox Sports: https://www.foxsports.com/
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