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Chapter 5 Forces and Matter

This chapter covers the concepts of forces and matter, including elastic and inelastic deformation, Hooke's Law, and the relationship between stress, strain, and Young’s Modulus. It also discusses pressure in solids, density, and the importance of transitioning to renewable energy sources while improving efficiency. Key definitions and formulas are provided for quick reference.

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Tanbin Raman
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16 views4 pages

Chapter 5 Forces and Matter

This chapter covers the concepts of forces and matter, including elastic and inelastic deformation, Hooke's Law, and the relationship between stress, strain, and Young’s Modulus. It also discusses pressure in solids, density, and the importance of transitioning to renewable energy sources while improving efficiency. Key definitions and formulas are provided for quick reference.

Uploaded by

Tanbin Raman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IGCSE Physics - Chapter : Forces and Matter 5.1- Stretching and Compressing Materials When a force is applied to a material, it can stretch (tension) or compress (compression). * Elastic deformation: the object returns to its original shape after the force is removed * Inelastic deformation: the object does not return to its original shape (it's permanently deformed). 5.2 —Hooke's Law For many materials (like springs), extension is proportional to force up to a certain limit. F=kxa Where: + F = force applied (N) + k= spring constant (N/m) * x= extension (m) Graph of Force vs. Extension: + Straight line: obeys Hooke’s Law + Curve: beyond elastic limit 5.3 - Limit of Proportionality and Elastic Limit + Limit of proportionality: the point beyond which Hooke's Law no longer applies. + Elasti the maximum extension after which the object will not return to its original shape. 5.4 - Stress, Strain, and Young’s Modulus Only for extended: * Stress = force / area * Strain = extension / original length * Young's Modulus = stress / strain 5.5 - Investigating Stretching Common experiment: * Hang weights on a spring or elastic band. * Measure extension for each added weight. * Plot a force vs. extension graph. 5.6 — Pressure in Solids Pressure is the force applied per unit area Where: + P= pressure (Pa) + F = force (N) + Az=area (m*) Applications: + Sharp knife: small area = high pressure + Snowshoes: large area = low pressure 5.7 — Density Densi Mass _m easity = yoiame (= 7) Units: * Mass inkg org * Volume in m? or cm? * Density in kg/m* or g/cm* Quick Concepts Recap Concept Formula / Description Hooke's Law Pske Pressure P Density e=> Elastic Deformation Object returns to original shape inelastic Deformation Object does not return to original shape Limit of Proportionality Point where Hooke's Law no longer applies Elastic Limit Maximum stretch before permanent deformation & Quick Definitions + Renewable resource: Can be naturally replenished. + Non-renewable resource: Finite and will eventually run out * Efficiency: How well a resource converts energy into useful work. Key Takeaways + The world needs to transition from non-renewable to sustainable energy sources. + No single source is perfect - we need a mix. + Reducing energy consumption and improving efficiency is also crucial.

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