Question 1—10

Line Science has moved closer toward identifying the long-sought brain site of the body clock, the
timer that governs all the rhythms of life. A Johns Hopkins University scientist has disclosed that
a group of rats has been transformed by precision brain surgery from performing night activity
to day activity in a

(5) complete reversal of their age-old timetable. For thousands of years, the wild Norway rat has
spent its day sleeping or hiding in deep burrows and its nights outside searching for food and water, as
a means of surviving against predators. Dr. Curt P. Richter, a noted psychobiologist, has developed a
surgical means of destroying the animal’s built-in clock in a special portion of the brain so that it (10)
spends most of the light hours being active and all of the dark hours sleeping.

“We know much more about the location of the clock,” said Richter in an interview.

The site has been elusive in the past. As one scientist said, “It seems to be everywhere and
yet nowhere when we try to localize it.”

(15) The study, covering 12 years and several hundred domesticated rats, is published by the National
Academy of Sciences. Richter said the findings support the view that body clocks have
independent function and do not need to rely on outside timers, such as the sun, gravity or
earth magnetism. The body clock, in Richter’s opinion, is like a precision self-winding calendar
wristwatch

(20) with a built-in timer. An opposing view, held by some scientists, compares it to a household
electric clock with no built-in timer but rather a synchronous motor that allows it to count the
oscillation coming over the power lines. The opponents cite the total solar eclipse on March 7,
1970, when horses, butterflies and other day animals went to sleep and mice, owls and fireflies
woke up.

(25) In Richter’s study, the rhythm of the rats’ activity previously had not been disturbed by the arrival
of laboratory workers at day and departure at night, but when deprived of their body clocks, the
animals adopted a new timetable that was controlled by the working hours of the laboratory.
Like animals, man has evolved a 24-hour clock. Richter believes human beings started out
sleeping

(30) about 12 hours during light. Introduction of the campfire, he says, enabled man to extend his
waking hours so that he now sleeps about a third of the time. This is true everywhere, even
above the Arctic Circle, where summer brings constant daylight.

The 24-hour clock remains steadfast despite efforts to change it. Forty years
(35) ago, Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a University of Chicago physiologist, descended into Mammoth Cave,
Ky., to eliminate the influences of the natural dark-light cycle and attempt to reset his body clock
to a 28-hour day using artificial lighting. However, his wakefulness rhythm failed to adapt to the
new schedule. He had trouble falling asleep after turning out the lights and he awoke too early.

(40) Over the years, scientists have found that no fewer than 40 physiological functions of the body
have rhythms that are timed by the biological clock. Temperature, for example, is regulated so that it is
at least two degrees higher in the late afternoon than the low point in the early morning hours. Peak
efficiency is reached at certain periods of the day. Time zone effects of air travel cause jet (45) lag.
Similarly, there are daily rhythms in blood-pressure levels, blood-sugar level, pulse rate and
even stomach contraction. The effectiveness of drugs given to a patient varies depending on what
hours of the day or night they are given. It is likely there are best and worst times to perform surgery,
take X-rays and diagnose (50) disease, but these have tended to be masked in the process of evolution.

There are other rhythms that are not daily. In women, the 28-day menstrual cycle and the
260-day gestation period of pregnancy are widely recognized examples.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) the location of the body clock (B) how to change
sleeping habit
(C) experiments in lifestyle changes
(D) organism’s bodily cycle and regularity

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2. The word “elusive” in line 13 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) difficult to find
(B) irreplaceable
(C) deceptive
(D) ambiguous

3. What makes Dr. Richter think that the body clock is adjustable?
(A) Dr. Kleitman’s descent into Mammoth Cave
(B) the experiment on wild nocturnal Norway rats
(C) animals’ reversed sleeping cycle at the total solar eclipse in 1970
(D) the sun, gravity, and earth magnetism

4. According to the passage, all of the following is true about the body clock, EXCEPT
…
(A) Even though it is adjustable, it is solid 24-hour long.
(B) There are other rhythms that do not occur daily.
(C) Different surroundings may affect the body clock.
(D) It is the culprit behind jetlags.
5. The word “steadfast” in line 34 is closest in meaning to ….
(A) loyal
(B) devoted
(C) fixed
(D) determined

6. Which of the following can be inferred about human body’s physiological functions?
(A) It is not possible to alter the human’s physiology with surgery.
(B) “The body rhythm” is a different term from “the body clock”.
(C) All living organisms has the same body rhythm no matter where they live. (D) The biological
clock controls most of the works of our body parts.

7. The word “they” in line 48 refers to ….

(A) active hours
(B) drugs
(C) patients
(D) daily rhythms

8. According to the passage, which is NOT the benefit of identifying someone’s body rhythm?
(A) scheduling works to be done within the body’s most efficient times
(B) knowing what time to take medicine to get the best result
(C) preventing jet lags even if traveling through different time zones
(D) anticipating when the next period is coming

9. The word “regulated” in line 42 is closest in meaning to ….

(A) checked
(B) controlled
(C) repeated
(D) monitored

10. The author mentions women’s menstrual cycle in the last paragraph in order to …
(A) prove that both genders experience the effect of biological clock
(B) compare it with the gestation period of pregnancy
(C) explain that it is possible to adjust the body clock
(D) give an example of non-daily body rhythms

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Questions 11—20

Line Illustrations and stories in United States primary school textbooks tend to convince young girls
that they should be “passive” and “dependent” creatures who need aspire only to lives of
service to their future husbands and children, a conference of educators was told here
yesterday. Speaking at the first national

(5) conference on schools and sex role stereotypes, a University of California professor said a study of
the 100 most widely used elementary text-books demonstrated that girls are constantly
depicted as dependent on and subservient to boys. Louise White, of the U.S. Office of Education,
told the conference that the female stereotype presented to elementary school children was so
overwhelming that

(10) by the time most girls reached fourth grade they believed they had only four occupations open to
them—nurse, secretary, teacher, or mother.

The director of the elementary school textbook study, Lenore Weitzman, of the University
of California, said that texts in spelling, reading, mathematics, science, and social studies were
examined. Most stories and illustrations tended

(15) to center on boys rather than girls, and those boys tended to demonstrate qualities of strength,
intelligence, love of adventure, independence, and courage. Girls, however, were depicted in passive
roles. Usually they were inside a house, and often they were helping with housework or playing with
dolls. When boys and girls appeared together in a text, she said, the girls were either watching the
(20) boys do something or they were helping the boys.

Adult men appearing in elementary school texts were depicted in various jobs—astronaut,
truck driver, policeman, cowboy, scientist, banker—in addition to the role of father. But the
overwhelming picture of women that emerged from the elementary texts was that of mother
and housewife. Even at that, said

(25) Professor Weitzman, the picture was one of a woman performing simple but time-consuming
chores. It failed completely to reflect the complexities facing a modern housewife.

A study was done by an affiliate of the Central New Jersey National

Organization for women on 134 books published by 14 major publishing
(30) companies and involving 2,760 stories for elementary school children. According to the findings
the composite housewife or mother was a limited, colorless, mindless creature. Not only does
she wash, cook, clean, nurse, and find mittens, these chores constitute her only happiness.

In illustration, she frequently appears in the servant’s posture, body slightly

(35) bent forward, hand clasped, eyes riveted on the master of the house or the children. In contrast,
the typical father found in the study was the good guy in the family. He’s where the fun is. He
builds things with his children and takes them hunting, fishing and up in planes. He solves the
problems.

The effect of this on young girls, Professor Weitzman said, is to make them
(40) think their role is to serve others. They think they should be attractive so that they can please
others and although they generally have better academic records than boys by the time they
reach adolescence, they value academic and scholastic excellence less than boys do.

11. The word “subservient” in line 7 is closest in meaning to ….

(A) superior
(B) submissive
(C) subclass
(D) suburbia

12. According to the text, which is NOT the result of the mistaken female stereotypes in school
textbooks?
(A) Female students’ grades worsen by the time they are adolescent.
(B) Girls believe that they only have limited career choices in the future.

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 (C) Young females do not consider being smart as a value they must have. (D) The image of a
housewife is being greatly underestimated.

13. Which of the following is NOT the depiction of females in textbooks according to the text?
(A) Being physically attractive is what matters, not having high academic achievement.
(B) Their sole purpose is mainly to serve others.
(C) Housewives are illustrated as having complex responsibilities.
(D) They always have subordinate roles to males, never take initiative, and have less fun.

14. The word “constitute” in line 33 can best be substituted with ….

(A) eliminate
(B) destroy
(C) arrange
(D) form

15. What can be inferred from paragraph 1?

(A) U.S. Office of Education appreciates the fact that most girls have had their future careers set.
(B) School textbooks have inspired elementary students to have noble jobs, i.e. nurses.
(C) The stereotypes have made students had an idea that females have limited career choices.
(D) Louis White encourages fourth graders to pursue their dream as nurses, teachers, and
secretaries.

16. In paragraph 4, the author makes a point that …

(A) Male students appreciate academic achievement more than females do because their grades
are higher.
(B) The stereotype has encouraged girls to achieve higher scores than boys.
(C) School textbooks have made girls believed that their value is merely physical.
(D) By the time students are adolescent, their school grades are predominantly declining.

17. The word “they” in line 10 refers to ….

(A) female stereotypes
(B) elementary school children
(C) most girls
(D) the conference attendee

18. Which of the following does NOT state their objection to the female stereotypes in school
textbooks?
(A) Louise White, of the U.S. Office of Education
(B) the national conference of educators on schools and sex role stereotypes
(C) an affiliate of the Central New Jersey National Organization for Women
(D) the director of the elementary school textbook study

19. What is the main point in paragraph 5?

(A) the frequent appearances of mother in textbooks
(B) the colorless images of mother in children’s books
(C) the biased illustrations of mother and father
(D) the unreal depictions of father in textbooks

20. The word “composite” in line 31 could be best replaced by ….

(A) complex
(B) combination
(C) mixture
(D) diversity

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Questions 21—30
Line The human body is made up mainly of bone, muscle, and fat. Some 639 different muscles account
for about 45 per cent of body weight. Each of these muscles has four distinct and measurable
qualities which are of interest to us: a. it can produce force which can be measured as strength
of muscle;

(5) b. it can store energy which permit it to work for extended periods of time independent of
circulation—this is generally referred to as muscular endurance;

c. it can shorten at varying rates. This is called speed of contraction;

d. it can be stretched and will recoil. This is called the elasticity of muscle.
(10) The combination of these four qualities of muscle is referred to as muscular power.

If muscles are to function efficiently, they must be continually supplied with energy fuel.
This is accomplished by the blood which carries the energy fuel from lungs and digestive systems
to the muscles. The blood is forced through

(15) the blood vessels by the heart. The combined capacity to supply energy fuels to the working
muscles is called organic power.

The capacity and efficiency with which your body can function depends on the degree of
development of both your muscular and organic power through regular exercise. However, the
level of which you can develop these is influenced

(20) by such factors as the type of body you have, the food you eat, presence or absence of disease,
rest and sleep. You are physically fit only when you have adequately developed your muscular
and organic power to perform with the highest possible efficiency.

Heredity and health determine the top limits to which your physical (25) capacity can be
developed. This is known as your potential physical capacity. This potential capacity varies from
individual to individual. Most of us, for example, could train for a lifetime and never come close to
running a fourminute mile simply because we weren’t “built” for it. The top level of which you can
perform physically right now is called your “acquired capacity” because it (30) has been acquired or
developed through physical activity in your daily routines. Your body, like a car, functions efficiently
well below its acquired capacity. A car, for example, driven at its top speed of, say, 110 miles per hour
uses more petrol per mile than when it is driven around 50-60 miles per hour, which is well below its
capacity. Your body functions in the same way, in that the ratio of work

(35) performed to energy expended is better when it functions well below acquired capacity.

You can avoid wastage of energy by acquiring a level of physical capacity well above the
level required to perform your normal daily tasks. This can be accomplished by supplementing
your daily physical activity with a balanced exercise program performed regularly. Your capacity
increases as you

(40) progressively increase the load on your muscular and organic systems. Exercise will increase
physical endurance and stamina thus providing a greater reserve of energy for leisure-time
activities.

21. What is the main topic of the passage?

(A) several scientific terms related to muscles
(B) tips on how to be physically fit
(C) physical capacity and efficiency
(D) the variety of muscles

22. The author mentions about cars in Paragraph 5 in order to …

(A) illustrate how human body perform efficiently
(B) remind that we shouldn’t exploit our body to do maximum work
(C) encourage to fuel our body in order to perform effectively
(D) explain that human body does not need to acquire its maximum capacity

23. The word “this” in line 13 refers to …

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 (A) to operate muscles efficiently
(B) energy fuel
(C) supplying muscles with energy fuel
(D) muscles function

24. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of muscle qualities?

(A) It always contracts fast.
(B) It generates force.
(C) It reserves energy.
(D) It flexes as necessary.

25. The phrase “account for” in line 2 is closest in meaning to ….

(A) compose
(B) consider as
(C) cause
(D) become

26. The following is the advantages of regular exercise mentioned in the text, EXCEPT
….

(A) developing organic power

(B) adding load on muscular power
(C) increasing muscle endurance (D) boosting potential physical capacity

27. According to the passage, organic power ….

(A) means the capacity to supply energy to the working muscles
(B) involves blood vessels, heart, lungs and digestive system in the process
(C) affects muscle performance
(D) is all of the above

28. Which of the following is true about someone who is physically fit?
(A) His build is typically rather muscular than skinny.
(B) He seems just like any common individual.
(C) He has reached the maximum efficiency for his muscular and organic power. (D) His fitness level
is equal to anybody use to exercising regularly.

29. According to paragraph 5, how does human body function?

(A) A lot of energy is used when performing high intensity work.
(B) It is possible to increase the potential physical capacity with exercise.
(C) It is unlikely that human body can perform at its maximum capacity. (D) Adding workloads to
muscles can lead to wastage of energy.

30. The word “these” in line 19 refers to ….

(A) muscular and organic power
(B) regular exercise
(C) body function
(D) capacity and efficiency

Questions 31—40
Line There are many methods of producing hypnosis; indeed, almost every experienced hypnotist
employs variations differing slightly from those of others. Perhaps the most common method is
something along these lines.

The hypnotist tries to obtain his subject’s co-operation by pointing out to him

6
 (5) the advantages to be secured by the hypnosis, such as, for instance, the help in curing the nervous
illness to be derived from the patient’s remembering in the trance certain events which
otherwise are inaccessible to his memory. The patient is reassured about any possible dangers
he might suspect to be present

in hypnosis, and he may also be told (quite truthfully) that it is not a sign of
(10) instability or weakness to be capable of being put in a hypnotic trance, but that, quite on the
contrary, a certain amount of intelligence and concentration on the part of the subject is
absolutely essential.

Next, the subject is asked to lie down on a couch, or sit in an easy chair.
External stimulation is reduced to a minimum by drawing the curtains and
(15) excluding, as far as possible, all disruptive noises. It is sometimes helpful to concentrate the
subject’s attention on some small bright object dangled just above eye-level, thus forcing him to
look slightly upwards. This leads quickly to a fatigue of the eye-muscles, and thus facilitates his
acceptance of the suggestion that he is feeling tired and that his eyes are closing. The hypnotist
now begins

(20) to talk to the subject in a soft tone of voice, repeating endless suggestions to the effect that the
subject is feeling drowsy, getting tired, that his eyes are closing, that he is falling into a deep
sleep, that he cannot hear anything except the hypnotist’s voice, and so on and so forth. In a
susceptible subject, a light trance is thus induced after a few minutes, and the hypnotist now
begins to

(25) deepen this trance and to test the reactions of the subject by giving suggestions which are more
and more difficult of execution. Thus, he will ask the subject to clasp his hands together, and tell
him that it is impossible for him to separate his hands again. The subject, try as he may, finds, to
his astonishment, that he cannot in actual fact pull his hands apart. Successful suggestions of
this kind are

(30) instrumental in deepening the hypnotic trance until, finally, in particularly good subjects, all the
phenomena which will be discussed presently can be elicited.

Having induced a reasonably deep hypnotic trance in our subject, what types of
phenomena can be elicited? The first and most obvious one, which, indeed, may be responsible
in large measure for all the others, is a tremendous

(35) increase in the subject’s suggestibility. He will take up any suggestion the hypnotist puts forward
and act on it to the best of his ability. Suggest to him that he is a dog, and he will go down on all
fours and rush around the room barking and yelping. This tremendous increase in suggestibility
is often exploited on the stage to induce people to do foolish and ridiculous acts. Such practices
are not

(40) to be encouraged because they go counter to the ideal of human dignity and are not the kind of
way in which hypnosis ought to be used; nevertheless, they must be mentioned because it is
probably phenomena such as these which are most familiar to people from vaudeville acts, from
reading the papers, and so forth.

31. What is paragraph 2 primarily about? (A) the secrets of every hypnotist
(B) phenomena behind hypnosis
(C) process of how hypnosis is done
(D) correct method of using hypnosis

32. The word “trance” in line 10 is closest in meaning to …

(A) unconsciousness
(B) stupor
(C) deep sleep
(D) dreamland

33. What is the hypnotists’ intention on having a subject to concentrate on a small dangling object?
(A) to make his eyes weary

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 (B) to reduce stimulus from his surrounding
(C) to cause him to sleep
(D) to keep the subject’s attention

34. What is in fact happening when a subject does what the hypnotist says? (A) He is no longer able to
control his mind and body.
(B) He is entering a deep state of hypnosis trance where he barely remembers anything.
(C) He believes in the hypnotist more than before thus carries out the given order. (D) He is being
more inclined in accepting the suggestions of the hypnotist.

35. How does the author feel about hypnosis being performed as a stage act? (A) It is strongly averted
to use hypnosis for such practice.
(B) It requires exceptional skill to have power over the subject’s mind.
(C) It is the only form of hypnosis people know. (D) All of the above.

36. What benefit of hypnosis is mentioned in the passage?

(A) as a cure to help with sleep deprivation
(B) unleashing a potential power hidden in sub-consciousness
(C) maintaining a strong memory by helping to remember everything
(D) as a therapy to recollect suppressed memories

37. The word “susceptible” in line 23 can best be replaced with …

(A) acceptable
(B) vulnerable
(C) naive
(D) sensitive

38. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the steps to hypnotizing a subject?
(A) make the subject aware of the risks of being hypnotized
(B) repeat suggestions in soft, low voice
(C) stimulate the subject to enter half-conscious state of mind
(D) massage the subject’s head to help him enter trance

39. According to the text, what is the initial stage in hypnosis?

(A) maintaining a quiet surrounding
(B) having the subject to take a relaxed position
(C) dangling an object to draw the subject’s focus
(D) restoring the subject’s confidence

40. The word “puts forward” in line 36 is closest in meaning to ….

(A) sends
(B) places
(C) offers
(D) expresses

Questions 41—50
Line The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and its close relative, the bonobo (Pan paniscus) are
our closest living relatives, sharing more than 98 percent of our genetic blueprint. Humans and
chimps are also thought to share a common ancestor who lived some four to eight million years
ago. They apparently live in

(5) troops of between 20 and 50 animals, and can habituate themselves to African rain forests,
woodlands, and grasslands.

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 Within these troops they form small groups of varying composition; the most basic group
consists of females or females plus offspring. Adult females spending much time together often turn
out to be mother and daughter, or (10) sisters. Females, who reach reproductive age at 13, can give
birth at any time of. year, typically to a single infant that cling to its mother’s fur and later rides on her
back until the age of two. Mother and offspring live together consistently, at least for the first four or
five years of life, longer than any other primate except man. Males are not considered adults until they
are 16 years old. During this time,

(15) the young learn from their mother and from other chimps all the complicated acquired behaviors
of chimpanzee adult life.

Life for the young chimpanzee is relaxed and tolerant, and an infant will spend much of its
time playing with other infants, with its mother and with its brothers and sisters. After this initial
5-year period, contacts with the mother are

(20) still maintained, particularly by daughters. Even sons return from time to time from their
wanderings to greet their mothers affectionately.

There are some peculiarities of ape behavior which are quite fascinating. Jane van Lawick-
Goodall once observed a chimpanzee sitting, apparently transfixed, watching a beautiful African
sunset

(25) Can chimps have aesthetic taste? Examples of ape art in zoos would suggest that this is certainly
the case. In London Zoo chimps have learnt how to paint, always with a detectable individual
style. They can match the compositional abilities of a three year-old human child, before the first
diagrammatic representation of the face. Painting is to a high degree “autotelic”, that is to say,
self-rewarding.

(30) Ape painters hate being interrupted, even for food! Jane van Lawick-Goodall has also seen what
she calls a “rain-dance”, an energetic and rhythmic series of movements performed by males,
watched by excited females, when there is a tropical rainstorm.

41. The word “offspring” in line 12 is closest in meaning to ….

(A) family
(B) children
(C) parents
(D) siblings

42. What is paragraph 2 primarily about?

(A) chimpanzees’ life in general
(B) unusual ape’s behaviors
(C) chimps compared to other primates
(D) similarity between chimpanzees and men

43. What makes the author think that chimps have aesthetic taste? (A) They display some interest in
nature.
(B) They exhibit some degree of ability in painting.
(C) They are capable of dancing in public.
(D) Female chimpanzees are often found grooming.
44. The word “peculiarities” in line 22 could be best replaced by ….
(A) similarities
(B) characteristics
(C) oddities
(D) uniqueness

45. The word “this” in line 26 refers to ….

(A) ape art in zoos
(B) peculiar ape behavior
(C) watching beautiful sunset

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 (D) that chimps have an aesthetic taste

46. Which of the following is true about female chimpanzees?

(A) They maintain contact only with other females in the group.
(B) They leave home once they are considered adults.
(C) They are open to mate and reproduce in every season. (D) They are sexually mature earlier than
the males.

47. The word “habituate” in line 5 is closest in meaning to ….

(A) accustom
(B) environment
(C) surround
(D) wander

48. According to the passage, mother chimpanzee does NOT have a role of ….
(A) being an example for the young
(B) nurturing the offspring
(C) leading the troop
(D) protecting the infants

49. What is the main idea of paragraph 4?

(A) Exposure to arts causes some chimps to develop an aesthetic taste.
(B) Chimpanzees often demonstrate unusual yet amazing behavior.
(C) Some talents shown by chimps living in zoos are a result of training.
(D) African chimpanzees always seem to appreciate the sunset.
50. The word “affectionately” in line 21 could be best replaced by ….
(A) respectively
(B) dearly
(C) lovely
(D) coldly

10